743J. D. McLeod et al. (eds.), Handbook of the Social Psychology of Inequality, Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9002-4, © Springer Sciences+Business Media Dordrecht 2014

Index

AAccent, 185Accountability, 138, 156, 161–164, 172, 390Accounts, 245Aesthetic experience, 445Affect, 301

affective meanings, 296, 297, 299, 300, 302, 303, 305, 314

Affect control theory (ACT), 296, 297, 299, 300, 302, 303, 305–307, 317, 393, 401, 493

affect control theory of selves (ACTS), 503, 504cultural sentiments, 298, 299evaluation, potency, activity (EPA), 278, 285,

300, 501Interact, 393, 397, 501, 507

Affirmative action, 439, 451, 516, 519, 524–526, 537, 538

Ageageism, 610–612, 614, 622and depression, 612inter-age inequality, 610, 621intra-age inequality, 610, 621strata, 607, 609–611, 617, 621, 622

Agency, 60Aging, 607, 609, 612, 618, 620Alienation

alienated labor, 444, 445American dream, 564, 565Assimilation, 576, 589, 603Attitudes, 327, 328, 330, 332, 340, 341, 372

and income inequality, 76and stigma, 56automaticity of, 235ethno-racial, changes in, 516, 517gender, 385interpersonal influence, 229, 231, 234, 236–238socialization of, 257

Attribution, 12, 160, 161, 170and injustice, 73, 80, 84and legitimacy, 365, 373and racial stereotypes, 517, 522error, 440for inequality, 664system blame, 374theory, 53, 54, 301, 385

Authority at work, 451Automation, 442

BBehavioral interchange patterns, 7, 10, 11, 13Behaviorism, 29Bias

cultural, 527personal, 527

Birthcohort, 609order, 387–389

Black immigrants, 600, 601, 603Body, 170, 173, 176Boundary work, 140, 141, 143, 284, 550, 554, 560,

568, 569bordering, 551boundary maintenance, 346, 551

Bounded rationality, 689, 692Broken windows theory, 472Brown v. Board of Education, 413Bullying

and school safety, 425, 426

CCalling, 450Categorical inequality, 439, 440, 451Categorization, 96, 102, 187, 188, 527

cross categories, 142, 143compound categories, 111

Citizen, 583, 585, 594, 595, 599Civil Rights Act, 413–415

Title VII, 438Class inequality, 438Classlessness, 564Code of the street, 693, 697–699Cognitive bias, 440Coleman Report, 413Collective

action, 207, 210, 220, 223efficacy, 465, 473, 474, 688, 693–695, 709socialization models, 469

Commitment, 28, 37, 38, 43, 672, 676Community, 460, 462, 466, 472Comparison processes, 578–580Compulsory heterosexuality, 631Concentration effects, 464, 465, 467Concerted cultivation, 250, 251, 421, 559Conflict theory, 339, 362

744 Index

Confluence theory, 387Contact

hypothesis, 384theory, 146

Contagion model, 469Contrast conceptions, 666, 668Conversation analysis, 183, 184, 193, 195Convex combination, 236, 237Crime, 520, 524, 535–538, 683, 693

criminal behavior, 684, 687, 690–692, 700, 701, 705–707, 709, 710

desistance from, 705, 706, 709felony record, 707urban, 464violent, 684white collar, 685

Criminological theory, 683, 686, 691, 700Critical theory, 442, 451Cross-class interaction, 549, 553, 557, 568Cross-national research, 253Cultural capital, 551, 558, 559, 562Culture of poverty

model, 470thesis, 249

Cumulative dis/advantage, 615, 617–619, 622Cycle of Induced Incompetence, 614

DDecategorization, 146Delinquency, 686, 687, 701, 702, 709

delinquent peers, 704, 705Depression, 450Deviance, 50, 59, 686, 687, 692, 709Deviant behavior, 50Differential

association, 686, 690, 692evaluation, 96, 100, 102, 103, 117neighborhood organization, 688social organization, 686, 688

Discourse, 182, 195, 196analysis, 183, 184everyday, 196, 197institutional, 197, 198media, 198, 199

Discrimination, 51–53, 132, 333, 476, 516–520, 522, 529, 536–538, 576, 586, 588, 603, 639, 641, 642, 720–722, 733

employment, 438, 439interactional, 56–58normative, 400person-to-person, 56, 57structural, 56

Discursive psychology, 184Doing

difference, 102, 112, 126, 132, 134, 136gender, 102, 161, 183, 192, 195, 389–391, 401, 491,

492, 642Dominant ideology thesis, 333Double standards, 11, 12, 19, 256, 498Dramaturgy, 155–161, 163, 166, 169, 171, 174–177

EEducation

as socialization, 727bilingual education, 416Black-White achievement gap, 419, 425cardinal principles, 412Committee of Ten, 411, 414compulsory education, 410differentiated curriculum, 411educational expectations, 422English language learners, 416, 419enrollment, 418extracurricular programs, 426No Child Left Behind Act, 415postsecondary, 418, 422progressive education, 412student-teacher interactions, 421

Elective affinity, 341Embodied information, 235Emergence, 275, 289, 290Emerging adulthood, 259Emotions, 16, 29, 37, 38, 40, 42, 79, 396, 402, 502, 507

and gender, 501and health, 732and justice, 78, 80and power, 38, 39, 43and status, 18, 19and the family, 402emotional deviance, 304feeling rules, 304, 305management, 553, 562, 563

emotional labor, 562, 563emotional socialization, 553

social interactional theory, 315work, 130, 295, 389, 394

Employment discrimination, 438English fluency, 594, 595, 599, 601, 602Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 438Equality, 65, 67–69, 71, 74, 330, 333, 334, 336, 337,

341, 358, 368, 373Equity, 68, 70, 72, 74, 75, 394–398, 718

and health, 732and inequity, 396underbenefiting and overbenefiting, 396

Ethnicity, 515Ethnocentrism, 532–534Ethnomethodology, 156, 161, 175, 183, 195Ethno-racial attitudes, 515–519, 521, 523, 525–527,

532, 537, 539Evaluations, 184, 189Evaluative orientation, 230, 235, 236Exchange theory, 32, 37, 38, 79, 100, 112, 113, 115,

129, 208, 297, 314, 392, 397, 398elementary theory, 32, 44exchange network theory, 215power dependence theory, 44

Expectation states theory (EST), 6, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 101, 170, 174, 263, 299, 393, 394, 496, 497

and gender, 493, 500performance expectations, 7

745Index

FFalse consciousness, 443Family, 488, 489, 496, 498

and gender, 486, 490, 502definitions of, 382Standard North American Family (SNAF), 382,

385, 402Forecasting, 190, 191Foreign-born, 582–584, 586, 593–597, 599, 600, 602Framing, 391, 392, 401

diagnostic frames/framing, 663master frames, 662, 665motivational frames/framing, 664, 673prognostic frames/framing, 673

Frankfurt school, 442

GGay and lesbian families, 634–636Gender, 5, 7–9, 21, 67, 72, 87, 103–107, 113–115, 117,

125, 127, 133, 137, 141, 146, 166, 170, 187, 489, 490, 715, 719, 721, 723, 725, 728, 731

and constructing difference, 139and health, 717, 726, 729and justice, 65, 88and socialization, 255and status, 10, 12, 19, 20doing gender, see Doing genderframing, 499, 500, 506identity, 126, 505, 506inequality, 438manhood, 640–642, 644presentations, 637sex, 116undoing gender, 102wage gap, 486, 490

Gini coefficient, 577, 581Glass cliff, 438Goods, 577, 580, 584, 589Green card, 594, 597–600Grievance formation, 659, 660

mobilizing grievances, 661, 662, 677Group

position theory, 521, 522, 539processes, 628, 646stereotypes, 525, 527, 533–535threat, 521–526, 535

HHabitus, 137, 138, 157, 171, 174, 176, 558, 559, 562,

568Happiness, 445–447, 451, 576, 577, 580, 587, 588Hate crimes, 642Health, 486, 716

behaviors, 718, 723, 725–729, 733care interactions, 730, 731, 733gender, 490help seeking, 729illness interpretations, 718, 732, 733

Heteronormativity

heteronormative curriculum, 636Heterosexism, 632, 637Heuristic mechanism, 235, 236Homophilic tendencies, 441, 451Homophily, 208, 209, 216, 218, 552Homosocial reproduction, 618Household division of labor, 389, 390, 393–397,

400–402Human capital, 211, 212, 216, 219, 221, 223

IIdentity, 75, 139, 141, 255

and health, 728class identities, 553–556, 566, 569collective, 666–668correspondence, 669group, 582, 596identity, 126identity categories, 275–280, 282, 284, 285, 290identity meaning, 277, 279–281, 284, 286identity salience, 288, 289pan-ethnic, 667personal, 582, 586, 588, 593, 596, 666–669project, 156, 164, 166, 167, 176salience, 667, 671situated, 246social, 72, 87, 129, 666, 669, 728social identity, 284subgroup, 582, 586, 588, 593, 596transformation, 670work, 156, 160, 161, 163–165, 168, 176, 668–671

Identity control theory (ICT), 288, 486, 493and gender, 505, 506

Identity theory, 224, 296, 297, 302, 303, 305–307, 310, 391, 401, 486, 503

and gender, 493, 494, 505, 506commitment, 691, 704role-identities, 690, 696, 697, 700role-person merger, 691salience, 392, 695, 697

Ideological belief systems, 333Ideology, 146

political, 329, 330, 335, 336, 343, 362racial, 334, 335

Immigration, 575, 577affidavit of support, 598legal permanent residence (LPR), 594, 599marriage visa, 602sponsor, 598visa, 577, 582, 588, 598

Implicit attitudesImplicit Association Test, 527

Implicit bias, 440, 441Impression management, 156Incarceration, 683, 704–706

disenfranchisement, 708rates, 707stigma, 687, 708

Income, 57inequality, 76, 77, 82, 88, 447, 683, 686

746 Index

Individualism, 330, 333, 336–339hard, 565soft, 565

Inequality, 441, 442distributional, 659, 661, 662, 664, 671general inequality parameter, 583identifactory, 660, 661, 664, 671overall, 577personal, 577, 581procedural, 659–661, 671structure of, 438, 439subgroup, 577, 581

Influence network, 230, 234, 236–238condensation, 232Friedkin-Johnson mechanism, 231strong component, 232

Influence process models, 234French-Haray-DeGroot mechanism, 237

In-groupsaffect, 533, 534, 536and out-groups, 439

Injustice, 658, 661, 664, 671frame, 663, 664

Institutional model, 469Institutions, 547–550, 553, 555, 558, 559, 562–564, 569Inter-brain synchronization, 39Intercategorical complexity, 107Intergroup

bias, 132relations, 439, 451, 452

Internalization, 614internalized racism, 138

Interpersonalinfluence, 229, 230, 232–238status hierarchies, 4–7, 16, 18

Intersectionality, 95, 142, 144, 486, 506–508, 550and social class, 566, 567foundational, 99intersectional invisibility, 103intersectional stereotyping, 103matrix of domination, 98multiple jeopardy, 105political, 97representational, 97structural, 97

Intracohort inequalitymicro-interactional explanations for, 617, 618social mechanisms to conteract tendencies, 618, 619social structural explanations for, 617

JJob

networks, 471satisfaction, 438, 444, 445, 447–449

Justice, 310, 659and health, 731and ideology, 82distributive, 65, 68, 70–72, 74–76, 78, 79, 89evaluation, 72, 73, 75, 87–89, 578, 579function, 579

in social movements, 660, 662interactional, 65, 68–70, 72, 73, 76, 79, 81, 87issue, 229, 230, 236moral emotions, 311philosophical background, 66–68procedural, 65, 68–70, 72, 84–86scope, 87social justice culture, 229

LLabeling theory, 50, 614, 686, 687, 692

modified labeling theory, 50, 56, 59Labor market inequality, 516, 529–531Language, 181–184, 197

choice, 184Legitimacy, 12, 13, 67, 68, 83–86, 88, 327, 343, 354,

356, 439, 442legitimizing myths, 341

Life course, 258, 259, 264and health inequalities, 716economic, 613fallacy, 609perspective, 608

Life satisfaction, 445–447, 452Life span, 608Life-course criminology

age crime curve, 701desistance, 701transistion to adulthood, 699turning points, 700

Linguistic style, 185, 186, 189Living arrangements, 382, 383

MMacro-micro-macro theories, 451Manhood acts, 141Mastery, 722, 723, 727Meaning work, 662, 663, 666, 675Meaninglessness, 443, 444Mental

health, 313, 314, 318, 450effects of job conditions, 450illness, 49, 50, 56, 57

Meritocracy, 563, 564, 568Micro-macro problem, 694, 698Minimal group studies, 440Mobility, 253, 256, 259, 266, 547, 549, 552, 560, 567,

569Motherhood penalty, 19, 20, 398–400, 498Moving to Opportunity experiment (MTO), 459, 468,

472, 474Multiple standards theory, 497–499, 506

NNarratives, 189Nativity, 576, 577, 580, 582, 588, 602Natural

areas, 462, 465labor, 445

Naturalization beliefs, 133, 134, 136

747Index

Neighborhoodsclusters, 466disorder, 532, 535, 536effects, 459, 463, 465, 467–469, 471–474

on crime, 472–474theories of, 469

preference, 475, 476, 534, 536, 537stereotyping, 465, 477, 478

Network theory, 486, 487, 493–496, 506New Immigrant Survey, 595, 599–602Non-cognitive traits, 252Normative

heterosexuality, 260in-group, 440, 442

Normlessness, 443, 444

OOpinion dynamics, 231, 234, 236, 237Opportunity hoarding, 160, 439Oppositional

culture, 164–167, 176, 424identity, 470

Oppression, 97–99, 105, 109Organizational commitment

three component model, 449affective commitment, 449continuance commitment, 449normative commitment, 449

Organizational embeddedness, 209, 210, 223Othering, 52, 640

defensive, 131, 147, 550defensive othering, 286oppressive, 550

Out-group affect, 533Overreward, 579Ownership of the means of production, 443

PParticipatory incentives, 671, 672

moral, 675, 676selective, 673, 674solidary, 674, 675

Patriarchal bargains, 131Peer groups, 410

and social identity, 423–425Personhood, 274–276, 290Planful competence, 621Political ideology, 343Possible selves, 259Poverty trap, 222, 223Power, 12, 13, 16, 19, 21, 27–29, 53, 55, 59, 62, 99,

278–281, 286, 576–578, 588relative and total, 37, 38

Powerlessness, 443, 444Power-status theory

structural emotions, 305Pragmatism, 687, 691, 709Prejudice

contact hypothesis, 384racial, 516–518, 520–522, 526, 528, 529, 532, 534

social strucuture, 526sociocultural, 518, 521, 526

Principle-implementation gap, 520Privilege, 98, 99, 105

white, 115Profiling, 576, 585, 586, 588, 603Prototype, 440Psychological dispositions, 718, 722, 723, 733

QQueer theory, 631

RRace, 96, 97, 102, 105–107, 113, 114, 117, 125, 127,

132, 137, 138, 254, 262, 264, 575, 600, 601, 716, 717, 723, 731

and construction difference, 134, 135, 139–141and health, 721, 724, 730and socialization, 249internalized racism, 131multiracial, 115racial conceptualization, 517racial identity, 116white privilege, 104, 115whiteness, 104, 112

Racial ideology, 112color-blind racism, 335Laissez-Faire racism, 335

Racial resentment, 517, 519, 522, 525, 537, 538Racial stereotypes, 516, 529–531, 534, 536, 537Racial/ethnic inequality, 438Racialized politics, 521, 537Racism

aversive, 520, 521, 527Rational choice, 689Reciprocity, 210, 212, 213

norms, 213–215Reference groups, 244, 576, 690, 692Reflected appraisals, 550, 554, 557Relational cohesion theory, 38, 39Relative deprivation, 70, 71, 78, 82, 128, 718, 731, 732Religion, 248, 261Residential segregation, 459, 589, 720

and crime, 693and health, 721, 722integrationist, 590mixed neighborhood, 590racial, 532–537segregationist, 590

Resistance, 282–284, 286, 287, 289Resource dilution model, 388Reward, 580

actual, 579just, 579

Ruralism, 463

SSame-sex couples, 382, 383, 391, 394, 403Sandwich generation, 389Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 182

748 Index

Schools, 703and children’s outcomes, 220and deviance, 704charter, 418common school movement, 410in heteronormativity, 636–638public, 409, 410, 416–418, 429role in social class inequalities, 560segregation, 413

Segregation, 461, 465, 466, 477, 478Segregation, 463, see also Racial segregationSelf, 155

concept, 327, 345efficacy, 694enhancement, 245, 246esteem, 51, 57, 59, 253, 254, 257, 258, 263, 299,

303, 307, 311, 313, 316, 555, 642, 644, 646, 722

estrangement, 443feelings, 553, 555fulfilling prophecy, 614generalized other, 690, 691identity meanings, 302, 303, 316looking glass self, 632mastery, 555, 556narratives, 168, 169, 176possible selves, 555, 556presentation, 156, 159, 163, 164, 168, 169, 265,

515, 528, 554, 556, 569probable selves, 555, 556schema, 235self-efficacy, 281, 282self-esteem, 281, 282, 284self-verification, 288sentiments, 317verification, 307

Serious mental illness, 57Sex work, 638, 640Sexism, 633, 636, 641Sexual minority status, 639Sexual orientation, 103, 113, 116, 126Sexualities, 627, 632, 645Siblings

sibling structure, 387Similarity-attraction theory, 441, 451Skin color, 601, 602Small groups, 5, 74Social breakdown syndrome, 614Social capital, 208–210, 212–215, 217, 218, 220–222,

224, 439, 693–695, 726and deviance, 709and health, 725definitions, 211

Social class, 95, 104–107, 114, 115, 117, 547–550, 552–556

and status, 20Social cognition, 95, 96, 100, 108, 110, 111, 115, 126,

174, 177, 237, 691, 692Social cohesion, 214, 215

Social comparisons, 72–75, 77–80, 87, 516, 550, 554, 555, 557, 619, 664, 732, 733

and health, 718, 732, 734Social constructionism, 632Social control theory, 686Social disorganization, 462, 464, 465, 472, 473,

686–688, 694Social distance, 576, 582–585, 589, 592, 593, 603Social dominance

orientation (SDO), 84, 341, 441, 451theory (SDT), 340, 344

Social environments, 721Social exchange, 208, 392, 397, 398

and emotions, 308, 309and social capital, 208, 209, 214generalized exchange, 210interdependence, 209network generalized exchange, 214productive exchange, 214

Social identity theory, 439, 451, 728Social influence network theory, 36Social integration, 723–725Social isolation, 443, 464, 465, 471Social justice, 550, 567Social learning theory, 486, 488, 493, 506, 686, 690Social movements, 297, 318, 657, 658, 660–664, 666,

669, 671, 672, 675, 678and emotions, 317

Social networks, 57, 207, 449, 551, 552, 554, 558bridges, 216, 217, 219closure, 219, 222domain-specific ties, 217exchange network theory, 215network inequality, 215, 217strong ties, 216structural holes, 216weak ties, 216, 217

Social reproduction, 548, 560, 562Social rewards, 7, 9, 11Social structure and personality (SSP), 247, 249, 254,

312–314, 326, 327, 332, 340, 343, 444, 487, 558, 563, 628, 629, 636, 644, 646, 718

and emotions, 305and gender, 488, 490, 492and socialization, 248, 259, 264

Social support, 691, 723–725, 733in networks, 209, 211, 218in the workplace, 447, 449

Socialization, 449, 486, 489, 508, 553, 558, 562, 563, 727, 728

and deviance, 702and health, 729concerted cultivation, 250, 251cross-national research, 253extended investment model (EIM), 251family stress model (FSM), 251gender socialization, 486–488, 491, 493, 495learning-generalization model, 257resocialization, 259, 260, 265

749Index

selection model, 252socialization processes, 243–249, 251, 253, 257,

262–266Sociobehavioral theory, 575

personal qualitative characteristics, 576personal quantitative characteristics, 576primordial sociobehavioral outcomes, 576

Socioeconomicgradient, 615, 619position, 716, 730, 731position and health, 715, 717, 720, 721, 724status, 548, 555, 561

Solidarity, 207, 210, 215, 224mechanical, 460organic, 460

Speechact theory, 182, 183style, 185

Sphereof freedom, 444, 445of necessity, 444, 445

Status, 3, 4, 11, 16–18, 576, 578, 580attainment, 381, 386, 415beliefs, 279, 285, 393, 394characteristics theory, 7, 9, 10, 57, 101, 296, 297,

299, 300, 303, 314, 399–401, 497, 499affective cultural meanings, 300and gender, 497

construction theory, 14, 15, 128, 132, 279, 346, 439, 441, 451, 491, 497, 499, 506

and gender, 499, 506status beliefs, 14, 15

enhancement, 673generalization, 5, 7–9, 11, 19hierarchy, 439, 441

low status workers, 441influence theory, 41loss, 51, 53processes, 730, 733

and health, 733safeguarding, 561, 562, 568status rituals, 5value theory, 12, 13, 40, 41, 44, 71, 72

Stereotypebehavior from intergroup affect and stereotypes

(BIAS) map, 301content model, 296, 297, 299–302content theory, 451threat, 11, 12, 56, 255, 423, 528

Stereotyping, 51Stigma, 99, 101, 102, 113, 175, 247, 296, 301, 302, 304,

305, 312, 629, 632, 634, 646and deviance, 708concealability, 53coping responses, 59, 60course, 54, 62disruptiveness, 53origin, 53, 54peril, 53, 54

Stigmatization, 612, 614, 622Stories, 189, 190Strain theory, 691, 703Strategic disruptions, 156, 164, 167, 176Stress, 297, 305, 313, 314, 318, 450, 733

exposure, 718–722Structure and agency, 43Subcultures, 297, 314, 318Subgroups, 576, 577, 581, 582, 584

emergent subgroups, 587pre-existing subgroups, 587split, 583, 587, 588subgroupistas, 587

Symbolic interaction, 208Symbolic interactionism, 6, 158, 159, 175, 182, 243,

275, 282, 285, 630–632, 700and deviance, 687and emotions, 296and gender, 487and interpersonal influence, 230and intersectionality, 115and power, 33, 37and socialization, 244, 245

Symbolic racism, 519, 525System justification theory (SJT), 85, 128, 343, 441, 451System justifying beliefs, 86

belief in a just world (BJW), 82, 84

TTerms of reference, 187, 188, 200Theory

predictions, 576, 578, 589unification, 578, 580

Transgender, 641–643intersex, 116transsexual, 116

Trust, 210, 211, 213distrust, 221, 222learned mistrust, 222

UUnderreward, 579, 582Unemployment, 57Urban underclass, 684, 693, 698, 706Urbanism, 463

effects of, 459–461

VViolence, 683, 688, 692, 696–699, 701, 703

WWelfare, 526, 529, 530, 534, 536, 538Word choice, 186, 187Work, 437, 442–445Work attitudes, 447World Values Survey, 448Worlds of pain, 450