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Index
aabiotic
fauna 738flora 738processes 664
absorbance intensity 216Acacia nilotica 556acetaldehyde 218Acetobacter xylinum 582, 700acetone 237acetylcholine esterase (AchE) 103
liposome bioreactor 531acetylcholinesterase 558acetylthiocholine 531acid–base interactions 622, 623acid fuchsine 136acid hydrolysis 583acid sites 54acridine orange (AO) 136acriflavine (AF) 300acrylamide 3312-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-
propanesulfonate acid 6122-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic
acid (AMPS) 131acrylic acid (AA) 94, 331acrylonitrile 137actinomycetes 544activated carbon (AC) 99, 139, 171, 615activated carbon fiber (ACF) 56, 615activated sludge 354, 366activation energy 619active oxygen species 54acylation 603
additives 770adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 744adhesion force 301, 727adiabatic temperature 43adsorbents 457, 599adsorbate–adsorbent interaction 96dose 133
adsorption 130, 135, 369, 373, 393,698, 724
capabilities 95, 131–135, 137, 138,192, 194, 199, 200, 299, 323,619, 622, 696, 700, 722, 725,826
bioinspired spherical Fe3O4/bacterial cellulosenanocomposites for 700
ciprofloxacin 200on GS 199
desorption cycles 96, 131efficiencies 132, 135, 136, 219, 323
for Cu(II) and Pb(II) toxicions 133
energy 24, 29, 35equilibrium 131isotherms 193, 200, 201kinetics, of tetracycline 202mechanism 136and membrane separation 296photodegradation effect 666of pollutants 666procedure 127, 416, 698tetracycline on GS hydrogels 200
advanced oxidation processes 11, 296,652
829
Nanotechnology in Environmental Science, First Edition. Edited by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain andAjay Kumar Mishra. 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2018 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
aerogels 192, 200, 204, 584, 589, 591aerosols 423, 805aflatoxin B1 558Ag/AgCl/WO3 composite system 223Ag/AgCl/WO3 photocatalyst 223Ag/AgCl/ZnO nanocomposite 696Ag-Au bimetallic nanoparticles 301Ag/Au core–shell nanoprisms 557Ag-based semiconductor 223AgBr/Ag3PO4/ceria
nanocomposites 307Ag2CdI4/AgI nanocomposites 233Ag2CdI4 nanoparticles 233Ag/CNT composites 621Ag-decorated Fe3O4/TiO2-coated
cenosphere 253Ag film nanoneedle array 492agglomeration 195, 197, 198, 333, 663,
739, 740, 764nanoparticles 400processes 232
aggregation 233, 827structure 495
aging 167Ag ions 230Ag-modified BiVO4 composite 307Ag2MoO4 and Ag-Ag2MoO4,
characterization 494Ag nanoclusters (AgNCs) 557Ag nanoparticles 218, 230, 252, 253
degradation efficiency 559mechanism of formation 521
Ag3PO4-based photocatalysts 254agriculture 127, 761Ag/TiO2 nanotube plates, coated with
RGO as photocatalysts 250Ag–ZnO hybrid heterostructures 247Ag–ZnO hybrid photocatalysts 246air gap membrane distillation 362air pollutants 138air pollution 42, 414Al-based composites 416AlB10 nanoparticles 416aldrin 303algal blooms 294alginates 535, 695aliphatic polyester 668alkali metals 419
earth metals 45
alkaline phosphatase 527alkalinity 727alkoxides 740alkylation 603alkyl lithium compounds 606alkyl lithium reagents 603allergies 664Allium cepa 180, 746Allium sativum 556Al2O3NPs 79Al2O3 substrates 533γ-Al2O3-supported catalyst 59alumina 48
based ceramic membranes 724clays 661coated magnetite nanoparticles
(Fe3O4/Al2O3) 96NP-immobilized-DNPH (2,4-
dinitrophenylhydrazine) 95template 492
aluminum 661based materials 227doped materials 225
American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM) 655
amidation reaction 603amines 139aminesilanes 5914-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) 107aminomethyl phosphonic acid 335p-aminophenol (p-AP) 3013-aminopropylethoxysilane 6233-aminopropylmethyl-
diethoxysilane 6233-aminopropyltriethoxysilane 94, 6233-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane 607aminosilanes 591ammonia (NH3) 54, 139, 367, 446,
532, 621, 622adsorption capacity 622
ammonia bisulfate (ABS) 54ammonium hydroxide 332ammonium pyrrolidine
dithiocarbamate 141ammonium sulfate 372Amomum subulatum 554amorphous boron 416amorphous microporous MnO2
nanosheets 303
830 Index
amperometric acetylcholinesterase(AChE) 530
amphotericin B lipid complex(ABLC) 783
Anacardium occidentale 553analytical applications
methods, enable monitoring ofhazardous substances 581
separation and removal, inorganicspecies and organicmolecules 85
analytical nanoscience andnanotechnology(AN&N) 581
anatase–rutile transformation 243anatase to rutile transition 240anion–cation interaction 136anionic dyes 136
removal of 585anion membrane 364anisotropy 231anode materials 297anodic stripping linear sweep
voltammetry (ASLSV) 91anodic stripping voltammetric
(ASV) 92anodized iron 661anthracene 556anthraquinone (AQ) 93anthropogenic activities 141antibacterial coatings 790antibiotics 300antifullerene IgG monoclonal
antibody 605antimicrobial nanotechnology 778antimicrobial packaging 781antioxidant activity 220antioxidant properties 737apoptosis 554apparent quantum efficiency
(AQE) 258aquifers 294Arabidopsis thaliana 154arc-discharge 417, 764, 765archaebacteria 583aromatic compound, ionizable 620aromatic hydrocarbons 666aromatic organic molecules 138array structure 491
arsenate ions 401arsenic 302, 401, 402, 524, 686immobilization 302removal, pilot-scale system 404species As(III) and As(V) 134
artificial photosynthesis 774, 775artificial seawater 728asbestos 742ascorbic acid 96, 194ascorbyl palmitate 791aseptic application 392Aspergillus fumigatus 810assembled nanostructures, SEM
images 496ASTM D6866 standard testing
method 655atomic arrangement 27atomic force microscopy (AFM) 133,
301, 396, 495, 550atrazine 401Au-doped PdO NPs, photcatalysis
process 219Au/GO/ZnO composite
nanostructures 248Au/GO/ZnO hybrid photocatalyst
246Au/GO/ZnO nanostructures
composite 246Au/graphene quantum dots/ferroferric
oxide composite 300Au nanoparticles 42, 222, 301, 560AuNP–antibody conjugates 558AuNP–CaCO3 hybrid material 558AuNPs, as chemical sensor 524AuNPs, by fungus Trichothecium
sp. 809biofunctionalized AuNPs 549incorporated enzymes 781metallic 544TEM images of 80
Au@Pd core–shell with different shapesTEM-EDS analysis and schematic
diagram of 487Au-Pd/rGO composite 300Au/TiO2 photocatalyst 249Au–TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite 222Au/ZnO hollow-sphere monolayer thin
films, and photocatalyticproperties 247
Index 831
Au-ZnO hybrid nanopyramids 246Au–ZnO hybrid photocatalysts 245Au-ZnO NPs
hybrid NPs 245TEM image of 246
average pore diameters of GS0, GS1,GS4, and GS8 199
Azadirachta indica 554azo dyes 664
biodegradation of 664removal of 663
azomethine 606
bBa, and Ce oxides 58Baccaurea ramiflora 552Bacillus botulinus 558Bacillus licheniformi 518Bacillus megaterium D01 809backpropagation 421bacterial cellulose (BC) 698, 702
aerogel 589TiO2 hybrid nanofibers, biosynthesis
route for 704bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) 582
sponges, preparation of 589bacteriorhodopsin 726Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae) 809ball and powder mixture 766ball milling 417bandgap 216, 224, 244, 654, 774
energy 244, 303semiconductor 244Si crystals 719
barium nitrites 57barrier protection 781basic fuchsin 218batch adsorption method 133batch sorption experiments 193BaTi1�xCuxO3 perovskite 62BC and spherical Fe3O4/BC
nanocomposites, digitalimages of 699
bentazon 401bentonite/g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 263benzene 138, 372, 615benzophenone-3 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy
benzo-phenone) 103
benzotriazole (BTA) 106BET isotherms 192Bi-based semiconductors 256bicarbonates removal, pilot-scale
system 404bicrystalline phase Cr-TiO2
nanoparticles 241phase transition studies of 241
bienzymatic biosensor 527bifunctional abilities 827bifunctional reagent 606binding energy 25bioactive compounds 727bioadhesive properties 727bioavailability 166, 727biobased carboxylated NC 590biobased plastic 655BiOBr/NiFe2O4 composite 260
photocatalyst 260biochar surface 153–155, 165, 166
pH-dependent dissociation of acid/base groups 166
plant growth, effects of 166soil fertility, effects of 155
biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) 664
BiOCl photocatalyst, SEM imagesof 257
biocompatibility 153, 154, 192, 581,726
biocomposite screen-printablematerial 528
biodegradable 191, 579, 656organic materials 71, 72plastic 655polymers 658, 668
biodistribution 790biodiversity 3, 4bioelectronics applications 726biofabricated nanoparticles 558bioflocculation 675biofunctionalized AuNPs 549bioimaging 739
materials 667BiOI microspheres, thermal conversion
of 240bioinspired
functional nanocomposites 698hybrid nanofibers 702
832 Index
magnetically responsive alginate-based nanocomposites,removal capacity 696
mineralization methods 696nanocomposites 685, 687, 692, 706
decontamination via photocatalyticapplication 702
dispersed phase 687environmental application of 697
nanomaterials 827Pd/Fe3O4, Au/Fe3O4, and PdAu/
Fe3O4 nanocomposites 704photocatalytic nanocomposites
702BiOI powders, pure/heat-treated, SEM
images of 241biological
applications 727chemicals 294contaminants 737materials 693oxidation 369oxygen
demand 71, 369biomass 557
separation membranebioreactor 365
technology 774bio-mediated nanocatalysts 557biomedical and medical
applications 220, 667biomedicine 211biomimetic
immune technology 478, 481strategy 696
biomineralization 518, 519biomolecules 549
immobilization 531sensitized solar cell (BSSC) 726
bionanomaterials 519based devices, for environment 717,
726bionanoparticle (BNP) 517, 518
advantages of 520fabrication using different
microorganisms 520bionic immunization 473, 480bioplastics 657
from mixed sources 656
biopolymers 654–656, 663, 671,673
as immobilization supports 662matrices 726nanobiohybrids 726supported photocatalysts, for
pollution remediation 662bioprotein 726bioreceptors 527bioremediation 584, 651, 724, 778biosensors 103, 336, 483, 527, 531based on gold nanorods
(AuNRs) 530for trace metal ions 525
biosynthesizedspherical Fe3O4 698, 699
biotemplates 517biotic processes 664biotinylated ditryptophan peptide 548biotreatment methods 651BiOX-based photocatalysts 256biphenyls 543, 650bipotentiostatic chronoamperometric
biosensor 528bis(2,2-bipyridine)-[4-(4-methyl-2,2-
bipyridin-4-yl) propylamine]ruthenium(II)dihexafluorophosphatecomplex 591
Bismarck Brown 664bismuth 307bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) 256bismuth oxyhalide-based
photocatalysts 256bis [o-(N-methylidenamino-2-thiol-
1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-yl)phenoxy] ethane(BMTTE) 93
bisphenol A 138, 300, 397, 398polyester 397
Bi12TiO20-Bi2WO6heterostructures 221
black carbon 39blue baby’s syndrome 543Bois durci 655Boltzmann constant 425Bombyx mori 791borax decahydrate 419boric acid 419
Index 833
boron 413, 421, 686agglomerated 418based fuel-rich propellant 422based pyrotechnic composition
414boron filament resistance 418combustion 419containing fuel 415doped diamond 297fuel 414, 421minerals 419nanoparticles 414, 419oxidation 420particles 413
burning 418combustion process 415
powders 415, 420amorphous 414, 418
removal rate 701boron carbide 417, 420boron oxide 419, 420
radiation emission 418boron suboxide B6O 416, 417boron trichloride 417borothermic decomposition 416bovine serum albumin (BSA) 605Brassica juncea 744Brassica oleracea 746Britton–Robinson buffer 102Brønsted acid 54bromomalonates 606Brownian effects 424, 427, 433Brownian force 425, 427, 432Brownian mechanisms 434Brownian motion 422–425, 427, 430,
431, 433, 434, 767induced force 723
Brownian velocities 427Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)
396Buckminster fullerene 140burning
behaviors 419rate 420
butanol 307butyllithium-functionalized
MWCNTs 606butyl nitrite C5H9NO2 419butyraldehyde 623
ccadmium 90, 92, 555
adsorption 90detection limit 94, 527ions 91, 92, 131
cadmium oxide (CdO) 454cadmium toxic metal 132Ca2Fe2O5 nanofibers 228calcarosol 167calcination 228, 229, 518
temperature 243calibration curve 524Candida albicans 669CaO NPs 96capacitance 720, 777capacitive deionization 136capillary action 498capillary electrophoresis (CE) 106capping agents 333carbaryl pesticides 103carbon 417
particles 764paste electrode 90quantum dots 223vapor aggregates 764
carbonaceousadsorbents 138fertilizer 154materials 221nanomaterials 300, 324
carbon aerogels 777carbon atom structure 718carbon-based fertilizers 154carbon-based nanomaterials 298, 738
in environmental sectorpotential applications 717
carbon-based nanoparticles 718carbon dioxide (CO2) 39, 45, 72, 603,
655, 668adsorption 323capture technology 323photocatalysts 267reduction 256
carbon dot (CD) 154, 178carbon fertilizers 165carbonization 612carbon monoxide (CO) 39, 56, 446, 532
oxidation 42catalysts 41
834 Index
carbon nanoadsorbents 74carbon nanocones 739carbon nanofiber (CNF) 93, 223, 739carbon nanofragment (CNF) 104
based electrchemical analysis oforganic molecules 104
carbon nanohorn 739carbon nanomaterial (CNM) 125, 128,
716, 785, 825, 826and composite 298for environmental devices and
techniques 717carbon nanoonion 154carbon nanoparticle (CNP) 103carbon nanorods 154carbon nanotechnology 155carbon nanotube (CNT) 19, 74, 128,
223, 298, 324, 393, 400, 523,531, 591, 722, 739, 764, 807
adsorption 619based biosensors 718based film 718based metal matrix composite (CNT-
MMC) 692based nanomaterials 825bilayers 456CNT–NiCo oxide composite 106composites 300defunctionalized 607dispersion 619electrode 456functionalization routes 604for inorganic molecule analysis 90network transistor 726noncovalent functionalization
of 326paste electrode (CNTPE) 96in removal of target pollutants 616sensors 129, 456TiO2 composites 621
carbonyl chromophore 673carcinogens 664
dyes 300catalytic
degradation 686oxidation 477performance over Ce1�xZrxVO4
catalysts 54processes 39
technologies 39catechol 101Catharanthus roseus 169cation–π bonding 137cation-exchange capacity (CEC) 166cation-exchange membrane 364cationic–anionic force 135cationic dendrimers 787cationic dyes 131, 136cationic ions 621cation membrane 364cavitation 770cavities 806C3-C60F36 fluorofullerene 32Cd(II), Co(II), and Pb(II) ions 133Cd(NO3)2�2H2O 233CdO nanostructures 455CdS/BCF hybrid nanofibers 702CdS/BC hybrid nanofibers, pathway for
preparation 703CdS nanoparticles 702Ce doping 54Ce-Fe-O solid solutions 45cell-disruption mechanismof Ag-impregnated ZnO
nanoparticles 305cellulose 419, 667membranes 587, 661nanocrystals 582, 726nanofibers 582, 590nanofibril 582nanomaterials 579, 582nanoparticles 579, 584nanowhiskers 582, 583polymers 667
cellulose acetate (CA) 402, 668silica composite-based
membranes 812cellulose-g-oxolane-2,5-dione,
preparation of 588cellulose-g-oxolane nanofibers 587Ce-Mn-O solid solutions 45Ce-M samples 48Ce-NC sample 48ZSM-5 sample 48
Ce-NR sample 48centrifugation limit 299CeO2-Ag catalyst 45CeO2 nanoflakes 307
Index 835
CeO2NPs 76CeO2-TiO2 composite 54CeO2 truncated nanocubes 47CeO2-ZrO2 (CZ) catalyst 45, 49ceramics 316, 416
matrix nanocomposite 691membranes 661
ceria-based catalysts 62ceria NPs 76ceria-zirconia-based catalyst 47cerium-doped activated carbons 56cerium-doped copper ferrite NPs
(CuFe2�xCexO4) 262cetyltetramethylammonium salt 586cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
(CTAB) 333, 551Ce-Zr-O nanostructured catalyst 41Ce0.9Zr0.1O2-NP catalyst 46C60F36 adsorbed molecules 35C60F18 fluorofullerene 27C60F36 fluorofullerene
molecules on Si(111)-7× 7 surface 31C60F18 isomers 32C60F18 molecule 20–29, 31, 35
on Si(111)-7× 7 surfaceorientations 24
C60F36 molecule 31–34C60F42 molecule 20C60F44 molecule 20C60F48 molecule 20C60F36 molecules 33C-60 fullerenes 141charcoal 134charge
densities 27exchange phenomena 481membrane 355
cheese concentration 391chelating adsorbent 133chemical
bonding 717complexation methods 374composition 401contaminants 543enhancement 475, 476exfoliation 457functionalization 579industry 39inertness 303
interaction 30, 323methods 544modification 603, 671, 721modified electrode (CME) 93organic compounds 722oxidation 698oxygen demand (COD) 367, 650pollutants 543, 544precipitation 373process 4
engineering 3properties 825reactions 727reduction 544routes/bottom-up approaches 767sensing techniques 474sensitivity 445sensors 224, 720stability 82, 155, 333, 663, 673storage sites 543structure, of widely used dyes and
absorption band maxima(λmax) 260
transformation 738, 827treatment 650vapor deposition (CVD) 77, 128,
607, 662, 724, 740Chemical Warfare Convention
(CWC) 557chemiluminescence 523, 528chemiosmotic cation 518chemisorption 40, 132, 776chemo-biosensing 473chi-AgNPs as fluorophore 558chiral 582
compounds 723pharmaceuticals 723
chitin 663chitosan (CS) 129, 135, 531, 626, 663,
666, 673, 779, 781capped AgNPs (chit-AgNPs) 557chitosan gelatin/GO monoliths
(CGGO) 626chitosan–GO composites
(CSGO) 134, 627chitosan–polyacrylamide
[Chi-PAA] 97chitosan/sulfhydryl-functionalized
GO (CS/GO-SH) 131
836 Index
chitosan–TiO2 composite 666epichlorohydrin 671films 726nanoparticles 298vulnerability 666
chlorfenvinphos 531chlorides 769
ions 391, 548chlorinated hydrocarbons 670chlorination 670
of lignin 670chlorobenzene 615chloroform sensors 108chlorophenols 12, 104
2-chlorophenol 1044-chlorophenol 307
chloroplasts 154, 176chlorpyrifos 138chromatography-based systems 445chromium 93, 96, 267, 528, 553, 695
and chromium(VI) in watersamples 96
detection limit 94in drinking 93electrode 93species 588
chromium(VI) 96chromophores 728C.I. Acid Red 73 665C.I. Direct Blue 71 665ciprofloxacin 199, 300cisplatin 787citric acid 229, 331Citrobacter freundii 812Citrus limetta 552Citrus limon 552civilization 4clean water 71climate
change 414warming 39
clove silver nanospheres (C-SNSs) 553clustering of particles 422CNM’s functionalization methods 324
alkali activation 325covalent functionalization 324doping heteroatoms 325grafting 325sulfonation 325
surface oxidation 324CO2 adsorption 323coagulation 369, 675coalescence 724CoAl-LDH flakes 610coarsening 232coating film 788coating industry 788cobalt-doped antimony oxide nanoparticle
(CoSb2O6 NP) 108cobalt nanocrystals 81, 82CO2 capture technology 323cocondensation method 333codoping 243CoFe2O4/CeO2 nanocomposite 262CoFe2O4/graphene 251hybrid material 262
coking wastewater 372treatment 372
cold vapor atomic absorptionspectrometry (CVAAS) 93
collagen protein 548collisions 763, 767colorimetric sensors 336, 551, 552combine membrane separation
technology 380combustion 413, 414, 419behavior 419chamber 422characteristics 421mechanisms 418models 421propellant 415
commercialization 825, 826communications 761Co-Mn/TiO2 catalyst 53competing demands 293competitive water treatment
technology 12complexed metal ions 94complex hydrocarbon fuel 413complex matrices 724composite membrane materials 380composition and structure analysis, GN
and GS 197concentric parabolic collector
(CPC) 676conductivity 30, 92, 534, 692, 777conduction band (CB) 652
Index 837
conductometric transducer 527confocal scanning laser
microscopy 155Congo red (CR) 137, 217contact angles, of GS0 aerogels and GS6
aerogels 196, 197contaminants 72, 127, 671, 686conventional colorimetric
methods 524conventional Si-based photovoltaic
devices 719cooler inert gas 763copper(II) detection limit 94copper interdigital electrode 534copper ions 133, 528coprecipitation 81, 82, 95, 232, 234
method of synthesis 307, 534ferrite catalytsts 234silver-based catalyst 233titanium-based catalyts 234zinc-based catalyst 233
core–shell monomers 482core–shell nanostructure 225core–shell structure 244, 302
PANI/Fe3O4 nanoparticles 400core–shell ZnO/oxygen-doped g-C3N4
nanocomposite 224, 225Corynebacterium sp. SH 09 809cosmetics 790
nanocarriers 790cost optimization 722cost ratio limitation 774coupled semiconductors 244coupling agents 333, 671covalent bonding 300, 786covalent coupling 603covalent interaction 137CPE modifier, for electrochemical
sensing of copper ions 93Cr3+ doping 242Cr3+ ions 553Cr2O3 clusters 243crop/plant productivity 153, 155crotonic acid (CA) 94Cr oxide 242Cr-TiO2 samples 242crude oil 39crystal lattice 45, 237crystalline cellulose 582
crystalline solids 237crystallization 483
promoting in gel media 592techniques 580
crystal morphology and size distributionof MDC 369
crystal structure 254sulfapyridine solvate 593
crystal violet (CV) 131CS-glass system 667CS-SH-MWCNT nanocomposite
film 92Cucumis sativus 746Cu2+ detection 530CuFe/beta monolith catalyst 55Cu(II)–GO interactions 623Cu(II) ions 301Cu loadings 55culturing process 545Cunningham Correction Factor 425CuO/G hybrids 231CuO/graphene (CuO/G) 231
hybrid composite 230CuO/graphene-oxide hybrid 230Cu2O nanocubes 301Cu2O NP-modified ZnO
nanowires 533cupric ions 554cup-stacked carbon nanotube 154,
178current imaging tunneling spectroscopy
(CITS) 32CuS doped with Ni ions 218Cu-TiO2/ZnO heterojunction
nanocomposite 262Cyamopsis tetragonaloba 557cyanide (CN�) 557cyanotoxins 303cyclic microwave radiation 230cyclic voltammetry (CV) 102cycloaddition reactions 606β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) 336cyclohexane 615cysteamine (CA) 335cysteine 523cysteine-alanine-leucine-asparagine-
asparagine pentapeptide553
cytotoxicity 191, 749, 787, 791
838 Index
dDanish Environmental Protection
Agency Report 6Daucus carota 746decolourization 559decontamination 658
factor 374degradation 219
organic dyes 220paint pigments 238
degrouping 435Degussa P25 nanoparticles 703dendrimer 782
composite membranes 301nanocarrier 787
dendritic encapsulation 806dendritic nanopolymers 723
composites 723DeNOx/HC oxidation catalysts 49dense solid fuel 413densities of state (DOS) 24, 25density distribution 27density of state 29deodorants 591deoxidization 230deposition-precipitation (DP) 50deprotonation 165, 204dermatitis 664desalination rate 367desethyldesisopropylatrazine 401desorption efficiency 202detection limits of chromium(III) 96detergents 650detoxification 132devices optimization 377dextran 7253D geometry of hot spots 482β-D-gluocopyranose 5823D graphene systems (3DGNs) 1303D hot spots 498, 500
concept 827matrix
noble-metal sols 500structure 498
plasma 827structures 827
for SERS detection 5003,4-diaminophenyl-functionalized
dextran 129
diazonium cation 728dicarboxylated cellulose (DCC) 5822,3-dicarboxylic cellulose
nanofibrils 582dicetyl phosphate (DCP) 1022,6-dichlorobenzamide 4011, 2-dichlorobenzene 105, 141,
615, 6201,1-dichloro-2,2- bis-(4´-chlorophenyl)
ethane 98dichlorocarbene 606dichloromethane 109dichlorophenol 303dielectrophoresis (DEP) 723[2 + 1], [4 + 2] Diels–Alder
cycloaddition ofo-quinodimethane 606
diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) 39,40
diesel particulate 45diesel particulate filter (DPF) 39, 42temperature 43
diethylenetriamine 397, 398differential pulse anodic stripping
voltammetry (DPASV) 94differential pulse voltammetry
(DPV) 93differential scanning calorimetric
(DSC) 95diffusion 763flame 420rate 371
digital imagesgraphite oxide 194GS0, GS1, GS4, GS6, and GS8
hydrogels 194protein 194
3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine(L-DOPA) 549
di-iso-butyl phthalate 99dimer 29, 482dimer-adatom-stacking-fault (DAS) 22dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) 95dimethylbenzene 138dimethyl sulfone 1293,5-dinitrosalicylic acid 402diphenylcarbazide (DPC) 911,5-diphenylcarbazide
nanocomposite 93
Index 839
dipole-like formation 27dipole moment 27direct electrooxidation 297direct functionalization (cocondensation
and in situ) 318disinfectant, ideal 298disinfection 72
using nanomaterials 297disinfection by-product (DBP) 674dispersed phase on properties of
composites, influence ofgeometry 688
disruptive behavior 420dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 674dissolved organic matter 738dithiodibezoic acid (DDA) 93divalent ions 391, 403DNA biosensors 526DNA-CNT linking strategies 614DNA-CNT sensors 129DNA coupling 614DNA damage 749DNA guide assembly scheme 4953D nanostructured graphene-
polypyrrole (Ppy)nanocomposite 135
DNAzyme 554dodecane-1,2-diol 81dodecanethiol 333domestic wastes 294Donnan exclusion effect 332doping 216, 304, 305, 609, 612, 739, 777
anatase, TiO2 with N, S, and C 243transition metals 224ZnO (M/ZnO) nanostructures 224
dose-dependent toxicity 155doxycycline 137, 300D-penicillamine-AuNPs
(D-PC-AuNPs) 554D-penicillamine-capped copper
nanoparticle (DPA-CuNP) 5303D plasma nanoclusters, fabrication and
characterization of 499drag-induced particle velocities 427Drexler, Eric 762drinking water 543drop-coating process 766drug delivery 549, 782
system 737, 739, 784
3D sepiolite 6133D SERS hot spots 4813D SERS substrate 5013D sulfonated reduced GO (3D SRGO)
aerogel 131dyes 128, 135, 686
contaminated waters 686degradation 256sensitized solar cell (DSSC) 238,
726, 774, 813schematic representation 814
dymethylformamide 532, 533dynamic light scattering (DLS) 550
eeco-friendly materials 698ecotoxicity 9π–π EDA interaction 615ED process, schematic diagram of 365EDS mapping for Ag-Au/Cu2O
nanocomposites 302electrical conductance 130, 166, 718,
720, 726CNT-FETs 718
electrical energy 777electrical properties 826electric field-enhanced simulation of
silver nanocubes 490electric field gradient 723electric field intensity 476electric/microwave heating 43electrochemical 544
capacitors 719characterizations 531detection
carbohydrates 106devices 129
DNA-based biosensor 526electrode 475impedance spectroscopy (EIS) 523impedance technique 523measurements 531methods 297, 369modification 609O3 sensor 532reactions 776reduced graphene oxide (ERGO)
-Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) 531
840 Index
sensor (ECS) 523, 526, 528, 529,557, 558
based on CuNPs 523synthesis 220
electrocoating paints 391electroconductivity 523electrode 764
insulation 528potentiometric response 93sensor 529
electrodeposition 740electrodialysis 354, 364electrogenerated chemiluminescence
(ECL) 107electrolysis 238electrolyte
accessibility 720gate efficiency of 718ions 720sensor 556
electromagnetic enhancement 475, 476electron donor–acceptor (EDA)
interaction 615electron–hole pair recombination 263electron–hole recombination rate 654electron–hole separation 249electronic coupling 476electronic detection techniques 720electronic properties 130electron microscopy 155electron relays, for producing
electricity 719electrons 244
transfer mediator 528electrooxidation 297electroplating 553
wastewater 353electropolymerization 531electroreduction 523electrospark deposition 789electrospinning 73, 84, 316electrospun nanofibers 74, 400electrostatically stabilized
nanocrystalline cellulose 582electrostatic forces 739electrostatic interaction 82, 136, 137,
300, 591, 620electrostatic repulsions 398
force 397
electrothermal atomic absorptionspectrometry (ETAAS) 96
elementary boron 414emission intensities 592emulsified oils 391emulsion 689or suspension 333
encapsulation 773, 785endocrine disrupting compound
(EDC) 294, 300endosulfan 138energy 774consumption 367, 726density 420, 720efficiency 790solar economy 774
energy-conserving waterpurification 71
energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDX) 101
energy-level diagramsmolecule adsorbed on a metal
surface 477for undoped and N-doped TiO2 217
engine emissions 422engineered nanomaterial 7engineering nanoparticle (ENP) 737,
738, 747common methods of 739
chemical precipitation 739chemical vapor deposition 740electrodeposition 740gas condensation 739sol-gel techniques 740
toxicityenvironmental organisms 742on humans, effect of 747metal nanoparticles 743on plants, effect of 745polymeric nanoparticles 745
enhanced vascular permeability andretention (EPR) 783
enhancement factor (EF) 474, 476enthalpy change 619entropy change 619environmentalcontaminants 737engineering 4, 15
applications 11
Index 841
environmental (continued )science 11, 16
health, and safety (EHS) 731pollutants 474
laboratory analysis anddetection 473
pollution 128, 257, 721and SERS detection 478
problem 685protection 15remediation 721
potential methods for 295reservoirs 721safety 300samples 581stability 534sustainability 4, 8, 15techniques, functionalized
nanomaterials for 721Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) 686environmental science 581, 721
communities 826environment today, status 7enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay
(ELISA) 473enzyme-TiO2/rGO nanocomposite for
removal of 4-nitrophenol,synthesis route of 697
epichlorohydrin 673, 674epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)
667epoxy-resins 673Escherichia coli 300, 480, 527, 558,
588, 779, 808Es-PPy gas sensor 534ethanol 232, 457ethyl alcohol 237ethyl cellulose (EC) 784N-ethyl-N-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)
carbodiimide hydrochloride(EDC) 603
ethylenediamine 585ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid
(EDTA) 103Euphorbia nivulia 559European Commission Report 6Europium 335eutectic choline chloride 256
eutrophication 135, 664exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet
(xGnPs)–chitosan cross-linkedcomposite 531
exhaust-gas 43exhaust system 423exopolysaccharides 517external energy 293extractive membrane bioreactor 365
ffabricated bioinspired magnetic
nanocomposite 696fabricated polyacrylonitrile/CNT/
TiO2�NH2 composite
nanofibers 300fabrication
of Al2O3/SiC nanocomposite, polymerprecursor route for 693
of Au/Pt/Au core/shellnanoraspberries,morphological and structuralchanges 484
technique, of ln2O3 and its variationon 451
Faradic current 526feed concentration 363feed flux 364Fe(III) complexing ligand 2-(5-bromo-2-
pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol 529
FeMgAl LDO flakes 613fenthion 558Fe2O3-Ba0.99Ce0.01TiO3 sensor 534Fe3O4-based photocatalysts 252Fe3O4/BiOCl nanocomposite 252Fe2O3/Bi2S3 nanorods 260Fe3O4-coated cenospheres deposited
with a film of TiO2nanoparticles 253
Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3 sensor 533Fe3O4-mixed oxide 81Fe3O4 MNPs 94Fe3O4 nanoparticles 698
binding of PPA on 334Fe3+/Al3+ doping 243Fe3O4-supported noble metal
nanocomposites 703Fe oxidation 302
842 Index
Fe3O4/ZnO/NiWO4nanocomposite 254
Fermi energy (EF) 24, 25ferricyanide 528ferrite alloys 454ferrite materials 234ferrite synthesis 228ferritin 778ferrosol 167ferrous hydroxide suspension 81fertility 153fertilizers 127, 543Feynman, Richard 714, 762FGO/EP polymer nanocomposites 609fiberglass 661fibers diameter 722fibrous nanostructure 722field-effect transistor (FET) 129, 224,
718, 720field emission scanning electron
microscopy (FE-SEM) 108,526, 534
images, of L.S. of root 177micrographs, of native bacterial
cellulose 700field emitters 224filtration
applications 722efficiency 43spectrum 392
fireproofing 815flame atomic absorption spectrometric
(FAAS) 90flocculation 354, 369, 724flotation 675flow conditions 430flower-like hierarchical BiOCl
photocatalyst 257flow oscillations 428fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) 169fluorescence quenching 96, 528, 530fluorescence spectroscopy 523fluorescent metals 335fluorescent silica nanoparticle
(FSNP) 745fluoride 132
adsorption capacity 135ions 135
fluorinated anatase TiO2 222
fluorine removal, pilot-scalesystem 404
fluorofullerene 19, 23, 31molecule 19, 23, 25, 26, 35
fluorophore 558, 580entities 591
fluorosis 5435-fluorouracil 784Fokker–Planck equation 423food additives 560, 579food packaging 220, 780, 781food processing 780food safety 737formaldehyde 623, 650forward osmosis 359, 360fossil fuel 655foulants, and control capacities 406fouling 400, 404mechanism of 404resistance 393, 403
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) 94, 523, 550
analysis of aerogel, before and afteradsorption 204
analysis of GS0 and GS6 205Francois gulliot 555free energy 20, 239free-radicals 660free-standing biotemplate mesoporous
hybrid film, fabricationof 585
Freundlich and Langmuir models 133Freundlich equation, for 3D RGO
hydrogel 132Freundlich isotherm 201model 131
Freundlich model 131, 193, 194, 201F-R sample catalysts 50fuchsine 136fuel additives 414fuel ignition 413fullerene C60 19, 140, 154, 178, 299,
610, 718, 719, 738, 739, 790fullerene-like carbon
nanoparticles 777functionalization of 140insoluble 180transforms 140
fullerol 178
Index 843
functionalizationof CNTs 605methods 321, 336, 608
functionalized CNMs, applicationsof 327
adsorbents, for removal of heavymetals and organics 329
catalysts support 328membrane-based separation 331removal of metal ions, and organic
contaminants 327sensing and monitoring 328
functionalized grapheme sheet(FGS) 609
functionalized graphene (G)nanomaterials, adsorptioncapacity 624
functionalized graphene oxide(FGO) 609
functionalized LDHs, preparationof 610
functionalized nanomaterials 599, 721,826
application in pollutionabatement 613
carbon nanotubes 613graphene 621
in environmental remediation 600in pollution abatement, future
perspective 629preparation of 602
carbon nanotubes 602graphene and graphene oxide 607LDHs 609
utilization of 600functionalized silica-based
nanomaterial, applicationsof 322
Fusarium solani 307fusion 767
peptide 551
ggallic acid 553gas chromatography (GC) 662gas condensation process 739gas diffusion 458gaseous pollutants, sources, and effect
on environment 447
gas generator 414gas-phase effluents 649gas sensing mechanism 458g-C3N4-based composites 256g-C3N4-based nanocomposites 259g-C3N4 catalyst 255g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag/Ag2SO3 plasmonic
photocatalyst 263g-C3N4/Fe3O4/AgI/Ag2CrO4
nanocomposite 263g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag3PO4/Co3O4
nanocomposite 263Gd ions 218gelation 191gelling agent 229gels based, on NC 589gel–sol transition 554generalized gradient approximation
(GGA) 22generation of electricity 737genotoxicity of MWCNTs 180Geobacter sulfurreducens 809German Environment Agency
Report 6German Federal Government report 7Gibbs energy change 619Gibbs free energy 238, 268glass transition 671glassy carbon electrode (GCE) 92, 455global energy consumption 719global warming 423global water crisis 10Gluconacetobacter xylinum 698glucose 548glucose oxidase (GOx) 528glutathione (GSH) 554glycerol, dosage 232glycerol selective oxidation 249glycopyranosides 548GN/magnetite (Fe3O4) composite 137GNs/δ-MnO2 composite
(GNs/MnO2) 134GO–Al13 composite 132GO/aluminum–zirconium polycation
composites 622GO/chitosan materials 626GO cross-linked with ferric hydroxide
(GO-Fe) 134GO/Cu–MOF composites 623
844 Index
GO diffraction 696GO dispersion 194GO films 131GO foam, 3D binary images of 299GO/GN nanocomposites 621G4-OH(Pt40)/G4-OH(Pt60)/G4-OH-
(Pd40), HRTEM images 83gold cube nanoparticles 491gold nanoclusters, high coordination
number of 498gold nanorods 135, 136gold octahedron 491
nanoparticles 491gold substrate 488GO membranes 131GO (RGO)–metal/metal oxide
composites 627GO/MnO2 composites 622GO nanosheets (GOS) 133, 230, 623GO oxidation 622GO/polyoxometalate
nanocomposites 622Gore-Tex® 523GO-TiO2 hybrid 134GO/torlon composite membrane 132grafting 320
polymers 333grain morphology 239grain-size distribution 414granular activated carbon (GAC) 56grapheme 128graphene 19, 130, 135, 191, 195, 211,
298, 610, 739based LaNiO3 composite films
609deposits 196for improving sensing
properties 459materials 192c-MWCNT composites 628nanocomposites 300
based electrochemical analysis oforganic compounds 104
nanoplanar 457nanosheet 599sensors 458sheets 130, 196, 457, 718synthesis method 457
graphene device
transient gas-sensing characteristicsof 458
graphene oxide (GO) 130, 132, 135,136, 139, 196, 230, 299, 458,529, 607, 610
Al13 (GO-Al13) 132coated adsorbent 131composite 131electrode 456β-FeOOH composite 133protonated C3N4 composite 300RGO-Fe3O4 nanoparticles 137titanate (RGO-Ti) hybrids 136
graphene–polypyrrole (Ppy)nanocomposite 629
graphene quantum dot (GQD) 221graphene-soy protein (GS)
aerogels 192preparation of 192
graphite 420oxide 192, 607
graphitic C3N4 (g-C3N4) 255graphitic oxide (GO/Cu-MOF)
composites 140graphitization 154gravimetric energy densities 413greases 650green colorimetric sensor 554greenhouse gas emissions 39, 828green methods 544green nanomaterial 583green nanotechnology 552, 731, 805,
811, 828applications 811construction industry 815metal nanoparticles 812nanoclays 813nanoenhanced green
applications 815nanofibers 811nanomaterials, for water
treatment 811nanomembranes 812principles and applications 806prospects of 815for renewable energy 813
dye-sensitized solar cells 813fuel cell 814hydrogen gas 814
Index 845
green nanotechnology (continued )quantum dots 813
risk assessment 815green polymers 658, 828green purification technologies 590green synthesis 548, 555, 826
methods 544nanoparticles 556
future perspectives 559grid electricity 719Griess reaction 728Griess reagent 728Grignard reagents 606groundwater 401
contamination 294pollution 294, 555remediation 11resources 353
groups’ drag-induced motion 435growth of nanoparticles, in situ 333growth-stimulating effects 154Grätzel cell 774GS0 and GS6, surface morphologies
of 192GS preparation process 195
hHAADF-STEM, TEM image of 246halloysite nanotubes 400haloacetic acids 403haloacetonitriles 403halogenated aromatic
hydrocarbons 650hardening agent 655hazardous chemicals 154, 808hazardous nanoparticles 585hazardous substances 581Hb/PCNA/MWCNT electrode 556health hazards 558heat loss 363heavy metal 129–132, 650, 686
adsorption 300ions 96, 128, 130, 133, 527, 528, 543,
555, 586, 700, 737, 826adsorption of 322photocatalyst for reduction of 267
pollutants 354hemolysis 664herbaceous metals 528
herbicides 589, 670, 686heterogeneous catalysts 222heterogeneous chemistry 414heterogeneous magnetic
photocatalyst 250heterogeneous photocatalysis 229, 259,
267, 652adsorbents 667
heterogeneous photosystem 659heterogeneous process 414heterogeneous structure
MxBi2�xTi2O7 218heterostructured Fe2O3/Bi2S3
nanorods 261hetrostructure photocatalysis 215, 221hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene
(HCTP) 609hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide
(CTAB) 768hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium
chloride (HDTMA) modifiednanoclay 85
hexagonal mesoporous silica(HMS) 324
hexagonal M-Zn-O nanorods 224hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) 267H2 generation 257Hg2+/Pb2+/Co3+/Zn2+ metal ions 133,
552, 553, 555high-density surface carboxylic
functionalization 154high-energy ball milling 765high energy irradiation 544high-performance liquid
chromatography(HPLC) 723, 724
high-salinity wastewater 367histidine 548HOBO products 414HODRA-CORE membrane 402homogeneous spherical NPs 81HOMO–LUMO gap 27, 31, 33,
35hot spot 482human civilization 3, 13human health 738, 827
care 473humanity 127human red blood cell 787
846 Index
human scientific endeavor 9, 13human stem cells 481humic acid (HAA) 137, 397, 676humidity 445, 591hybridization 300, 458
chain reaction (HCR) 529erogels 136membrane separation process 366nanocomposite 703nanomaterials 738, 739nanostructures 258of silica nanoparticles/poly(vinylidene
fluoride) membranes 398hydrazine 106hydrocarbons (HC) 39, 42, 413, 417,
543hydrogels 192, 195, 196, 589, 591hydrogen (H2) 719, 768
adsorption capacities 776clean fuel 814conversion 776economy 775generation 220, 249, 301production 249, 775sensing 534separation 724storage 776
hydrogen bond 82, 129, 167, 199interaction 137
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 225, 297,301, 529, 652, 791
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 140, 623hydrophilicity 191, 192, 303, 582
protein 196hydrophobic 671
aerogels 589interaction 137, 140, 739membrane 533polymer membrane 365
hydroquinone 101hydrothermal-electrochemical 221hydrothermal impregnation
method 223hydrothermal methods 221, 222, 238,
518hydrothermal-microwave method 221hydrothermal-sol–gel 221hydrothermal stability, of Cu3Fe3/
beta 55
hydrothermal treatment 223, 225hydrothermal-ultrasonic method 221hydroxyapatite 701N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-valine 555hydroxyl (•OH) radicals 303hyper branched chitosan
nanoparticle 535hysteresis loops 253
iicosahedral symmetry 140igniter formulations 416ignition 419, 420mixtures 415
imaging capabilities 477immobilization 249, 297aspect 667on MT-MWCNT composite 525necessity for 658photocatalyst, approaches used
for 661photocatalysts on supports 658PM ALP nanobiocatalyst 527support, features of 660suspended phtotocatalyst reactor
systems 659TiO2 661
immunochromatographic striptesting 558
incineration 651indium(III)-tin(IV)-mixed oxide 81indium oxide 533industrial effluents 651industrialization 127, 649, 686industrial wastewater 353membrane process 354
inert gas 763inert gas evaporation-condensation
(IGC) 763method, processing chamber of
764infrared spectroscopy 475innovation 825, 828membrane preparation
technology 380inorganicanions 135, 557functionalization 327industrial wastewater 367
Index 847
inorganic (continued )materials 371membranes 371mercury 551molecule analysis
application of NPs for 93multiwalled carbon nanotubes
for 90nanoparticles 828pollutants 543, 697solar cells 719toxicants 543wastewater 353, 367
In4Sn3O12 NPs and In4Sn3O12–TeO2composite nanoparticles 534
In4Sn3O12–TeO2 composite-nanoparticle sensorselectivity 535
In4Sn3O12–TeO2 interface 535In4Sn3O12–TeO2 nanocomposite
sensor 535insoluble nanocarbons 180integral environmental pollutants
concept 294π-π interactions 137, 138, 299, 300interfacial polymerization 398interfacial tension 767interinterception 358internal combustion engine 435International Atomic Energy
Agency 373International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC),terminology forbiopolymers 656
interparticle distance 430intrafiber porosity 722intraparticle diffusion model 129, 203intraparticle diffusion rate constant 194invasive fungal disease (IFD) 783ion exchange (IE) 373, 675, 687
mechanism 135resins 651
ionic conductivity 673ionic diffusion 391ionic liquid (IL) 92
photochemical synthesis 220reduced graphene oxide
(IL-rGO) 529
ionic strength 81, 133, 135, 138ion-imprinted polymers 723ionization 727Iresine herbstii 559iron-based nanomaterials 722iron-based oxides 303iron-boron coating 416iron oxide (Fe3O4) 454, 619
magnetic NMs 813nanoparticles 399
irradiation 216, 651absorption, enhancement of 216
isocontours 26isopropanol 532, 533isoproturon 401isotherms, of GS0 198isovaleric acid 129IUPAC classification 720I–V technique 108
kkinetic curves 203kinetic energy 763kinetic parameters
intraparticle diffusion model on GS0and GS6 203
of pseudo-first- and second-orderadsorption kineticmodels 203
kinetics analyses, of pseudo-first-ordermodel 203
Knudsen diffusion 362, 363
llab-on-a-chip systems 727Lactobacillus sp. A09 809lactose production 391Lactuca sativa 746LaMnO3–graphene composites 609Langmuir adsorption capacity 619Langmuir and Freundlich models 100
of antibiotics on GS6, parametersderived from 201
pseudo-first-order model 129Langmuir–Hinshelwood model 667
dual-site mechanism 41Langmuir isotherm 137, 193, 194, 201
equation 96model 135
848 Index
Langmuir model 194, 201, 203Langmuir–Schaefer technique 533LaNiO3 nanoparticles 609lanthanide doping 234
hybrid films 584lanthanum oxide (ln2O3) 450large unilamellar vesicle (LUV) 807laser ablation 544, 766
experiments 767laser-induced ablation 79laser vaporization 81lauryl sulfate (LS) 523, 524layer-by-layer (LBL) 132
self-assembly method 610layered double hydroxide (LDH) 233,
627CNT nanocomposites 610crystallites 611dispersion 610flakes 611GO nanocomposites 611graphene composites 611
layered double oxide (LDO) 610MWCNT nanocomposites 612SWCNT nanocomposites 612
lead 587pollution 553
lead (Pb2+) ions 92, 526lean NOx trap (LNT) 40
catalyst 57, 58, 60, 62LeAqp2 gene 171Lemna gibba 743lethal effects 686Lewis acid 54
sites 53LiAl LDH films 611Li-doped PbTiO3 perovskite 222light-emitting diode (LED) 807light-off temperature of HC, CO, NO,
and NO2 50lignosulfonate-modified graphene
hydrogel (LS-GH) 132LiI�2H2O 233Li-ion-based batteries 776Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate 304lipid-based amphipathic
membranes 545lipid bilayers, multilamellar
vesicles 807
lipid-drug conjugate 784liposomal amphotericin B 783liposomes 783, 790, 806liquid entry pressure (LEP) 363liquid–liquid extraction 670liquid–liquid interfaces 475liquid-phase deposition (LPD) 106liquid phase effluents 649liquid-phase exfoliation 135lithium 419ion batteries 19
lithography 544, 805Ln3+–TiO2 catalysts 234local density of state (LDOS) 32localized surface plasmon resonance
(LSPR) 335, 523excited by spherical particles 476
lowest limit of detection (LOD) 551lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
(LUMO) 140low-surface energy materials 724Lycopersicon esculentum 558lyophilization 299
mmacromolecules 391proteins 195
macroscopic quantum tunnelingeffect 721
maghemite NPs (Fe2O3) applications,for analysis of inorganicmolecules 95
magnesium 417, 420magnetically responsive bioinspired
nanocomposite 694magnetically separable MnFe2O4/
grapheneheteroarchitectures 251
magnetic BiOX-basedphotocatalysts 256
magnetic chitosan 137magnetic CoFe2O4-functionalized
graphene sheet (CoFe2O4–GNs) nanocomposites 628
magnetic composites 722magnetic core–shell nanoparticles 481magnetic elements 725magnetic Fe3O4/graphene composite
(FGC) 137
Index 849
magnetic Fe3O4/ZnO/NiWO4nanocomposites 253
magnetic graphenenanocomposite 135
magnetic hybrid photocatalysts 250binary heterostructures 250ternary heterostructures 252
magnetic nanoadsorbents 725magnetic nanomaterials 480, 694
for environment 724magnetic nanoparticles 79, 81, 454,
480, 725, 779, 785, 813applications, for analysis of inorganic
molecules 97magnetic nanostructured
materials 481magnetic Ni nanoparticles 138magnetic photocatalysts 254
magnetic photocatalyst Fe3O4/BiOClnanocomposite 252
magnetic poly(vinylpyridine)-coatedcarbon nanotubes 630
magnetic recovery stages 725magnetic separation 299magnetic sputtering 77magnetite 695
Fe3O4/GO composite (M/GO) 134Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide
nanocomposites 137magnetite–GO (M–RGO)
hybrids 627magnetite-graphene hybrids
(M-RGO) 134magnetite–graphene–LDH composite
material (MGL) 134nanocubes 694nanoparticles 95, 699NPs (Fe3O4) applications, for analysis
of inorganic molecules 94magneto-responsive composites 667magnetosome 694magnetostatic spin wave (MSW) 533magnetotactic bacteria 694, 695magnonic sensor arrays based on
MNPs 533maintenance cost 392maize tassel-multiwalled carbon
nanotube(MT-MWCNT) 525
malachite green (MG) 135, 300, 628malathione 138, 532, 558maleic anhydride (MA) 131malodor nuisance 445malonate 523manganese 728manganese ion (Mn2+) 530manufacturing routes, cost-effective and
highly efficient 826mass transfer 362, 371material efficiency 826material selection, for sensor
applications 448mathematical model 424maximum adsorption capacities
ciprofloxacin 202tetracycline 202
maximum adsorption efficiency 135M/Ba/Al catalysts 61MB over BiOBr/NiFe2O4 composite,
photocatalytic degradationmechanism 261
4-MBT molecules 489MCM-41 nanoparticles, incorporation
of 399MCM-41-silica nanoparticles 399MD different configurations 361MD permeate flux, influence of different
factors on 364MD process
for high salty wastewater 368schematic diagram of 361
mechanical grinding 417Meisenheimer complex 556melt compounding 333melting point 221membrane 391
aeration bioreactor 365assisted radioactive wastewater 374based separation technology, relevant
application framework of 379bioreactor 365characteristic 355cleaning 378commercial, and specifications 394device 381distillation 14, 354, 360, 373
advantages of 14, 361filtration, history of 392
850 Index
flux 366materials 355, 366and membrane processes 316modification 377modules 356, 366
advantages, disadvantages, andapplications of 357
operated, using pressure as mainparameter 395
porosity 362principle of 354processes 356, 371, 374, 395properties 371research 354separation 354
interception mechanism of 358processes 14
technology 316, 826thickness 363
membrane distillation crystallization(MDC) 368
process for high saltywastewater 368
membrane fouling 367, 375control 377mechanism of
modes 376types of 405
inorganic fouling 405microbial fouling 405organic fouling 405particulate fouling 405prevention of fouling 406
membrane-integrated systemto remove As (III) and As (V) from
groundwaters 401membrane separation technologies
interception size distribution, 357MeNPs–semiconductor hybrid
heterostructures 245MeNPs–ZnO (TiO2)
heterostructures 245Mentha piperita 810mercury (Hg) 131, 132, 528, 551mercury (II) ion 92, 528, 529, 552
chemical accumulation of 92electrochemical determination of
92(Hg2+) contamination 526
mercury-specific oligonucleotide(MSO) 526
MeS-based composites 268mesoporosity 461, 720mesoporous carbon (MC) 103, 324mesoporous metal oxides 775mesoporous silicas 323nanoparticle 786, 791
mesoporousTiO2 527mesoporous ZnO nanofiber 811metal alkoxides (Si(OR)4) 740, 769metal and metal compound,
functionalization andapplications 332
metal-based nanoparticlesfor electrochemical analysis of organic
molecules 105for spectroscopy analysis of organic
molecules 108metal-ceramic matrix nanocomposite
(MMNC) 692metal detection, colorimetric sensor
for 523metal-exchanged zeolite SCR catalysts
(CuZ and FeZ) 54metal ions 95, 221, 229, 302, 336, 518,
523, 524, 528, 545, 546, 548,552, 555, 698
biochemical reduction 546concentration 94main mechanisms for sorption
of 586removal, experimental
procedure 587selectivity 552sensors 551
metal–metal nanoparticle (Fe-Ti) 74metal nanoparticle (MNP) 79, 301,
545, 580, 591, 723, 768, 791encapsulated 83
metal organic framework (MOF) 105,139, 140, 307, 622
metal oxide 135, 221, 303, 323, 391,448, 666, 721, 725, 738, 739,768
applications, for analysis of inorganicmolecules 96
bionanomaterials 522ions 518
Index 851
metal oxide (continued )loaded graphene hybrid
architecture 458modified composites 622nanomaterials 461nanoparticles 74, 303, 305, 393, 781,
791metals 211
based nanomaterials 738bionanomaterials 520classical approaches 544containing phosphate 307matrix 691nanocrystals 483nanoparticles 580, 591nanostructures 482, 483nuclei 767particles 546salts 136
metals and metal compounds,functionalized, applicationsof 334
adsorption 334photocatalysis 335sensing and monitoring 335
metal toxicity mechanism 748microbial cells 748
genotoxicity 749membrane damage 749nutrient uptake interference 749production of ROS and antioxidant
depletion 749protein dysfunction 748
other cells 749metering pump 381methemeglobinemia 153, 543, 556,
664methidathione 558L-methionine 3013-(4-methoxybenzylideneamino)-2-
thioxothiazolodin-4-one 904-methylbenzenethiol 489methyl blue 2222-methyl-4, 6-dinitrophenol 402methylene blue 128, 129, 135, 136,
223, 259, 306, 323, 526, 559,628, 668, 669
methylene violet 136methylmercury 551
methyl orange 218, 262, 619, 666, 702degradation of 245, 703
methyl parathion 558methyl violet 136, 628Me–TiO2 hybrid photocatalysts 249MgAl LDH/mesoporous carbon
nanocomposites 612MgAl LDO/mesoporous carbon
nanocomposites 612Mg-Al mixed oxide-supported
catalysts 59Mg/Al ratio 59Mg2+ ions 619MgO nanoparticles 747micelles 518, 767Michaelis–Menten behavior 527Michalis–Menten constant 531microbial 391
biomass 651communities 165degradation 698methods 810
microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) 583defibrillation procedures of 583
microcystin 100microelectromechanical system 336microemulsion 767, 768
method 768system 768technique 85
microfiltration 354, 358, 373, 391, 392microfluidic devices 727microfluidic pH analysis 727microorganisms 366, 548, 808micropollutants 372microporous carbons 324microporous ceramic filters 44microporous membranes 355, 365microwave-assisted hydrothermal
process 223microwave-assisted polyol method 333microwave-assisted thermal
decomposition (MATD)device 231
microwave irradiation (MWI) 230, 701microwave method 229, 230
graphene-based materials 229titanium-based materials 231zinc-based materials 231
852 Index
Milli-Q 728mineralization 223, 303, 666MINTEQ modeling program 619mixed oxide NPs 81Mn2+ detection 530Mn2+ ions 553, 555MnO2-immobilized SiO2
nanofibrous 306Mn oxides 55MNP-based adsorption technology 725modified Hummers’ method 192moisture content 194, 790
of hydrogels 196molar ratio of Ag+/Cd+2 233molecular beam epitaxy 77molecular detection 474molecular diffusion equation 362molecular dynamics (MD) 620molecular size 371molecule–substrate interaction 35monoliths 661mononitrogen oxides 446monosaccharide (β-D-glucose) 548monovalent ions 393montmorillonite 613Morinda tinctorial 559multidrug-resistant 737multifunctional materials 293multifunctional reactants 551multijunction solar cells 719multiple-networked nanoparticle
sensor 535multistage reverse osmosis 373multivalent cations 827multivalent ions 392multiwalled carbon nanotube
(MWCNT) 56, 74, 138, 154,169, 300, 523, 531, 599, 603,619, 720, 764, 807
coupled to SPE, for organic moleculeanalysis by
gas chromatography 100liquid chromatography 98
G hybrid aerogel 628for inorganic molecule analysis
coupled with SPE methodology,spectroscopic applicationsof 90
electrochemical applications 91
supplied with watering, effect onphenotype of tomatoplants 173
TiO2 heterojunctionphotocatalysts 232
mutation 553
nNaCl desorption 92NADH-quinone oxidoreductase
749N2 adsorption 198desorption isotherms of GS0, GS1,
GS4, and GS8 198Na ions 216Na-montmorillonite 94Na-montmorillonite nanoparticles
(nano-SWy-2) 93nanoadsorbents 74carbon nanoadsorbents 74metal nanoadsorbent 75
nanoadsorption 316nanobarcodes 781nanobiocomposites 726nanobioelectronics 726nanobiohybrid materials 726nanocapsules 780nanocarbons 154, 155in agricultural plants 153interactions 154on plant growth 169
negative effects of 179positive effects of 156, 169toxic effects of 162
in plants and soil 170nanocatalysts 40, 297nanocellulose (NC) 579, 582, 827based sorptive microextraction,
formats of 584contaminated waters 584direct air capture/gas
permeation 590industrial effluents 584
biodegradability of 583filter for H2 gas permeation 590nanocellulosic platforms 580as sensor
of contaminants 591nanocellulosic 591
Index 853
nanochain light scatteringproperties 488
nanoclays 74, 84, 781nanoclusters 806nanocoatings 789
advantages of 790nanocomposites 306, 393, 685, 687,
702based on reinforcing agents,
classification of 688dosage 701fabrication, bioinspired synthesis
route for 693of metal oxyhalides 307
nanocontaminants 580nanocrystal decoration 458nanocrystalline cellulose 582nanocrystalline LaFeO3 258nanocrystalline semiconductors 244nanocrystalline solid solutions 45nanocrystallinity 239nanocrystals 82, 583, 806
solar cells 775nanocuboid WO3 306nanodevices 825nanodiamonds 299, 739nanodimensions 689nanodisinfectants 298nanodumbbell
AFM map for Raman studies 487structure formed by different silver
shell thickness, ultravioletspectra 487
nanoelectronic devices 726nanoengineering 713nanoestructural materials 581nanofabrication 686nanofibers 74, 83, 228, 299, 316, 776
application, for analysis of inorganicmolecules 97
based membranes 722nanofibres 781nanofibrillar cellulose 582nanofibrils 582, 591nanofibrous media 722nanofibrous membranes 811nanofillers 689nanofiltration (NF) 316, 332, 354, 358,
373, 391–393
for coking wastewatertreatment 372
coupled to low-pressure ultravioletphotolysis 403
flux rate 370membranes 74, 391, 393, 722
characterization of 396fabrication and modification
of 396for radioactive wastewater
treatment 374RO membranes 401separation mechanisms in 395treatment process 374
nanoflakes 222nanoflowers 224nanofullerene 141nanogap 482nano-lab on a chip for
environment 727nanolaminates 782nanolevel 294nanoliquid chromatography 723nanomaterial–functional groups
bonding types 319functionalization by covalent bond
(chemisorption process) 320functionalization by noncovalent
bond (physisorptionprocess) 319
nanomaterials 3, 128, 211, 293, 306,448, 477, 528, 581, 721, 738,805, 826, 827
acted as analytical tool 580and applications 7
for analysis of organic compoundsin wastewaters 98
recent scientific research pursuitin 8
based environmentaltechniques 316, 318
based techniques and devices 825carbon nanotubes 807classification of 806dendrimers 806fullerenes 807functionalization methods 317for improving the water holding
capacity of soil 772
854 Index
incorporation 398for increasing productivity 771for inorganic compound analysis 85liposomes 806membranes 826methods of preparation 762
bottom-up approaches 763top-down approaches 763
nanoparticles, synthesis of 807in pesticides 773photocatalysis applications 220for plant growth 772quantum dots (QD) 807research and development, future
trends 15as sensors 773structure and surface modification
of 449technological vision and scientific
objective in field of applicationof 8
used for environmental techniques,limitations of 317
nanomaterials, functionally active 294,295
for remediation of environmentalpollutants 298
nanomembranes 722, 826fabrication of 400purification of water 812
nanomesh formation 458nanometer circuit 483nanoobjects 581nanoparticles (NPs) 9, 40, 234, 332,
333, 498, 517, 550, 768, 791,806, 827
aggregation 493applied in photocatalytic
procedures 212based on solid lipids 784biosynthesis 545
by biomolecules 548by microorganisms 546by plants 546
characterization techniques 550conventional approach for
production 807bottom-up 808top-down 808
dispersions 714distribution, based on
composition 738carbon-based nanomaterials 738hybrid nanomaterials 739metal-based nanomaterials 738
functionalization of 332grouping of 427nanocomposite-based sensors, for
detection of gases 534preparation, using microemulsion
techniques 768for remediation 778as sensors and detectors 779synthesis 808
methodologies 809from plant extracts 547and specific function of
microorganism 549using bacteria 808using fungi 809using plant extract 810, 811
toxicity based on physicochemicalproperties 741
agglomeration status 742morphology 742size 741surface area 741surface electrostatic status 742
for water disinfection 778for water purification 779
nanophotocatalysis 316nanopolymer spheres 82nanopowders 806nanoribbons 232nanoscaleintersections 482membrane 371technology 714
nanoscience 3, 477, 713and nanotechnology, recent scientific
endeavor in field of 6nanosensing 317nanosensor technology 445, 447, 461,
774, 779, 815properties of 461
nanoseparation devices 826for environment 723
nanosheets 224, 232
Index 855
nanosilver (nano-Ag) 298nanosized magnetites 303nanosized metals 301
oxides 303nanosized silica particles (SNPs) 787nanosized TiO2 303nanosomes 790nanostructured ceria-zirconia catalysts
CexZr1�xO2-NP 46nanostructured coatings 714nanostructured La-Li-Cr perovskite
catalysts 44nanostructured lipid carrier 784nanostructured materials 738nanostructured Pt catalyst 44nanostructure TiO2 nanoparticles
SEM image of 76nanosuspensions 419nanotechnology 3, 5, 72, 73, 130, 393,
685, 721, 761, 805in agriculture, potential
applications 772applications, avenues ahead in
field 10cognizance in field of 4continuous revolution in 825enables cost-effective water
purification processes 293green and sustainable vision 730for green innovation 828historical perspective 762in paints and coatings,
advancement 789products, based on manufacturing
methods and research 714scientific vision in field 4for sustainable future, application
of 771agriculture 771
term defined 713toxicity, economy, and legalization
of 729vision and advancements in 5vision for future, frontiers 5
nano-TiO2 photocatalyst 262nanotubes 224, 765nanowires 224, 232, 488, 493, 607NaOH solution 234naphthalene (NAPH) 138, 141
1,5-naphthalene disulfonatedianion 612
1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 1371-naphthol 6202-naphthol 1381-naphthylamine 6202-naphtol thylamine 664α-napthylamine 728National Nanotechnology Initiative
Workshop 6National Sanitation Foundation
Standards 589natural organic matter (NOM) 14,
662fractions and chemical groups 675removal of 674
natural polymers 191, 654, 655, 663natural products 650N-cholyl-L-valine (NaValC) 555near-infrared fluorescence
quenching 130next-generation sensors 298NH3 decomposition 249NH2-NH2 coupling 249NH3-SCR performance 56NiAl LDH/CNT nanocomposites
611Ni2+ and Co2+ ions 555nickel(II) detection limit 94NiFe2O4/graphene 251Ni(II) metal ion 134NiO/CeO2 catalysts 50nitrates 71, 523, 543, 556nitrenes 606nitric acid 94, 105nitric oxide 56, 446nitrite analysis 728nitrite ions 523, 556nitroaromatic compounds 703nitroaromatic pesticides 402nitrogen 367, 415nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 446nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots
(NGQDs)-BiOI/MnNb2O6 300
nitrogen oxides (NOx) 39, 54reduction 238
nitrogen sulfur oxygen 3714-nitrophenol 696, 703, 705
856 Index
m-nitrophenol (m-NP) 103o-nitrophenol (o-NP) 103p-nitro phenol 301, 4024-nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt
hexahydrate 402N,N-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide
(DCC) 603N,N-dimethyl formamide 808N2/N2O ratio 55NO2-based soot oxidation 43noble metal-based catalysts 62noble metal nanoparticles
(MeNPs) 245noble metals 44, 45, 301NO-C3H6 reactions 53NO conversions 55
NO-CO reactions 52to NO2 measured under lean
conditions 61NO decomposition 49noncovalent polymer functional
interactions 726nonenzyme TiO2/rGO
nanocomposite 696nongrouping 423nonimmobilized magnetotactic
bacteria 696nonlinear optical applications 482nonlinear optics 483nonmetal doping 221nonofiber 84nonpathogenicity 546nonpetroleum-based materials 579nonpolymer-based
nanocomposites 691nontoxicity 253nontraditional environmental
engineering techniques 11nonylphenol (NP) 104NO oxidation 41, 58, 59, 62
catalysis 43NO reduction 41normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)
256novel nanomaterials 825novel separation processes, future
trends and scientific doctrineof 13
NOx adsorption
capacity 58over supported Pt-Ba catalysts,
reaction pathways for 58NOx and NH3 conversionstemperature dependence of 58
NOx conversion 58of Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-IM-5 zeolites
with 55during nonthermal plasma-assisted
lean/rich cycling 61profiles for Cu-SSZ-13, Cu-beta, and
Cu-ZSM-5 57N-oxide azo (azoxy) 664NOx reduction efficiency 53, 62NOx storage 59performance 59reduction catalysis 60in typical Pt/BaO/Al2O3 catalyst
57NOx trap catalysts 59NOx uptakes as temperature
function 60NP-modified ZnO NWs 533N/S/C Co-doped TiO2 nanomaterials,
phase transition studiesof 243
n-type metal oxides 458nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) 477nuclear power 413nucleation 220, 232, 239, 517, 518,
545, 550, 592process 517rate 234
nucleic acids 553nucleophilic addition 609nutrients 154retention 154rich organic matter 153
nylon6 nanofibers 84nZVI surface 302NaBH4 system 302
oochratoxin A 558octadecylammonium salt 592oil components 371oil-water separation 724oleic acid 81, 333
Index 857
oleylamine (OAm) 333oligonucleotides 614on-wire lithography (OWL)
method 486for fabrication of nanostructured
Ni 488operation parameter optimization 378optical fibers 661, 728optical photograph
N2 adsorption and pore sizedistribution 198
optical sensors 129optoelectronic devices 19orange G (OG) 136, 628orange II 323organic compounds
adsorption of 323decontamination 580
organic contaminants 663, 664, 826organic dyes 128, 131, 524, 664organic fertilizers 153
carbon-based fertilizers 154as “biochar” 155
organic fluorescence 96organic groups, incorporation of 333organic-inorganic hybrid materials
307organic–inorganic
nanocomposites 333organic LED (OLED) 814organic materials 19organic mercury 551organic molecules 141organic pollutants 297, 543, 621, 651,
698, 721, 722organic pollution 71organic polymers 82, 528organic solvents 580, 592organic toxicants 141, 543organogels 589, 592organomercury compounds 551organophosphates 557
pesticides 557, 558and phosphonates (OPPs)
compounds 557pesticides 557
organophosphorus pesticide 531orthorhombic phase Bi5O7I spherical
microstructures 240
phase transition studies of 240Oryza sativa L. 744oscillation flow
particle behavior 434oscillations 422, 423
flow clustering of particles 422oscillatory grouping 422, 423
O3 sensor 533osmium dioxide nanoparticles 400osmolality 783Oswald ripening 233oxidants 652oxidation 582, 603
of aromatic compounds 238catalyst 43of nanomaterials 721
advanced process, scientificdoctrine, of 11
reduction mechanism 545oxidative degradation 661oxidative etching 603oxidative roasting 416oxide particles 660oxidizer 413oxidizing agents 403, 660oxygen 413
acetylene flame 418doped g-C3N4 NPs 225vacancy 54
oxygen storage capacity (OSC) 49oxytetracyline 300ozone 532
radicals 652ozonolysis 603
ppaclitaxel 784paint 788palladium–graphene
nanocomposite 104paraoxon 531parathion 531Parkinson’s syndrome 553Parthenium hysterophorus 810particle agglomeration 484particle conversion 421particle diameter 426particle–fluid mechanical
interactions 661
858 Index
particle morphologies, electronmicrographs 76
particle–particle interactions 661particle-retaining MF 392particles grouping, in oscillating
flow 423particle sizes 221, 239, 417–420, 422,
424, 426, 427, 498, 651, 763particle trajectories 427particle velocity 426, 429particulate matter (PM) 39, 40
PB-functionalized graphene(PB-G) 609
particulate organic carbon (POC) 674particulates 138
air pollution 39Pb(II) ions 132Pb2+ ions 553–555, 700Pb2+ removal capacity 700PdAu-based nanocomposites 703Pd/CeO2-ZrO2Cr catalyst 49Pd/CeO2-ZrO2Ni catalyst 49Pd/Ce0.68Zr0.32O2 catalysts 49Pd–graphene nanocomposite 104Pechini’s sol-gel method modified 62PEGylation 788Penaeus merguiensis 527Penicillium fellutanum 810pentaethyleneglycole dodecyl
ether 768peptide-AuNP probes 551peptides 548perchlorate 629, 723permeation flux 363peroxides (•O2
2�) 303personal care products 686pesticides 554, 557, 686, 722, 737
determination 530pesticide transformation product
(PTP) 401petroleum-based bioplastics 656petroleum ether 237pharmaceutical contaminants 737pharmaceutical drugs degradation,
photocatalyst for 263pharmaceutical industries 392Phaseolus radiates 744Phaseolus vulgaris 559phase transformations 239, 417
phase transitions 237, 418anatase to rutile transformation 239from BiOI to Bi5O7I 241morphological effects 239in TiO2, reaction boundaries of 240titania phases, formation and analysis
of 238phenanthrene 556phenol 615, 620compounds 300, 303, 670
removal of 669degradation 249, 297impurities 103
phenosafranine 323phenotypes of gram seeds (fruits), after
harvesting 179m-phenylenediamine 397phonon resonant 198phosphates 71, 135, 307, 728phosphonates 557, 791phosphoric acid 582phosphorus-doped Si(100) wafers 28phosphorylated NC dispersions 586photoactive guest moieties 323photocarriers 705photocatalysis 219, 220, 303, 659, 661,
673, 698, 702activity 219material 216mechanism 212radiation applied in 216on titanium dioxide 221in wastewater treatment 652
photocatalyst 211, 219, 245, 265, 307,323, 333, 659–661, 668, 674
activity 667for dye degradation 259materials 216P25 702particles 659photocatalytic ability, for degradation
of RhB 222photocatalytic activity 108, 223, 229,
249, 254, 255, 257, 269, 307,609, 661, 698
of Ag-decorated Fe3O4/TiO2-coated cenospheres 253
of Ag NPs 218of BiOX 256
Index 859
photocatalyst (continued )converting CO2 with CO, CH3OH,
and CH4 268photocatalytic applications 231
using nanoparticles 214photocatalytic degradation
mechanism of rhodamine B 264of pollutants 221of tetracycline 266
photocatalytic efficiency 216, 228,256, 297, 303
photocatalytic materials 225copper-based materials 236microstructure of 237solvothermal synthesis of 235synthesis of 220titania-based catalyst 237
photocatalytic mineralization 698photocatalytic nano-TiO2 298photocatalytic performance, of ZnO/
oxygen-doped g-C3N4NPs 225
photocatalytic procedure, factorsaffecting 219
photocatalytic process 663photocatalytic reactors 660photocatalytic reduction 268, 301
of CO2 with H2O on Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 composite 269
photocatalytic self cleaningeffect 220
photocatalytics process 213photocatalytic systems 658powders 658system 674for water decomposition 257
photochemical reactor systems 660photocorrosion 653photodecomposition 249photodegradation 103, 557, 698, 706
adsorption process 666of dye 304efficiency 246performance 230of rGO–Ag nanocomposite for
RhB 230of RhB dye 247
photoelectric effect 774photoelectrochemical cells 775
photoelectrochemical technology 297photoelectro–Fenton (PEF) 106photoinduced molecular
transformations 652photo-Kolbe oxidations, of organic
acids 238photoluminescence 154, 216, 256, 673,
674photooxidation 304, 666
degradation 666, 668, 674tests 233
photoreaction 228photoreactors
design of 660system 660
photosensitive bioinspirednanocompositematerials 696
photostability 653photovoltaic cells 719, 726photovoltaic effect 719photovoltaic (PV) technology 774, 775physicochemical properties 293physicochemical remediation 778physicochemical techniques 651physisorption technique 132, 776phytomedicine 178piperazidine 397, 398Piper betle 557plant growth 154plant nanobionics 154plasma coupling, between adjacent
nanoparticles 482plasma etching 488plasma resonance 476plasma vaporization 81plasmonic enhanced photcatalysis 218plasmonic materials, for Raman
enhancement 481plasmon resonance 488plasticizers 543, 671plastics 788platelets 785platinum group metal (PGM) 58platinum hollow nanoparticle chain
(Pt-HNPC) 107Platynereis dumerilii 745Plectonema boryanum 808Pleurotus sajor caju 559
860 Index
p-nitrophenol, 3,5-dinitrosalicylicacid 402
Poiseuille flow 362, 363poisoning diagnosis 473polar contaminants 615polarity 724polarization 27
light excitation 491pollutants 12, 127, 294, 298, 300, 353,
366, 372, 543, 551, 554, 583,615, 623, 661, 676, 685, 698,721, 724
removal 249sorbent interaction 651
pollution 130, 353, 528, 721control 103, 127
polyacrylic acid 497polyacrylonitrile 779poly(allylamine) 323polyamide 398
thin-film composite 402poly(amido amide) (PAMAM) 787
dendrimers 788poly(amido amine) 333polyaminde thin-film composite
membranes 401polyaniline (PANI) 609
nanoparticles 399polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) 556,
650poly(arylene disulphide) 609polybenzimidazole membranes 399polybrominated biphenyls 650polycaprolactone 668polychlorinated biphenyls 303, 650polycondensation 740polycyclic aromatic amines 664polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
(PAH) 141, 300, 371, 372,620
poly(diallyldimethylammoniumchloride) (PDDA) 103
poly(4-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)benzenamine) (poly(SNS-NH2) 531
polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) 527polyester-based nanocomposite
nanofiltrationmembranes 398
polyester-based thin-film compositemembranes 397
polyetherimide/amino-functionalizedsilica nanocompositemembrane 398
polyethersulfone membranes 331,397–399
polyethylene columns 587polyethylene glycol 725, 784polyethylene glycol-phosphatidyleth
anolamine 784polyethyleneimine-functionalized
CNTs 129Poly(ethylene oxide)-based SPEs 776polyethylene sheets 661polyethylenimine 323, 399polyglutamic acid 551polyglycolide (PGA) 784PGA-capped AuNPs 551
Polygonum multiflorum 791polyhydroxyfullerol 178polylactide 83polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
(PEMFC) 776fuel cells 776
polymer-grafted inorganic NPs 333polymeric materials 661polymeric membranes 392, 393, 724polymeric nanoparticles 784polymeric photovoltaic cells 719polymerization 603, 739interfacial 397reactions 806
polymerization, in situ 333polymers 225, 316, 777based nanocomposites 688
ball milling process 691for decontamination of
pollutants 692direct compounding
synthesis 689in situ fabrication technique
689in situ synthesis process 690
based nanomaterials 83clay nanocomposites, prepared via
both in situ and ex situsyntheses 691
coating 326
Index 861
polymers (continued )in functionalization 319
grafting 319nanoadsorbents 82nanomaterial hybrids 320nanotechnology 726nanparticles, conjugated 74supported nanocomposites
environmental applications 722templates 694
polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) 609, 728
poly[N-(2- hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide](PHPMA) 603
polypeptide secondary structure uponbinding 130
polypyrrole 534polypyrrole–reduced graphene oxide
composite (PPy–RGO) 627polysaccharides 548, 663, 666, 671
biopolymers 665polystyrene (PS) 108
film 141poly(4-styrenesulfonate) 611polystyrene/TiO2NWs
nanocomposites 108polysulfone 398polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 232, 420
membrane 363polythene (PE) 662polythymine 526poly(venylsulfonate) anions 612poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) 267, 333,
370, 606, 779MWCNT composite 129
polyvinylchloride 93poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)
membrane 363, 370polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) 228
poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) 333pore size 371, 396, 401, 455, 720, 722
distribution 228, 363porins 531porosity 622porous alumina-based ceramic
membranes 724porous Bi5O7I microspheres 240porous GO/chitosan materials (PGOC)
materials 133portability 721postsynthetic functionalization
(grafting) 318postsynthetic grafting 321potable water 391, 393, 543, 722potassium 419
modified ceria-zirconia catalyst 46powders 413
activated carbon 100synthesis route, conventional 693
power conversion efficiency 719p–p interactions 621PPy nanoparticles 534precipitation 79, 81, 82, 366
crystalline TiO2 238precision 445
filter 381predicted environmental
concentration 10pressure-driven membrane
process 358, 371, 374, 391,392
prion proteins 554pristine CdS particles 702pristine Cu2O nanocubes/Ag-Au/Cu2O
nanocompositesTEM and HRTEM images of 302
pristine Cu2O nanocubes and Ag-Au/Cu2O nanocomposites
SEM images of 302problem-solving capacities 293process efficiency 724prometryn 401propellant samples 419propylene 51protein-coated GO sheets 195protein-mediated nanocomposite 701,
702protein-mediated bioinspired
nanocomposites (PMN) 701proteins 518proton antitransporters 518protonation 165
deprotonating transition 204deprotonation reactions 204
protoplastsC. Roseus uptake of MWCNT-
FITC 170
862 Index
pseudo-first-order model 202kinetic model 194
Pseudomonas stutzeri 808pseudo-second-order model 129, 132,
133, 135, 203Psidium guajava Linn 231Pt catalyst 44
CO and HC oxidation on 41Pt-decorated DPF samples 44Pt/K/Al2O3 catalysts 60Pt nanoparticles 41p-toluenesulfonic acid 137Pt particle size 44Pt-V diesel oxidation catalysts 41p-type of graphene oxide 461Pt–ZnO hybrid nanocomposites 247,
249Pt–ZnO hybrid photocatalysts 247, 249publicly owned municipal treatment
work (POTW) 650pyrene 5561-pyrenebutanoic acid 6051-(2-pyridilazo)-2-naphtol 96pyrocatechol 528pyrolysis 155, 178, 416, 668pyrotechnical industry 414
qquantum dot (QD) 298, 299, 323, 738
photovoltaic applications 814QD-based LEDs (QDLEDs) 814QD-based solar cells (QDSCs) 814
quantum size effects 40quartz 661
crystal microbalancemeasurements 92
substrate 527quasi-fiber ZnO 306quaternary oxide photocatalysts 258
rradiation absorbance 216radioactive elements 373, 737radioactive ions 586radioactive wastewater 373
treatment 374Raman detection
on gold core–shell nanoparticlescoated with Pt and Si 486
Raman enhancement 481, 499Raman instrument 477Raman scattering 475, 476Raman signal 476Raman spectra 474, 827of enzyme-TiO2/rGO and control-
TiO2/rGOnanocomposites 697
for multiple WO3 structures 456resonance 197spectrometer 499spectroscopic techniques 95, 550,
591Ramjet engines 414rapid detection 528reactants’ fractional conversion, on
LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3 with 51,52
reactive oxygen species (ROS) 298,741, 749
reactive red 4 (RR4) 667dye 667
reactor 661real-time monitoring 473recalcitrant organic pollutants 650recent scientific research pursuits, in
membrane science 13recovery times 336recyclable boron burning 413recyclable nanophotocatalysts 262recycle boron 413redox potentials 254reduced graphene oxide (RGO) 229,
299, 628Ag/TiO2 nanotubes/Ti plates with
high photocatalyticactivity 249
rGO membrane 332refractory organic pollutants 650renewability 191renewable energies 726sources 719
renewable raw materials 649renewable resources 656based bioplastics 656based biopolymers 658
resilient polymer wastes 655resorcinol 102retinyl acetate (RA) 784
Index 863
reverse osmosis (RO) 14, 83, 354, 359,360, 391, 687
inorganic membranes 371membrane 392
module 367, 391pretreatment equipment 367process for salinity wastewater 367
Reynolds number 424Rhizopus oryzae 810rhodamine B (RhB) 101, 136, 254, 262,
300, 323, 591, 628degradation 263dye 216, 218, 695photocatalytic degradation of 245photodegradation 257
rhodamine B hydrazide (RBH) 523, 529rhodium-containing catalysts 52Rhodopseudomonas capsulate 809riboflavin-stabilized silver nanoparticles
(R/AgNPs) 524Ricinus communis 558RNA-GO nanosheets 138Rosa indica-wichuriana 555rose bengal 222
sSaccharomyces cerevisiae 695salinity 368Salmonella typlus 808salt intrusion 294sample sizes 580, 720, 721sanitation 71scanning electron microscope
(SEM) 84, 155, 396, 495, 523,550
scanning tunneling microscope(STM) 20, 762
scientific thoughts and scientificprogress, future flow 15
screen-printed carbon electrode(SPCE) 528
screen-printed carbon platinizedelectrode (SPCPtE) 528
screen-printed electrode (SPE) 102screen-printing process 766seawater
detection of other chemicals in 728nitrate analysis 728nitrite analysis 728
sedimentation 369, 373selective catalytic reduction (SCR) 53
activities 53, 54catalyst 53system 40technology 53
selectivities 557, 722colorimetric sensing 555
selenium (Se) nanoparticles 519selenium particle (SeP) 529self-assembled nanoparticle chains 490semiconductors 211, 244, 254, 658,
762, 774for heterogeneous
photocatalysis 244heterojunctions 256heterostructures 244hybrid 245mediated photocatalytic
decomposition, of organiccontaminants 653
nanocomposites 244oxide 477photocatalysts 653photosensitization of 218quantum dots 591surface, generalized possible reactions
occurring 653Se nanoparticles 519sensing ability 552sensing/monitoring methods 298
in petroleum industries 446sensors 722
for gases 532for heavy metals 525for pesticides 530
Se oxyions 519sequestration 153sericin anionic nanoparticles 791sewage 353Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 703Shockley-Queissar limit 719Si adatoms 24Si atoms 27Si-based semiconductor systems 19Si-based solar cells 726Si��C interaction 25Si-F compound 20silanes 333
864 Index
silica-based materials 323silica-based nanomaterials 321
functionalization andapplications 320
silica gel 661silica materials 786silica nanoparticles 398, 740silicate 728silicone rubber membrane 365silicon oxide (SiO2) nanorods 519silt pollution index 368silver-based photocatalysts 222silver-based semiconductors 307silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 393, 398,
535, 545, 791assembled nanospheres 483dimers’ hot spot 489
silver orthophosphate (Ag3PO4) 254silver (I) oxide 222silver-PEGylated dendrimer
nanocompositemembrane 301
silver-PEGylated polyethyleneglycol 301
silver sol 498silylation process 324single C60F18 molecule
STM images of 22single-junction inorganic (Si) solar
cell 719single-walled carbon nanotube
(SWCNT) 74, 174, 300, 523,599, 603, 606, 720, 785
for inorganic molecule analysis,electrochemical applicationsof 93
peptide-functionalized sensor 130spectroscopic applications, for
ananlysis of organicmolecules 104
single-walled nanotube (SWNT) 718,807
oxidized 718SiO2/gold nanoparticles 493Si substrate 533Si surface 27, 35Si(111)-7× 7 surface C3-C60F36
fluorofulerene molecules 33small unilamellar vesicle (SUV) 807
smart packaging 781smoke particles 423Smoluchowski’s equation 433SnO2 NP-modified nitrogen-doped
RGO (SnO2/N-RGO) 533SnS2/CPVA nanocomposite 267sodium 391, 419sodium azide 415sodium borohydride 135sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate
(SDBS) 91sodium dodecyl sulfate 402functionalized graphene oxide 131
sodium hydrosulfite 136sodium nitrate 415sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 740soil carbon 154soil contaminations 153soil erosion 294soil pH 154soil structure 154Solanum lycopersicum 746solar cells 293applications 220based on quantum dots (QD solar
cells) 719solar energy 660, 698, 775for Cr(VI) 243for hydrogen production 775induced evaporization 81in photovoltaic technology 774utilization 323
solar light irradiation 263, 658solar-thermal systems 774sol–gel-assisted electrospinning 225sol–gel hydrothermal
electrospinning 225sol–gel method 225, 234, 692, 740,
768steps involved in sol-gel 768
aging 769casting 769densification 769drying 769gelation 769mixing 769
of synthesis 226, 768solid fibers 584solid fuel 419
Index 865
solid lipid nanoparticles 784, 790, 791solid–liquid separation 366solid phase effluents 649solid-phase extraction (SPE) 481, 584,
723solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) 776solid propellants 413
rocket 414solid-state pyrolysis 77solvothermal synthesis 235, 769
chemical factors 769thermodynamical factors 770
sonication 79, 221sonoelectrochemistry 770sonolysis 651soot catalyst conditions 47soot conversion 47sorbent materials 725sorbents 722sorption 675
capacity for Cu(II) 141efficiency of PMN, and conventional
nanocomposites 702soybeans 191
products as food 191soy protein 191, 192, 194specific chromophoric reagents 524specific surface area (SSA) 191
GS0, GS1, GS4, and GS8 199spherical Ag colloidal superstructures
self-assembly of Ag NPs 497spherical Fe3O4/BC
nanocomposites 700Spinacia oleraceae L. 175spinel cobalt (II) oxide (Co3O4) 454spinels (AB2O4) metal oxides 534square wave anodic stripping
voltammetry (SWASV) 90,96, 526
nanoceria plant nanobionics 176square wave voltammetry (SWV) 90,
523stable grouping 423π–π stacking 609stainless steel 661Staphylococcus aureus 779Staphylococcus currens 808Star-shaped ZnO/Ag hybrid
nanostructures 248
steric exclusion 333sterilization 392Stokes relaxation time 425Stone–Wales (or 7-5-5-7) defect
on CNT sidewall 602Streptococcus thermophilus 517structure-specific magnetic
nanocrystals 6944-styrenesulfonate anion-intercalated
MgAl LDH 611succinimidyl ester 605sulfanilic acid 728sulfapyridine solvate 592sulfasalazine 218sulfate 42sulfide (S2�) 557sulfonated nanocellulose,
preparation 588sulfonated NC dispersions 587sulfonation 332sulfonic acid 587sulfonylurea 99sunlight irradiation 256sun protection factor (SPF) 791supercapacitors 719, 720, 777supercritical CO2 and TiO2
nanoparticles into polymerichost, directimpregnation 690
superhydrophobic sponges, witholeophilic properties 589
superoxide anion radical (O2•-) 45,530, 548
superoxide anions (•O2�) 303
superparamagnetic composite 132GO-Fe3O4 137
superparamagnetism 599superwetting materials 724supramolecular techniques 140surface copolymerization 480surface-enhanced Raman scattering
(SERS) 218, 474, 477, 480,826
detection 480of environmental pollutants 479
hot spot 482structures, development trend
of 483surface interception 358
866 Index
surface modification 480, 722, 827surface plasmon model 483surface plasmon resonance (SPR) 223,
245, 476, 550, 599effect 218
surface relaxation 40surface thermodynamics 240surface water 293surfactants 333, 725, 739, 767
Triton X-114 mixedhemimicelles 96
suspended solids 71materials 391pollutants 354sediment particles 423
suspension quality 419sustainable electricity storage 776
batteries 776sustainable environment
greener approach 20, 805sweep gas membrane distillation
(SGMD) 362swelling capacity 671swelling index (SI) 673synthetic hydrocarbons 413synthetic polymers 654, 693
ttartrazine, degradation rate 224teflon 661temperature–time conditions 239TEMPO radical 583, 590Tenax TA 141tensile strength 692ternary metal oxides 229
photocatalysts 224ternary Pt-graphene/TiO2
nanocomposites 629tetra-n-butyl titanate 399tetrachloroaurric (HAuCl4)
solution 551tetracycline 137, 199, 200, 300tetracycline adsorption
on GS0 and GS6, influence ofpH 204
influence of pH 204tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) 303tetraethoxysilane 399tetraethylenepentamine 323, 397, 398
tetraethylorthosilicate(Si(OC2H5)4) 740
tetramethyl bisphenol A 397tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) 528textile wastewater process 369, 370theoretical efficiency 775thermal aging 60thermal conductivity 130thermal decomposition 79thermal diffusion saturation 416thermal evaporation 373thermal exfoliation unzipping
CNTs 457thermal reduction of GO 230thermal remediation 778thermal stability 47thermal UV irradiation 79thermal vaporization 81thermodynamics 94, 129, 134, 13