731

Handbook of Environmental Engineering, First Edition. Edited by Myer Kutz.© 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

aabsorbing aerosols 511absorption opacity 250accumulation mode particles

499, 551acid drainage dust 674Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 677acid‐mine drainage (AMD) 677, 678acid‐rock drainage (ARD) 677–678acid‐rock generation (ARG) 677activated carbon 355, 366, 489activated sludge process 367adiabatic lapse rate 514Administrative Law and Rulemaking

Procedure 47–48adsorption 176, 366advection 174advection–dispersion–reaction

equation (ADRE) 615aeolian dust 493aerodynamic particle diameter

498, 501AERONET 504aerosol(s) 551

aging processes 501–502chemical composition 506–508climate 511–513definition 493density 498diameter growth factor 509emission control technology

513–514formation 501–502hygroscopic diameter growth

factor 511hygroscopicity 508–512light extinction properties 511meteorology 511–513optical properties 502–506, 509

particle affinity for water 510physical properties 509sampling concerns 501size distribution 499–502volcanic eruptions 493water‐containing 498

aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) 508

aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) 508

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 596

agitated tank leaching systems 677agricultural reuse, of reclaimed

wastewateradvantages 388constituents of concern

emerging of 389macronutrients and

micronutrients 389salinity 389

design considerationscompatibility and

reliability 395salinity 395seasonal demand, variations

in 395impoundments

artificial snowmaking 395contact‐and noncontact‐type

impoundment 396design considerations 397nutrient 396pathogens 396recreational impoundments 395treatment objectives 396–398treatment technologies 396

treatment objectives

food crops 389–392nonfood crops 390, 393–394

treatment technologies 390advanced treatment 395disinfection 395

Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS) 260–261

airborne sensorsAirMOSS 260–261E‐SAR/F‐SAR/PLMR2, 261–262and features 260HyMap 259–260unmanned aerial systems

262–263unmanned aerial vehicles

(UAVs) 259air‐cooled slag 680air cyclones, solid waste 652, 653air pollution control

Air Pollution Control Act 453Clean Air Act 453control of particulates

baghouse 470–476control devices efficiency

of 460cyclones 461–465electrostatic precipitators

465–470mechanical collectors 460–461

emissions of particulatesaerodynamic behavior of

particles 458characteristics of 457–458chemical and physical

characteristics 453control technologies 455–456cost of control devices 457gas cleaning 457

Index

0003947046.INDD 731 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM

COPYRIG

HTED M

ATERIAL

Index732

National Emissions Inventory (NEI) 454

particle settling, by gravity 458PM‐2.5 emission 455PM‐2.5 particulates 454PM‐10 particulates 454process optimization

456–457gaseous compounds, control of

oxides of nitrogen (NOx) 476packed towers 487–488reactions 476–481sulphur dioxide, control of

481–483volatile organic compounds

488–491wet scrubbers 484–487

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 453

regenerative thermal oxidizer 491

Air Pollution Control Act 453air separators 649–652air stripping 356–358air velocity measurements

538–539Aitken modes 499aluminium 679, 681ambient aerosols 498–499

accumulation mode particles 499Aitken modes 499coarse mode particles 499nucleation 499particle size measurements

499–501ambient noise measurement

community noise 577–579roadside noise 575–577sound level meters 574–575standards 578–579

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) 442

American Institute of Chemical Engineers’ Centre for Waste Reduction Technologies (AIChE–CWRT) 698

Amprobe SM‐20A 575anaerobic digestion 370anaerobic pretreatment 418anaerobic processes 369–370anthropogenic emissions 503

aquiferssolute transport 312–313unconfined aquifers 310wells in 311–312

artificial intelligencealgorithms 648artificial neural network 92cellular automata 92fuzzy cognitive mapping 92–93

artificial snowmaking 395asbestos 545ASTM C618, 601atmospheric aerosols

ambient aerosols 498–499accumulation mode

particles 499Aitken modes 499coarse mode particles 499nucleation 499particle size measurements

499–501gaseous medium 497history and regulation 493–494particle concentration

measurements 494–497

particle size effects 497particle size measurements

aerodynamic diameter 498terminal settling velocity

497–498particulate matter 493

atmospheric deposition 495atmospheric radiation measurement

(ARM) 508atmospheric visibility 495attenuation

engineered 579–580natural 580processes 593

audit exercise planaudit program development 716checklists 716reporting procedures 716timing and frequency 716upcoming audit program

716–717waste audit scope 715–716

audit team formation 714–715

bBackground site, Bosque del Apache,

New Mexico 506backscatter 251

baghousefabric selection 472–473preformed spray towers 474pulse‐jet baghouse 472reverse air cleaning 471shaker‐type fabric filters 470–471venturi scrubbers 474–476wet collectors 473–474

balanced scope, definition 716baler 664–665ballistic separation 660–662basic oxygen furnace (BOF)

679, 680Beer‐Lambert Law 23, 504bench‐scale laboratory

development 694beta‐attenuation monitor mass

concentrations 496bioaerosols 497

control of 554–555indoor 553–554sampling 554

biogas 418biogeochemical processes 72–73bioleaching, of ores 676biological aerated filters 369biological agents 546biomass burning source testing 510biomass smoke aerosols 494,

502, 510black acid 685blister copper 681boiler water makeup 403boundary layer parameterization 72boundary layer turbulence 71–72briquettes/cubes 661–663Brownian diffusion 497Brownian motion 552Buckingham–Darcy Equation

steady‐state evaporation and infiltration 160–162

transient infiltration 162–163

ccalcium oxide (CaO) 482, 602–603California bearing ratio (CBR)

602–605California Gold Rush 674carbonaceous aerosols 510carbon dioxide (CO2) 544, 681, 682carbon monoxide (CO) 521,

545–546Caro’s acid 675casting sands 680

air pollution control (cont’d )

0003947046.INDD 732 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM

Index 733

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) 578

CEQ regulations 50–51CERCLA

cleanup standards 62liability 61–62national priorities list and cleanup

process 62CerOx process 365Chapter 62‐610 of the Florida

Administrative Code for Reuse of Reclaimed Water and Land Application 380

chemical metallurgy wasteshydrometallurgical wastes

electrorefining/electrowinning 685–686

pickling liquors 686precipitation 682–685

principal methods 678pyrometallurgical wastes

gaseous wastes 680–682solid wastes 679–680

chemical oxygen demand (COD) 720

chemical precipitation 682–685chemical process design 698chlorine residual 398circular economy 629Clean Air Act 453, 494, 681

motor vehicles and fuels 54National Ambient Air Quality

Standards and State Implementation Plans 52–53

National Emissions Standards for Stationary Sources 53–54

prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) requirements 53

Regulation of Greenhouse Gases 54–55

clean air delivery rate (CADR) 529cleaner production 689, 690Clean Water Act 351

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permits 56

Technology‐Based Effluent Limitations 56–57

Water Quality Standards 57–58Clean Water Act and the National

Pretreatment Program (40 CFR 403) 371

climate change 51–52, 541

climate change impact analysisanthropogenic hazards

air pollution 89deforestation and

desertification 89automated land cover stratification,

of Alpine Environments 111–114

climate datadata sources and

collaborations 96filling spatial data gaps 97filling temporal data

gaps 96–97modeling data 95–96observational data 95

climate hazardscryosphere 89–90flooding 89sea level rise 90wildfire 89

critical zone conceptcritical zone

observatories 86–87definition 84life‐sustaining resources 84long‐term processes and

impacts 85physical, chemical, and

biological processes 85short‐term processes and

impacts 85societal adaptations 85soil erosion, rates of 85soil profile 85spatial and temporal scales 85surface and nearsurface

systems 83terrestrial life 85water resource 85

geomorphometryresearch and

applications 99–100software package

evaluation 100–102geophysical hazards

earthquakes 88landslide 89volcanic eruptions 88–89

modeling glacier change 106–111risk control

artificial intelligence 91–92mitigation 93radar technology 91

rivers basins, in San Juan Mountains, Colorado

river channel extraction 106scale characterization 103–104terrain analysis 104–106

statistics in climatologygeostatistics 97–98linear regression analysis and

significance test 97PCA (EOF) and wavelet

analysis 98time and space analysis

climate data and climatic skills 94–95

integration of 95urbanization and greenhouse gas

emission 94in United States 83

climate downscaling 76–77climate modeling

atmosphere‐ocean‐land system 67

boundary conditions and vertical coordinate 70

centennial time scales, multidecadal to 76

climate downscaling 76–77components 73computer code generation 67developmental cycle 67discretization and numerical

methods 68–70historical development

coupled atmosphere‐ocean models 68

earth system model (ESM) 68weather forecasting 67–68

interannual‐to‐decadal time scales, climate prediction on 75–76

physical and subgrid‐scale parameterization

biogeochemical processes 72–73

boundary layer turbulence 71–72

gravity wave drag 72land surface processes 72moist processes and cloud

physics 71radiative processes 71

research on 67statistical model 77validation of model 67validations of models 73–74

0003947046.INDD 733 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM

Index734

cloud microphysics 71CLTs see column leach tests (CLTs)coal combustion products

(CCPs) 599coarse mode particles 499, 551Code of Federal Regulation

(CFR) 583, 590, 595Coke 681colloidal particles 684color sorting 643–644column leach tests (CLTs) 611, 612combustion aerosols 493combustion, outdoor air 521–522Common Law 48–50common sense approach 718community noise pollution

577–579compaction/baling 663–665completely mixed flow reactor

(CMFR)conservation of mass law 522constant coefficients 523–524material balance 522quantity of material per time 523

complex waste minimization audit 720

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 589

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System (CERCLIS) 597

conceptual design 693condensation particle counter (CPC)

496–497, 500Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity

Generators (CESQG) 595conservation of mass law 522constant‐head flow method 170constant head test 435constant injection method 538construction and demolition

(C&D) 599continental drift 94convective parameterization 71cooling water systems 402copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) 682,

683, 685corrugated cardboard (OCC) 638cost‐benefit analysis (CBA) 11coulter counter method 142coupled model intercomparison

project (CMIP) 74

critical zone conceptcritical zone observatories 86–87definition 84life‐sustaining resources 84long‐term processes and

impacts 85physical, chemical, and biological

processes 85short‐term processes and

impacts 85societal adaptations 85soil erosion, rates of 85soil profile 85spatial and temporal scales 85surface and nearsurface

systems 83terrestrial life 85water resource 85

cubed sphere method 70cyclones

multicyclones 462performance of

separators 462–464pressure drop 464–465spiral motion 461vane‐axial cyclones 461

dDarcy’s law 158–159, 311data quality objectives (DQOs)

definition 14feasibility 16geographic area 15–16quantitative DQOs 15sampling and analysis plan 15

decibel, noise level 573–574density/gravity separation

air cyclones 652air separators 649–652heavy media separators 652–653stoners 652

deposition velocity 524–526desalination 375detection approaches 23diethanolamine (DEA) 682differential mobility analyzer

(DMA) 499, 510diffusion 174direct measurement 13disinfection by‐products

(DBPs) 346disk screen 638dispersion 174–176dissolved air flotation (DAF) 359

dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 378

dissolved oxygen depletionnitrification 339redox sequence 339–341

double‐ring infiltration method 172Douglas’s hierarchical

procedure 704drift velocity 531dripper method 173dry and wet sieving methods 140–141dual energy X‐ray transmission

(DE‐XRT) 645dump leaching 677DuPont’s 10‐step method of

Engineering Evaluations for Pollution Prevention 698, 699

dustsolid wastes 680vs. urban‐industrial pollution

aerosols 510dynamical downscaling 76

eEarth’s surface 499Earth system model (ESM) 68Eddy‐current separation 657–659effective curve number (ECN) 427electrical mobility sizing

techniques 499electric arc furnaces (EAF) 679–681electrochemical process 365electrokinetic (EK) treatment 209

amendments 210bioremediation and

biotreatment 210chelating agents 210chemical surfactants 210crude oil recovery

field evidence of oil 234–235laboratory evidence 232–234

direct electric current in soils 210and electrochemical remediation

methods 210electrochemical transformations

219–222electrodialysis 210electrokinetic extraction

ammonium, NH4 + extraction 224

containment 232cyanide and fluoride extraction

224–225

0003947046.INDD 734 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM

Index 735

and extraction 222–223hexavalent chromium

extraction 225NaCl extraction/

separation 223perchlorate, ClO4

‐extraction 223–224

stabilization and immobilization 228–232

sulfate, nitrate and chloride extraction 225–226

unsaturated soils 226–227VOCs, PAHs, and organic

acids 227–228electromigration 211–212electroosmosis

EO efficiency coefficient 214Helmholtz‐Smoluchowski (H–S)

theory 212ionic conductance 213Lehigh EK test cell

assembly 214nonlinearity and

nonuniformity 213parallel resistances models 213wet clay systems 213ζ potential 213

mathematical modeling of transport 216–219

nonpolar compounds 210pH fronts and hydrogen and

chlorine gas 210porosity and biodiversity 210redox reactions 211

electrometallurgy 679electrorefining (ER) 679, 685–686electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)

514design parameters 469–470dry and wet systems 465particle charging 466–468particle filtration 530–531wet ESP 468–469

electrowinning (EW) 679, 685–686Emergency Planning and Community

Right‐to‐Know Act (EPCRA) 589

emission control technology, aerosols 513–514

emissions 557–559endocrine disrupting compounds

(EDCs) 379end‐of‐pipe treatment 709, 710energy balance methods 272

energy efficiency retrofits 541–542energy‐induced waste minimization

networks (EIWAMINs) 706energy minimization program 714enforcement and liability

citizen suits 63monitoring compliance and

violence 64–65penalties, for violating

environmental laws 63–64environmental audits 594–596environmental fluid mechanics

advection‐diffusionequations 313–314nonuniform and turbulent

mixing 317pure diffusion 314–316steady downstream

concentration field 317stream‐wise advection 317

groundwater flowDarcy’s law 311hydraulic head and hydraulic

conductivity 310–311saturated/unsaturated

zones 310solute transport, in aquifers

312–313unconfined aquifers 310wells, in aquifers 311–312

open‐channel flowgradually varied flow 305–307specific energy 304–305uniform flow 304unsteady flow equations

307–308surface waves

linear wave theory 309–310spatial and temporal

scales 308Stokes wave theory 3092D regular surface gravity

waves 309wind‐generated waves 308

turbulent buoyant plumesbent‐over plumes 322–323chemically reacting

plumes 324–325confined and semiconfined

plumes 325–326round turbulent plumes

321–322in stratified ambient 324turbulent fountains 325

turbulent line plumes 322unsteady source conditions 325

turbulent jetsin crossflow 319–320pollutant transport 320in quiescent flow 318–319

environmental impact statements (EIS) 50

environmental law, for engineersAdministrative Law and

Rulemaking Procedure 47–48

CERCLAcleanup standards 62liability 61–62national priorities list and

cleanup process 62Clean Air Act

motor vehicles and fuels 54National Ambient Air Quality

Standards and State Implementation Plans 52–53

National Emissions Standards for Stationary Sources 53–54

prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) requirements 53

Regulation of Greenhouse Gases 54–55

Clean Water ActNational Pollutant Discharge

Elimination System Permits 56

Technology‐Based Effluent Limitations 56–57

Water Quality Standards 57–58

Common Law 48–50enforcement and liability

citizen suits 63monitoring compliance and

violence 64–65penalties, for violating

environmental laws 63–64environmental statutes 46Judicial Review 48National Environmental Policy

Act 50–52Resource Conservation and

Recovery Acthazardous waste management

59–60identification and classification

wastes 58–59

0003947046.INDD 735 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM

Index736

land disposal restrictions 60nonhazardous waste

management 59waste incineration 60–61

source of law 45US Federal System 46–47

environmental noise pollutionambient noise measurement

community noise 577–579roadside noise 575–577

definition of 565–566engineered attenuation 579–580human health effects on 566–567level of 573–574natural attenuation 580noise guidelines 578nuisance of 578sound

characteristics of 569–570propagation 567–569

tinnitus 566urban areas 565–566

environmental process design 705environmental remediation

clean up process 597HRS 596–597NPL 596PA/SI 596RI/FS 597

environmental reuse, of reclaimed wastewater

constituents of concernchlorine residual 398nutrients 398organic matter 398total dissolved solids 398

design considerationsstream flow augmentation 400wetland 400

treatment objectivesstream augmentation 399,

401–402wetlands 398–399

treatment technologies 399environmental sampling approaches

grid or systematic sampling 22hypothetical composite sampling

grid 20judgmental sampling 22non‐composite sampling 18random sampling 22stratified random sampling 22

stratified sampling 22uncertainty and contributing

errors 21environmental systems analysis

cost‐benefit analysis 11energy and exergy analysis 1–2environmental input‐output

analysis 5environmental management

systems 4–5environmental risk

assessment 3–4life cycle assessment 5–9life cycle costing 7material flow analysis (MFA) 2–3social life cycle assessment 7,

9–11substance flow analysis 3

European automobile manufacturers 673

eutrophication 341evaporation method 172evapotranspiration

empirical methods, vegetation indices 286–287

hybrid methods, FVC‐LST Space 287

surface energy balance (SEB) models

SEBS algorithm 285–286S–SEBI algorithm 286

exclusion 176–177Experimental Synthetic Aperture

Radar (E‐SAR) 261

ffalling‐head flow method 170–171falling head test 434–435Federal Hazardous and Solid Waste

Amendments (HSWA) 589Federal Highway Administration

(FHWA) 578fiber filters 530Field and Laboratory Emission Cell

(FLEC) 558Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change (IPCC) Report 67

filtration 359Finding of No Significant Impact

(FONSI) 50fine‐mode particles 495finite difference methods 69finite volume methods 69

flotation 359–360flowsheet analysis 701–702

qualitative methods 702–703quantitative methods 703–706

fly ashASTM C618, 601calcium oxide (CaO) 602–603freeze–thaw cycles 606–608geotechnical performance

602–604leachate

chemical analysis 608–614groundwater numerical

modeling 614–616MSWI 611recycled waste materials 600stabilizing agent and soil

amendment 601–602food crops 389–392formaldehyde 544formaldehyde (HCHO) 541forward scatter 251Freundlich model 366froth flotation 661

ggaseous emissions 721gaseous wastes 680–682gases filter 551–553

adsorption processes 531–532evaluating performance

529–530Gaussian dispersion modeling 502geometrical spreading see sound

divergenceGIS data 17gold ores 674, 678gravity separation see density/gravity

separationgravity wave drag 72green chemistry, principles of

693, 694green economy 629grid/systematic sampling 22ground granular blast furnace slag

(GGBFS) 680groundwater flow

Darcy’s law 311gravity currents

anatomy of 327–328inertial propagation 328viscous propagation 328–329

hydraulic head and hydraulic conductivity 310–311

environmental law, for engineers (cont’d )

0003947046.INDD 736 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM

Index 737

saturated/unsaturated zones 310solute transport, in

aquifers 312–313unconfined aquifers 310wells, in aquifers 311–312

groundwater numerical modeling 614–616

groundwater recharge, of reclaimed wastewater

algae blooms, reduce of 407constituents of concern

organic carbon and nutrients 407–408

pathogens 408redox potential 408suspended solids 407

design considerations 410direct injection systems 407nonpotable water source 406recharge basins 407surface spreading 407treatment objectives 408–4011treatment technologies 409vadose zone injection 407

group contribution theory 706

hhaloacetic acid (HAA)

compounds 378hammer mill 631–632hand‐sorting line 640–642hazard and operability

(HAZOP) 703hazardous waste management

59–60classifications for 583, 585definition of 583environmental audits

594–596fate and transport 591–593petroleum oil spill impact

583–584RCRA 585–586

imports/exports 587injection well 587land disposal 587mixed wastes 586–587permitting program 588solid waste 589TSDFs 589–590unit 590–591universal wastes 586USTs 589waste oil 586

remediationclean up process 597investigation/feasibility

study 597NPL 596–597PA/SI 596

toxicology 593–594Hazard Ranking System (HRS)

596–597hazards

anthropogenic hazardsair pollution 89deforestation and

desertification 89climate hazards

cryosphere 89–90flooding 89sea level rise 90wildfire 89

geophysical hazardsearthquakes 88landslide 89volcanic eruptions 88–89

interdisciplinary thinking approach, in critical zone 90–91

health effects, pollutantsasbestos 545biological agents 546carbon dioxide 544carbon monoxide 545–546formaldehyde 544nitrogen dioxide 543ozone 543radon 543smoking 544–545VOCs 543

heap leaching 677heat exchange network (HEN)

synthesis 705heat exchanger network synthesis

(HENS) 703heat‐induced waste minimization

networks (HIWAMINs) 706heating, ventilation, and air‐

conditioning (HVAC) 529heavy media separators 652–653Helmholtz‐Smoluchowski (H–S)

theory 212high efficiency particle air

(HEPA) 529High Park Fire 502

biomass 496northern Colorado 494

high‐time resolution PM2.5 chemical composition 508

humidity ratio 540hydraulic head and hydraulic

conductivity 310–311hydrometallurgical wastes 676–677

electrorefining/electrowinning 685–686

pickling liquors 686precipitation 682–685

hydrometallurgy 679hydroxide precipitation 682HYDRUS‐2D 615hygroscopic tandem differential

mobility analyzer (HTDMA) 510

Hyperspectral Mapper (HyMap™) 259–260

hypothetical composite sampling grid 20

iicosahedral grid 69impactor 631impoundments 675–676IMPROVE monitoring

network 506–507incinerators 590indoor air quality (IAQ)

bioaerosols 553–555CMFR model 522–524combustion 521–522deposition velocity 524–526emissions

characterization 557–559energy efficiency

retrofits 541–542health effects of (see health effects,

pollutants)indoor radon

control of 550–551sources of 548–550

odors 559–560outdoor air 521–522particles and gases filter 551–553

evaluating performance 529–530

gas adsorption 531–532particle filtration 530–531

pollutants 521psychrometrics 540–541radon 546–548thermal comfort 539–540UVGI 527–528

0003947046.INDD 737 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM

Index738

ventilation and infiltrationair age 536air exchange effectiveness 536airflow through openings

534–535air leakage measurement

535–536driving mechanisms 532–533large building ventilation

practices 534residential ventilation practices

533–534ventilation efficiency 536

ventilation measurementsair velocity measurements

538–539fan pressurization 539tracer gas techniques

536–538VOC 555–557

industrial ecology 700industrial reuse, of reclaimed

wastewaterconstituents of concern

boiler water makeup 403cooling water systems 402

design considerations 406toilet flushing and on‐site

irrigation 401treatment objectives 403–405treatment technologies 403, 406

industrial waste auditingassessment phase

material balance 719–722process flow diagrams 719unit operations 719

preassessment phasebaseline information

collection 717implementable options 718plant walk‐through 718

preparatory work phaseaudit exercise plan 715–716audit team formation 714–715management groups 712–714

synthesis and preliminary analysiseconomical evaluation 724prioritizing waste reduction

options 724screening and selecting

options (see weighted sum method)

technical evaluation 723–724

waste minimization cycle 711–712waste minimization programs

710–711Industrial Waste Management

Evaluation Model (IWEM) 615

inertial propagation 328infiltration 532infiltration test 435initial‐value‐problem approach 75injection well 587, 591inorganic toxicants

heavy metals 347–348radionuclides 348

in situ leaching of ores 677in situ light scattering by particles

506 see also light scatteringin situ PM2.5 mass measurement 496in situ soil and sediment remediation

bioremediation and biotreatment 210

crude oil recoveryfield evidence of oil 234–235laboratory evidence 232–234

direct electric currentelectrochemical transformations

219–222electromigration 211–212electroosmosis 212–216mathematical modeling of

transport 216–219electrochemical techniques 210electrokinetic extraction

ammonium, NH4 + extraction 224

containment 232cyanide and fluoride extraction

224–225hexavalent chromium

extraction 225NaCl extraction/separation 223perchlorate,

ClO4‐extraction 223–224

stabilization and immobilization 228–232

sulfate, nitrate and chloride extraction 225–226

unsaturated soils 226–227VOCs, PAHs, and organic

acids 227–228electrokinetic (EK) treatment 209oil transformation

displacement 237–239laboratory evidence of 235–237

pump‐and‐treat methods 210transformation reactions 211

integrated steel plants 679intensive sampling 14internal drainage method 173International Electrotechnical

Committee (IEC) 574

International Network for Acid Prevention (INAP) 678

intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) 74

inverse square law 572irrigation method 395isokinetic sampling 501

jjudgmental sampling 22Judicial Review 48

kKelvin equation 511Kirchhoff ’s law 250Kozeny–Carman equation 431Kubelka–Munk radiative transfer

equation 288

lland disposal 60, 587landfill mining 628landfills 590–591land surface processes 72land treatment units 591Large Quantity Generators

(LQGs) 596laser diffractometry 142–143laser‐induced breakdown

spectroscopy (LIBS) 646LCA see life cycle assessment (LCA)leachate

CLTs 611, 612Cr(hydro)oxides 608, 610groundwater numerical

modeling 614–616MSWI 611pH conditions 609, 611water leach tests 608

lead 681Lehigh EK test cell assembly 214LIDAR 14life cycle assessment

(LCA) 700–701light detection and ranging (LIDAR)

methods 506

indoor air quality (IAQ) (cont’d )

0003947046.INDD 738 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM

Index 739

light scattering 504–505lime kiln dust (LKD) 602, 603linear absorption coefficient 250Linearized Richards’ Equation

166–167linear wave theory 309–310liquid wastes 675low‐level mixed waste (LLMW) 586

mmacronutrients 389macroscale P2 approaches

industrial ecology 700life cycle assessment 700–701

magnetic drum 655magnetic head pulley 654magnetic induction (MI) sorting

646–647magnetic separation

ferromagnetic materials 653magnetic drum 655magnetic head pulley 654plate/block magnet 657standard‐intensity 654suspended/overbelt 655–656

manual/hand sorting 638–640marine aerosols 500mass exchange network (MEN)

synthesis 705, 706mass integration 703, 704material balance

algorithm for textile industry 722constructive material balance

720–722definition 719evaluating and refining

721–722sheet 719sources of information 720tie compounds 720unit operations 720

material flow analysis 702material flow analysis (MFA) 2–3materials recycling 629maximum contaminant levels

(MCL) 618mean free path 552measurement methods

contaminants of concern 27–31data quality objectives (DQOs)

definition 14feasibility 16geographic area 15–16quantitative DQOs 15

sampling and analysis plan 15direct measurement 13environmental sampling

approaches 14grid or systematic sampling 22hypothetical composite sampling

grid 20judgmental sampling 22non‐composite sampling 18random sampling 22stratified random sampling 22stratified sampling 22uncertainty and contributing

errors 21indirect measurement 13–14laboratory analysis

extraction 22–23separation science 23–24

LIDAR 14measurements and models 27monitoring plan 16monitoring site selection

process 16–18monitoring technologies 13MSAT concentrations 16sources of uncertainty 25–26

mechanical collectors 460–461mechanical design/production

design 695mechanical ventilation 532membrane bioreactors 368–369mesoscale P2 approaches

flowsheet analysis 701–702qualitative methods

702–703quantitative methods

703–706unit operations 701, 702

metal hydroxide formation 678metal recycling 673metals industry, waste reduction in

chemical metallurgy wastes 678–679

hydrometallurgical wastes 682–686

pyrometallurgical wastes 679–682

mine sites 674–675acid‐rock drainage 677–678hydrometallurgical wastes

676–677tailings

impoundments 675–676metal sulfide formation 678

meteorology 508micronutrients 389microscale P2 approaches

706–707Mie scattering 251Milankovitch cycle 94mineral dust aerosols 493mineral processing techniques 675mine sites

acid‐rock drainage 677–678air‐borne losses 674environmental stewardship 674hydrometallurgical wastes

676–677metal consumption 673metal mining countries 673mineral ore deposit 674properties 674tailings impoundments

675–676minimum efficiency reporting value

(MERV) 531mixed wastes 586–587Monhemius diagram 683monitoring site selection process

air quality monitoring site 17feasibility considerations 16GIS data 17–18implementation phase 16local businesses and residents 16national scale map layers,

EnviroAtlas 19selection considerations

and criteria 18spatial tools 17

monoethanolamine (MEA) 682MSWI see municipal solid waste

incinerator (MSWI)municipal solid waste (MSW) 628municipal solid waste incinerator

(MSWI) 611

nNASA Soil Moisture Active and

Passive (SMAP) 259National Ambient Air Quality

Standards (NAAQS) 495, 520, 543

National Ambient Air Quality Standards and State Implementation Plans 52–53

National Emissions Inventory (NEI) 454

0003947046.INDD 739 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM

Index740

National Emissions Standards for Stationary Sources 53–54

National Environmental Policy Act 50–52

and climate change 51–52Federal Agency Planning

50–51National Pollutant Discharge

Elimination System Permits 56

National Pretreatment Program 351National Priorities List (NPL) 596naturallyoccurring, and/or

accelerator‐produced radioactive material (NARM) 586

natural radioactivity 546–547natural ventilation 532near infrared (NIR) sorting 644Nernst–Planck equation 216nested grid system 69neutralization 361neutral pressure level (NPL) 533nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 521, 543non‐composite sampling 18nonfood crops 390, 393–394nonhazardous waste

management 59nonlinear Richards’ equation 167nonpotable water source 406Nuclear Regulatory Commission

(NRC) 587nucleation 499, 502, 551, 683nutrient 396

ooctave bands 572odors 559–560open‐channel flow

gradually varied flow 305–307specific energy 304–305uniform flow 304unsteady flow equations 307–308

open‐pit mines 674optical spectrometer 500orographic gravity wave drag

(GWD) 72outdoor air 521–522oxides of nitrogen (NOx) 476ozone 543

pP2 see pollution prevention (P2)packed towers 487–488

particle filteratmosphere size modes 551drift velocity 531evaluating performance 529–530individual dynamics 552–553single‐pass efficiency 529size distributions 551–552type of 530

particle number concentrations 496particle size distribution 500–501particulate matter (PM)

air quality 496in atmosphere 493concentration measurements

494–495industrial/combustion‐derived

smoke 493particle size measurements 497removal mechanisms 514US National Ambient Air Quality

Standards 496pathogens 341–342pavement sublayer design 616pelletizing 661–663percolation leaching techniques

676–677permeability

constant head test 435falling head test 434–435infiltration test 435Kozeny–Carman equation 431vertical porosity distribution 431

pickling liquors 686pig iron 680pilot‐plant‐scale development and

testing 695pinch technology 701, 702Planck’s radiation law 250plant walk‐through 718plate/block magnet 657plate reflectance 288PM‐2.5 emission 455PM‐2.5 particulates 454PM‐10 particulates 454pneumatic jig 652Polarimetric L‐band Microwave

Radiometer (PLMR) 262pollutants 521pollution prevention (P2)

bench‐scale laboratory development 694

cost‐effective solutions 692cost evaluation 698definition 689, 690

economics 698–699environmental costs 698establishing and maintaining 697identification guidelines 693integrated methodology 696–697at macroscale 700–701at mesoscale 701–706methodology continuum 692at microscale 706–707potential sources 692prevention methods 691–696process elements for 692process operations stage 695–696product/process engineering

stage 695product/process synthesis 691R&D stage 693–695survey treatment techniques

699–707pollution prevention assessment

(PPA) 696polydispersions 499popcorn slag 680porous pavement systems

construction practicespermeable interlocking concrete

pavers 446pervious concrete 445–446porous asphalt 445porous subbase 445postinstallation 446subgrade preparation 444–445

cost savings 430driver safety 430field study measurements 426hydraulic behavior

flow routing 435–438underdrains 441–442undrained porous

pavement 438–441hydraulic conductivity 427hydraulic properties 427installation of 426layout and siting 446maintenance

clogging 447inspection 447mechanical sweeping 447power washing 447sediments 447vacuuming 447

open‐graded friction course (OGFC) 425

permeability

0003947046.INDD 740 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM

Index 741

constant head test 435falling head test 434–435infiltration test 435Kozeny–Carman equation 431vertical porosity

distribution 431pond design tools 427porosity

ASTM C1688/C1688M standard test method 434

ASTM C1754/ C1754M‐12 standard test method 432–433

ASTM D7063/D7063M‐11 standard test method 432

hardened pervious concretes 430

image analysis techniques 433nonminimal porosity 430single‐sized aggregates 431volumetric method 432–433

rainfall retention rates 426in road noise 430sediment and debris 427structural design

flexible pavements 442interlocking concrete

pavements 442rigid pavements 442subgrade 443thickness design 443traffic 443

subsurface drainage 427tire–pavement interaction 430in urban areas 430water quality 428–129water quantity 429

potable reuse, of reclaimed wastewater

constituents of concern 411design considerations 411, 414treatment objectives 411–413treatment technologies 411

preassessment phase, waste auditingbaseline information

collection 717implementable options 718plant walk‐through 718

precipitation 361–362 see also chemical precipitation

of environmental fluxesprecipitation retrieval 282–284radiometric signatures 282

preferential flow 169–170

pregnant leach solution 676preliminary assessment (PA) 596preliminary material balance 721preparatory work phase, waste

auditingaudit exercise plan 715–716audit team formation 714–715management groups 712–714

pressure outflow experiment 171prevention of significant

deterioration (PSD) requirements 53

process energy integration/heat integration 703

process flow diagrams 719product/process synthesis 691prussian blue (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3) 675psychrometrics 540–541publicly owned treatment works

(POTW) 380pulse‐jet cleaning system 470pyrite 678pyrometallurgical wastes

gaseous wastes 680–682iron ore concentrates 679solid wastes 679–680

qquantitative data quality

objectives 15

rradiative transfer theory

radiative transfer equation (RTE)for absorption and

emission 250–251scattering 251

radiative transfer modelingmicrowave domain 253–254multiple‐flux models 253–254plate models 252–253reflection and refraction

processes 251–252radioactive transformations 547radionuclides 348radon

activity 547decay chain 547health concerns 547–548indoor

air control techniques 550–551Rn control 550soil characteristics 548–549soil gas concentration 549–550

soil production 549transport of 549

natural radioactivity 546–547pollutants 543radioactive transformations 547

rainfall retention rates 426random sampling 22rapid small‐scale column tests

(RSSCTs) 366Rayleigh scattering 251RCAs see recycled concrete

aggregates (RCAs)RCRA see Resource Conservation

and Recovery Act (RCRA)R&D stage see research and

development (R&D) stagerecharge basins 407reclaimed asphalt materials

(RPMs) 599record of decision (ROD) 51recreational impoundments 395recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs)

durability 617–618environmental suitability

618–622geotechnical performance

616–617pavement sublayer design 616recycled waste materials 600–601

recycled waste materialsbenefit of 621fly ash 600RCA 600–601

recycling solid waste 668–669redox potential 408redox reactions 211redox sequence 339–341regenerative thermal oxidizer 491Regulation of Greenhouse Gases

54–55Remediation Investigation/Feasibility

Study (RI/FS) 597remote sensing (RS)

airborne sensorsAirMOSS 260–261E‐SAR/F‐SAR/PLMR2,

261–262and features 260HyMap 259–260unmanned aerial systems

262–263unmanned aerial vehicles

(UAVs) 259environmental fluxes

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Index742

evapotranspiration 285–287precipitation 282–284surface water storage and

fluxes 284–285land surface temperature

air temperature 272definition 269linear split‐window algorithm

270–271nonlinear split‐window

algorithm 271–272SC methods 270TIR data 269

snow cover and water equivalentbiophysicochemical vegetation

variables 279–282radiometric signatures

276–277snow cover retrieval

277–279soil hydrostatic

properties 268–269soil minerals

carbonate minerals 264chemical soil composition 265clay minerals 264direct characterization and

quantification 264goethite 266iron minerals 264iron oxides 266sulfate minerals 264Vis‐NIR‐SWIR range 264

soil moisturepassive microwave

retrieval 273–276radiometric signatures 273

soil organic matter (SOM)decomposition stage 266quantity and quality 266soil reflectance 266

soil texture 267–268spaceborne sensors

GPM 259landsat satellites 255–256microwave sensors 256–257Moderate Resolution Imaging

Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 256

Sentinel‐1, 258–259Sentinel‐2 mission 256SMAP 259SMOS 257–258

static soil propertiesdirect measurements 263sampling methods 263

research and development (R&D) stage 693–695

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 585–586, 589

facilities 589–591hazardous waste management

59–60identification and classification

wastes 58–59imports/exports 587injection well 587land disposal 587land disposal restrictions 60mixed wastes 586–587nonhazardous waste

management 59permit 588solid waste 589universal wastes 586USTs 589waste incineration 60–61waste oil 586

resource recovery 629Reynolds number 501Richards’ Equation

diffusion form of 164–166Linearized Richards’ Equation

166–167nonlinear Richards’ equation 167numerical solution 167–169scaled forms of 169soil hydraulic functions 159–160

roadside noise pollution 575–577road surface gravel (RSG) 602–605robot recycler sorting 647–649rock wastes 675rolling mills process 686rotary screen 637–638

sSafe Drinking Water Act 587, 591salinity 379, 389, 395salts

conventional pollutantsirrigation 342road salt 342–343saltwater intrusion 343well water contamination 343

inorganic chemical constituents 378

sampling approaches, environmentalgrid/systematic sampling 14, 22hypothetical composite sampling

grid 20intensive sampling 14judgmental sampling 22non‐composite sampling 18random sampling 22stratified random sampling 22stratified sampling 22uncertainty and contributing

errors 21saturated/unsaturated zones 310scanning mobility particle sizer

(SMPS) 499sea level rise

accommodation 121–124background 119causes 119–120Chesterfield Heights

community engagement 125cross‐disciplinary inquiry 126existing wetland area for

storage 127full block raising/storage 126guiding principles 126living shoreline 126–127observations of conditions 125tidal check valves and EPA

SWMM modeling 127water storage 127

the Haguecheck valves 131–132community engagement 130guiding principles/cross‐

disciplinary inquiry/collaborators 130

sponges 132–134stormwater retention

129–130tidal barriers 130–131tidal flooding 129

impacts of 120structures and adaptation

designelevating structures 120–121protection 120retreat 121

sea‐salt aerosol 499Seasonal Soil Compartment

(SESOIL) 615secondary maximum contaminant

levels (SMCL) 618sedimentation 141, 358–359

remote sensing (RS) (cont’d )

0003947046.INDD 742 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM

Index 743

sensor‐based sortingcolor sorting 643–644devices 643laser‐induced breakdown

spectroscopy 646magnetic induction 646–647near infrared 644X‐ray fluorescence 644–645X‐ray transmission 645–646

Sensor Integrated Environmental Remote Research Aircraft (SIERRA) 262

sequencing batch reactors 367–368shredders 632–635sick building syndrome (SBS) 555–556Simplified‐Surface Energy Balance

Index (S–SEBI) algorithm 285–286

single mass exchanger 705single‐pass efficiency 529single‐ring infiltration method

172–173Site Inspection (SI) 596size separation, solid waste

disk screen 638rotary screen/trommel 637–638vibrating screen 637

size/volume reduction equipment, solid waste

equipment factors 629–630hammer mill 631–632impactors 631shredders

bag opener 633–635flail mill 632–633knife shredder 633

wood grinders 635–636slags 673, 679–680Small Quantity Generators

(SQGs) 595smoke particles

biomass burning 494optical properties 494

smoking 544–545Smoluchowski’s theory 684social life cycle assessment 7, 9–11soil conditions 395soil hydraulic functions 159–160soil physical properties and processes

exploitation 137fundamental mass‐volume

relationshipsdegree of saturation 138dry bulk density 138

gravimetric water content 138mean particle density 138porosity 138void ratio 138volumetric water content 138

heat pulse measurementssoil heat balance and subsurface

evaporation 190–192soil thermal property

fitting 189–190soil water flux density and

direction 190heat transport

analytical solutions to 185–186conductive heat transport 185convective heat transport 185heat conservation equation 185radiant heat transport 184–185

size distribution and soil classification

coulter counter method 142dry and wet sieving

methods 140–141indirect methods, for

estimation 143–144laser diffractometry 142–143PSD information for textural

classification 144sedimentation methods 141X‐Ray attenuation (SediGraph)

method 141–142soil hydraulic properties

constant‐head flow method 170

double‐ring infiltration method 172

dripper method 173evaporation method 172falling‐head flow method

170–171internal drainage method 173pressure outflow

experiment 171single‐ring infiltration

method 172–173soil parameters

breakthrough curve 179–182solute concentration

measurement 182soil temperature

direct soil contact temperature measurement 183

noncontact soil temperature measurement 183–184

soil watercharacteristics 153–158electromagnetic water content

measurement techniques 148–150

energy state 150–153Euclidean separation

distance 147flow velocity of water 146matric potential 147neutron scattering 147–148

solute transport processesadsorption 176advection 174advection‐dispersion equation

and analytical solutions 178–179

diffusion 174dispersion 174–176exclusion 176–177unsaturated soils 177–178

specific surface of soilsnonpolar gases, adsorption

of 145physical measurements 144polar liquids, adsorption

of 145–146temperature effects, on biological

activity 192–194thermal properties

soil heat capacity 186–187soil thermal conductivity

187–189soil thermal diffusivity 189

water flow modelsBuckingham–Darcy

Equation 160–164Buckingham–Darcy Law 159Darcy’s Law 158–159preferential flow 169–170Richards’ Equation 159–160,

164–169soil water

characteristics 153–158electromagnetic water content

measurement techniques 148–150

energy state 150–153Euclidean separation

distance 147flow velocity of water 146matric potential 147neutron scattering 147–148

Solid Waste Disposal Act 585

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Index744

solid wastes 589, 673, 674casting sands 680dust 680pyrometallurgical processes 679slags 679–680

solid waste separation and processagglomeration (cubing and

pelletizing) 661–663ballistic separation 660–661compaction/baling 663–665density/gravity separation

air cyclones 652air separators 649–652heavy media separators

652–653stoners 652

economic benefits 667–668Eddy–current separation

657–659electrostatic separation

659–660employment benefits 668environmental benefits

666–667froth flotation 661landfill mining to circular

economy 628–629magnetic separation 653–657manual/hand sorting 638–642principles of 629recycling prospects 668–669reuse and recycling 627–628robot sorting 647–649sensor‐based sorting

642–647size separation

disk screen 638rotary screen/trommel

637–638vibrating screen 637

size/volume reductionequipment factors 629–630size reduction equipment

630–635wood grinders 635–636

solute transport, in aquifers 312–313

sound divergence 570, 573sound frequency 570sound intensity 570sound level meters 574–575

Amprobe SM‐20A 575roadside noise 575–577

sound power 569

sound pressure 569, 570vs. distance 573vs. frequency 572–573vs. intensity 570–572

sound propagationdirect sound path 568environmental elements of 567pure sound wave 567reflected sound path 568sound wave mathematics 569wave fronts 568

source–sink mapping 704, 705spaceborne sensors

GPM 259landsat satellites 255–256microwave sensors 256–257Moderate Resolution Imaging

Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 256

Sentinel‐1, 258–259Sentinel‐2 mission 256SMAP 259SMOS 257–258

spatial tools 17speciation 346spectral emission coefficient 250spectral methods 69spectral representation 69spectral scattering coefficient 251stack effect 533staggered grids 69star‐shaped disk screen

638–639starter dike 676statistical inference 14statistical methods 272statistical model 77steel production 679Stefan–Boltzmann law 250Stokes wave theory 309stratified random sampling 22stratified sampling 22stream augmentation 399–402substance flow analysis 3sulfide mining 677sulfur dioxide (SO2) 481–483, 521,

680–682supercritical water oxidation

364–365Superfund Amendments and

Reauthorization Act (SARA) 589

surface impoundments 591surface spreading 407

surface waveslinear wave theory 309–310spatial and temporal scales 308Stokes wave theory 3092D regular surface gravity

waves 309wind‐generated waves 308

suspended/overbelt magnet 655–656

suspended solids 407sustainable development 627sustainable development goal (SDG)

2015, 709systematic waste audit 725

ttailings impoundments 675–676

hydrometallurgical processing wastes 682

liquid–solid separation 677tapioca‐manufacturing factory

assessment phase 726economical evaluation 728mass balance comparisons 728preassessment phase

725–726preparatory work phase 725starch milk production 727synthesis and preliminary

analysis 726, 728, 729technical evaluation 728wastewater characteristic

loading 728tau–omega model 274–276Technology‐Based Effluent

Limitations 56–57temperature‐vegetation index (TVX)

method 272TEOM technique 496terminal settling velocity

497–498thermal comfort 539–540thermal optical reflectance

(TOR) 506tinnitus, noise pollutin 566Title 22 of the California Code of

Regulations for Water Recycling Criteria 380

total cost assessment (TCA) 698total organic carbon (TOC) 378total suspended particulate material

(TSP) 495total volatile organic compounds

(TVOCs) 555

0003947046.INDD 744 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM

Index 745

toxicology 593–594toxic organics 346–347toxic substances

aesthetics vs. health 346inorganic toxicants 347–348natural vs. alien 345–346radionuclides 348speciation 346toxic organics 346–347

trace chemical constituents 379tracer gas techniques 536–538transmittance model 288treatment, storage and disposal

facilities (TSDFs) 588–590

trihalomethane (THM) compounds 378

trommel screen 637–638

uultraviolet germicidal irradiation

(UVGI)cooling coil 527design considerations 528effectiveness 528environmental factors 528inactivation rate 528upper‐room 527ventilation ducts 527

uncertainty analysiscomplex entities 26contaminant assessment

process 26decision‐rule uncertainty 25exposure assessment 26modeling uncertainties 25Monte Carlo technique 25numerical value uncertainties 26uncertainty factors (UFs) 26variability and 25

unconfined aquifers 310Underground Injection Control

(UIC) 591underground sources of drinking

water (USDW) 587underground storage tanks

(USTs) 586, 589unit operations 719universal wastes 586unmanned aerial systems

262–263unsaturated soils 177–178upflow anaerobic sludge blanket

(UASB) 370

upstream method, tailings dike construction 676

urban areas see also environmental noise pollution

human health effects 566–567noise pollution 565–566roadside noise 575–577rolling noise 580sound level meters 574traffic noise 579

urban canopy model 72urban mining 628–629urban reuse, of wastewater recycling

decentralization 379design considerations

constituent application 387decentralized treatment and

application 387economic and technical

viability 387reliability 387temporal water balance 387

inorganic chemical constituents 378–379

microorganismsindicator organisms 378municipal wastewater 377particulate matter 377–378pathogenic agents 377spraying/dripping 377waterborne diseases 376

organic constituents 378trace chemical constituents 379treatment objectives

restricted urban reuse 380–384

unrestricted urban reuse 380treatment technologies

advanced oxidation 386depth filtration 385disinfection 386filtration technologies 385granular activated carbon 386membrane filtration

385–386natural treatment systems

386–387surface filtration 385

urea‐formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI) 544

US automobile industry 673U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency (US EPA) 494, 583, 674, 691

average concentrations 495chemical compatibility chart

590, 592US National Ambient Air Quality

Standards 496

vvadose zone injection 407vapors 673ventilation and infiltration

air age 536air exchange effectiveness 536airflow through openings

534–535air leakage measurement

535–536driving mechanisms 532–533large building ventilation

practices 534natural ventilation flow

rates 535residential ventilation practices

533–534ventilation efficiency 536

ventilation measurementsair velocity measurements

538–539fan pressurization 539tracer gas techniques 536–538

vibrating screen 637viscous propagation 328–329volatile organic compounds (VOC)

488–491, 521, 543isotherms 556–557SBS 555–556surface interactions 556–557TVOC 555

volcanic activity 94

wwaste(s)

audit report 717deepwater storage 678end‐of‐pipe treatment 709generation audits 700impoundment design 675management hierarchy 689, 690of milling operation 675at mine sites 673recycling/reuse 712segregation of 718treatment cost 710valuable materials, recovery

of 700

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Index746

waste auditing 712, 715–716 see also industrial waste auditing

housekeeping processes 715inventory processes 715methodology steps 713packaging processes 715production processes 715tapioca‐manufacturing

factory 725–729waste treatment processes 715

waste from electronic and electric equipment (WEEE) 652, 659

waste incineration 60–61waste interception and allocation

networks (WINs) 706waste minimization 629, 689, 690

advantages 711analysis phase 712audit of target processes 715audit phase 711cleaner production cycle 711design and development

phase 712development cycle 711–712Douglas’s hierarchical

procedure 704evaluation phase 712implementation phase 712inception phase 711industrial waste auditing

710–711waste minimization and reuse

technologiesaggregates 599benefit of 621durability 604–608fly ash 600–602geotechnical performance

602–604leachate

chemical analysis 608–614groundwater numerical

modeling 614–616RCA

durability 617–618environmental suitability

618–621geotechnical performance

616–617pavement sublayer design 616

waste materials 599–601waste oil 586waste piles 591

waste reductionchemical metallurgy wastes

678–679hydrometallurgical wastes

682–686pyrometallurgical wastes

679–682definition 690–691integrated methods 705mine sites 674–675

acid‐rock drainage 677–678hydrometallurgical wastes

676–677tailings impoundments 675–676

operational changes 696pollution prevention programs

economics 698–699integrated methodology

696–697prevention methods 691–696survey treatment techniques

699–707potential sources 692waste management hierarchy 689

wastewater 721wastewater recycling

agricultural reuse 388–395desalination 375energy source

anaerobic pretreatment 418biogas 418industrial wastewater

treatment 421–422environmental reuse 397–400groundwater recharge 406–410for impoundments 395–397industrial reuse 400–406in Israel 375legal and regulatory issues 416,

418–420nonpotable reclaimed

wastewater 375nutrient recovery 422–423planning and funding 416, 417potable reuse of 410–414public health protection 375public involvement and

participation 418reliability requirements

alarm systems 415Federal Water Quality

Administration 414–416industrial pretreatment

program 415–416

piping and control, flexibility of 414

power supply 414quality assurance program

414–415storage requirements 415treatment systems, monitoring

of 414treatment technologies 375urban reuse of

decentralization 379design considerations 387inorganic chemical constituents

378–379microorganisms 376–378organic constituents 378restricted urban reuse 380,

383, 384trace chemical constituents 379treatment technologies 383,

385–387unrestricted urban reuse

380–382in U.S., 375

wastewater treatment plantsbiological waste treatment

activated sludge process 367anaerobic processes 369–370biological aerated filters 369membrane bioreactors

368–369sequencing batch reactors

367–368types 367

characteristics and requirementscategorical pretreatment

standards 3545‐day biochemical oxygen

demand (BOD5) 352Effluent Guidelines and

Limitations 354industrial facility 352local limits 354National Pretreatment

Program 351priority pollutants 351prohibited discharge standards

352, 355chemical treatment

adsorption and ion exchange 365–366

chemical oxidation and reduction 362–364

electrochemical process 365

0003947046.INDD 746 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM

Index 747

neutralization 361precipitation 361–362wet air oxidation and

supercritical water oxidation 364–365

physical unit processair stripping 356–358evaporation 361filtration 359flotation 359–360oil and grease removal

360–361sedimentation/clarification

358–359water flow models

Buckingham–Darcy Equationsteady‐state evaporation and

infiltration 160–162transient infiltration

162–163Buckingham–Darcy Law 159Darcy’s Law 158–159preferential flow 169–170Richards’ Equation

diffusion form of 164–166Linearized Richards’

Equation 166–167nonlinear Richards’

equation 167numerical solution 167–169scaled forms of 169soil hydraulic functions

159–160water leach tests (WLTs) 608, 612

water quality 428–129acid and pH

acid rain 345mining and acid mine

drainage 345characteristics 333direct biological health

impacts 333dissolved oxygen

depletion 339–341emerging water pollutants 348–349eutrophication 341heat and temperature

biochemical reactions 343dissolved gases 343–344species shifts and

survivability 344historical background

ancient water sanitation 334–335in London 335–336

industrial/technological pollution 338–339

natural/conventional pollution 337–338

pathogens 341–342salts 342–343suspended solids 344–345toxic substances

aesthetics vs. health 346inorganic toxicants 347–348natural vs. alien 345–346radionuclides 348speciation 346toxic organics 346–347

water quality limits (WQLs) 612Water Quality Standards 57–58water quantity 429weatherization 541–542weighted sum method 722–724wells, in aquifers 311–312wet air oxidation 364–365wetlands 398–400wet scrubbers

mass transfer process 484removal efficiencies 484types of 487water‐soluble gases 484

windblown dust 499, 674wind‐generated waves 308WiscLEACH 615, 616wood grinders 635–636World Health Organization

(WHO) 578

xX‐ray attenuation (SediGraph)

method 141–142X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) sorting

644–645X‐ray transmission (XRT) sorting

645–646

yYosemite National Park 504–505

zZenRobotics Recycler (ZRR) 647zinc 681

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