India Spain Dialogue

ORGANISED BY

IN COLLABORATION WITH

The contents of this publication have been edited on the basis of audio recordings made during the V India-Spain Tribune, except for the texts in Chapter 4 (Round Table II: Knowledge Society), which are a summary of the presentations based on notes taken during the session.

CONTENTS

1. programmE of thE v IndIa-spaIn trIbunE 4

2. IntroduCtIon 7

3. opEnIng sEssIon 9

4. round tabLE I: EnErgY stratEgIEs for thE XXI CEnturY 21

5. round tabLE II: thE KnoWLEdgE soCIEtY 31

6. round tabLE III: maJor gLobaL EConomIC and gEopoLItICaL ChaLLEngEs 39

7. round tabLE Iv: CoopEratIon on sECurItY and tErrorIsm 47

8. ConCLusIons and CLosIng rEmarKs 55

9. profILEs 67

10. paraLLEL aCtIvItIEs 73

v IndIa-spaIn trIbunE

Madrid, October 14th and 15th, 2010

WEdNESday,OCTObEr13Th,2010 NationalMuseumofAnthropology(68,AlfonsoXIIStreet·28014Madrid)

19.00pm OpENiNgOfThEExhibiTiON«KErala-bENgala:MiradaSCruzadaS»bySubhrajitbasu.

19.30pm «NavaraSa»MuSiCaNddaNCEShOWbyravidprasadandMónicadelafuente.

ThurSday,OCTObEr14Th,2010 InstituteforTrainingandLocalGovernmentStudiesHall(5,AlmagroStreet·28010Madrid)

9.30am Registrationofparticipants

10.00am ChairpErSONSOfThETribuNE ElenapisoneroPartnerandSeniorAdvisor,KPMGSpain. ambassadorSudhirT.devareDirectorGeneraloftheIndianCouncilofWorldAffairs(ICWA),India.

OpENiNgSESSiON patricialázaroCouncillorforInstitutionalCoordination,CityCouncilofMadrid. antonioEscámezPresidentoftheSpain-IndiaCouncilFoundation. luisfelipefernándezdelapeñaDirectorGeneralofNorthAmerica,AsiaandPacificintheMinistryofForeignAffairsandCooperation,GovernmentofSpain. ambassadorJayantprasadSpecialSecretary(PublicDiplomacy),MinistryofExternalAffairs,GovernmentofIndia. CristinagarmendiaMinisterforScienceandInnovation,GovernmentofSpain.

10.30am-11.00am Coffeebreak

11.00am-13.00pm rOuNdTablEi:ENErgySTraTEgiESfOrThExxiCENTury11.00am-12.00am Presidentoftheroundtable JoséEugenioSalarichDirectorGeneralforInternationalEconomicandEnergyAffairs.MinistryofForeignAffairsandCooperation,GovernmentofSpain. Indianspeaker

ambassadorShyamSaranFormerSpecialEnvoyofthePrimeMinisterofIndiaforNuclearAgreementbetweenIndiaandtheUnitedStatesandClimateChange. Spanishspeakers gonzaloEscribanoProfessorattheUniversidadNacionaldeEducaciónaDistancia(UNED). JaimeSegarraCulilla,DirectorofnuclearenergyatGeneralElectricandRepresentativeoftheSpanishNuclearForum.12.00am-13.00pm OpenSymposiumtospeakersandattendees

13.00pm-15.30pm TraNSfEraNdluNChaTThEiE-iNSTiTuTOdEEMprESabuSiNESSSChOOl(27,MaríadeMolinaStreet·28006Madrid)

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V iNdia-SpaiNTribuNE Madrid,OCTObEr14ThaNd15Th,2010

prOgraMME

opEnIng sEssIon

Thursday, October 14th, 2010, 10:00 am

16.00pm-17.30pm rOuNdTablEii:ThEKNOWlEdgESOCiETy16.00pm-16.30pm Presidentsoftheroundtable SantiagoiñiguezdeOzoñoDeanoftheIE-InstitutodeEmpresaBusinessSchool. JoséManuelMartínezSierraCoordinatorofInternationalAffairs,MinistryofEducation,GovernmentofSpain. Indianspeaker dr.NarendraJadhavMemberofthePlanningComission,GovernmentofIndia. Spanishspeaker rafaelargulloliMurgadasProfessoratthePompeuFabraUniversity.16.30pm-17.30pm OpenSymposiumtospeakersandattendees

viErNES,15dEOCTubrEdE2010 InstituteforTrainingandLocalGovernmentStudiesHall(5,AlmagroStreet·28010Madrid)

9.30am-11.00am rOuNdTablEiii:MaJOrglObalECONOMiCaNdgEOpOliTiCalChallENgES9.30am-10.15am Presidentoftheroundtable federicoSteinbergProfessorattheAutonomousUniversityofMadridandResearcherattheElcanoRoyalInstitute. Indianspeaker dr.ShankaracharyaMemberoftheBoardofGovernorsandExecutiveChairmanoftheBoardofDirectorsofKotakMahindraBank

andFormerChiefEconomicAdvisertotheGovernmentofIndia. Spanishspeaker SantiagofernándezdelisDirectorofAnalistasFinancierosInternacionalesS.A.(AFI).10.15am-11.00am OpenSymposiumtospeakersandattendees

11.00am-11.30am Coffeebreak

11.30am-13.00pm rOuNdTablEiv:COOpEraTiONONSECuriTyaNdTErrOriSM11.30am-12.15pm Presidentoftheroundtable fernandoreinaresPrincipalResearcherofInternationalTerrorismattheElcanoRoyalInstituteandProfessorofPoliticalScience

andSecurityStudiesattheKingJuanCarlosUniversity. Indianspeaker lieutenantgeneralSatishNambiarFormerDirectoroftheUnitedServiceInstitutionofIndia. Spanishspeaker JavierzaragozaChiefProsecutoroftheHighCourtofSpain.12.15pm-13.00pm OpenSymposiumtospeakersandattendees

13.00pm-13.30pm CONCluSiONSrEMarKS BythechairpersonsoftheTribuneElenapisoneroandambassadorSudhirT.devare.

13.30pm-14.00pm ClOSiNgrEMarKS SujataMehtaAmbassadorofIndiatoSpain. JesúsSanzDirectorGeneralofCasaAsia. guillermorodríguezDirectorofCasadelaIndia. ManueldelaCámaraDeputyDirectorofContinentalAsia,MinistryofForeignAffairsandCooperation,GovernmentofSpain.

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7

IntroduCtIon

The India-Spain Tribune is a forum for Indo-Spanish civil society dialogue organized by Casa Asia, Casa de la India and the Indian Council of World Affairs, in close collaboration with the Ministry of External Affairs and Cooperation of the Government of Spain and the Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India.

Relations between both countries are growing fast, especially with regard to their commercial and business exchanges. This growth should also be reflected in the intensification of academic, cultural, and scientific-technological collaborations, as well as in the creation of institutional networks that facilitate and channel these relations.In this sense, the India-Spain Tribune is singularly important as a means of promoting dialogue and collaboration between India and Spain.

At the I India-Spain Tribune held in Barcelona in December 2005, an MoU between Casa Asia, Casa de la India and the Indian Council of World Affairs was signed to formalise the continuation of the Tribune as a dialogue platform between the civil societies of Spain and India. Subsequent Tribunes held in October 2006 (New Delhi), October 2007 (Valladolid) and October 2008 (New Delhi) have gradually consolidated this initiative.

Thus, the Tribune is a forum where diplomats, businesspeople, economists, academics, journalists, voluntary workers, cultural managers and other social agents can meet with the objective of strengthening relations between both countries in the areas of economy, education and society. To help achieve this, the Tribune is structured around four round table sessions that provide a platform to debate specific topics of mutual interest to India and Spain.

In this fifth edition of the India-Spain Tribune, held for the first time in Madrid on the 14th and 15th of October 2010, the subjects dealt with during the round table sessions were: energy strategies for the 21st century, the knowledge society, major global and economic geopolitical challenges and cooperation on security and terrorism. This publication reports on the inaugural session, the presentations made during these four round table sessions, the conclusions and the closing words of the Tribune. With this publication, the organisers fulfil their commitment to provide this information in English and Spanish so that it can be disseminated in both India and Spain.

OpENiNgSESSiON

CHAIRPERSONSELEna pIsonEro ambassador sudhIr t. dEvarE

PARTICIPANTSpatrICIa LÁZaro antonIo EsCÁmEZ LuIs fELIpE dE La pEÑa ambassador JaYant prasad CrIstIna garmEndIa

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ElEnaPISOnEROPARTNERANDSENIORADVISOR,KMPGSPAIN.

MadamMinisterforScienceandInnovation,AmbassadorDevareandmembersofthe Indiandelegation,authorities, ladiesandgentlemen: India isacrucialplayerinthetransformationoftheworldinwhichweliveandthisisataskwhichcannotbe leftonly in thehandsofgovernments.Rather, it involvesallofus,hencetheimportanceofpublicdiplomacyofwhichtheIndia-SpainTribuneisaclearexample.

BothCasaAsia,aconsortiumwhichbringstogetherdiverse interests,aswellastheIndianCouncilofWorldAffairs,onbehalfofIndia,andCasadelaIndia,offercivilsocietythisdebatingforuminordertogettoknowandunderstandeachotherbetter,toidentifythesharedchallengesandtobeabletofacetheworldasalliesandfriends.

Theagendawehavetoday isnomore thanaselectionof4crucial topicswhichare the subjects for the 4 roundtables which we are going to discuss in thisTribune.Firstly,IwouldliketothanktheMadridTownCouncilwhichhasplacedthismagnificentbuildingatourdisposal(andwhichisalsoamemberofCasaAsia),totheSpain-IndiaCouncilFoundation(wewilllaterhavetheopportunitytolistentoitsPresident),totheBusinessInstituteandtheElcanoRoyalInstitutewhichhaveallablyparticipated.ThiseveningwewillbeintheBusinessInstituteandletmealsothankCasadelaIndiaforitssupport.

Wehaveyetanotherexamplethatbetweenallofuswecanbuildrelationsbasedon understanding and friendship - and here I also have to thank especiallyAmbassadorMehtawho,overthelast3years,hashonoureduswithherfriendshipbut, above all, with a special interest which goes beyond that of her charm,diplomacyandgoodoffices.Shehasmadeapersonalefforttoachieveaseriousanddeepbasistoourrelationsandtoestablishthefoundationsofarelationshipwhich,betweenallofus,wecancontinuetofoster.

Therefore,thankyouverymuchAmbassador,andwithoutfurtheradoIcalluponmypartnerandCo-ChairoftheIndia-SpainTribune,AmbassadorDevare,whohasrecentlytakenontheleadershipoftheIndianCouncilofWorldAffairs,tospeak.

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opEnIng sEssIon


aMBaSSaDORSuDhIRT.DEvaREDIRECTORGENERALOFTHEINDIANCOUNCILOFWORLDAFFAIRS(ICWA),INDIA.

Honourable Minister, Madam Cristina Garmendia, Minister of Science andInnovation of the Government of Spain, Madam Elena Pisonero, it is a matter ofgreat privilege and pleasure for me and the members of the Indian Council ofWorldAffairsdelegationtobeinthisbeautifulcityofMadridtoparticipateintheVIndia-SpainTribunefromthe13thtothe15thofOctober.MayIthankCasaAsiaforwelcomingusandforthemarvelloushospitalitytheyhaveextendedtous.

This is the 5th meeting of the India-Spain Tribune and in a sense it is thecontinuationofadialoguebetweentwomajorinstitutionsinSpainandIndia.CasaAsia is a leading organisation engaged in promoting close understanding andfriendshipbetweenSpainand thecountriesofAsia. The IndianCouncil ofWorldAffairsis,ontheotherhand,alsoasimilarinstitutionwhichforoversixdecadeshasbeenactivelyworkingtowardsdevelopinggreaterawarenessandinterest inIndiainforeignaffairsandbuildingunderstandingandfriendlyrelationswithothercountriesoftheworld.

IndialookstoSpainwithmuchinterest,curiosityandadmiration.Historically,wehave had interaction going back hundreds of years. There are several commonculturalcharacteristicsandalargenumberofcommonwordsinHindiandSpanisharefound. Inmoderntimeswearevibrantdemocracies,fastgrowingeconomiesand societies in search of sustainable development and a peaceful social andeconomictransformation.

The progress of Spain in infrastructures, renewable energies, tourism and thedevelopmentofhumanresourceshasbeenimpressive.TheexcellencewhichSpainhasshowninsportssuchastennis,withRafaNadal,whoisahouseholdnameandyourvictoryinthefootballWorldCuparegreatlyadmiredinIndia.

TheTribunebeganasacivilsocietydialogueintheformofaIndia-SpainSeminarlaunchedin2005withthesupportofbothForeignMinistriesandrelatedculturalinstitutions.Bothsidesagreedonthedesirabilityofsuchaforuminwhichopinionmakers participated and since then the Tribune format has been graduallyevolving.

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The agenda for this meeting and the format are somewhat more concrete thaninthepast, inthesensethattheyaremoreorientedtowardsthecurrentsalientthemes of our bilateral ties such as infrastructures, renewable energy, greatereconomic cooperation and major thematic issues of global concerns such asterrorismandalsotheevolvingglobalfinancialarchitectures.

The Spanish expertise and experience in infrastructural development such asroads, railways and port construction and also renewable energies will be ofimmensebenefitforIndia.ThesamecanbesaidoftourismwhereSpainisoneoftheworldleaders.WehavetolearnfromtheSpanishexperience.

TheCo-Chair,MadamPisonero,hasmadeanotablecontributiontotheevolutionoftheagendaandwewouldliketothankhersincerelyforthis.ItisourhopethattheTribuneinitspresentincarnationwillattainastrongerandmoredurablepersonality.

I should like to add that the experts from India who attend the Tribune here inMadrid are among India’s foremost authorities regarding these subjects and webelievethesameistrueofourhostsaswellandofcourseImustthankthemfororganisingsuchalargeanddistinguishedgathering.

ItisafactthatIndia-Spainbilateralrelationsarestillnotasintenseaswewouldhave wished. It is for this reason that we attach much importance to a forumlikethisTribunebecause itallowsknowledgeableandcommittedparticipantstoexploreeachother sprioritiesandperspectivesinanopenandinformalmannerwhichwillstrengthentheexistingbilateralrelationitself.

The themes chosen for the sessions over today and tomorrow are extremelypertinent and important and the debates about these subjects will complementthedebatesbetweenthegovernmentsandeconomicactorsonbothsides,whichwehopewillgeneratemoresynergy.

BothSpainandIndia,thoughlocatedindifferentpoliticalsettings,arefacedwiththechallengesofthreatsandinternationalterrorismand,therefore,theneedtohave positive, constructive and forward-looking discussions on these subjectstodayandtomorrow.

In the period since the last Tribune meeting, bilateral ties have received a fillipfromvisitsat thehighest level inbothcountries. Last year theCrownPrinceofAsturiasvisited Indiaandmetour leaders.Earlier, in2009,ourPresidentpaidastatevisittoSpain,thefirstsinceIndiabecameindependentandthesevisitswereaccompaniedbyseveralotherimportantvisitsonbothsides,suchasgovernmentdelegations,artistsandleadingbusinesspersons.

I am delighted that the Minister for Science and Innovation is planning to go toIndiainlessthantwoweeks.ThissummerthecityofMadridheldamajorbusinessmeetingandaswedevelopthehabitofregularanddiverseexchangesthebilateralrelationshipwillgetstrongerandbroader.

IshouldaddthataswetrytogivetheTribuneamorepurposefulpersonawedonotundermineorundervaluetheintellectualandculturalaspects.Infact,thelasttwoTribunesweremainlydevotedtocultureandeducation.TherehasbeenasteadystreamofSpanishculturalpersonalitieswhohavevisitedIndiaandperformedandpresentedtheirartinourcountry.

Our hosts Casa Asia has made a notable contribution in this process and hashosted many diverse and sometimes little-known Indian artists and performershereinSpain.

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opEnIng sEssIon


The study of the Spanish language in India is also picking up. And in this, theCervantesInstituteinDelhiplaysanotablerole. InSpain,arecentinitiativebyagroupofscholarstocreatethenucleusofIndianstudiesandtodevelopaMasterslevelprogrammeinthisfieldwillhavealastingimpactasitcomestofruition.

ThecontributionofCasadelaIndiainthisprocessisverysignificantandworthyofspecialmention.IcommendtheeffortsofthisuniqueinstitutionincollaborationbetweenSpainandIndiaintheprocessoffosteringcooperationacrossthewidespectrumofbilateralactivitiesandalsointhissession.

Bothourcountriesareendowedwithrichknowledgeassetsanddiscussionshereontheknowledgesocietyarethereforemosttopicalandtimely.Weshouldbeabletoidentifypossibilitiesofengagingwitheachotherinthisveryimportantarea.

WhileIdonotwishtoplaceanunreasonableburdenofexpectationontheTribune,itismyhopeandIthinkitissharedwithmyCo-ChairwomanthatthepropositionsthatwemayexploreandtheideaswemayexchangewillcontributeconcretelytoenhancingbilateralcooperationandwillhelpourcollectiveeffortstoincreasethepresenceofIndiainSpainandofSpaininIndia.

IwouldliketoinviteallofyoutoIndiaattheearliesttoseehowSpain sfootprintinIndiaisalsogrowing.Thankyouverymuch.

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PaTRICIalázaROCOUNCILLORATTHEDEPARTMENTOFINSTITUTIONALCOORDINATION,CITYCOUNCILOFMADRID.

Minister for Science and Innovation, Madam President of theDelegationoftheVIndia-SpainTribune,Ambassadors,membersoftheIndiandelegation,authorities,ladiesandgentlemen:inthenameoftheLordMayorandmyself,allowmetoextendtoyouawarmwelcomeandtoexpresshowsatisfiedwearetobeholdingtheVIndia-SpainTribuneinMadrid.Itisalsoespeciallysatisfyingthat the Tribune is being held in this Institute for Training andStudiesofthelocalgovernmentofMadridwhichistheprincipaltrainingcentreofourTownCouncil.

Last June, Madrid hosted the Global Indian Business Meeting,a meeting promoted, like this Tribune, by Casa Asia in which,together with other institutions, Madrid Town Council had thehonourtoparticipate.Theholding,onlyafewmonthslater,ofthisVTribuneconfirmsthegradualcomingtogetherbetweenSpainand India, twocountriesdifferent insizeandwithverydistinctpopulationsizes,butbothimportantintheglobalcontext.

Traditionally,Spainhasorientatedthegreaterpartofitsforeignprojectiontowardstwospecialareas:Europe,towhichwebelongandwhichistheclosestareatous,andLatinAmericatowhichweareunitedbystrong relationsofoverfivecenturiesandwhereSpanishmultinationalcompaniesaretodayamongtheprincipalinternationalinvestors.

Lessattentionwaspaid to theAsiancontinentandparticularlyIndia.Fortunately,inrecentyearsthisdeficithasbeencorrected,at thesametimethat inSpanishsociety itselfgreat interest inIndia has arisen. We are very aware of its growing economic,diplomaticandculturalimportanceinthe21stcenturyworldandcommittedtoanintensificationofrelationsatalllevels,relationswhich,atthehighestinstitutionallevel,reachedamilestonewith

thevisitofthePresidentof India lastyear.Furtherproof,apartfromthisinterestarousedbyIndiainSpain,wasthecreationin2009of theSpain-IndiaCouncil Foundation,abodymadeupofthe Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation together withcompaniesandinstitutions,amongwhichisalsotobefoundtheMadridTownCouncil.

The discussions of this V Tribune will enrich our perspectivesregardingthemajorissuesontheglobalagenda:energy,climatechange, the knowledge society, financial reform and the fightagainst terrorism.Theyareall decisive issues for the futureofourcountriesinaworlddefinedbythecomplexityandexistenceofnumerouschallengestostabilityandgovernability.

If we admire something of India it is not only because of itsextraordinaryhistoricalandculturalwealthbutalsoitscapacitytomanagethisformidableheritagewithinademocraticsystemandinstitutions.

The universal nature of the values which inspire this formof government offers our two countries a common politicallanguage.Values,incidentally,whicharesubjecttodifficulttestsasbothcountrieswellknow.Madridhassuffered, likeIndia,theattack of those who aim to crush society by means of terror.On the 11th March, 2004, Madrid was the victim of that violenceand inNovember, 2008 itwasBombaywhichsuffereda similaraggression,withoutmentioningotherpainfulexamples.Ourtwocountries have demonstrated how the cohesion of its societiesandthefirmnessofitsinstitutionshavemadetheseattemptstodestroydemocracyfail.

I hope and wish that all the participants in the Tribune, andespecially the Indian delegation, find their stay in our citypleasant and fruitful. In spite of the period of crisis which isaffecting the majority of western economies, Madrid is anextraordinarily dynamic city which has experienced a profoundtransformationoverthelastdecade.Madridwishestooffertheworld a model of urban sustainability and integration. At thesame time, it has taken shape as the power house of Spanishprosperity thanks to its commitment to the knowledge societyand human resource training, which makes it a very propitiousplace for the expansion of information technologies which,coincidentally, isoneoftheareas inwhichIndia isatrueworldpower.

Allow me to congratulate all of you for participating in thismeetingandalsotheco-organisers,CasaAsia,CasadelaIndia,theIndianCouncilofWorldAffairsandallthosewhohavemadethisTribunepossible.Thankyouverymuch.

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opEnIng sEssIon


anTOnIOESCáMEzPRESIDENTOFTHESPAIN-INDIACOUNCILFOUNDATION.

Minister of Science and Innovation, Co-Chairs of the Tribune,Councillor for Institutional Coordination of the Madrid Council,Director General of North America, Asia and the Pacific at theMinistry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, the AmbassadorresponsibleforStateDiplomacyattheMinistryofForeignAffairsofIndiaandSecretaryofState,theAmbassadorofIndiatoSpain,Director Generals of Casa Asia, Casa de la India and friends,goodmorningandmanythanksforgivingustheopportunitytoparticipateinthisceremony.

TheinaugurationofthisVeditionoftheIndia-SpainTribuneonceagaingivesmetheopportunitytoplacetheSpain-IndiaCouncilFoundationatthedispositionofthisimportantdialoguebetweenthecivilsocietiesofbothcountrieswhichourrespectiveForeignAffairs Ministries sponsor. The Tribunes are, with the passageof time, becoming an important instrument of foreign policy.Therefore, I thank the promoters of this initiative, especiallyCasaAsia,CasadelaIndiaandtheIndianCouncilofWorldAffairsfortheir tenacity inkeepingalivethemeetingsofoursocietiesandfortheirefficiencyintheorganisationofsuchanimportanteventasthishereinMadrid.

For the Spain-India Council Foundation, an institution barelytwo years old, this is the first occasion to have the honourtoparticipateintheTribune.

We are totally convinced of the enormous potential which thisdialogue has and that the coordination which has been forgedfrom the very beginning between the Foundation, Casa Asiaand Casa de la India, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs andCooperation,willbeaddedtotheeffortsofallthosewhobelieveintheneedtostrengthentherelationswiththisgreatcountryofIndiaand,throughIndia,withtherestofAsia.

In these last two years we have had the opportunity ofparticipatinginnumerousofficialactsandevents,tripsandvisitswhichourtwogovernmentshaveorganisedandIwouldlikeveryspeciallytorefertothevisitoftheIndianPresidentin2009andthe official trip by the Prince and Princess of Asturias to Indiaalsointhesameyear.

Both visits opened the door to a new stage in the relationsbetween our governments and countries which has beenreflectedininitiativessuchastheGlobalIndianBusinessMeeting,heldinMadridlastJune.

OnthepartoftheFoundation,wehavecontributedtothiseffortbyorganisinghighlevelmeetingssuchastheonethattookplacelastMayinMadridwiththeIndianMinisterofNewandRenewableEnergy, Dr. Farooq Abdulllah, in collaboration with the Ministryof Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Industry, Tourism andCommerce.

Inviewofthesuccessofthisinitiative,weplansimilarmeetingsin the near future in the fields of law, culture, infrastructuresand transport, all of which are sectors of enormous interestfor our businesses, among which are to be found the principalcompanies,financialbodiesandpublicauthoritiesofSpain.

Intwoweeks´timewewillalsocarryouttheofficialpresentationoftheFoundationinNewDelhiandIwouldliketothankespeciallyourMinisterofScienceandInnovation,CristinaGarmendia,whohasagreedtoleadtheSpanishDelegationinthisimportanteventandalsoinourforeignpolicyplansinwhichSpainisdeterminedtoplaceIndiaonceandforallamongitspriorities.Herpresencein India will be an unmistakable message, once again, of thesupport which we have received from the first moment fromourGovernment, beginningwith its FirstVice-President and,ofcourse,fromourMinisterofForeignAffairsandCooperation.

WewouldliketotransmittoourIndianpartnersandcounterparts,withwhomwehavealreadysignedseveralagreements, that inSpainwearecreatinganinstrumentwhichbringstogetherverydifferentinterests,allofwhicharechannelledtoenhancingtheimageofIndiainSpainandtofosteringourpresenceinIndia:thiswewilldowithinafewdaysandwhichwearecurrentlydoingbyparticipatinginthisTribune.

MayIfinishbywishingeveryonepresentthegreatestsuccessinthetasksaheadandbythankingonceagainCasaAsia,CasadelaIndia,theIndianCouncilofWorldAffairs,theMadridTownCouncilandtheorganisersandwhichwithoutanydoubtisgoingtobeanewreferencepointinourbilateralrelations.

You may continue counting on the Foundation in the task ofconsolidating our two countries as partners and allies in theglobalchallengesat thisdifficultbeginningof the21stcentury.Thankyouverymuch.

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luISFElIPEFERnánDEzDElaPEñaDIRECTORGENERALOFNORTHAMERICA,ASIAANDTHEPACIFICINTHEMINISTRYOFFOREIGNAFFAIRSANDCOOPERATION,GOVERNMENTOFSPAIN.

Minister of Science and Innovation, Co-Chairs of the Tribune,Ambassador Pisonero, Ambassador Devare, the HonourableCouncilloroftheMadridTownHallandthemanyorganiserswhohavebeenworkingtomakethisVEditionoftheTribuneareality:theprincipaldeficit in the relationsbetweenSpainand India isthe lack of mutual knowledge and this Tribune was specificallyconceivedtohelpincontributingtopalliatethisgapinourmutualknowledge. Iwould liketoapplaud, inthiscontext, thecreationlast year of the Spain-India Council Foundation which AntonioEscámezdirectsandwhosepresenceIalsowishtothank.

Spain and India are among the 10 leading economies in theworldandbothcountriesworktogetherontheG20todevelopamoreefficientgovernanceoftheglobaleconomy.Webothhaveasignificantprojectionbeyondour frontiersand in thecaseofSpainwehavetheassetofspeakingoneofthegloballanguages,Spanish. Nevertheless, our international relations are still in astateofunderdevelopment.

That is the bad news. The good news is that the potential forgrowth in the future is very considerable and on the part ofSpain there exists a commitment and determination to placethe relations with India at the level which corresponds to theimportance of that country and the community of interestsbetweenthetwocountries.

TheworldistodaymesmerisedbythemeteoricriseofChinaasa growing power and it is probably paying less attention to acountrylikeIndiawhichpresentsaseriesofparticularlyuniquecharacteristics.

Inthefirstplace,IndiaisamaturedemocracywithaConstitutionestablished in 1950 with a Westminster-like longevity. India,moreover, andherewecanfindsomesimilaritieswithourowncountry,isfacingthedifficulttaskinwhichitisdemonstratingitscapacitiesformanagingitsdiversity.Andthosecountrieswhichareabletomanagetheirdiversityarebetterpreparedtohandleglobalisationwhich,intheend,representsinterdependence.

Obviously,wehave to try topromote thepositivedimensionofinterdependence and also avoid the potential negative aspectsof this. I believe that India is a clear example of its wisdom inhandlingthisdiversity.

At the same time, India, and this is another of the similaritieswith Spain, feels a natural preference, almost genetic, for themultilateralformulaeofglobalgovernance.

I would like to welcome and congratulate India for its recentelection as a permanent member of the Security Council. Whatis even more striking is that India was elected with 187 votesoutofthe192membersoftheUnitedNations.Therefore,almostunanimously, the international community elected India andIthinkitisareflectionofthewarmthshowntowardsIndiaintheworldandofitsgrowingglobalpower.

India continues to be the leading provider of human resourcesinUnitedNationspeacekeepingoperations.WearehonouredbythepresenceofGeneralNambiarwhowasheadofUNPROFORintheformerYugoslaviauntiltheyear1993andwhoisalsoacleartestimonytothecommitmentofIndiatomultilateralism.

Wecansee,therefore,thatthecommoninterestsbetweenSpainand India are evident. In recent years, on the part of Spain, agreatefforthasbeenmadetobringtogetherthetwocountries.

Iwishtopayadeservedhomagetomypredecessorinthispost,José Eugenio Salariz, who is here today as Director General ofInternationalTradeRelationsandwhomadeconsiderablestrides.IwouldliketothankhimforplacingtherelationsbetweenSpainandIndiaatthelevelwhichtheydeserve.Finally,IhopethattheTribunefulfilsitsaimsandbearsfruit.Thankyouverymuch.

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aMBaSSaDORJayanTPRaSaDSPECIALSECRETARY(PUBLICDIPLOMACY),MINISTRYOFEXTERNALAFFAIRS,GOVERNMENTOFINDIA.

HonourableMadamMinister,Ms.Pisonero,Ms.Lázaro,Mr.Escámez,Mr.FernándezdelaPeña,ladiesandgentleman.IfeelprivilegedtosayafewwordsatthisopeningtotheVIndia-SpainTribune.

Having first visited Spain three decades ago and then fifteenyears later formethechange intheurban landscapehasbeenstartling. There is respect worldwide for the manner in whichSpain has transformed itself in the last quarter of a centuryand,ofcourse,theglobalcrisishasnodoubthitSpainhardbutalready the Spanish people have demonstrated their resilienceand strength. Spain retains its well-earned reputation as ayoung,progressiveanddynamiccountryandtheSpanishpeopleconvey a narrative of being outward-orientated, self-confident,innovativeandanentrepreneurialpeople.

Spain sre-emergenceasoneofthegreatcountriesoftheworldis symbolised by the rise of Spain in sporting matters such asfootball and tennis and other arenas. Rafa Nadal has capturedthe global imagination, as Ambassador Devare observed in hisremarks,andthereare240millionIndiansbetweentheagesof10and19andIamsureallofthemarefansofRafa.

When India was a seafaring nation from the 2nd century BC tothe11thcenturyADwetookourcultureandcommerceeastandwhenyouembracedtheworldfromthe15thcenturyonwardyoustarted lookingwestandthen inthe lastcenturywewerebothlookinginward,sortingoutthebasisofourpresentdestiny.Nowis the time, I think, to rediscoverordiscovereachother,whichis what our dialogue is seeking to do, and despite our lookingin different directions historically there are some things whichlinkuslikeflamenco,forexample.Thekartalmusicalinstrumentof Rajasthan performed by Muslim singers who sing Hindudevotional songs isnotdramaticallydifferent to thecastanets,and flamenco has the same percussion beats, the complexrhythmicfootworkandtheexpressivehandmovementsofmanytraditional Indian dance forms, particularly Kathak, and somesuggest even that the progenitors of flamenco came here athousandyearsago.

Therhythmandtempoofmodernrelationshipsisreallykeptbytrade, investment, technology exchanges and people-to-peoplecontacts. IndiaandSpainhavebegun tomovealong that trackbutwearestillverymuchintheearlyphaseofthis.Ourpresenttradeandinvestmentrelationshipisnotwhatitshouldbe.Duringthecurrentyear,thetwo-waycommercialexchangeshavepickedupbuttheyarenotgoingtocross5billionUSdollarsandforthelastthreeyears,from2007onward,SpanishexportstoIndiawerejustoverabillionUSdollarsand,giventherapidlygrowingsizeoftheIndiannationalmarket,thisisveryfarbelowthepotential.

Two-way investments are also very modest. On neither sidehas it come even close to a billion dollars, accumulatively, and

Indian investment in Spain has outstripped Spanish investmentin India. So, in order to take our GDP growth, which was in thelastfiscalyear7.4%,towardsdoubledigitnumbers,Indianeedssound infrastructures. It needs roads, railways, ports, airports,telecommunications, energy, and the management of urbanspaces in India is a huge challenge because we have millionsof people moving from villages to cities and having adequatehabitation, sanitation, water and power is a priority for us tocreate for this new population which is getting organised. AndSpain, having experienced itself a spurt in the infrastructuredevelopmentsectorandhavingcreatedworldclassenterprisesfor it, is really ideally placed to take advantage in making andconstructinganewIndia.

WearegladthatMissLázaroandMr.Escámez,Presidentof thenewly formed Spain-India Council Foundation, have alreadymadereferencetothegreatpotentialinthisarea.Wehavemanypositiveelements tospursuchadevelopment.Our relationshiphasbeencompletelyfreeofcontentionoranyproblembilaterally.Therehasbeenarecentsurgeinourexchanges,towhichearlierspeakersreferred,beginningwiththevisitofPresidentZapateroto India in July, 2006, and these exchanges have accelerated.LastyearourPresidentcamehereandthenCrownPrincePhilipwent to India and we are looking forward to your visit, MadamMinister, and hope that you will be able to energise the MOU(thememorandumofunderstanding)onscienceandinnovationwhich we concluded while the President was here, and we canstartcooperativebilateralactivities.

Both India and Spain are trying to facilitate an internationalenvironmentforourongoingtransformationandoneimportantimpediment in our being able to do so is the continued threatwe face,alongwith the international communityasawhole,ofa resurgence in terrorist groups and the vicious way in whichthey attack democratic societies and threaten our way of life.Acollectiveeffortisrequiredtotackleit,inwhichbothIndiaand

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Spain are working and making their contributions in differentways. We have common concerns and similarities especially inmanaging diversities, as Mr. Fernández de la Peña graciouslyreferredto,andweneedalsotobuildonthis.

I would also like to complement the organisers of this Tribune,the leadership of both Casa de la India and the Indian Councilfor World Affairs for our broad- based and multidisciplinaryexchanges which straddle both bilateral and global issues.This year’s conversations are built around energy strategies,economicprospectsandgeopoliticalchallenges,theknowledgesociety and, significantly, for the first time cooperation onsecurityandterrorism.ThisoutreachactivityisverywelcomeasisalsothesettingupoftheSpain-IndiaCouncilFoundationwhichisanoutcomeofaremarkablepublic-privatepartnershipontheSpanishside,andweareconfidentthatitsmeetingsinDelhionthe25thand26thwillbeasuccess.Casade la Indiaalsoplaysacatalysingroleinmovingpeople-to-peoplecontactsforwardandthree times thenumberofSpaniardsvisit Indiaas IndiansvisitSpainandsoitisquiteobviousthatCasadelaIndiahasdoneamarvellousjobinincreasingIndianpresencethanwehavedonetheotherway.Idohopethatwebecomeaseffectiveasyouare.Ithankyou.

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opEnIng sEssIon


sciencesuchascertainEuropeancountries,JapanandtheUnitedstates to maintain their leadership, precisely in the stronglyemerging sectors such as biotechnology, communications,information technologies and nanotechnologies. And, clearly,IndiaandChina,aswellasBrazil,willbecomereferencepoints.

Andinthiscontext,scientificandtechnologicalcooperationwithIndiaemergesasaclearpriority in the internationalagendaoftheSpanishGovernment.AprioritywhichtheMinistryofScienceand Innovation is fully aware of and which has made a verynotableoutlayinthelasttwoyearssincetheMinistryofSciencewascreated,thanksfundamentallytotwodistinctinstruments.

In the first place, an instrument which we have developed tostrengthen scientific cooperation and in the second placean instrument which we have promoted with respect toentrepreneurialinnovation.

Thefirstoftheseinstrumentsallows,sincewesetitupin2009,cooperation between Indian and Spanish research groups witha very positive outcome. For the first official call for projects,adjudicatedafewmonthsago,wereceived140requestsandwehaveapproved25researchprojects,themajoritypreciselyintheareaofbiotechnology,theareaofTIC,renewableenergyandthefieldofnanotechnology.

At the same time, but closely connected because we wish tostrengthen all our international actions, we want to reinforcethataxisofwork,fromsciencetoinnovation,andtotieupwithscientificcooperationandthebusinessconnectionofinnovativecompanies. And not only the large ones, but specifically thosesmall and medium technology companies which are emergingin both countries and which are a driving force in bilateralcollaboration.

In the other programme, we hope to strengthen businessinnovation. We have launched the India-Spain Innovating

CRISTInaGaRMEnDIaMINISTERFORSCIENCEANDINNOVATION,GOVERNMENTOFSPAIN.

Thankyouverymuch,AmbassadorPisonero,authorities, ladiesandgentlemananddearfriends.

Inthefirstplace,mayIthanktheIndia-SpainTribuneforhavinginvitedmetoparticipateintheinaugurationofthiseventandtocongratulate,of course,all thepersons from the twocountrieswhohavebeenbehindtheorganisationofthismeetingwhichiswithoutdoubtaveryproductivetoolforpromotingcollaborationbetweenthetwocountries.

This Tribune, now in its fifth edition, is held in the wake of thecreationof theSpain-IndiaCouncilFoundationwhich Iwillhavethe privilege of attending in the next few days in New Delhi toinaugurate itand I think it isafurthermilestoneforpromotingand strengthening collaboration between the two businesscommunitiesinIndiaandSpain.

TheGovernmentofSpainhasworkedveryhard inrecentyearstoconsolidaterelationswithIndia,acountrywhichwerecogniseashavingafundamentalroleinthestructureofourinternationalrelations, fromadiplomatic, culturaland foreign tradepointofview and I want to emphasise how important it is for Spain tostrengthenourscientificandtechnologicalcooperation.

ThisisanareainwhichChinaistrulyareferencepointforallofusbutintheaxisbetweenChina,IndiaandJapan,thethreecountriesaregoingtohaveaveryspecial importance. India isacountryinwhichweintendtostrengthenourpresenceandIwanttogivesomedatasothatwecanseehowtheroleofscientificcollaborationwithIndiahassignificantlydevelopedinthelasttwoyears.

Inthelastdecade,andespeciallyinthelasttwoyears,relationshave been strengthened but I would like to point out someexamplesfromthescienceandinnovationsystemthatbothIndiaandSpainhaveexperienced.

In the case of Spain, the growth of our scientific communityhas undergone a very notable growth. In a little under threedecadeswehavegonefromoccupying30thplaceto9thposition.Spain is theninthscientificworldpower.This isvery importantand something we are very proud of because Spain is now abenchmark in international relations with other countries.IalsothinkthatinthisrespectIndia’spathhasbeenspectacular.According to theestimatesof theEuropeanCommission, in theyear2025thescientificproductionofChinaandIndiawillbe20%oftheworld:thatistosay,doublethepresentshareandthiswillhaveaverysignificanteffectforeverycountryandofcourseforSpainwhichisveryawareofthisdevelopment.

The same forecast predicts that in little more than a decadethe great traditional scientific countries will find it difficult tomaintaintheirleadershipinsuchestablishedareasasphysicsorchemistryanditwillbeverydifficultforthepresentleadersin

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Programme(ISIP),theSpanishpartofwhichiscoordinatedbytheCDTI and which, since its set-up, has promoted 6 joint projectsbetween Spanish and Indian companies with a financing of 9million Euros and which already has 15 projects in its portfoliowithverygoodprospects.

I believe that the most important aspect is what we haveachieved.Wehaveajointprojectinwhichtoworksynergisticallyand it is functioning, andnotonly is it functioningbecausewegive it political importance but it is working because peopleare requesting it and there is an awareness that we have towork together. There are small and medium sized companieswhich,despitebeingfarawayfromeachother,identifycommoncapacitiesandwanttoplayajointroleininternationalexpansion.Weare inapositiontostrengthenrelationsbetweenscientists,institutionsandSpanishcompaniesandthisisthemainpurposeofthetripIwillbemakingtoIndiainafewdays.

IamveryhopefulbecausewehaveidentifiedtheseprojectsandwewanttoshowIndiathetwogreatstrengthswehaveinSpainwhich are very important from the economic and social pointof view. These are the health and energy sectors where Spainhas in the last decade made a great effort internationally. Wehave worked to strengthen the research groups, technologicaldevelopmentandinfrastructuresinourcountrywhichwecanputatthedisposalofbilateralcooperationwithIndia,aswellasthesmallandmediumsizedfirmswhichhaveaglobaldesiretoworkincollaborationwithIndia.

And,specifically,wesee inthisareaofsmallandmediumsizedcompaniesthat,workingtogether,theywanttoparticipateintheglobalmarketwithinabilateralrelationship,whichforusisgoingto be a priority. We at the Ministry of Science and Innovation,whenwethinkabouthowtore-launchoureconomyandhowtobebetterpreparedafter thecrisis, believe that innovationandinternationalisationarethetwokeystosuccess.

Thesearethetwoareasinwhichweareworkingandtheyaretheonlypossiblerecipeforsuccess.Aboutadecadeagowethoughtthatitwasagoodideaandnownotonlyisitagoodideabutitisurgentasitistheonlypossiblepathforward.Weseethattherearemanypossibilities.MayIthanktheorganisersofforumslikethiswhicharean instrumentforbringingtogetherbothpartiesandwhich,ofcourse,haveanallyintheMinistryofScienceandInnovation in order to strengthen that collaboration, not onlydiplomatically but also in foreign trade and culture. The axisbetweenscienceand innovation is fundamental in therelationsofcountries.Thankyouverymuch.

ROUNDTABLEIENErgySTraTEgiESfOrThExxiCENTuryGlobal energy demand is expected to continue growing strongly after the recession has diminished. However, the new energy nationalism, geopolitical conflicts and climate change make it difficult to ensure a stable and predictable global management structure.

PRESIDENTOFTHEROUNDTABLEJosé EugEnIo saLarICh

SPEAKERSambassador shYam saran gonZaLo EsCrIbano JaImE sEgarra CuLILLa

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JOSéEuGEnIOSalaRIChDIRECTORGENERALFORINTERNATIONALECONOMICRELATIONSANDENERGYATTHEMINISTRYOFFOREIGNAFFAIRSANDCOOPERATION,GOVERNMENTOFSPAIN.

IwouldliketotakethisopportunitytothankCasaAsiaonceagainfortheinvitationtochair this roundtable. Ihave feltgenuinely identifiedwith theTribune fromthefirstmomentandIamdelightedthatthetwoChairsarehere,AmbassadorDevareand Ambassador Pisonero, as well as the Director General of the Casa Asia, theDirectorofCasadelaIndiaand,ofcoursethetenaciousspiritbehindtheTribune,Ambassador Mehta, who has from the beginning insisted on maintaining thesemeetings,somethingwhichwefullyintendtodo.IwouldalsoliketothanktheMadridCouncilfortheirhospitality,TeresaGutierrez,thepersonresponsibleforCasaAsiainMadridandalsothankaveryspecialpersonwhoisoneofthemainstaysofthisTribune:EvaBorreguero.Thankyouverymuchtoallofyou.

IwouldliketorefertotheAsiaTribunewhichwasheldinNovember,2009inCasaAsiainBarcelona,whereitwasclearlyshownthatthechangesintheworldenergypanorama are obviously caused by the rise in prices of hydrocarbons, climatechange,themassiveuseoffossilfuelsandtheirconsequentdepletion,thegrowingdemand for energy in Asia, especially in China, India and Japan and, finally, thefinancialcrisis.

All thismeansthatbytheyear2030energydemandwill increaseby40%and,asfossilenergyisfinitebydefinition,wewillhavetoinventothertypesofenergyandI believe that is the pressing question now: of seeing what the Indian authoritiesthinkaswell as thecivil societiesof IndianandSpainabout the so-calledenergymodel.Thatistosay,whyandwithwhatwearegoingtoreplacethecurrentenergycomponentsonwhichourgrowthisbased.

IwouldliketospeakbrieflyaboutthepointofviewoftheMinistryofForeignAffairsandCooperation.IamnowtheDirectorGeneralofInternationalEconomicRelationsandEnergyMatters.AsmysuccessorLuísFelipeFernándezdelaPeñapointedoutafewmomentsago,previouslyIwasDirectorGeneralforAsiaandthePacificsoIhadtheenormousopportunityandprivilegenotonlytoattendthe4previouseditionsofthisTribunebutalsotogettoknowIndiawell,tofindouthowourtwocountries,societiesand,aboveall,bothgovernments,cancollaborate.

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ROUNDTABLEI EnErgY stratEgIEs for thE XXI CEnturY


Spainhasmuch tooffer Indiaas regards itsenergymodelandstrategy.Spainhaschosenand iscommitted to renewableenergies. It couldhave followedadifferentpathforenergydevelopmentbutitiscommittedtorenewableenergies.

These last days I have been reading some very revealing statistics. These say thatworldwide probably 40% of the energy consumed comes from oil, 25% comes fromgasandanother25%comesfromcoal.Thatistosay,90%oftheenergieswhichareconsumedintheworldarefromfossilfuelsandonlytheremaining10%arewhatmightbecallednewenergies,basicallynuclearenergy,hydroelectricandrenewableenergies.

The renewable energies represent 0.5% of world energy consumption. In Spain thisfigureis12%.Thatisabravecommitmentandonewhichnotonlythisgovernmenthasmade.Thisdatesback30yearssincetheenergycrisisof the 1970swhenwesawtheneedfordeepstructuralchangesandacommitmenttorenewableenergies.

Spainhasanabundanceofclean,autochthonousenergyresources.WhatwehavedoneduringtheseyearsistocreateatechnologywhichcantransformtheselocalresourcesintoelectricityandSpainhasbecomeaworldleader.

Some data: renewable energies represent the creation in Spain of 200,000 direct jobsandmorethan4,000companies.Spain isthefirstcountry inEuropeandthesecond inthe world in installed thermoelectric power and is the second in Europe and fourth intheworld inwindenergy,thesecondinEuropeandsecondintheworld inphotovoltaicenergyand,infact,wearetheleadingcountryintheworldasregardsinstalledpowerperinhabitant.WearethethirdcountryinEuropeinmini-hydraulicpower.Thatistosay,Spainisaworldpowerinrenewableenergiesandnotonlydoweconsumerenewableonesbutwealsoexportthem:wewanttoreachbytheyear2020,thefamous202020,with20%consumptionofrenewableenergieswhichistheEuropeandirectiveonenergies.

TheIndianenergymodelisrelativelydifferent.Indiacommittedatthetimetorenewableenergiesbutalsotonuclearenergyandcombinesboth.Obviouslywecannotcompareeitherthesizeofthecountryorthepopulation,orthepaceofgrowthorgeographicalsituation,butwedohavesomethingincommon:thepossibilityofdevelopingsynergiesbetweenourenterprises,societiesand,aboveall,ourconceptoftheworldwhichisveryclear.

India like Spain does not have sufficient energy to supply its own development andgrowth:thatistosay,ithastoimportitorhastoproduceitfromnewenergies.IndiahasoptedforoneenergymodelandwehaveoptedforanotheronebutIbelievetheyareperfectlycompatibleandIthinkthatduringthissessionwewillbeabletoseethat.

I would like to finish this short introduction by pointing out that the energy modelwe follow,be itoneoranother, isamodel thathas topass throughthepresentone,a transition from the current one, which is finite, fossil energy and attain renewableenergy.

MayIfinishwithacommentthatquitesurprisedmeyesterdaybutthatisindeedright:apoliticalwillisnecessaryandIbelievethatpoliticalwillisthemainrenewablesource.WiththatIcometotheendandIwouldliketogivethefloortoournexttwospeakers.

FirstofallIwouldliketogivethefloortoMr.Saran,whohasanimpressivecurricula.I have read that he knows everything about energy. He is a very experienced andwell-knowndiplomatnotonlyinhisownMinistryofForeignAffairswhereheishighlyrespectedbuthehasalsobeenagreatPermanentSecretaryandwhoeverknowsaboutourMinistriesknowsthatthepermanentsecretariesintheseMinistriesarealwaystheonesincommand.AndsoitisagreatpleasureformetogiveyouthefloorandaverywarmwelcometoSpain.

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aMBaSSaDORShyaMSaRanFORMERSPECIALENVOYOFTHEPRIMEMINISTEROFINDIAFORTHENUCLEARAGREEMENTBETWEENTHEUNITEDSTATESANDINDIAANDFORCLIMATECHANGE.

Thank you very much Mr. Salarich, many thanks for your warmwordsofwelcomeandfirstofallIwouldliketoexpressmydeepappreciation to the two co-chairs of this Tribune, AmbassadorDevare and Madam Elena Pisonero, for taking the initiativeto organise this very fruitful interaction between our twocivil societies. And I would also like to express my thanks toAmbassador Mehta who has been a colleague of long standingand I would like to thank her for this opportunity to enter herdomain,asitwere.

So,thetopic isabouttheenergystrategiesforthe21stcentury.Andwhydoweneedenergystrategiesforthe21stcentury?IthinktheanswerhasbeeneloquentlyprovidedbyourPresident,whohas pointed out that despite the fact that today we are facinga global recession and perhaps it may appear that there is asofter market as far as conventional energy is concerned. It isonlyaquestionof timewhen theeconomiesof theworldstartrecovering and countries like China and India can continue togrowatanacceleratedpaceanddemandforenergyresources.

Several years ago when India did start developing at a veryrapid rate we came to the inevitable conclusion that if India istomaintainagrowthrateof8or10%perannum,whichiswhatwe thinkwe require tobringaboutat leastaminimum levelofeconomic and social development and poverty eradication inour country, we have to ensure that energy does not becomea constraint on our development philosophies. So this is whatdrives what we are trying to do domestically and what drivesour negotiating position, for example, in our climate changenegotiations.Now,justafewfacts:currently,eventhoughIndiaisavery largeandpopulouscountrywith 1.1billionpeople,yetpeople are surprised that India’s total electricity generating

capacity is only about 160,000 megawatts and if you look atthe integrated policy document of the Planning Commissionit is envisaged that by the year 2030-2031 this may go up tosomethinglike800-850,000MWoftotalcapacity.Thereareotherfigureswhichsuggestitmightbe950,000orevenamillionMWbut essentially even in this time frame, if you consider the percapitaconsumptionofenergy,weare lookingatavery lowpercapitaenergyconsumption.

So, the great challenge for India, and this is something whichcomes up in our negotiations about climate change, is thatwe must reduce our carbon emissions but our great problemis energy poverty and how to bring a minimum amount ofcommercial energy for something like 400 million Indians whocurrentlydonothaveanyaccesstocommercialenergy.That isthescaleofthechallengewhichacountrylikeIndiafacesanditisveryimportanttokeepthatinmind.

Whenwestarted lookingat the issueofenergysecurity, linkedtogetherwiththeissueofclimatechange,wecametoafewveryimportantconclusions.Onewasthatifwewantedtoreallymoveahead on climate change and sustainable development, thenthere is no doubt that over a period of time we have to moveawayfromourcurrentrelianceonfossilfuelstotheproductionpattern of consumption progressively based on renewableenergiesandcleansourcesofenergy,suchasnuclearenergy.

So,afteragreatdealofdebatethiswasaccepted:thatwehavetomakethisstrategicshiftandthegoodnewsisthatinmakingthisstrategicshiftwearealsoabletodealwiththechallengeofclimatechangebecauseifweareabletoreduceourdependenceonfossilfuelsthenobviouslytheemissionintensityofIndiawillalsostartdecliningandthereforethisiswhatwasincorporatedinournationalactionplanonclimatechangewhichIndiaadoptedand,whichbytheway,eventhoughitisanationalactionplan,itisnotonlyaplanforclimatechangebutalsoaplanforenergysecuritybecausebothmattersareintrinsicallyrelated.

So, what was the strategy? The strategy was that for theforeseeable future there is every prospect for India to be abletomoveawayfromaheavyrelianceonfossilfuels.Now,50%ofIndia’senergy today isderived fromcoaland it isunlikely thatwewouldhaveaverysignificantchangeinthisdependenceoverthenext20or30years.Thatisafact.So,wehavetofindenergyfrom whatever source that we can have in order to meet theenormousenergychallengethatweface.

So,ifthatisthesituation,howarewegoingtobeabletomanageour strategy? It was decided that, in the short to medium run,the focus will be on trying to improve, as much as we can, theenergy efficiency of our economic development and it is quiteremarkablethatoverthelast20yearsorsoIndiahasbeenabletodeliversomethinglikeanannualgrowthof7to8%perannumwith only a 3.7 or 4% increase in energy consumption whichmeansthatoveraperiodoftimetheenergyintensityofIndia sgrowth has actually been coming down which is a very goodtrendbutwebelievethatwecandomuchmore.

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So, one of the missions in the National Action Plan regardingclimate change is a national mission for enhanced energyefficiency and we have a legislative framework which is theEnergy Conservation Act which applies to all energy intensiveindustriessuchas thetextileandcotton industry, to transport,paperandpulp,etc.AndthenwehavewhatiscalledtheEnergyConservationBuildingCodewhichisfortheapplicationofcertainbuildingcodestocommercialproperty.NowsincemostofIndia sinfrastructureremainstobebuiltitisaveryimportantpieceoflegislationbecauseitensuresthatwhatevernewbuildingassetscomeuptheywillfollowcertainveryefficientdesignsaswellascomplyingwithpowerconsumptionfactors.

Thisisonepartofthestrategyregardingwhatwecandointheinterimtocarryonreducingtheenergyintensityofourgrowthandwhich,bytheway,willalsoreducetheemissionintensityofourgrowth.So,ithasadoubleeffectforus.

AsImentionedtoyou,oneofourprincipalsourcesofenergyiscoalsowedecidedthatifwehavetocontinuetodependoncoalforacertainperiodoftimewemustalsohaveacleancoalmissionwhich isalso infactcurrentlyunderformulationandverysoonwewillbebringingthatMissionDocumenttoourPrimeMinister.Wearelookingatawholerangeoftechnologies:pre-combustionaswellaspost-combustion.Onepartishowtomaketheburningof coal as efficient as possible. So our focus is going to be onthings like ITCC and other ultra-critical technologies as well asonthepost-combustionside,howtousetheeffluentswhichareproducedparticularlyfromthermal-basedpowerplants.Howcanwe use the effluents to produce useful items such as throughconversiontomethanolwhichcanbeblendedastransportfuel?

There are also experiments going on to use the effluents,through biochemical methods, promoting the growth of greenalgaewhichcanthenbecomethesourceofbio-diesel.So,thereareawholerangeofveryinterestingthingswhicharehappeningintermsoftakingthecleancoalmissionforward.

Ialsowantedtomentionsomethingherewhichisveryimportant.Since I was also dealing with the nuclear energy sector,we discovered that with respect to coal, when we are talkingabout ultra-critical technology, the main constraints inultra-critical technology is the ability to deal with very hightemperatures, the ability to deal with very high pressures intheboilersandhaving the rightkindofmetalalloyswhichcanwithstand very high temperatures and very high pressure. Andwe discovered that such technology, as you would imagine, isalreadyavailableinournuclearsector.So,todaywehaveaveryinteresting project which is being done by the Department ofAtomicEnergy,byourchemicalresearchlaboratoriesandtwoorthreeof themajor companieswhichare involved in coal-basedthermal power plants, to go in for the indigenous developmentof super-critical technologies, using what we already have.So,thiskindofsynergyisveryinteresting.

So, as I mentioned earlier, in the interim what do we do toimprove the efficiency of our industrial production and our

economicactivitiesand,secondly,whatdowedoalsotoimprovetheefficiencyofusingthemajorpartofourenergysourcewhichiscoal?Now,thatisasfarastheinterimisconcerned.Ofcourse,that is linked together with the strategic part which is that wehavetomakethechangetorenewableenergy.

Andhere Iwould like tospendacoupleofminutesonasectorwhich is very important: solar energy, which is also veryimportant inSpain. Indiahas, today,oneof themostambitioussolar energy development projects and we are envisaging thesettingupofabout20,000megawattsof solar capacityby theyear2020-2022whichistheendofour25-yearplan.

Andwehaveaveryinnovativestructuretofinancethisbecausethecostperunitofelectricityproducedfromsolarpowerisstillveryhigh,althoughthecostsarecomingdown.Butwhatwehavedone is to create a kind of incentive and regulatory structurewhere we are able to bundle together more expensive solarpowerwithverycheapcoal-basedpower.Thecombinationisthensoldatapricewhichismuchlessthanonlysolarenergy:roughly,itisbeingsoldatdoublethepriceofcoal-basedthermalpower.Coal-basedthermalpowerinIndiatodayisabout2.5rupeesperunitandtheblendedpartwouldsellatabout5rupeesperunit.

There has been a huge response to the announcement of thisincentiveandregulatorystructure.WehavecompaniesfromallovertheworldwhoarecomingtoIndiatotakeadvantageofthisandwewouldcertainlyhopethatSpain,whichisaleaderinsolarenergy,wouldalsocometoIndia.

We have not made any choices between photovoltaic andthermal-solar. We believe we should allow the market todeterminethetechnologywhichwouldprovetobemoresuitableforIndia.Butwealsotriedtobackthisupwithamajorresearchanddevelopmentprogramme.Thatisgoingtobeaveryintegralpartof thissolarmission.So,this isoneareawhereIthinkwecanreallyworktogether,IndiaandSpain.

Lastly,nuclearenergy:ofcourse,asyouknowIwasassociatedwiththenegotiationoftheIndo-UScivilnuclearagreementandthe nuclear suppliers´ group which worked with India in theinternationalcommerceofnuclearenergy. Iwould liketothankSpain for itscooperation inmakingthisarealitybut I thinkweshouldnowgoontothenextstagetoseewhatotherwaysIndiaand Spain can cooperate in the nuclear energy sector. As youknow,thatisalsogoingtobeaveryambitiouspartofourenergyplans. We are envisaging something like 60,000 megawatts ofnuclear power by the year 2030-2031 and we have signed civilnuclearagreementswithanumberofcountriesandIthinkthisisoneareawhichshouldalsobelookedatbetweenIndiaandSpain.Thankyouverymuchforyourattention.

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GOnzalOESCRIBanOPROFESSOROFAPPLIEDECONOMICSATTHEUNED(THESPANISHNATIONALUNIVERSITYFORDISTANCELEARNING).

Thankyouverymuchfortheintroduction,andgiventhatwehavelittletime I´mgoingtotrytogodirectlytosomeofthepoints.Thetruthisthatallofthemhavealreadybeentoucheduponinthe brief introduction and substantially by Ambassador DevareandalsobyAmbassadorSaran.

I would like to structure this brief talk in three sections. First,whataretheglobalchallengesthatwearefacingfromthepointof viewof energy strategies for the21st century, the subjectofthis panel? Secondly, to see what are the shared challengesand where a series of opportunities for cooperation are goingto appear (naturally or logically) and, finally, the potential forcooperation in energy development and also to face thoseproblems of energy poverty which are very different problemsfromthoseofenergysecuritywhichcountrieslikeSpainpropose.

The global challenges are well known by everybody and havebecome almost a mantra, that Trinity between respect for theenvironment,energysecurityandthecontributiontomaintainingandincreasingstandardsoflivingandtheenergyserviceswhichtheinhabitantsofourcountriesreceive.

With respect to climate change, obviously nuclear energy andrenewable energies, together with energy efficiency, are themajor sectors in which the two countries should work. Butprobably the biggest source of new recourses that can comeaboutincountrieslikeIndiawouldbegreaterenergyefficiency.Forexample,bycarefullycontrollingthelossestotheelectricitysystems, improving the present grids or better preparation oftransformersandeverythingwhichinvolvesthenetworksandtheelectricityinstallationswhichisanimportantfacetworldwide.

Secondly,thesubjectofenergysecurity:IndiaandChinahavebeenaccusedbymanywesterncountriesofentering intocompetitionforresourceswhich,fromthepointofviewofaneconomist,haslittle sense because competition for resources will always existand economists tend to think competition is good. The problemis how that competition is channelled: whether competition ismaterialised in geopolitical or bilateral agreements and wherethe political dimension flows. When it is against the logic of themarkets, then it is very difficult to sustain energy security: thatistosay, Ibelievethat it isvery importanttotrytoensurethat,amongthoseconsumercountriesandnetimporters(asisthecaseof India and Spain), the international markets are transparent,flexible and efficient and that there are certain institutions andrules which are respected and known by all the players in themarket.Therefore,Ithinkthatthereisapotentialforcooperation,not between companies, but between governments to facilitatetheefficientworkingoftheenergymarkets.

I believe also that it is very important to reach agreementsbetween consumers before the consumers themselves carry

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outagreementswithproducercountriesandthereIndiaplaysafundamentalroleinwhateverstrategy.

With respect to economic activity, in the EU we have seriousproblemsduetothelackofaccesstoourownnaturalresources.Renewable energies undoubtedly play an important role and inIndia this is crucial. Althougheconomicactivity tries to reduceenergy intensity, economic development and growth per seimplies that therewillbemorecars, that theresidential sectorwill grow and its demand for electricity will increase and,therefore,developmentbydefinitionconsumesenergy,althoughitistruethatwhenthereisachangeintheeconomicstructure,thereisatypeofKuznetscurveasregardstheenvironmentandalso in energy intensity as it travels to less energy intensivesectorssuchastheservicesector,etc.Wegainsomethingintheshapeoflessenergynecessitybutnormallythisiscompensatedforbythegreaterdemandforhousingandprivatetransport.

We also have some shared challenges which perhaps are themost interesting. But I want to emphasise again that theseglobalchallengesappeartometobevery importantaswellasgovernment action to confront those three dimensions I havejust mentioned. These are shared challenges: energy efficiencyandalso,ofcourse,renewableenergies.TheroleofsolarenergyhasbeenemphasisedbutIthinkthatwindenergy,inwhichSpainhas very important comparative advantages and where it canalsoplayan importantrole (althoughnotdecisive, Iwouldsay)in countries like India. There is also, of course, biomass wherewealsohaveadvantagesandbiofuelswherewehaveinSpainaverysignificantresearchandproductioncapacityandareworldleaders.

Another shared challenge which we have is the importanceofnaturalgas.Wearenet importersofgasandbothcountrieshaveimportantnetworksofliquidnaturalgasand,therefore,thestructureoftheworldgasmarketsandconsequentlytheinternalstructures of the markets as regards gas, in transportation,marketing, production, etc. are also subjects in which thereis potential room for cooperation. And all of this leads me toemphasise a series of sectors, for example energy services, intheimprovementofthegridsandthedevelopmentofrenewablecapacities in the management of the network. Spain is one ofthecountrieswhichhaveagreatercapacityof thenetwork forintegratingrenewableenergies(whicharenoteasytointegrate)andtheSpanishElectricityNetwork(REE)isoneofthecompanieson the world scene which has a greater capacity to manageintegrationof renewableenergies,which issomethingnoteasytoachieve.

The importance of coal in India has also been mentioned. ThetechnologiesforminingcoalalsohaveinSpainacertaincapacityand it would be interesting to try to boost cooperation in thatfield.

I would like to finish with a small observation which seems tomefundamentalregardingwhatisbehindtheconceptofenergy

security. For net importing countries we are talking about thesecurity of supply but in a developing, importing country it isimportantthatelectrificationandmodernfuelsreachthewholeofthepopulationandnotonlytheurbanareas.InIndia,andalsoinalltheruralzones,thereisanaccessdeficittomodernenergyservices with an incredible potential for Spanish companieswhich can collaborate there and help in various aspects, butalso for Spanish cooperation per se and also for scientific andtechnological cooperation between universities and centres ofstudy.

The role of energy development is the key to the developmentand growth of a country: it permits education as those of uswho are used to teaching in developing countries know whenwe see students studying under lampposts the day before anexam. Energy provides electricity which is fundamental forreading but also for avoiding alternative uses of time such asnothaving tocollect traditionalbiomass. Electrificationand, ingeneral,modernfuelsincreaseeconomicproductivity,especiallyin economies such as that of India which have a strategy ofspecialisationinhighlyintensivesectorsintheuse,notoflargequantitiesofelectricity,but ratherof thegrid: forexample thenetwork,electronicsorcomputerservices.

WehavetorememberthatIndiaisthelargestdemocracyintheworldand, therefore, ithasacommitmentto improvingthe lifeof its citizens, not only in energy per se, but also in access toinformation,to leisure,communicationsandallthiswithouttherestrictivefactorwhichistheabsenceofmodernenergies.

India is, moreover, an example to be copied as regards ruralelectrification. There are specialists here who can embracethese advances (which have been very considerable) both indistant regions by means of renewable energies where theyplay an important role, as well as in the electrification andextension of modern energy services in not so far away areas.Therefore,Ithinkthatinthisaspectofenergydevelopmentthereis a potential for developmental cooperation, for cooperationbetween companies, between network operators, betweenregulatorsand,ofcourse,betweentheacademicanduniversityworld.Ithinkthatthesearepotentialareaswhichweallhavetheresponsibilitytoexploittogether.Thankyouverymuch.

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JaIMESEGaRRaCulIllaDIRECTOROFNUCLEARENERGYATGENERALELECTRICANDREPRESENTATIVEOFTHESPANISHNUCLEARFORUM.

Thankyou,andwiththepermissionoftheChairmanIwouldliketo address you in English because I hope that this will simplifycommunication,andfortheSpanishparticipants,IhopetheyarefamiliarwithwhatIamgoingtopresenthere.

First of all, I would like to thank you for the opportunity tomakethispresentationhere.Forus it isanhonourand Iwouldalso like toexpress theapologiesandregretsofourPresident,María Teresa Dominguez, who is unable to attend as she hashad to travel abroad. She asked me to emphasise how muchshe considers crucial these kinds of Tribunes to exchangeinformation.

Letmebeginwith thesubject inquestion.TheSpanishNuclearIndustryForumisanon-profitorganisationwhichwasfoundedin1962.So,wehavealonghistoryofexperienceandcollaboration.Itistheorganisationthatbringstogetherthecompaniesworkinginnuclearactivities.Notonlythenuclearpowerplantsbutalsomanufacturers,servicesuppliers,engineers,architects,etc.Itisachannelforexpressingopinionswithintheindustryandithas,among its areas of activity, also communication, the gatheringof information, educational programmes for teachers of highschools and university, documentation, studies and technicalreports,etc.

The members of the Spanish Nuclear Industry Forum are firstof all the power plants. We have six with eight units operatingandtheelectricutilities,UNESA,which istheassociationoftheelectric utilities and then there are other companies which, tomake things more schematic, we could organise into architectengineeringcompanies,equipmentsuppliersfortheprimaryandsecondary circuits and service suppliers and very specialisedservicessuchastrainingservices,etc.

AsImentioned,wehavethesesixpowerplantswitheightunits,andwhatIwouldliketostresshereisthatintheNuclearForumthere are also companies like in the USA which are not powerplants as such, but which fabricate fuel and there are alsomanufacturers.Andwealsohavethecooperationofcompanieswhichworkontheback-endofthecycle,amongotherthings.

TheSpanishnuclearpowerplantshavean installedcapacityofabout7.7GW.Thiscompareswith the installedcapacityof98.5GWattheendof2009whichisabout7.8%.However,intermsofgeneration,outofthe300.6Terawattswhichwereputinthegridin2009,itrepresentsapproximately18%ofthetotalfigure.Thismeanstosaythattheyoperatewithcapacityfactorsintherangeof 8,000-8,500 hours per year. In the international rankings,severalofourplantsareusuallyinthetopplaces.ExceptforthecaseofCofrentes,which is 100%ownedby Iberdrola, theotherplantsareownedbyacombination, indifferentpercentages,oftheSpanishelectricutilities.

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Having given this general picture let me go into the processwhichbroughtustowherewearetoday.Thefirstphasebeganinthe1960swiththeplansofJoséCabreratocommissiontheSantaMariadeGaroñainVandellós1whichwaslaterdecommissioned.Thiswasdoneona turnkeyapproachbasisbecause itwas justthe beginning and the main concern was to avoid the risk ofinvestmentandmissingtheschedule.

Thenthenextstepwasthedecadeofthe1970sandinthisdecadetheplantsofAlmaraz,withthetwounitsofAscóandCofrentes,were built. The Spanish industry and the owners were feelingsaferandbecauseofthattheywerebuiltonacomponentbasisandtheownertooktheresponsibilityfortheplantconstructionmanagement. The contracts specified exactly the componentswhichhadtheirownwarrantiesandperformanceguaranteesbuttheoverallprojectresponsibilitybelongedtotheowners.

Thethirdstagewasattheendofthe1970sandthebeginningofthe 1980s when plans were drawn up for Vandellós 2 and TrillowhichconsolidatedtheSpanishnuclearindustry.Factorieswerebuilt for primary components such as the reactor pressurevessels, pressurizers, primary piping etc., and also specialisedservicecompaniesbeganactivitytoprovidesimulators,trainingforoperators,etc.

Maturitywasreachedinthe1980sandtogiveyouanapproximateideaIwillsaythatatthis3rdstageabout85%oftheplantswereoflocalsupply.Later,onhavingreachedmaturity,Spaindecidednottobuildforthetimebeingmorenuclearpowerplants.Allthecompanieswhichwerecreateddecided,asawaytosurvive,togointernationalandthatledustothepresentsituationwithastronginternational projection. For example, in the USA companiesspecialise in fuel fabrication which export 70% of their fuelassemblycapability.Othersspecialiseinprimarycomponentslikenuclear equipment and export 80% of their production aroundtheworldandthatisalsoapplicabletothearchitectengineeringcompanies and specialised service companies to which Ireferredpreviously.So,theSpanishNuclearIndustryForumalsocoordinatesthepresenceofalltheseothercompanies.

AfewyearsagotherewasaveryimportantsessioninIndiawhichourPrinceattendedandtheSpanishForumhelped theSpanishindustrytoestablishitspresenceinthatcountry.

ThefinalmessageIwishtoleaveisthatinSpainnuclearpowerplantsareveryimportantbecauseoftheirhighcapacityfactors(contributing18%togenerationespeciallytobasecoapacity).Forthegrid, this isaverysubstantial,complementarycontributiontotherenewableenergies.Foroursystemoperatoritisvitaltohavethesebaseloadunitswhichcancontributetothestabilityofthesystem.

So this, and the internationalisation that I mentioned before,are the basic messages I would like to leave you with. Thecomplete presentation is available in Power Point and it canbe obtained from the web page of the Spanish Nuclear Forum.Thankyouverymuchforyouattention.

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ROUNDTABLEIIThEKNOWlEdgESOCiETyIn the new world economic and social order, transformations will be generated by knowledge and innovation. The use of cooperative arrangements between Spain and India in this new perspective will set the course of their relationships.

PRESIDENTSOFTHEROUNDTABLEsantIago IÑIguEZ dE oZoÑo José manuEL martínEZ sIErra

SPEAKERSdr. narEndra Jadhav rafaEL arguLLoL I murgadas

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SanTIaGOIñIGuEzDEOzOñODEAN,IEBUSINESSSCHOOL.

AsDeanoftheBusinessInstituteofMadridandChairofthisroundtableinwhichwewilldebatetheKnowledgeSocietyandBusinessSchoolsIwouldliketowelcomeyou. India has become the leading exporter of foreign students. The number ofstudentswhowerefollowinganMBAcoursewasabout75,000,practicallythesamenumbersasintheEuropeanmarket.Thenumberofstudentsenrollediscontinuallyincreasing and there are more applications than places available on offer (600applicationsforeachplace).Veryoften,theIndianstudentsaredistinguishedfromother studentsby the fact that theyhavebetter skills andeducational training.They have greater analytical capacities and a strong, multicultural focus whichformspartoftheIndianculturalheritage.OneofthegreatculturalaspectsofIndiaisthetraditionoflogicalreasoningandthatisreflectedinitsstudents.Indiahasbeenademocracysince1947andhasalongtraditionoftoleranceanddemocraticinstitutions.SomeofthegreatestcontemporarygurusarefromIndia.ProfessorsofgreatprestigeandDeansofBusinessAdministrationareIndian.AndmaybeonedayinthefuturetheywillbeDeansofthisBusinessInstitute.Whoknows?

Iwould liketomakeaproposalthatcouldbeput intopractice inthefuture:thesettingupofacommitteeinIndiawhichbringstogetherthebusinessschoolsofthetwocountries.InIndiatheteachingstaffsareofahighqualityaswellasthestudents,butmoreIndiansareneededwhocanappearinTheFinancialTimes.Wehaveveryclose relations with Indiaanda totalof 184havegraduated fromourSchoolofwhichthemajoritynowlivesinIndia.Thisyear65studentshavecomefromthatcountryanditisthefourthnationalityrepresentedinourSchool.Indiais themost fascinatingcountryofall thatwehavehere in theBusinessSchool.Havingsaidthis,Iwillwithoutfurtherdelayhandoverthefloortothenextspeaker.

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ROUNDTABLEII thE KnoWLEdgE soCIEtY

Thursday, October 14th, 2010, 4:00 pm

JOSéManuElMaRTínEzSIERRaCOORDINATOROFINTERNATIONALRELATIONSATTHEMINISTRYOFEDUCATION,GOVERNMENTOFSPAIN.

ThankyoutoalltheinstitutionswhohavecontributedtothisTribuneandtotheMadridBusinessInstituteforhostingthisroundtablewhoseaimistoproduceasessionwhichisasinteractiveaspossibleandtoleavetimefordiscussion.

ToalargeextentIwillbeginwiththeconclusions.ThepivotalhubintheacademicrelationsbetweenSpainandIndiahastobebasedonaspectsofinstitutionalisationand also as a result of academic and research relations: we have to createnetworksandsupport thegeneratingprocessesasSpainhasbeendoingduringitsPresidencyoftheEU.

Let me refer now to the economic context: the economic crisis. The academicinstitutionscompete fora shareof thebestquality teachers, fora shareof thebeststudentsandforashareofthecompetitiveprojects.Theregionalcontextandtheareasofexcellencecanbeupdatedbythepossibilityofestablishingsynergiesaccordingtothesubjectareas.Globalisationcandrivethesearchforconnectionsbetweendifferentworlds.

In the context of India, Asia-Pacific and Spain, it is necessary to be clearwhere Spain is situated in order to know the structural strategies. In theEU ambitious aims have been designed in the field of higher education. TheEuropeanresearchareaisimmersedinthisprocessandduringthePresidencyofSpaingreaterinternationalisationwasintroduced.Thelinesofdevelopmentshouldthusbe:aEuropeanpanel,academicmobilityand,veryimportantly,thepoliticalcontext.

InSpainwehavebilateralcooperationdevelopmentswithIndiawhichinvolveanexchangeofexperiences.ThegovernmentshaveintroducedscholarshipstoAsiaand these are the seeds of the mobility of Spaniards abroad and foreigners inSpain.WehaveaseriesofspecificEuropeanprojectswithIndia.TheUniversitiesofBarcelonaandMurciaareoutstandingexamplesofthis.

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Basically, in this context internationalisation can be understood as poly-transversal:itmuststrengthenrelationswhichtheuniversitiesestablish,facilitatehighereducationandmakeinternationalisationatoolforpermeatingthecareersofteachersandresearchers.

In conclusion, these strategies and, specifically, the Erasmus Mundus Programe,are going to generate new potential. We have as a reference the political willof Brazil, India and China. What is demanded is progress in the recognition,positioningandstrengtheningofadditional subjectsand in further synergiesoftriangularcooperation.

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RaFaElaRGullOlIMuRGaDaSPROFESSORATTHEPOMPEUFABRAUNIVERSITY.

I intend to focus on one of the aspects of the KnowledgeSociety round table. I wish to obviate the need for politicaland diplomatic exchanges (which I take for granted), for socialand economic exchanges (also taken for granted) and also forscientific and technological exchanges for the same reason. Iwanttofocusonknowledgeof theword,giventhatthisaspectoftheword"knowledge"isforgotten.Veryoftenwetendtogivean excessively utilitarian and pragmatic vision. When we speakaboutknowledge,wenotonlyspeakoftechnology.Wespeakofimprovingthehumanconditionthroughknowledge. Iwould liketosayafewwordsonthissubject:weareveryfarfromhavingreachedthespiritualtransmissionofknowledgeinSpain.ThereislittlebackgroundinSpanishuniversitiesforthatapproachand,moreover,wehaveahistoricaldeficit.

ThereisagreatfascinationwithIndiatoday.Ihavecollaboratedwith Casa Asia Barcelona and I was invited to this sessionbecause, at a particular time in my life, I had the intellectualexperienceofwritingabookwiththeIndianthinkerVidyaNivasMishra.Itwasanenrichingexchange,notanattempttopersuadetheother.Therewerequestionsaboutthehumanconditionseenfrom the European and Indian point of view, letters exchangedandthentwomeetingsinBenaresandBarcelonawhichgaverisetothebookFromtheGangestotheMediterranean.

Irealisedduringthatexperimentthat,inspiteofexchangingletters for five years, the connection between the twoof us had not truly taken place. If one wants to attaindeep knowledge of the other person, beyond politicaland diplomatic exchanges, one has to "be". Here, we arespeaking about companies and universities but we haveto take into account a modification of our mentality.Inordertoopenoneselftotheotherit isveryimportanttoperform the exercise of disarming oneself. We go throughlifementallyandspirituallyarmedandweshouldnotforgetthatthetraditionsofIndiaandEuropearedifferent.Wehavemany things in common but we also have very significantdifferential elements. As an anecdote I can tell you that inthe dialogue with Vidya I mentioned the word "universe"and he did not understand me but I realised that he didunderstand "cosmos". I did not realise that "universe" wasacentralised ideaofthe"cosmos"andthatmy interlocutordid not understand that centralised vision. This means thatwhenanattemptataculturaldialogueoccursitisimportantto move towards ideas which support the words and it isnecessarytogodeepintothestructuresofthesensibilityonwhichthewordsarebased.Hesaidtome:"No,no.First,wehave tobe friends", that is to say tomove toa territoryofcommunication.

When we speak of the Knowledge Society it is very good forbusinessor technologicalexchangesbutnoneof thatwillworkunless, at the same time, we make an effort to understand.

Aspiritualunderstandingorapproximationinwhichtheculturaldialogue goes beyond the territory of politically correct wordsin order to enter the territory of the mental structures andsensibilityofothersandthusreallygettoknowthem.

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DR.naREnDRaJaDhavMEMBEROFTHEPLANNINGCOMMISSIONOFTHEGOVERNMENTOFINDIA.

Tostartwith Iwould like to thankyou for the invitation to thisKnowledgeSocietypanel.IndiaandSpainhavetorediscovereachother.Itisimportantthatweknowmuchmoreabouteachother.OurstudentsusedtogototheUnitedKingdomtostudybecauseofourhistoricallinks.Inthe1980stheybegantogotodifferentdestinationssuchastheUSAandlatertoPacificAsiancountries.WeleftSpainandEuropeand,therefore,Ilikethefactthatthereare now 65 Indian students at the Business Institute. It is truethat75,000IndianstudentsfollowanMBAcoursewhichismorethanthetotalEuropeanmarket.IwastheViceChancellorofPuneUniversitywith650,000studentsand,infact,thefiguresarenotsoimpressiveforourmarket.

I wanted to speak about the situation of higher education inIndia. The average age of the students is 24 and, furthermore,Indiahasatremendousdemographicadvantage.Thisadvantageislikeachequethathasnotbeencashedanditisnotgoingtobematerialisedovernight.Itisnotthatwewanttobeaneconomicsuperpower but that we will achieve things only if we developthetrainingofhumanresources.ItisanopportunityforIndiatotakeadvantageofoverthenext15years.Itisveryimportantandmajorchangesaretakingplace.Ifwethinkabouttheoverallrateofenrolmentofstudentsbetween18-23yearsold,thepercentagein higher education is 12.4%. 88% do not even have minimumaccesstohighereducation.Wehavetoincreasethepercentagebecause the world average is 24% and in developing countriesit is 18%.Wehave 12.4%and in thecomingyears that isgoingto rise to 25%. It is a tremendously ambitious goal. We have340universitiesandwewillneedover250morenewonesifwewanttoimprovethequality.Thequalityofhighereducationisafundamentalpriority.Thereareislandsofexcellencebutthereisstillmuchtobedone.

In general, over the last two years, the changes have beenunprecedented. The system of higher education is going to beunrecognisable. In India there are central, state universitieswhicharebiggerandhavelessfinancingfromthecentralstateand then there are the regional ones. If everything goes well,a national department is going to be created to manage theuniversities.

AnotherfundamentalchangeisthatinthepastcertificationwasnotcompulsoryinIndia.Nowalltheinstitutionsaregoingtohavetobeaccreditedandcertifiedandhavetoannouncethemselveson their web sites. Up to now, certification was voluntary andonly20%haddoneit.Now,thesystemisgoingtobetransparentand open and the institutions are going to have to make theircertificationpublic.

On the other hand, the educational tribunals play the game ofcomplainingofeachother.Totrytosolvethis,acourthasbeencreated in each state and one for the central government forthe Vice Chancellors to send their complaints to. Furthermore,unfairpractices,forexampleintheuniversitiesandmedicalandengineeringcollegesandothers,aregoingtoberegulatedwithinalegalframework.

FormethemostimportantthingisthenewlawwhichwillopenIndia to foreign education providers. With its passing, manycollegesanduniversitieswillbesetup in India.45%of foreignstudents who come to India to study go to Pune University ofwhichIwasViceChancellor.Uptillnow,thecollaborationswerefocussedonexchangesofstudentsandteachersandprogrammemanagement but there was no place within the Indian legalframework for degrees awarded by two countries. Now, that ispossible.ItisgoingtoallowforeignuniversitiestolocatetoIndia.Wehopetherewillbenoexcessivelimitationsandthatmanymaycome.OneconcernwhichisexpressedinIndiaisthattheforeignuniversitieswhichcomewill sideline the Indianones.But therewillbemanyandweneedalotofuniversities.Weneedcentressuchasthisone.IamsurethatforbusinessadministrationitisimportantforLatinAmerica,IndiaandSpaintobegintoexplorethepossibilitiesforcooperation.Ihopethisroundtableservestolaythefoundationsforthatcollaboration.

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ROUNDTABLEIIIMaJOrglObalECONOMiCaNdgEOpOliTiCalChallENgESThe recent financial crisis has shown that a new regulatory framework on financial globalization is necessary. It has also highlighted the need to reform international financial institutions from emerging powers with a louder voice in these policies.

PRESIDENTOFTHEROUNDTABLEfEdErICo stEInbErg

SPEAKERSdr. shanKar aCharYa santIago fErnÁndEZ dE LIs

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FEDERICOSTEInBERGPROFESSORATTHEAUTONOMOUSUNIVERSITYOFMADRIDANDRESEARCHERATTHEELCANOROYALINSTITUTE.

Basically,weareinanenormouslyinterestingeconomicandgeopoliticalmomentin the world with great opportunities but also significant risks. Fundamentally,wearefacingasituationinwhichthereisagrowingdemandforglobaleconomicgovernance in a context of large-scale changes in the international balance ofpower with a very fast rise of the emerging powers and an acceleration in therelativedeclineoftheoldpowersoftheG7.Atthesametime,thismovementofthetectonicplatesofthegeopoliticalworldmakeswhatweneedatthistimemuchmoredifficult,whicharenewglobalrulesfortheinternationaleconomy,simplyinordertoestablishwhatarethesubjectsontheagendaforthenextG-20SummitinSeoul,butwhichhavebeenwithussincebeforethecrisisandespeciallysinceitbegan.Wehave,ofcourse,thereformofthefinancialregulation,clearlyidentifiedasanecessityandwithadebate regarding towhatextent regulationshouldbeglobal,nationalorregional.

There is also the need to resolve the global macroeconomic imbalances whichin the last few weeks have combined with a dangerous foreign currency war,according to the Brazilian Minister, who was the first to mention what nobodydaredtosay.Wewillseehowfaritgoes.Thisisalsolinkedtothepossibleincreaseinprotectionismwhichweappearedtohaveavoidedinthefirstphaseofthecrisisin2008-2009,withtariffswhichweremaintainedatlevelsregulatedbytheWorldTradeOrganisationandwithsomenewnon-tariffbarriersbutwithamultilateraltradesystemwhichwaskeptopen.Now,thetensionsintheexchangeratescouldprecipitateatradewar.

Lastly,aseriesofsubjectswhichareontheagendaandwhichwillbewithus inthenext fewyears: the sovereigndebt crisis, that is to say, the levelofdebtofcountries (above all the developed ones) such as the United Kingdom and eventhe United States which, although it still has the global reserve currency, couldbegintohaveproblemsinthefuture.Therearealsosubjectslinkedtoinstitutionalreformofglobaleconomicgovernance,quotasandvotesattheIMF,powersharingattheWTOandeventheway inwhichwemanagethenewglobalfinancialrules

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ROUNDTABLEIII maJor gLobaL EConomIC and gEopoLItICaL ChaLLEngEs

Friday, October 15th, 2010, 9:30 am

intheFinancialStabilityFundoreveninsomeotheroftheinformalforums,suchastheG-20,andhowthisisorganisedandcomplementstheotherinstrumentsofinternationaleconomicgovernance.

Toconclude,Iwouldliketomentionthattherearethreesubjectswhichwereveryimportantbeforethecrisisandcontinuetobesobutwhicharenowlowerontheagenda.One isenergyandclimatechange: i.e. theneed tofindan internationalgovernancebothforthetransitiontoamoresustainablelong-termenergymodelforthewholeoftheplanetaswellastoconfrontclimatechangeaftertherelativefailure of the Copenhagen Summit. We now have the meeting in Cancun later inthe year where we will try to complement a little the agreements which werereached in Copenhagen. On the other hand, we have development and the fightagainstpovertywhichispossiblythemostimportantsubjectontheinternationalagenda but which has decreased in terms of aid contributions to developmentduetothecrisis.Intermsofinternationalcooperation,whatweareseeingisthatevery country is working a little on its own. Those countries which are growingarecontributingsubstantially(IndiaandChina)tothefightagainstpovertybutitisasubjectwhichhasdroppedofftheinternationalagenda.And,finally,thereisthesubjectof internationaleconomicmigrationswhichwillalsobeasignificantsubject in the coming years, despite the fact that the crisis has reduced themigratoryflows,relativelyspeaking. Itwillbeanimportantsubjectwherewedonothaveaninstitutionalstructurecapableofgivingglobalresponses.

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DR.ShankaRaChaRyaMEMBEROFTHEBOARDOFGOVERNORSANDNON-EXECUTIVEPRESIDENTOFTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORSOFTHEKOTAKMAHINDRABANKANDFORMERCHIEFECONOMICADVISERTOTHEGOVERNMENTOFINDIA

The title of this session is: "Major Global and EconomicGeopoliticalChallenges"andwhen I saw this I thought itwasavery intimidating title. It seemed to me one could write manybooks on the title itself and I suspect that quite a few havealready been written. So, given the limited 15 minutes I have, Iwillspeakveryrapidlyandmakesomeremarks,ifIampermitted,aboutthreesortsofthings.

First, I couldgiveyoumypersonal listof someof theseglobalchallenges,botheconomicandgeopolitical.Second,IthinkIwillhave timeonly tosaya fewwordsabout twoor threeof theseandIamsuremycolleague,Dr.SantiagoFernandez,willpickupmanyothers.Andthird,inoneortwoplacesIwilltryandsuggestthescopeforcooperationbetweenIndiaandSpainincopingwithsomeoftheseissues.

The list of global challenges: on the economic side I wouldsuggest:1)revivingtheprocessofhighereconomicgrowthintheindustrialcountriesof theworldandbythat Imeanessentiallythe United States, Europe and Japan; 2) sustaining the alreadystrong recovery in major emerging countries, including China,IndiaandBrazilbecausesome,includingIndia,arestillverypoorcountrieswhenonelooksatthelevelsasopposedtothegrowthrate; 3) the reform of the international and national financialsystemsafterthisunprecedentedglobalfinancialcrisisthatwehavesufferedoverthepasttwoyears;4)agreeingonarobust,equitable and effective global compact on climate change and5)strengtheningtheinternationaltradingsystem.

On the geopolitical side, my choice of 5 would be: 1) mostimportantly, adjusting to the rapid rise of a new super-power,namely China and associated with the gradual, relative declineoftheestablished,singlesuper-power,theUnitedStates;2)andperhapsmoregenerally,managingaverycomplextransitiontoa truly multi-polar world with important new players includingIndia,Brazil,Indonesia,Turkeyandafewothers.Tosimplify,somedecadesofgeopoliticaldominationoftheworldby,broadly,theUSAandEuropearepassingandthisisgoingtobeatransitionofafewdecades inmyview.Anew,multi-polarorder isemergingand I think the years of transition could be quite difficult tomanage for all of us because, during this time, I think thatreaching international agreements, whether on climate changeortheworldtradingsystemorwhatever,isgoingtobecomemoreand not less difficult; 3) on the geopolitical side, dealing withinternationalterrorisminallitsforms,includingmostobviouslytheJihadistsgroupsandforces inwhat is looselycalledAFPAKin the Afghanistan-Pakistan region; 4) assuring nuclear safety,includingtryingtoensurethatweavoidanuclear-armedTalibanor a rogue nuclear state and 5) lastly, the combination of ageopoliticalandeconomictopic,developingviableinternationalrulesandagreementsfortheuseofspaceandtheoceanfloors.

This is my list of five each. Now let me deal with some of theeconomic topics: reviving growth in industrial countries. Afterthe financial and economic crisis which started in 2008 or2007,asweallknow,coordinatedfiscalandmonetarystimulus,partlycoordinatedby theG-20andnational initiatives inmajorindustrial and emerging countries, prevented a 1930s typedepressionandledtoarevivalofsomesortingrowthofoutputin the latter half of 2009. But as we all know, unemploymentremains painfully high and in recent months the recovery hasfalteredwiththephasingdownoftheearly,massivefiscalstimuliaswellasthegrowing,newconcernsaboutsovereigndebtissuesinmanyindustrialcountries.

There are four obvious ways or channels of trying to revivegrowth: 1) a resumption of fiscal stimulus. I don´t see thishappening very quickly because it leads to higher deficits anddebt.Politically,inmyview,thatisimpossiblenowintheUSA,asIreadthepoliticalsituationthere.InEurope,itmaybepoliticallymore feasiblebut things like thebondmarketvigilantesor themarket reaction constrains this option quite considerably;2) the revival of private consumption and demand. As weall know, this crisis has left many industrial countries withhouseholds highly leveraged in debt and cautious and theyare trying to rebuild savingsandassets. So, I don´t seeaveryrapid increase in consumption from that source: 3) the revivalofprivateinvestmentwhichmayhappenandis,tosomeextent,happeningbutconfidence isstillweak insomemajorcountriesand as long as the private consumption revival is weak privateinvestmentalsotendstobe lessencouragedand4)thegrowthofnetexports fromeachof themajorcountriesasasourceofdemand for growth. This has been impeded, on the one hand,byslowerworldgrowthandontheotherthefailuretoadjustbycountrieswithasurplusbalanceofpayments,especiallyChina’scurrencypolicy.

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The rebalancing of demand in surplus countries in favour ofdomestic consumption is absolutely essential for the strengthof the recovery process to gain force, particularly in industrialcountries. If itdoesn´thappenthenwearegoingtoseeaveryloosemonetarypolicyfromtheUSFederalReserve,quantitativeeasing continuing close to zero interest rates and that willessentially leadtoenormousproblemsofmanagingthesystemfrom countries like India and Brazil as all this sloshing moneyspills all over the world and appreciates currencies elsewhereas the counter action taken reduces competitiveness and soforth.AndthismayalsobeaproblemfortheEurozoneareaatsome point. What we are going to see is a version of currencywarswheresomecountriesactuallyhavetotakestepsdirectlyoncurrencymarketsandothercountriesliketheUSA,sincetheycan´t actually do that, will operate through a loose monetarypolicy.ThisisanareawhereIndiaandSpain,viaperhapstheEU,have a joint interest in encouraging a more balanced outcomewhether through dialogue with China or whosoever. Second,regarding economic issues, sustaining the growth of emergingcountries, which is very important for poverty alleviation andunemploymentinthesestillpoornations,Iwillmakesomequickpoints. First, decoupling is indeed fashionable and some wouldarguethatpost-crisisdevelopmentsuggestsalotofdecoupling.Afterall,therecoveryofindustrialcountrieshasbeenweakandfaltering whereas the so-called dynamic, emerging countrieshavegrownvery fastafteran initial yearandahalfof slowingdown.Butifonetakesamoremediumtermview,andifindustrialcountriescontinuetogrowslowly,Ithinkwewillseetheriseofprotectionism in these nations and emerging country growthcannot,inmyopinion,remainunaffectedbysuchoutcomes.

Second,thereisstilllifeintheviewthattheeconomichealthofnationsacross theworldhasastrongdoseof interdependenceand both Spain and India, in our respective ways, shouldrecognise and nourish such interdependence to the extent, ofcourse,thatwecan.

Finally,thethirdtopic:reformofthefinancialsystem,nationallyandinternationally,bothtoinjectmoreconfidenceinthecurrenteconomic situation globally, as well as, more importantly, toreduce the chances of the kind of global financial crisis thatwehaveallsuffered in the lastcoupleofyears.Thefirstpoint:Ithinkthatthemajorreformsinthefinancialsystemswill,inthenatureofthepoliticaleconomy,comeatthenationallevel,suchas,theUSDodd-FrankActwhichwaspassedlastSeptember,theEuropean Union Stress Tests on banking and we have certainmeasuresinIndia.Second:IthinktheBaselIIItypeofagreementandinitiativesareimportant,evenifItendtosidewiththosewhofeel that they are being phased in a little too slowly, althoughthat is a debatable issue. But the fact is they basically focuson improving capital adequacy through different means andredefining capital for banks but they leave out, in my opinion,very major issues which were at the heart of the last financialcrisis, such as the problem of systemically important financialinstitutions, the whole problem of why the collapse of LehmanBrothersledtosomanyproblems,theinterconnectionsbetweenwhatwasthefourthorfifthlargestbankintheUSandtheentire

setofothermajorfinancial institutions.The thirdpoint: thereis a role for coordinating national regulatory frameworks toprevent, among other things, regulatory arbitrage throughForumssuchastheG-20,theFinancialStabilityForum,theBaselCommitteeandtheBISandsoforth.Fourth:theissueofreformof the international financial institutions (the Bretton-WoodsInstitutions),namelytheIMFandtheWorldBank.Ispentadozenyearsofmyyouth inoneof these institutionsandweusedtotalkaboutthisalotanditistruethatthegoverningstructuresof these institutions need to change. In the World Bank therehasalreadybeensomesignificantchange. IntheIMF,Ibelievethat the last G-20 meeting committed to some change of thequotaallocationsandwearehopingthatthedetailswillbringabout change. The question of whether that will be enoughwill always exist and it will have to be an ongoing process.Buthavingsaidallthat,mypossiblyhereticalviewisthatwhilethese changes in the governing structure of the institutionsis important, it is not perhaps hugely important because therole of these institutions has not been central, in my view, inresolving the kind of crises that we have had in the last twoyears and I don´t think that is going to change in a hurry.Forexample,theproblemofuncoordinatedmonetarypolicyandcurrencywarsthatwereadaboutinTheFinancialTimeseveryday,Idon´tseetheIMFashavingenoughclout,sofar,tobringaboutrealeffectivechange.ThankyouMr.Chairman.

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SanTIaGOFERnánDEzDElISDIRECTOROFANALISTASFINANCIEROSINTERNACIONALES,S.A.(AFI).

I intendto focusonfinancialaspectsand internationalreformsingeneral. I believe thata centralproblemof the internationaleconomyinthelastdecadesisthecontradictionbetweencertainincreasinglyglobalmarketsandaregulationwhichhascontinuedtobebasicallynational.Alargepartoftheproblemsandofthecrisis of recent years is the result of this contradiction. It isinterestingtonotethatduringthetrendovertheyearstowardsglobalisation we took for granted that this contradiction wouldbegraduallyresolvedinfavourofthemarkets.Wesupposedthatweweremovingtowardsincreasinglysupranationalregulations,a greater international coordination of the regulations, a moreimportant role for the international financial institutions and agrowing cession of sovereignty on the part of the authoritiesand national regulators. This was obvious in the EuropeanUnion where, furthermore, the element of regional integrationwasadded.However, it is interesting toobserve that thiscrisisinvolvesanincipientstepbackwardsinthisprocess.

I believe we are beginning to see interesting and perhapsworryingsymptomsofdeglobalisationbecausewesee insomecountries,andofcourseinEurope,areawakeningofthebankingand sovereignty crises. I consider this a vicious and worryingcircle.Thebanksaresustainedbystateaidandthegovernmentsmaintainitbecausethereisafinancialsystemtoconsider.Thisendogamy of the banking and sovereignty crises means thatcountriestendtolookinwards.Andfromthepointofviewofthecurrency war, which was mentioned previously and which I willtalkabout later,thereturntocapitalcontrols isentirely logicaland alsomeans that countries tend to turn in on themselvesalittlemore. Ibelieve that this trend is interestingand,perhaps,worrying.

Speaking of the crisis and reform, it is obvious that the crisishas its origin in the more developed financial systems and inparticular in the most sophisticated segments of the thesefinancialsystems,inthedistributionmodelbywhichintheUnitedStatesfinancialproductswerepackagedandplacedintherestoftheworldbymeansofwhathasbeencalledtheshadowbankingsystem which was less regulated and where the risks were notsufficientlycontrolled.Butthen,duetoaseriesofmechanisms,ithasspreadtotherestoftheworldinaprocessinwhichmanythingshavefailed.Thisexplainsthatthereformprocessonwhichweareembarkedisaverybroadprocesswheretherearemanythingstochange.

Risk control has failed and, therefore, part of the reformsconsists of ensuring that the financial institutions and theinternational financial markets are able to maintain a bettercontrol of the risk. Capital controls have failed and, therefore,nowitisbeingadvocatedthatthesesafetynetsbeaugmented.Financial regulation has fed the so-called pro-cyclicity of thefinancial system. That is to say, we have a financial systemwhich exaggerates the euphoria in the economic upturns and

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exaggeratesthedownturnsintimesofrecession.Butthatisnottheworstof it.Wehaveafinancial regulationwhich,moreover,amplifies this effect. What we aspire to have is a financialregulationthatisatleastneutral,giventhatthefinancialsystemisprobablygoingtocontinuetobepro-cyclical.Thesafetynetsand mechanisms have failed, such as the safety deposits orthe last resort loan or other mechanisms which were in placeto act as crisis resolution mechanisms. Other mechanisms arebeingconsideredtoimprovethesystem.Incentiveshavefailed.For a long time we relied on so-called market discipline: wethoughtthatthefinancialmarketsintheirwisdomweregoingtointroduce correct incentives so that governments and financialinstitutions,aswellastheagentswhooperateinthosemarkets,wouldactrationallyandstably.Wehaverealisedthatthismarketdisciplinehasnotworked.Specificsegmentsoftheinternationalfinancialmarketshavefailedsuchasthederivativemarkets,thesystemic institutions and international coordination. Therefore,we are embarked on a process of reform in which it is veryimportanttocorrectwhathasfailedbutitisalsoveryimportanttorespectwhathasworkedwell.

Here we have a very important subject from the point of viewof emerging countries: to state clearly that in this process ofreform there are aspects which have not failed. That is to say,themodelsofsimplefinancialsystems(notover-sophisticated)based on traditional banking in emerging countries have notfailed.Therefore, letusnotnow imposechangesor reformsonthem which are intended for sophisticated global institutions.I mention this because it seems that in the emerging anddeveloping countries it is very important to continue with theprocessoffinancialinclusion.

A large part of the development effort of these countries hasbeenobtainedbymeansofagreaterpenetrationofthefinancialsystem.Thismeansoffering thepeoplewhohavenoaccess tofinancial services an improved channelling of savings in orderto finance small enterprises and housing. All these things wetakeforgrantedindevelopedcountriesbutinmanydevelopingcountries they are seriously lacking. If we now tighten theinternationalfinancialregulationsduetotheproblemscausedbythemoresophisticatedsegmentsofthefinancialsystemwehavetobecarefulandnotimposerules,whicharedesignedforthoselargesystemicinstitutionsindevelopedcountries,onsmalllocalinstitutions which have not failed. Why does this danger exist?Becausethereisatendencytowardsinternationalharmonisationinordertoavoidso-calledregulatoryarbitration.Thatistosay,differentregulations fromdistinctsegmentsmakethefinancialflowspassthroughtheleastregulatedsegment.

Pressures also exist from rating associations or derived fromthe presence of foreign or international banks which meantthat forexample,Basel II, inmyopinion,wasadoptedprobablyprematurely and wrongly in some emerging and developingcountries.Nowwehaveacertainriskthatthesamemayoccurwith Basel III. Therefore, let us not introduce an excessivepressure on emerging countries for them to adopt verydemanding standards and which are perhaps not designed

for them. For this reason, it is important that the emergingcountriesarewellrepresentedintheinternationalorganisationswhich establish these standards. That leads me to anothersubject I wanted to mention: the role of emerging countries ininternationaleconomicgovernance.

Ibelievethatthesocalleddecouplingoftheemergingcountriesisthebestnewsfromthiscrisis.Thechangeswhichweperceivein international economic governance are also good news. Thechange of emphasis from theG-7 to theG-20 is important. TheexpansionoftheFinancialStabilityBoardanditscorrespondencewith the G-20 which means that the Financial Stability Boardbecomes,uptoapoint,theoperationalarmofG-20givesitmoretechnical capacity to establish standards. It is very importantthat the voice of those countries is heard in those forums andthattheyhaveamuchmorerelevantroleintheestablishmentofthesestandards.

WithrespecttotheInternationalMonetaryFund,therearesignsthat things are beginning to move although these institutionschangeasusualataveryslowpace.Ithinkitisapitythattheseinstitutionshavesolittlecapacityforadaptingtothechangesintheworldeconomyand Iamafraid thatEuropeansare in largepartguiltyofthis.Wehavetobefrank.Ibelievethatthedefenceof the status quo on the part of the European countries inthese institutionsandtheirresistancetocedingrepresentationand power rights to the countries which are pushing hard andshowingstrength intheworldeconomy isamistake.Thiserrorisonlytranslatedintoalackofrelevanceoftheinstitutionsandproblems from the point of view of the discrepancy betweenglobalmarketsandnationalregulations.Thingsarechangingbut,ofcourse,veryslowly.

AndthisleadsmetothelastsubjectIwantedtodealwithwhichisthetopicofthecurrencywars.Whatishappeningisinteresting.All thecountrieswant todevalueoravoidappreciationof theircurrencies.This is strikingbecause ineconomics thereare few

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thingsthatdonothaveacost. Inothersituations,devaluingormaintaining a currency artificially depreciated has had a costand that cost is inflation. It now seems that isn´t so, it seemsthat devaluing or keeping a weak currency is free, which issurprising.Why is thatso? Ibelievethere isanexplanation.Weareinadeflationaryworldenvironmentwithpressurestowardsadropinprices,somethingwhichmakeseconomistsverynervousbecausewedonotknowhowtoreactordealwithit.Wehavenorecipes.Formanyyearswehaveconcentratedonhowtocontrolinflationbutwedonotknowhowtocombatdeflation.ThecaseofJapanisanexampleofthis.Whyisthereadeflationaryworldenvironment?IthastodowiththeirruptionofChinaintheworldeconomy. While China continues its integration in the worldeconomyitisgoingtohavethepermanenteffectofdepressingmanufacturing prices and, curiously, of increasing the price ofraw materials. The net effect of this is a deflationary pressureingeneral,aboveallontheinternationaleconomywhichmeansthatcountriesperceivetheriskofdeflationasmuchmoreseriousthan the risk of inflation. When everyone wants to devalue itis obvious that there is no cooperative solution. A return tothe Plaza or Louvre agreements is being discussed which wereagreements to stabilise the dollar in the mid-1980s but it isforgottenthatatthattimetherewasariskinbothdirectionsbutitseemsthatisnottruenow.

So,what ishappening?Aseriesofdevelopedcountries, clearlythe United States but some others, are adopting the policy ofquantitativeexpansion.That is tosay:"well, look,when I reachzero interest rate, then the only thing left for me to do is toprint money". As well as that, there are countries which areinterveningdirectly intheforeignexchangemarketstopreventtheappreciationof theircurrencies.ThemostrecentcasesareSwitzerlandandJapan. Themajorityof theemergingcountriesarealsodoing it, openlyorotherwise.Weonlyhave to see thefiguresforreserveaccumulationsorthegrowthofthesovereignfunds.Itisnosecretthatthesovereignfundsareusedasabackdoortoavoidappreciationofthecurrencies.Wearenowseeingthe generalisation of capital controls which is a much moreintrusive measure than all the previous ones and it is totallylogicalfromthepointofviewoftheemergingcountries.

Ifwelookatthecrisesinrecentyears,almostallofthemhavehad a common element: strong inputs of capital in countrieswhichhadhigherinterestratesandappreciationoftheexchangerate. This is called "overshooting" of the exchange rate, veryoftenaccompaniedbyasharepricebubble,deficitonthecurrentaccount,lossofcompetitivenessand,atacertaintime,whenaninternalorexternalfactorchanges,everythingisturnedupsidedownand thecountrygoes into crisis. Therefore, thebest wayofprotectingthemselvesagainstacrisisisnottogoexcessivelyfast.Theanalogyisthatofatrain:thebestwaynottogoofftherailsisnottoexceedthespeedlimit.

IwouldliketofinishbytalkingalittleabouttheEuro.Itseemstomethatinthiscurrencywar,theEuroisbecominganadjustmentregionorsafetyvalve.Whyitisso,Idon´tknow.Ofcourse,theEuropeanCentralBankhasadifferentviewofthingsanddifferent

to the FED. When everybody is worried about deflation, theEuropeanCentralBankisgivingsignalsthatwhatworriesitaretheexitstrategies,howtorecoverthenormalmonetarytone.Itseemsthattheexchangerateisnotanelementwhichentersintotheanalysisand,ofcourse,theEuropeaninstitutionalframeworkmakesthe interventionsdifficult forreasons Iwon´tgo into. InEuropewehavearecession,abankingcrisis,asovereigntycrisisand a deflationary risk so that the appreciation of the Euro isreallywhatwasmissing.

Curiously, in the last report in the World Economic Outlook oftheIMF,publishedaweekago,thereisagraphwhichcaughtmyattention. In it, it showswhichcountrieshave thegreatest riskofdeflation(high,mediumandlow). Ihavetakenthetroubletosee where the countries from the Euro zone are placed. Of thecountries with high risk (66%), two thirds are countries in theEurozone,amongthemSpain.Thecountrieswithamediumriskare40%andlowriskonly13%.Thatistosay,Europeisespeciallyvulnerabletotheriskofdeflationbut,however,itistheonlyzoneorcurrencywhichappearsnottobeworriedaboutthecurrencywarorhasnoplantoavoidit.

I have mentioned the fact that there is no risk of inflation butthere are exceptions and India is, perhaps, one of them. WhileChina has a surplus on its current account, with inflationrelatively under control, India is in the opposite situation witha current account deficit but with relatively high inflation. Infact, the ideal candidate for revaluation in any internationalcoordinationwouldbe thecountrywhichhad the two things: acurrentaccountsurplusandhighinflation.Thetruthisthatthereare few countries like that in the world. So, regrettably, at themomentwehavenocandidatesforrevaluation.Thankyou.

ROUNDTABLEIVCOOpEraTiONONSECuriTyaNdTErrOriSMBoth countries, India and Spain, are familiar with the devastating consequences of prolonged campaign of terrorism and extraordinarily lethal attacks. Hence, the respective national experiences, both in prevention and response, aspects implemented under the rule of law and in social reaction to that form of criminality, and the institutional care for its victims, constitute matters of undoubted interest for mutual understanding and discussion.

PRESIDENTOFTHEROUNDTABLEfErnando rEInarEs

SPEAKERSLIEutEnant gEnEraL satIsh nambIar JavIEr ZaragoZa

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FERnanDOREInaRESPRINCIPALRESEARCHERATTHEELCANOROYALINSTITUTEANDPROFESSOROFPOLITICALSCIENCEANDSECURITYSTUDIESATTHEKINGJUANCARLOSUNIVERSITY.

ThefourthroundtablesessionoftheVIndia-SpainTribuneisdevotedtosecurityandterrorism.Aswillhavebeennoticedinthepresentation,itisnoteworthythattwocountriessodifferentasregardslocation,composition,roleandplaceintheworldas IndiaandSpainhavesufferedterroristattacks fromsimilar ideologicalorientations:bothfromdomesticnationalists,theextremeleftaswellasIslamists.Bothcountrieshavealsosufferedattacksofextraordinarysimilarity,suchastheoneonthe11thMarch,2004inSpainandthoseof2006inBombay.Becauseofthisand the importance of sharing experiences in dealing with this problem, basedon the ruleof lawwithinademocratic society, inall itsaspects (political, legal,intelligenceandthetreatmentofvictims-asubjectinwhichSpainhasachievedaleadingpositionintheworld),wehavewithustodaytwospeakersofextraordinarysignificance.OneoftheseistheChiefPublicProsecutoroftheSpanishHighCourt,Javier Zaragoza, who is perhaps, due to his central role, the most emblematicfigureinthefightagainstterrorisminSpain.AndtheotherspeakerisLt.GeneralSatish Nambiar, whose long and intense experience in the fight against thisphenomenon in India,aswellasotherfacetsofhisworkasasecurityexpert, iswell-knownandinternationallyrecognised.

WithoutfurtherpreambleIwouldliketohandoverthefloortoLt.GeneralNambiarand ask him to talk about the Indian experience and then to ask Chief PublicProsecutorJavierZaragozatodothesameforthecaseofSpain.

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ROUNDTABLEIV CoopEratIon on sECurItY and tErrorIsm


lIEuTEnanTGEnERalSaTIShnaMBIaRFORMERDIRECTOROFTHEUNITEDSERVICEINSTITUTIONOFINDIA.

Thank you, Mr. Chairman. In the first place, I would like to givemy deepest thanks to our Spanish hosts for their invitation toaddressyou.Itisaprivilegeandapleasure.

Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentleman, allow me beforehand toapologisebecauseIamnotreallyanexpertinterrorism.Ihavehad something todowith terrorismasamemberof the IndianArmed Forces over more than 20 years in uniform. Since myretirement,Ihavebeenanadvisorandhaveparticipatedinmanydebates on the subject of terrorism. Therefore, I understandthe responsibility that Madam Ambassador has placed in metopresentmy ideashere in thisdiscussion. Ihaveparticipatedin several debates on this subject and one which took place inMadridontheoccasionofthefirstanniversaryofthe11thMarchterrorist attack and I was here taking part in a group whichdiscussed the military responses to terrorism. Another pointwhichIwanttomakeclearisthatthesearemypersonalopinions.Ihavebeenretiredforsometimeanddonotspeakinthenameof the Indian authorities. In fact, very often my authorities getangrywithme for the things I saybut that isadifferentkettleoffish.IwouldalsoliketomakereferencetowhattheChairmanhas said. As in Spain, India has had to confront terrorism for along time, indeed before the rest of theworld. It is true thataglobal dimension was acquired after the 2001 attack. The 11th

September,with theTwinTowers, iswhenotherworldsocietiesbecame aware of the threat which terrorism posed. Both theattacks inMadridand thoseofBombaywereperfectlyplannedandexecutedbyaverywell-trainedgroupofterroristswhohadchosen their targets carefully, who killed without any secondthoughtsandwhoseeffectslastedforaverylongtime,creatinggreatrepercussioninthemediathroughouttheworld.

Inourcase,theywantedtoshowthattheIndianauthoritieswereincapableofprotectingnotonlyourowncitizensbutalsovisitorstoourcountry.Theirmodusoperandi,inmanyways,wasclearlydistinguishedfrompreviousterroristattackscarriedoutinIndia.In those cases, they were attacks with time bombs on railwaylines. In theBombayattack, 163people lost their livesofwhich158 people died by fire arms and not by any explosive devices.Therefore, itwasaverywell-thoughtoutoperationovera longperiodoftime.Areallywell-plannedoperationandexecutedwithalltheaspectsofacommandoraid.Wehavetolearnfromthatinordertodefinestrategiestopreventthistypeofterroristattack.

One of the most important elements in these strategies is toidentifyandrecognisethethreatsinalltheiraspects.Asregardsthe military community in India, we are very aware that wehavea typeof terrorismwithcharacteristics thatdistinguish itfromterrorismattheinternational level inothercountriesand,precisely for that reason, it is characterised by other features.The attack was not only aimed at our own citizens but also atcitizens of the USA, the United Kingdom, etc. As a result, theinternational community has supported India so much. But the

fightof India in itsown territoryhas tobeafight thatwe, theIndians, must carry out. We have to be ready in order to faceanothersimilarevent.

Everybody is aware that the epicentre of current internationalterrorism is on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan.Thereare a seriesof agents such asOsama Bin Ladenand theAl-Qaedanetwork,butas regards Indiawemustalwaysbear inmindthattheterroristattackslaunchedagainstIndiahavebeentheworkofnon-stateorganisations.

One of the effects of the 2008 attacks in Bombay is that well-trainedandwell-motivatedterroristsaregoingtocontinuetryingto attack the soft underbelly of Indian society which is easilyaccessible and, therefore, vulnerable. Principally, the aim is toputbacktheeconomicgrowththatIndiahasbeenachievingoverthelastfewyears,somethingwhichisreallyimpressiveevenbyWesternstandards.And,ofcourse,thephysicalattacksagainstinfrastructuresaregoingtoweakenourcredibilityforattractingforeign investors. It is for that reason that some investorsconsiderthatIndiaisasoftcountry.Weshouldnotforgetthatinonly60yearsafterindependencewehaveattainedademocracywithaboomingeconomyandaregraduallyeradicatingpoverty.Allofthisthreatensandjeopardisestheideologyputforwardbytheradicalgroups.

Therefore, our efforts have to be multi-dimensional and, fromthepointof viewof thePublicAuthorities,wehave toput intopracticeaseriesofmeasureswhichwearealreadyapplyingasfar as possible. What I would like to suggest here is that whena phenomenon like this exists, the main approach has to beprevention. This can also probably be applied to countries likeyours.Wecannotpresuppose thatanattack is inevitablygoingtotakeplace.Wemustnotpresumetheinevitabilityofterrorism.We have to do everything possible to impede and prevent thathappening.Muchhasbeensaidabouttheattacksaftertheyhaveoccurredbecauseevidentlythereisalottodiscusswhenthesethingshappenandthishasoccurred incountries like Indiaand

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probably also in Spain, where there are many potential targetsfor terrorist attacks and it is essential to set up the political,military and civilian mechanisms in order to avoid and preventtheseattacks.

Inthisfieldmuch isstill tobedone incountries liketheUnitedStateswhere,asaresultoftheattacks,aseriesofmechanismshas now been created and it is there where the internationalcommunityreallyhastogetdowntowork.Wehavetoemphasisetheroleoftheinternationalcommunity.

YoumayallnotknowbutIhadthegreatprivilegeofformingpartof a high level group for assessing the threats and challengesinorder toadvise theSecretaryGeneralof theUnitedNations,Kofi Annan. I also had to take responsibility for affairs relatingto terrorism and the recommendations which we provided KofiAnnanwithforhimtopresenttheminturntotheUnitedNationsat the Summit on terrorism. We emphasised the need for anagreement to exist, or a general convention, concerning thefightagainstterrorism.Whatdisappointedusmostwasthattheleaderswerenotevenabletoreachanagreementasregardsthedefinitionofterrorism. It isnotthat itwasaverysophisticateddefinition at all, but there were people in that group who hadmany reservations regarding some terms of that definition.One,forexample,hadreservationswithrespecttothefactthatterrorism was only considered as non-state terrorism and thetruthisthatitwasadisappointmentthattheworldleaderscouldnotreachanagreementregardingthisissue.

Inmyopinion thereare9pointswhichareessentialandwhichany agreement or general convention should include. It oughttobecompulsoryforthememberstatesofsuchaconventiontoapplythesemeasures,otherwisesanctionsshouldbeappliedonthem.

First, we have to identify and act against those organisationswhoselinkstoterrorismhavebeenconfirmed.

Second,provide informationabout terrorist activitiesand theirorganisations,monitormovements,etc.

Third, freeze funds and other assets. This has already beendiscussedandtherearemechanismsinexistencebutithastobeworldwideintheentireinternationalcommunity.

Fourth, the supervision of arms and equipment supplied toterroristsorganisations.

Fifth,introducestricterlegislationnationallyandinternationallyagainstterrorism.

Sixth,compulsorymaritimecooperation.

Seventh, joint training of police forces and the sharing ofexperiences.

Eighth,thepreventionofmediaaccesstoterroristleaders.

And, finally, supervision of the techniques and the sharing ofexperienceswithregardtoanti-terroristmethods.

We know the limitations which exist because, with regard tothe exchange of information, the majority of the nation statesare very reluctant. Although we could take the example oforganisationssuchasInterpolinordertocoordinateouractionsagainstterroristorganisations,itissomethingonwhichwehavetoinsistmoreactivelythanishappeninguptillnow.Whenthereare suspicious movements of terrorists or suspects, it shouldalsobethesubjectofan internationalexchangeof informationbut this is not so. As regards the review of national legislationconcerning the anti-terrorist fight and against terroristorganisations (obviously here there are many voices raisedagainst this legislation,given that it is said that it contraveneshuman rights), we have to consider what the other side of thecoin is,what thegeneralbenefit is forsociety.Wehaveallhadto suffer the strictest of controls. Now, in the airports, everycountryisattemptingtoapplymechanismswhich,althoughtheyaretryingtodisguisethemsotheydonotappearsoobvious,arequiteeffectiveinmanycases.

Forumslikethisonearewhatcanallowtheleadersofdifferentcountries to share information and experiences and to speakto each other, even though it may only be about a possibleconventionagainstterrorism.

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FERnanDOREInaRESPRINCIPALRESEARCHERATTHEELCANOROYALINSTITUTEANDPROFESSOROFPOLITICALSCIENCEANDSECURITYSTUDIESATTHEKINGJUANCARLOSUNIVERSITY.

Thankyouverymuch,General.YouhavetoucheduponaseriesofquestionswhichwillbeaddressedbyJavierZaragoza:theneedforamultidimensionalresponse,which is closely related to those different facets of the democratic response toterrorismwhichourChiefPublicProsecutoralsoknowsverywell;theemphasisonpreventionandanticipation,whichispartofthestrategy,especiallyinrelationtointernationalterrorismand,whenyouspeakabouttheneedforan internationalconventionwhichimposesobligations,thisissituatedintheareaofinternationalcooperationwhereSpainhasaverylongtradition.

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JavIERzaRaGOzaCHIEFPROSECUTORATTHEHIGHCOURTOFSPAIN.

My first words have to be, logically, to thank the V India-SpainTribune and very specially Casa Asia and Casa de la India forhavinginvitedmetoparticipateinthethesedialogues.

Spainand Indiaare twocountrieswhichshareaclearvocationandadeterminedcommitment in thefightagainst terrorismtocombat the threat,using theruleof law tofight terrorismwiththe logical and reasonable limits which democracy and therespectforthelawimposeonus.Thisvocationisalsothefruitof experience and which has been mentioned already by theChairman and by the distinguished speaker from India. Manycountrieshavesufferedveryseriousterroristattacks:Spainonthe11thMarch,2004andIndiaonthe11thJuly,2006andthe26th

November,2008,bothinBombay.

Idonotthinkitisnecessarytorepeattheideathatweallaccept:thattodayterrorismtogetherwithorganisedcrimearethetwomost important threats to our society. They are not threats inthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theyare,undoubtedly,threatsto national security but as you know that concept of nationalsecurityisassociatedmorewithothertimes,withtheColdWar,with nuclear proliferation, with the geopolitical distribution ofareas of influence. Today, terrorism and organised crime aremultidimensional threats. Nations have to react with all theirforcebecausenotonlyisourmodelofsocietybut,aboveall,thesecurityofourcitizensiscalledintoquestion.Itseemstomethatcombating terrorism demands the introduction of ethical, legalandpolitical initiatives inthreeaspectsthat Iwillmentionverybriefly: the defence of democratic values, a culture of legalityandthestrengtheningofourinstitutions.

The defence of democratic values is fundamental in the sensethat it is absolutely essential that the fight against terrorism,

withalltheweaponsandallthelegaltoolsthatthestateshoulduse, is carried out while guaranteeing respect for the humanrightsofeverybody, forall thecitizensandforall thesuspectswhocarryoutterroristacts.

The rule of law is a fundamental basis in the fight againstterrorism.Thisisoneoftheareaswhichmusthaveconcreteandestablishedmeasuresinadocumentasabasisforintroducingastrategyofcounter-terrorismasaglobalthreat.ThisisnootherthantheglobalstrategyoftheUnitedNationsagainstterrorism,approvedby theGeneralAssemblyon the8thSeptember, 2006.Inthisdocument,amongthemeasuresindefenceofdemocracy(as a democratic system in which it is necessary to respect,withintheframeworkof the law,civil rightsandfreedoms) it isconsidered that effective measures against terrorism and theprotectionofhumanrightsarenotcontradictoryobjectivesbutrather are mutually complemented and reinforced. It suggeststheneedtoadoptcertainlinesofaction,suchasreaffirmingtheresolution of the General Assembly of 2005 which is the basicframeworkfortheprotectionofhumanrightsandfreedomsinthefightagainstterrorism.Itisalsonecessarytoensurethatallthemeasureswhichareadoptedarecompatiblewiththeobligationswhichstemfrominternationallaw,thehumanrightsregulations,thelawrelatingtorefugeesandinternationalhumanitarianlaw.Finally, it is necessary to establish and maintain an effectivenationalcriminaljusticesystem,basedontheruleoflaw,whichensures that all people are brought to trial who participate inthefinancing,planning,preparationorperpetrationof terroristactsorwhosupporttheseacts,withduerespectforfundamentalrightsandfreedoms.

Later, Iwillgoalittledeeperintothissubjectbecauseitseemstomethattheinvolvementofthelegalsystemisoneofthebasicprinciplesforbeingeffective inthefightagainstterrorism.Thelegal system has the responsibility for guaranteeing a balance,particularlyunder the ruleof law,between twovalues that thestatemustprotectequally:respectfortherightsofthecitizensandtheeffectivenessofthepunitiveactionofthestate.Withouteffectiveness in punitive actions, there is no security and theonly system capable of analysing, assessing and ponderingbothprinciplesandtakingtheadequatemeasurestomakebotheffective,isthecriminaljusticesystem.

Thecultureoflegalitydoesnotonlyconsistofrespectforlegalityandrights, logically,which is thesubject Ihave justaddressed,but also the unambiguous use of legality: using all the legaltoolsof the judicial system toconfront sucha seriouscriminalphenomenon with a catalogue of crimes which truly includestheresponsetowhatterrorismistoday,whatitrepresentsandall itsramifications. It isacomplexcriminalphenomenonwhichwe have to combat with a wide range and list of crimes whichallowthepoliceandthejudgestoactwithcertaineffectiveness,withspecialinvestigativetechniqueswhichhaveproducedmanyresults inthefightagainstcriminalphenomena.Witha jihadist-style international terrorist organisation we have to infiltratetheir ranks, their cover agents, informers and accomplicesand use the most up to date techniques for intercepting their

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communications. The criminal justice system here has a veryimportantroletoplaywhichis, intheendrun,thebodythat isgoing to use and assess the need for adopting these types ofmeasures.

Withintheunambiguoususeoflegality,Ithinkthatallcountrieshave to make a significant effort to adopt their own domesticlaws (sometimes deficient, sometime insufficient) to thestandardsandtheprovisionswhicharecontainedininternationalagreements where there is a veritable arsenal of regulationswhichareadapted,setupandusedeffectively.Thesewillbringresultsinthefightagainstterrorism.Athome,Spainhasalreadyapproved, published and set up a reform of the penal code toimprove our response capacity, from the strictly criminal pointof view, with respect to the problem of terrorism, particularlyinternationalterrorism.

This reform of the penal code was approved by organic law inJune,2010.ItwillcomeintoforceinDecemberandincorporatespenal categories which in my judgement are very importantin trying to identify and respond to all the preparatory acts ofinternationalterrorism.Itnotonlydealswithinvestigatingthosewhohavecommittedaterroristattackbutalsodeals,aboveall,withthepreventionofthoseterroristattacks.Thecitizenexpectsof us, the government and the police, that an attack such asthe 11thMarchdoesnothappenagain.For this tobeareality, itisnecessarytohavepenalcategoriesavailableandinvestigativetools which allow us to thwart and arrest those who are in aposition to foster international terrorismor formterroristcellsand to dismantle them at the initial stage and prevent themcommitting terrorist attacks. This is the key to the preventivecriminalresponsetowhichIwilllaterbrieflyrefer.

Naturally, this institutional strengthening should be above allin two aspects which seem to me fundamental for ensuringthe greater effectiveness of the system of prevention andresponse to terrorism: thespecialisationof thebodieschargedwith investigation (public prosecutors, courts, police units andintelligenceservices)whichhaveavery importantroleandtheadequate working of the systems of prevention of an activitywhich,inmyopinion,isstillanunresolvedissue:thatofterroristfinancing.Thereare few investigationswhichattempttoclarifythemechanismsofterroristfinancingbutstepsarebeingtaken,both by the United Nations as well as in supra-regional areas,suchasforexampleintheEuropeanUnion,toguaranteecertainsystemsofdetectionandpreventionoftheactivitiesofterroristfinancing which, needless to say, forms part of the preventiveresponsetothesecrimes.

I would like to explain what are today, from my limited pointof view as a member of the criminal legal system, the threeessential focal points of the Spanish strategy against nationalandinternationalterrorism.

Numberoneisthepolicyofpreventionandavoidanceofcriminalterroristattacks.Numbertwoisthestrengtheningofinternationalcooperationat thedifferent levelsbutespecially in the judicial

and intelligence field. And number three, the prevention andsuppressionofterroristfinancingactivities.Thatisachievedbymeansofcriminalisingthistypeofoffence,somethingwhichstillhasnotbeenestablished inmany judicial regulations andalso,bymeansofpreventivemeasuresandspecialisedbodieschargedwiththecomplianceofthesepreventivemeasuresand,aboveall,with effectively applying the resolutions of the United Nationsregardingfinancing,theblockingandseizureoffunds,orothermeasuresofasimilarnaturewith respect to thosewhoappearasphysicalorlegalpersonsinthelistsapprovedbythedifferentinternational bodies of terrorist groups or persons linked toterroristorganisations.

Inthispolicyofcriminalprevention,Ithinkthatthefundamentalinstrumentistheimprovementofthejudicialresponseinordertoavoidtheoccurrenceofterroristattacks. I thinkthatyouallunderstand this perfectly well, and the citizens even more so,because by avoiding terrorist attacks, we avoid victims and byavoiding victims, we guarantee the security of our citizens. Byestablishingthis legal response itwaspossible, forexample, todetainthatterroristcellinBarcelonain2008whenitwasreadyto commit a serious attack on the city. That operation endedwiththearrestofseveralpeoplerelatedtotheradicalPakistanimovementledbyBaitulahMehsudandtheyhavebeensentencedrecently for an offence which we use a lot in our everydayactivity of pursuing terrorism. It is the offence of belonging toaterroristorganisation,whichdoesnotrequiretheperpetrationofaterroristattackanddoesnotrequireeitherthepreparationofanattack.Itisenoughtoprovetheexistenceofagrouporcellwhichisinapositiontocommitterroristattacks.

Within this tightening or preventive response to criminality areincluded other criminal categories such as collaboration withterrorist organisations, the sanctioning of preparatory actions,andallthosetypesofcriminalcategorythathaverecentlybeenincorporated into the Penal Code. Other categories of criminalacts include the recruitment, indoctrination and training ofpeople in a radical ideology directly linked to violence as amethodofterroristactivityoreventhepublicdisseminationviathe internetof messages or orders which serve to incite thesetypes of people to perpetrate terrorist actions. We understoodthatourcriminallawswereincompleteanditwasnecessary,duetothedifficultiesthatwehavehadininvestigationstoprovetheillegality of these acts, to tighten the legal regulations againstthis type of crime with the incorporation of these offences, aswasalsodemandedbytheEuropeanUnionasaconsequenceofaframeworkdecisionofthe28thNovember,2008.

Within this preventive criminal policy I include, of course, theassurance of investigation. The process of preventive actioninvolves, without doubt, significant difficulties of proof. Thesooner we intervene the more difficult it is going to be todemonstrate that someone has terrorist intentions. Overthe years the public prosecution service has intervened inmany dozens of cases (excepting the terrorist attack of 11thMarch, 2004 when a terrorist act was committed) in whichapproximately 180 people have been accused of offences

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related to this preventive response to terrorist crime such asmembership, collaboration, etc. Of those 180, 110 have beensentenced, which represents approximately 60%. It is a goodpercentagebut,generally,whenwespeakofnationalterrorismthatpercentageincreasesto80%.

The interpretation which we have made is that it is far moredifficulttoprovethesetypesofoffencewhenweuseanticipatedcriminal response mechanisms. Therefore, we have neededto complete the legal regulations and, above all, to use withgreater fluidity and more intensity special investigativetechniques and the information from the intelligence serviceswhenever we manage to establish it with proof. We have to beabletodistinguishbetweenstrategicinformationandoperativeintelligence. Within this policy of criminal prevention is alsoincluded the role of investigation which, in principle, might notappearimportantbutwhichintheendis.

When we investigate a terrorist cell or someone who tries tofoster terrorist activities, we also proceed to investigate allthose criminal conducts and previous activities which serveas a backup, support or cover for the organisations andterroristgroupswhich,moreover,guaranteeanadditional legalpunishment. These are activities of micro-delinquency, suchas the forgery of documents, theft, offences against personalassets, illegal drug trafficking, money laundering, the illegalpossession of arms and explosives, etc. There is practically nocase in which, apart from attempting to establish links withinternational terrorism, these types of criminal actions do notappearwhicharelegallypunishable,andfinallytheyendupalsobeing sentenced for this type of activity. It is very importantbecauseheretheproofismuchsimpler.Therefore,wearetalkingaboutacompletepreventiveresponsebythelawbutusingalltheoffences,allthecatalogueofcrimes,whichthecriminaljudicialregulationsplaceatourdisposal.

I would like to end with the issue of international cooperationwhichIbelieveisfundamental.Terrorismisaglobalphenomenonand affects every country, even those which are not directlyaffected by the terrorist blight. It is clear that withoutinternationalcooperationwewillmakelittleprogressinthefightagainstterrorismoragainstanyothercriminalactivity,suchasorganisedcrime.Withinthisfield Iwouldhighlighttwoaspects:thejudicialaspectandthatconcerningintelligence.

The intelligence community works very well. There aremagnificent relations between the intelligence services of allthecountries,oralmostall.Judicialcooperation ismuchmoreformal and subject to the letter and spirit of internationaltreaties, which obviously places certain limits that have tobe respected. But with regard to the subject of intelligence, Ibelievethatitisnecessaryforthecountriestotrytoharmonisetheir respective national judicial systems in the protectionof intelligence activities and, above all, in the conversion ofintelligenceintoanofficialinvestigation.Thisisthebigleapandthebigproblem:uptowhatpointcantheinformationbecarriedforwardtoalegalprocessandthusobtaintheproof?Ithinkthat

perhapsthisisthemostimportantquestionatstakeanditisnotalwayseasytoresolve.

With respect to judicial cooperation, we have an example tofollow, which is Spain s judicial cooperation with France. It isclearthatwearenottalkingofinternationalterrorismbutrather,fundamentally, domestic terrorism which specifically affectsthe two countries of Spain and France. Over the years, after astormy period in the 1980s, we have managed to establish alegal understanding with strong cooperation, far beyond thatwhich we have generally put into practice with other countriesintheEuropeanUnion.Itisanexampleforbilateralrelationswithrespecttointernationaljudicialcooperation.

In the fight against terrorism we have used, in the field ofFranco-Spanish cooperation, instruments, which, it is true,have fundamentally been developed and designed based onthe model of the European Union laws but which also containcertain references to the international legal instruments ofthe United Nations or, for example, the Agreement AgainstOrganised Transnational Crime, approved in Palermo in 2000.These instruments include: joint investigative and judicialteams, temporary handovers of individuals, immediate accessto the information which is obtained in police operationscarriedout inFranceorSpain, judicialpointsofcontact,cross-border surveillance, trips by functionaries to other countriestocollaboratewiththepoliceauthoritiesof thatcountry in theintensive and permanent monitoring and surveillance of thosewhoaremembersofaterroristorganisationorthedirecthandingoverofsuspectswithofficialcriminalreports.Thatistosay,wehavedesignedaverycloseandstrongjudicialcooperationwhichIbelievecould,withoutdoubt,serveasa lessonwhen itcomesto forming working groups in an attempt to further improvejudicialcooperationbetweencountriessuchasSpainandIndia.Thankyouverymuch.

CONCluSiONSANDClOSiNgrEMarKS

SPEAKERSELEna pIsonEro ambassador suJata mEhta JEsÚs sanZ guILLErmo rodríguEZ manuEL dE La CÁmara ambassador sudhIr t. dEvarE

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ElEnaPISOnEROPARTNERANDSENIORADVISOR,KMPGSPAIN.

Wehavedecided tomake theclosingof theTribunea littlemore informaland Itake that as a sign that our friendship has deepened over these two days. I donot wish to overspend my time on the conclusions. I will give that honour toAmbassadorDevare,inthesamewayasIpresentedtheconclusionsinDelhiinthelastTribune.ButIwouldlike,asIamaneconomistandwearealwaysbrandedasbeingpragmaticandanalytical, to reaffirm thehumanist visionwhichProfessorArgullolmentionedyesterday.

WhenIdecidedtostudyeconomicsIdiditpreciselybecauseIbelievedthattherewasaveryimportantjobtodoinimprovingtheconditionsofmyfellowcitizens.Forthesamereason,IwentintopoliticsandnowIaminvolvedinthediplomaticservice.

Knowing each other better makes us all better people. I believe that we reallyhavetobefriendsandthislastroundtablehasbeenaclearexampleoftryingtoseethingsfromtheotherperson’spointofviewandtobecapableofsensitivitytowardsothersandofhowweeachexperiencecertainquestionsinordertoreallyunderstand each other better. I believe that in subjects such as security andterrorismwehaveallsufferedenoughtoseethingsinthatlight.

IwouldliketorepeatmythankstoAmbassadorMehtafortheselastthreeyearsand which I hope continues in the future. The work done in the Tribunes to try(from a pragmatic point of view but also from understanding and friendship)to construct jointly an agenda of common interests which we can continue tobroaden, is important. Inthissense, Iwouldliketotransmitthepositivegeneralfeeling which we all have after these last two days of debate in which we haveaddressedtheagendaofcommoninterestsingoodfaithandwithgoodintentionsinordertoconfrontchallengeswhichareverycomplex,aswehaveseen,forourdemocraticsocieties.Iwouldliketounderlinethefactthatwearebothdemocraticsocietiesand this isespecially relevantbecause itunitesus inaworld inwhichcertain values are not shared by all countries. The fact that both countries are

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ConCLusIons AND CLosIng rEmarKs

Friday, October 15th, 2010, 1:00 pm

democracies has also allowed us to tackle, over these last two days, four veryimportantquestionsinfourdistinctRoundTables.

Professor Jadhav yesterday brought up the fact that we must be capable ofexploitingcompetitiveadvantagesandnotturningthemintoacheckongrowth.Thisisvalidinthecaseofeducation,withoutdoubt,andisalsothecaseofenergy:whetherwearecapableofbuildingefficientstrategies,understandingefficiencyasabalancewiththeenvironment,asabalancewithenergysecurityand,withoutdoubt,asanimprovementofthequalityoflifeofourcitizensand,therefore,linkedtodevelopment.

Anothercriticalelementisthefinancialfieldinwhichwehavetobeabletofinancedevelopmentwithoutestablishingspecificrestrictionsbythedevelopedcountriesonthosewhichhavestilltodevelop.Wehavetocorrectthoseaspectswherethecrisishasshownthatwehavemadeamistakebutnotat thecostof thatwhichworks. I think this it is a very important lesson in which once again we have toestablishthefoundationsinordertoofferthebestofeachofus.

We have much to offer each other and we have to be able, with generosity, toexplain toour friendshowwecanhelpeachother.And I thinkthatmanythingshave come out of these four sessions. I will mention some of them: from thebeginningtheMinisterhassetthepatternwhenshesaidthatwehavetolookforthosecommongroundswhichwehave(suchas,forexample,thefactthatwearescientificpowers)inwhichwecanlookforareasofeffectivecooperation.

Wealreadyhavespecificinitiatives,suchasthefactthatin10daystheSpain-IndiaCouncil Foundation will be presented in Delhi thanks to the effort that is beingmadebycivilsocietytopromotecooperationbetweenbothcountries,inthiscaseSpanishcompanies,andtobuildbridgeswithIndia.

Wehavetobeable,asLuisFelipeFernándezsaid,totakeadvantageandmanagediversity in a world which is ever more interdependent and we have to be able(and it is in Spain s interests) tobuild,withinamultilateral framework, aglobalgovernance in which we all feel comfortable. We have made progress in mutualknowledgeandIwouldencourageCasaAsiatocontinueworkinginsearchofanambit in which we can share the information available regarding what we havespoken about in the Tribunes and about the information we are accumulating.Ambassador Mehta insisted that we publish this debate and that is going to bedonebutalltheinformationavailablemustalsobeaccessibletoeverybody.

Inthefieldofenergy,forexample,ithasbeenmentionedthatweneedtoestablisha working group which genuinely continues to feed the debate between bothcountries intheareaswhichhavebeenclearly identified.SpaincouldcontributemorebutIbelievethatwhatmostinterestsIndiaatthemomentissolarenergy.Indiaisalsointerestedinourexperienceinnuclearenergy,aswellasintegrationinanetworkofalltheenergysources.Therefore,weallhavetobeabletomakeavailable the information, since much content comes out of these sessions andthereisaseriesofproposalsandideaswhichwewillhavetodevelop.

In the field of education we have placed the emphasis on something we havemanaged to highlight as of common interest: the Business Schools whichhave offered to enter a triangular arrangement between Asia, Spain and LatinAmerica and which also promotes multilateralism. We have also highlighted themutual interest in education for excellence. I would like to thank Dr. Jadhav forhispresentationofareformwhichhasbeensetup in Indiaandwhichopensupnewopportunities. Iwouldalsoencourage thestrengtheningofexistingstudiesandtheestablishmentofnew,concreteplanstoturnIndianstudiesinSpaininto

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areality.LetusalsocollaboratejointlybetweenuniversitieswithstructuredandorderedplansandthatweprepareourpresencewhenwevisitIndia.

Inthediscussionareaofthethirdroundtableonthemajorglobalandeconomicgeopoliticalchallenges,wherewehavespokenabouteconomicsandfinance,thepossibility of collaborating and exchanging experiences has arisen. The Spanishbankingsystemhasbeendiscussedwithitsstrengthsandasystemofregulationandsupervisionwhichcouldfit intothe Indiansystem. Ithasbeenseenthatwecanestablishinthisareaanotherdialogueofmutualinterest.Inconnectionwiththis, another area has arisen in which we can coincide which is the question ofinfrastructureswhich,moreover, is strongly linked tofinancing.TheconclusionshavebeengivenbyProfessorReinareswhenhesaidthat inspiteoftherebeingfrictionbetweenthetwocountrieswealsohaveareas inwhichwecancontinuespeakingandcollaborating.

I will stop here because there are so many subjects to deal with. I believe thatputting all this down on paper will help us to establish a working agenda whichshouldnotbelimitedtotheTribunes.

Wecannothaveadialoguethat lastsadayandahalfand issuspended for twoyears. There are many things to say and the possibility of a constant debate inwhich we must be able to reach agreements, continue advancing in mutualknowledge,becomebetterfriendsandthusimproveoursocieties.

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SuJaTaMEhTaAMBASSADOROFINDIATOSPAIN.

ThankyouMadamPresident.Itisapleasureformetothankyouonbehalfofall thedelegatesvisitingfromIndiaforaveryrichandrewardingdiscussionthathasensuedoverthelastdayandahalf.Ithinkyourdynamismandenergyhasgiventhisprocessatremendousboost,soIthankyouforit.ItisalsoaprivilegeandapleasureformetothankDirectorGeneralofCasaAsiaJesusSanzandhis team ledbyEvaBorreguero forall that theyhavedoneto make this a very productive and intense session. They havebeenaccommodatingateverystage.Theyhavebroughtenergy,enthusiasmandaverydeepknowledgetothepreparationofthisprocessandIthankyouverydeeplyfortheamityandfriendshipand good humour that have accompanied this. Thank you. It isalsoaprivilegetothankCasadelaIndia,ourothersponsorandhost, for theircontribution. Inow look forward toworkingwithbothofyoutobringoutasmallpublicationdistillingtheessenceofthisforthenextsession.Thankyouverymuch.

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JESúSSanzDIRECTORGENERALOFCASAASIA.

Thank you very much Madam President. Ambassador PrasadsaidthatIndiaandSpainlooktoeachotherwithadmirationandinterestandIthinkitcouldn´tbebettersaid.Overthesetwodayswe have had the opportunity to confirm that. As AmbassadorMehta said yesterday in the reception in her residence I thinkwehavehadsomegoodsessions, fullofcontentaswecanseeintheexcellentconclusionsandtheinitiativeswhichhavecomeout of it and which Madam Pisonero has summarised. I believethatwiththisVTribuneweknoweachothermore,wearebetterfriends and as Elena Pisonero said we are able to look at theworldthroughtheeyesofIndia.ThiswasalsothemessagewhichProfessor Argullol transmitted yesterday: "we always have totrytoseebettertheviewsofothers".Iwouldhighlight,beyondtheveryinterestingsubjectswehaveaddressedoverthesetwodays that, parallel to the Tribune, there has also been music,dance, art and photography, expressions of the genius of Indiafromwhichwecanall learn.Theseareuniversalmanifestationsof the human spirit which can bring us together. Gastronomyandphotographyalsobridgegaps.IntheposterfortheTribunewe have a splendid photograph by our friend Subhrajit Basuwho accompanied us on our trips around India and of whomwe have recently inaugurated an exhibition which is also verysuggestivebecauseit incorporatesKeralaandBengal.Withthiswehave tried toattract theattentionofourcitizens regardingthedimensionsofIndia,asub-continentwithimpressivefigureswhichDoctorJadhavrecalledyesterday.WhenwespeakofIndia,anychallengehasamagnitudewhich isdifficult to imagine forourEuropeancountries.Wearesmallormedium-sizedbutwhenwe speak of India we have to be prepared to thinkbig. I wouldlike to congratulate everybody for the work they have carriedout over these two days and thank our Indian friends for theirpresence.

IwouldliketounderlinethatalotofthesuccessofthisTribuneis due to the excellent work performed by the ICWA and byAmbassadorDevarewhohasbeenkindenoughtobringthishighlevel delegation: a delegation which has had the generosity toshare its time, long experience and knowledge with us. Thankyou very much Ambassador Devare. To Ambassador Mehta IwishtogivemythanksforhercommitmenttothisTribune,herdedicationandforhavingplacedallherteamatourdisposal.Andnot only her time but also that of all her embassy staff whomIalsowishtothankfortheircollaboration.OntheSpanishpartwe have also had marvellous collaborators. The Spain-IndiaCouncil Foundation, which will soon be presented in Delhi, theBusinessInstitute,whichyesterdayreceivedusintheirsplendidheadquartersinMadrid,andofcourseIfeelobligedanddelightedto thank Elena Pisonero especially, Ambassador Pisonero, whohas placed all her energy and wisdom in the service of thisTribune. Thank you very much, Elena. I consider that, togetherwith Ambassador Devare, you are the trump cards and keyelementsof thisTribuneandhope that itcontinues tobeso inthecomingyears. Igivethesethanksnotonly inmyownnamebutalsointhenameoftheinstitutionwhichIhavethehonourtodirect,CasaAsia:aninstitutionformedofagroupofworkersandprofessionalstotallydedicatedandcommittedtoourobjectiveofenablingourcitizenstounderstandtherealityofthecountriesofAsiaandthePacificand,specifically inthiscase,thewonderfulrealityofIndia,agreatcountryandfriend.

I would like to finish by handing over the floor to our greatcompanion in this adventurewhich isCasade la India, anotherprestigiousinstitutionwithwhichweworkhandinhand.

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GuIllERMORODRíGuEzDIRECTOROFCASADELAINDIA.

ThankyouJesús,Iwouldalsoliketothanktheco-chairpersons.I thinkthatthisTribunehascomeofageandwehavetostressthatitisinthisfiftheditionwherewehavenoticed,ashasbeenpointed out several times, that this dialogue has definitelyreached a high level of depth, quality and focus. It is a naturalprocess obviously and as we move forward and grow and getto know each there is always a qualitative jump. The processstarted in 2005 and we have had Tribunes in 2006, 2007 and2008,alternatingbetweenIndiaandSpainashosts.Wehadagapin 2009 when the Tribune did not take place but I think it alsohas to be mentioned that 2009 was a truly landmark year andwedidnothavetheTribunebecause itwasfilled intheagendafor thefirst timewithreallyhigh levelvisits.For thefirst time,anIndianHeadofState,PresidentPratibhaPatil,madeanofficialvisit to Spain, and also the Crown Prince of Spain visited India,andthisqualitativechangedevelopsinparallelwiththepoliticaldialogueanddiplomaticefforts, so I think thatwealsohave toview the Tribune as having come of age because the relationsareintensifyinginallthefields. Itwasalsoveryimportantthatthe Spanish Minister for Science and Technology was here toinaugurate the Tribune, because in these fields we are reallymovingaheadanditisatthecoretolinkscienceandtechnology,business, universities and so many of the aspects which areprobablytheaxisofourrelationsatthemoment.

Ialsobelievethatweshouldstressthatwhenwereachamaturestage it also involvescertain responsibilities: the responsibilityto monitor, to take forward and to coordinate the content andagenda or a strategic action plan as we have mentioned here.I think it is very important that there should not be a gap.Starting next week, Casa Asia, Casa de la India and the ICWAmustsetuptheworkinggroupsandlookathowwecanimproveprogress so that, when we meet again two years after, we cansay:lookatwhatwehaveachievedwithmilestones,deliverables,objectives,publications,etc.Thesethingsareimportantandwehavetomeasureourdegreeofresponsibilityandwhenthereisa friendship and degree of maturity we have to have this kindof responsibility so that we can see how we evolve and growtogether.

The excellent relationship between Casa Asia and Casa de laIndia, along with the ICWA, and the Embassy of India is a signthatthespiritandattitudeexistandIhavetosayagainthattheculturalaffinityasabasebetweenthepeopleofIndiaandSpainwill make it happen. I would like to thank the wonderful IndiandelegationthathascometoSpain. Ithasreallybeenwonderfulto have spent with you this time here in Spain and I hope youhavethechancetoseeabitmoreofthecountry.AlsoIhavetothanktheentireteamofCasaAsiaandEvaBorreguerowhohasbeenthecoordinatorofallthis,andtheteamfromtheEmbassyofIndiaand,ofcourse,AmbassadorMehta.Thankyouverymuch.

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ManuElDElaCáMaRaDIRECTORGENERALOFCONTINENTALASIAATTHEMINISTRYOFECONOMICAFFAIRSANDCOOPERATION,GOVERNMENTOFSPAIN.

Thank you Ambassador and also Ambassador Mehta. I amrelievednottobethe last tospeakand, therefore,donothavethelastwordasitwouldhavebeenalittleabsurdafterallthathasbeensaidandheard.TheimportantthingtosayisthattheTribune has been well organised by Casa Asia, Casa de la IndiaandtheICWA.WehaveclearlyseenonceagainthatthedialoguebetweentwogreatdemocraticcountriessuchasSpainandIndiaisextraordinarilyenrichingandallowsustoaddresssubjects,attimescomplicatedanddifficult,inafrankandopenwaywhichiswhatbenefitsallofus.Thechoiceoftopicshasbeenaverygooddecision not only for the interest as regards relations betweensocieties but also with respect to relations between our twogovernments. I think that our collaboration as governments inthefieldofenergy,theknowledgesociety,economicchallenges,cooperationinsecurityandterrorismetc,isimportant.Wehavean enormous task to perform in this area. With respect to thelast session which was devoted to security matters, I believethat there is a great job to be done together between our twocountries.Inreferencetointernationalsecurity,thefightagainstterrorism(anevilwhichbothcountriessuffer),theproliferationof weapons of massive destruction, criminality or, for example,piracyonthehighseasinzoneswhichaffectallofus,wehavetomakeabigeffortandcollaborateandfosterdialogue.

IthinkthatitisatruismtosaythattherelationsbetweenSpainandIndiaarenotattheleveltheydeservetobeand,inallmodesty,IhavejustbeenappointedtothispostandIcanassureyouthat,as far as I am concerned, I will do everything I can to improvethat relationshipbothpoliticallyaswellaseconomicallyand inotherareas.ThevisitoftheIndianPresidentlastyearmarkedanextraordinarystepforwardandavisitbyourKingandQueento

Indiaisnowpending,Ihopeinthenearfuture.WeknowthattheQueenhasaspecialaffectiontowardsIndiaandweknowthatinafewdaysMadamMinisterGarmendiaisgoingtobethereandweshouldcontinueworkingalsoonother importantvisits inotherareassuchasinfrastructuresbytheMinistryofDevelopmentandtheHomeOffice inrelation toall that is involvedwith thefightagainst terrorism and organised crime. There are also plans intheareaofdefenceforvisitsbytheDefenceMinistersandHeadsof the General Staff. In the area of economic exchanges, Indiais one of the countries with the most dynamic economy in theworldandthisyearisgoingtohaveagrowthof8%ormoreand,asoftoday,theexchangesbetweenourcountriesarenotatthelevelthatourtwoeconomiesdeserve.LastyearSpanishexportsto Indiadidnot reach800millioneuros. Ihave justcomebackfromRussia,acountrywhere,despitehavingasmallereconomythanIndia,exportsarethreetimesgreater.Thefiguresspeakforthemselves both in exports as well as imports and investment.Thereisverymuchtobedone.

It is also important to underline the fact that a Free ExchangeAgreementtobesignedin2011betweenIndiaandtheUEisbeingnegotiated which will be an important element for extendingrelationsbetweenourcountries.

May Ifinishbycongratulating India in thenameof theSpanishGovernment for having been elected a permanent member ofthe United Nations Security Council, starting from 1st January,2011.WewishIndiaeverysuccess.Therehavebeensmall,logicaldiscrepancies in this matter because every country defendsits own interests but this decision will be important for themaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity.

ElEnaPISOnEROI would like to intervene briefly because certain people havebeen forgotten whom I wish to thank for their contribution. IhopethatthelistinfutureTribuneswillbeevenlonger.Iwanttothank theElcano Institute for theirparticipationwithFernandoReinaresandFedericoSteinberg,andtheMadridTownCouncilinthepersonofFernandoDelageforhavingplacedatourdisposaltheseinstallationswherewehavebeenholdingtheTribune.IalsowanttoremindyouthatthenextTribunewillbe inBarcelona. Ialsowishtothanktheteamoftranslators.

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aMBaSSaDORSuDhIRT.DEvaREDIRECTORGENERALOFTHEINDIANCOUNCILOFWORLDAFFAIRS(ICWA).

ThankyouSeñoraElena,distinguishedguestsandmembersofthedelegations.WearenowdrawingtothecloseoftheVTribuneandIcanassureyouitisnotgoingto be the last word. It is abig responsibility for me to speak at theendand dothedifficulttaskofsummingup.TheTribuneismeetingagainaftertwoyearsandin every respect it has been a very productive, substantive and useful exercise.Wewere fortunate tohavewithus in the inauguralsession, thepresenceof theHonourable Minister of Science and Innovation and that was a very significantsignal and message as to where our relationship has been going. She set thetoneforourdiscussionsandweweregreatlyimpressedbythefactthatshewillbevisitingDelhi in tendays´ timeand thatanSpain-IndiaCouncil Foundation isbeingsetup inDelhiwhichwill focusonscienceandtechnologyandnewareas,and the figures that were mentioned about the projects and the possibilities ofcooperation were greatly impressive. I think the commitment and interest thatwasdisplayedinthiskindofcooperationisdemonstrativeofthefactthatwearebothresolved tomove forward.Wearealsograteful thatsenior representativesfromtheMinistryofForeignAffairswerepresentwhoarealsosettingthedirectiontoourfriendship.Ourpartnershipisnotonlybetweentwogovernmentsbutalsobetweencivilsocietyandit isapublic-privatepartnershipwhichcanbeseenbythefactthatthePresidentoftheSpain-IndiaCouncilFoundationwaswithusandalsospoke.

Throughoutthelasttwodayswehaveseenthatthereisarecognitionthatthereisaclearknowledgedeficitbetweenus,agap.Ontheotherhand,thereisacleardeterminationand interest tobridgethatgapbecausebothusfullybelievethatwecannotaffordtokeepthisgapinexistenceandwemustmakeeffortstobridgethisgapand,therefore,alleffortsneedtobedoneatalllevels.Andthisisoneverylaudableeffortinthatdirection.

We chose for this Tribune four specific topics: energy, knowledge, finance andglobalgovernanceandsecuritycooperation.AsmentionedbySeñorSanz,topicslikefilm,musicand literaturewerenot introducedthistime.All thesetopicsareveryrelevantandimportantincontemporarytermsandverynecessaryformoving

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our relationship forward.Unlessyoudiscuss these issuesyoucannotclearyourmisunderstandingsortheknowledgegapand,therefore,itisimportantthatwesitacrossthetableandaddresstheseissuesintheirtotality.Ithinkthisiswhatwasaimedandinthelasttwodaysithasbeensubstantiallyaddressedinthatform.Ontheverykeyissueofenergy, Ithinkthewholegamutofsubjectswasdiscussed:principallythequestionofenergysecurityandwhatIndiaisdoinginthisfield,theintegrallinkagebetweenenergysecurityandclimatechangeandthewholerangeofaspectsconnectedwithenergy,theenergyintensityandhowweareaimingtoreduceit,atthesametimeaswearetryingtoincreaseenergyefficiencyateverylevelbecauseourproductivecapacitymaynot increaseat thesameextent, thequestionoftransmissionlossesandthesubjectofruralelectrificationandsoon.Wehavegot toknowagreatdealaboutwhatSpainhasachieved in thefieldofenergy.Ididnotknowyouhadsuchanimpressiveenergymix.Youhavebroughtdownthepercentageofhydrocarbonconsumption.Youaredoingsomuchworkin the area of renewable energy and you are leaders in solar energy. These arethe very areas in which India is deeply interested and Ambassador Saran veryeloquentlygaveyouinhisbriefinganideaaboutwhatIndiaisdoinginthisfield.Thereisatremendouspossibilityforsynergyintheareaofenergyandwherewemustworktogether.Therewastalkaboutajointstudyandaworkinggroupandwe can prepare, perhaps jointly, papers or subjects that can be done under theauspicesofthisnewfoundationwhichisbeingsetupinIndiaandIamsuretherewillbeequalinterestonbothsidesinmovingthisdialogueonenergyforward.

Educationandtheknowledgesociety:anotherkeyandverycrucialareaforbothofus.Ithinkitisatruismthatintoday sworldyoucannotmakeprogressunlessyouareaufaitandmovingforwardinthesectorofknowledgewhichisexpandingby the day. In India we are deeply committed to the expansion of knowledge asis the society in Spain. Therefore, we are very interested in moving forward oneducation reforms and India is committed to this. We also found there is greatinterestinSpaintodeveloplinkageswithIndianuniversitiesandyesterdaymanyViceChancellors told us that theyhave,on theirown,madeefforts to establishcontactsbetweenIndianuniversitiesandifthereisalackofmechanismstobringthese institutions and educational centres together we owe it to try to resolvethis problem. Ideas such as an Educational Fair was discussed and the topic ofIndian Studies was mentioned which is a vital subject because we will feel veryhappy if India is studied in Spain in greater detail across the board, not just inethnologyandhistoryandsoonbutcontemporary India. Iwasdelighted toseethisbookwhichhasbeenbroughtout:IndianStudiesinSpainistheproceedingsofaseminarwhichwasheldafewmonthsagoandIwouldliketocomplementourAmbassadorandhercolleaguesaswellasCasadela IndiaonthesplendidworktheyhavedoneandIthinkitisthebeginningofabigproject.Iwouldalsoliketomentiononeareawhichwasnotfullydiscussedyesterdayforwantoftimewhichisskillsdevelopment.ThisisahugeareainIndiabecauseunlesswemakeourpeoplefullyawareandtheircapacitiesarebuiltupIndiacannotmoveandthatisequallytrueforacountrylikeSpain.So,wecanalsoworkintheareaofskillsdevelopment.

The third area which was discussed this morning was finance and governanceand how the financial crisis has hit both Spain and India. The understandingof the implications of this crisis is very important before we can think in termsof cooperation. There is a degree of similarity between the Indian and Spanishbanking systems as was mentioned by the Spanish economist this morning.Doctor Acharaya told us what India is really engaged in with several steps bothdomestically as well as in multilateral Forums like the G-20 to overcome thisproblem. If we have to see the impact of the financial crisis on our bilateralcooperation, trade, investments and joint ventures, etc., the word which we willtakebackwithusis"infrastructure"andtheprogresswhichSpainhasmadewhere7oftheworld stoptencompaniesininfrastructuresareSpanish.Thisisimportant

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because India is in dire need of infrastructure development and we look for averyactiveandmeaningfulcooperation in thefieldof infrastructurewithSpain.Whatevertheimpactofthefinancialcrisisisweshouldtrytomoveinthisareainaverysubstantialmanner.

The fourth area of discussion was terrorism and security cooperation. We haveboth been victims of terrorism and as was brought out both are tackling thisproblemwithintherulesoflaw,inademocraticmanner,whichisverysignificant.Thereisalotofcooperationwhichispossibleandifthereareanydifficultiesitisbecausewestilldonotknoweachothersufficiently.InIndiathisisaverytouchyandsensitiveissueandithasimplicationsfortheentirefabricofIndiaaswillbewellunderstoodbythepeopleinSpain.

IamgratifiedtolearnthattherewillbeajointpublicationandImustthankSeñoraElenaforagreeingtothisbecauseIthinkthatanexerciseofthiskindshouldnotbejustoneshortaffair.Weshouldtrytoputdownallthepapersanddiscussionsthatwereconductedhereandthattheproceedingscanbebroughtoutintheformofabookinthecomingmonths.

ThisTribuneshouldbetheharbingerforfurtherdiscussionsandIam,therefore,gratefulthatwehavereceivedsuchextensivesupportfromCasaAsia.ItwaslastAprilorMaywhenadelegationhadcomefromMadridandwewerereallyhappytowelcomeSeñoraElena,Mr.Sanz,EvaandGuillermoinIndiaand,asaresultofthat,proceedingsherehavebeensmoother.Imustthankyouforallthesupportandallthehelpyouhavegivenusandthewarmhospitalityyouhaveextendedtousandtoourdelegationoverthelasttwodaysandthespiritwhichisakindofculturalaffinitydiscerniblebyusinthelasttwodaysateverystage.Weareverygratefulforallthat.

I must thank my former colleague with whom I have worked for many yearstogether, Ambassador Mehta, for her tireless efforts in making this Tribune asuccess.AlmostayearagoshecalledmeandsaidthatwewerehavingthisTribuneand I had no notion what it was and how it was going to be held and when shementioned the dimension of this Tribune I was frankly intimidated. She said itwould be a huge gathering and it was going to be in Barcelona and Madrid andsoonbutitwashervisionabouthowtheTribuneshouldgoforward,whattopicsweshoulddiscuss,howweshouldenlargethescopeofourdialogueand,besidethat,hersustainedhardworkfornearlyayearthathasmadethisTribunepossible.Besides her, all our colleagues in theEmbassyhavebeenworkingovertimeandImustpaymyfullcomplementstoallofthem.IhadabriefintroductiontoCasade la India when you came to India last year and the very important work thatyou are doing. It is the underpinning of culturewhich is very important for anyrelationship,soIwouldliketocongratulateyouonalltheworkthatyouhavedoneandwilldointhefuture.

Lastbutnot least, Imustthankmyowncolleagueswhoareverybusypeople inIndiaandImustthankthemforsparingtheirtimeandjoiningushereinMadridforthisTribune.Thankyouonceagainand,beforeIconclude, letmeagaincordiallyinviteyouMadamAmbassador,CasadelaIndia,Mr.SanzandmembersofCasaAsiaandallourSpanish friendswhohavealsocome insuch largenumbersandwhohavesparedtheirveryvaluabletimetobewithusforthelasttwodays,tocometoIndia,toseethenewIndiaandtoseehowtheIndia-Spainrelationshipcanreallysurgeaheadinthemanyareasofourmutualinterest.Thankyouonceagain.

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prOfilES

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aMBaSSaDORSuDhIRT.DEvaREAmbassador Sudhir T Devare is presently the Director Generalof the Indian Council of World Affairs. He is a retired careerdiplomat. He joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1964. Hisdiplomatic assignments include serving in Moscow, andWashingtonaswellasthefirst IndianAmbassadortothenewlyindependent Republics of Ukraine, Armenia and Georgia and toseveralmultilateralforaincludingtheWTO.

Ambassador Devare led Indian delegations to several regionalinstitutions includingASEAN,ASEANRegionalForum(ARF);G-77(Group of Developing Countries in United Nations in New York);IndianOceanRim-AssociationforRegionalCooperation(IOR-ARC);BIMSTEC etc. As Secretary (Secretary of State) in the ForeignOffice, he was closely associated with India’s ‘Look East’ policyinitiativewiththeAsiaPacific.HehasalsoservedasaMemberofIndia’sNationalSecurityAdvisoryBoardfrom2001-2003.HehaswrittenvariousbooksandarticlesonIndia srelationswithEastandSouthEastAsia.

DR.ShankaRaChaRyaDr.ShankarAcharya,isoneofIndia sleadingpolicyeconomists.He is currently a Member of the Board of Governors and anHonorary Professor at the Indian Council for Research onInternationalEconomicRelations(ICRIER).Dr.AcharyaisalsotheNon-Executive Part-time Chairman of the Board of Directors oftheKotakMahindraBank.

Dr.AcharyaisagraduatefromOxfordUniversityandholdsaPh.D from Harvard University. He has worked with the World Bankin various capacities since 1971 and is a consultant to severalinternational organizations. As Chief Economic Adviser to theGovernmentofIndia(1993-2001),Dr.AcharyawascloselyinvolvedinIndia’seconomicreformprocess.HealsoservedasaMemberofSecuritiesandExchangeBoardofIndia(SEBI)andoftheEXIMBankofIndia,aMemberoftheEconomicAdvisoryCounciltothePrimeMinister(2001-2003)andtheTwelfthFinanceCommission(2004).Dr.Acharyaalsoservesonthegoverningboardsofothernational research organizations and various advisory bodiesof Government. Dr. Acharya has authored numerous scholarlypapers and several books. He writes regularly in the BusinessStandardnewspaper.

DR.naREnDRaJaDhavDr.NarendraJadhavisaleadingeducationist,eminenteconomist,policy maker and well-known social scientist. He is a Memberof the Planning Commission, in the rank and status of Ministerof State and of the National Advisory Council. As a member ofthe Planning Commission, Dr. Jadhav’s sectoral responsibilitiesincludeEducation,Labour,EmploymentandSkillBuilding,Sports&YouthAffairs,andSocialJustice&Empowerment.HehasservedtheReserveBankofIndia(CentralBank)for31years,andretiredas itsChiefEconomist.Hehasalsobeen theViceChancelloroftheUniversityofPune.Prof.JadhavhasalsoservedasEconomicAdviser to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as well as inEthiopiaandrecentlyinAfghanistan.

Dr. Narendra Jadhav holds a Ph. D in Economics from IndianaUniversity, USA. He has written 11 books and more than 100researchpapersinnationalandinternationaljournals.

lIEuTEnanTGEnERalSaTIShnaMBIaRLieutenantGeneral (retd)SatishNambiar is the formerdirectorof United Services Institution, India. He was commissioned intothe IndianArmy inDecember 1957.AsaGeneralOfficer,hehascommandedimportantbattalionsoftheIndianArmy.LieutenantGeneral Nambiar’s operational assignments include counter-insurgency operations and active combat service in 1965 and1971.

LieutenantGeneralNambiar served in the Indian Army Trainingteam in Iraq from 1977-1979 and also served as the MilitaryAdviserintheHighCommissionofIndiainLondonfromDecember1983 to 1987. He has also served as the first Force CommanderandHeadofMissionofUNPROFOR,theUnitedNationsProtectionForce intheformerYugoslavia, fromMarch 1992-93. In2002-03heservedasanadvisertotheGovernmentofSriLankaonpeacekeepingmatters.

Lieutenant General Nambiar is a recipient of several awards fordistinguishedservice.In2009hewasawardedthePadmaBhushan,the thirdhighestcivilianawardgivenby theGovernmentof Indiafor his sustained efforts in the study and analysis of NationalSecurityAffairs.

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aMBaSSaDORJayanTPRaSaDAmbassador Jayant Prasad is currently the Special Secretary(SecretaryofState),PublicDiplomacyintheMinistryofExternalAffairs,GovernmentofIndia.HeisacareerdiplomatwhojoinedtheIndianForeignServicein1976.

Ambassador Jayant Prasad has served as India’s Ambassadorin Afghanistan, Permanent Representative to the ConferenceonDisarmament,Geneva,andAmbassador inAlgeria.HisotherdiplomaticassignmentstookhimtoBrussels,GenevaandParis.

AmbassadorJayantPrasadwasamemberoftheU.N.Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, a Fellowat the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, HarvardUniversity(1998-99),andRapporteuroftheU.N.CommissiononHumanRights,Geneva.

aMBaSSaDORShyaMSaRanAmbassador Shyam Saran is presently an independent directorofWiproTechnologies.FromOctober2006onwards,AmbassadorSaranservedas theSpecialEnvoyof thePrimeMinisterontheIndia-USNuclearDealandasSpecialEnvoyofthePrimeMinisterforClimateChangeIssues.

Ambassador Saran joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1970and retired as the Foreign Secretary. He has served as India’sAmbassador to Nepal, Indonesia and High Commissioner toMauritius. He has also served in Indian Missions in Tokyo andBeijing and as Joint Secretary (Director General) in the PrimeMinister’s Office. He has also participated as Fellow in UnitedNations Disarmament Programme in Geneva, Vienna and NewYork.

Ambassador Saran holds a Post Graduate degree in EconomicsandisproficientinEnglish,ChineseandFrench.

RaFaElaRGullOlMuRGaDaSNarrator, poet and essayist. He is professor in Aestheticsand Theory of the Arts at the University of Pompeu FabraFacultyofHumanities.He is theauthorof25books indifferentliterary fields. He studied philosophy, medicine, economicsand informationscienceat theUniversityofBarcelonaandhasundertaken courses at the University of Rome, the WarburgInstitute inLondonandtheFreeUniversityofBerlin.Hegothisdoctoralinphilosophyin1979inhiscityofbirth.Asaprofessorhe has lectured in European and American universities and hehas given conferences in Europe, America and Asia. A frequentcontributor to newspapers and magazines, he has often linkedhis outlook as a traveller with his literary aesthetics. He hastakenpartindifferenttheatreandcinemaprojects.HewontheNadalAwardforhisnovelLarazóndelmal(1993)andtheEssayAward from Fondo de Cultura Económica with Una educaciónsensorial(2002).

anTOnIOESCáMEzTORRESMember of the Board and of the Executive Committee ofSantanderBank.AlsomemberoftheRisk,ALCO,TechnologyandInternationalCommittees.Hispastmanagementresponsibilitiesincluded International, Treasury and Investment BankingOperations.ChairmanofOPENBANK(internetbankingarmoftheGroup), SANTANDER CONSUMER FINANCE (consumer finance unitof the Group), ARENA Media Communications and FUNDACIÓNBANCO SANTANDER. Vice-Chairman AttijariWafa Bank and GrupoKonectanet.HeholdsalawdegreefromUniversidadComplutenseofMadrid.PresidentoftheSpain-IndiaCouncilFoundationsinceitsconstitutionin2009.

GOnzalOESCRIBanODr. Gonzalo Escribano is a Full Professor of the Department ofAppliedEconomicsoftheUNED(NationalUniversityforDistanceLearning). He has a Ph.D. in Economics from the UniversidadComplutense of Madrid where he wrote his doctoral thesis"Trade and Exchange Rate Policies in Morocco since 1960".He was Former Vice-Dean in charge of economic research,Professorof InternationalEconomicsand InternationalPoliticalEconomyinseveralpostgraduateprogrammesinSpain,Mexico,Germany,U.S.A.,TurkeyandBoliviaandMemberof theWorkingGroup on Energy at the Real Instituto Elcano de EstudiosInternacionales y Estratégicos. He is a member of severalEuromediterraneannetworks, liketheFEMISEnetwork,financedbytheEUCommission,theEMMAnetwork(financedbytheFrenchCNRS)andtheIEPN(financedbytheFiedrichEbertFoundation).He is also a member of the Research Group on InternationalPolitical Economy and Energy (UNED). Dr. Escribanohas published almost hundred articles and pieces ofresearch on the political economy of the Mediterraneanand the Arab World, and on the energy policiesoftheEuropeanUnion.

SanTIaGOFERnánDEzDElISSantiagoFernándezdeLisiscurrentlyDirectoroftheInternationalDepartment at Analistas Financieros Internacionales (AFI), aprofessional services consultancy in Spain. He has a degreein Economics from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, andwasaprofessorat theUniversidadCarlos III ofMadrid.Hewaspart of the Research Services Department at the Madrid stockexchange from 1983 to 1986. Then he went on to join the Bankof Spain, where he held several management positions in theResearch Department, including Head of the Monetary andFinancial Division, Director of the International Departmentfrom2001 to2007.From1998to2000heworked in theBasileaBank for International Settlements (BIS) as Senior Economistin the Committee of the Global Financial System (CGFS) whichdeals with matters regarding international financial stability.He has published various studies and papers on financialstability, development of financial systems, monetary policies,internationaleconomicsandcentralbanking.

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luISFElIPEFERnánDEzDElaPEña1976:DegreeinPoliticalScience,ComplutenseUniversity,Madrid.1976-1979: Diploma in International Studies from the DiplomaticSchool. 1979: Enters the Spanish Diplomatic Service. 1979-1981:DirectorofConsularAction,ConsularDepartmentoftheMinistryof Foreign Affairs. 1981-1985: First Secretary at the Embassy ofSpain in the Federal Republic of Germany. 1985-1986: AssistantDirectoroftheOfficeoftheGeneralSecretaryforForeignPolicy.1986-1991: Director of the Office of the General Secretary forForeignPolicy.Duringthistimehetookpartinthenegotiationsfor the entry of Spain into the Western European Union and inthe launching of the project for a Conference for Cooperationand Security in the Mediterranean. 1991-1993: Deputy PolicyDirector. During this time he was in charge of the EuropeanPolicy Cooperation, and participated in the negotiations ofthe Maastricht Treaty (CFSP Chapter). He was also the head ofthe Spanish delegation to the Committee of Senior Officialsin the Conference for Cooperation and Security in Europe.1993-1998: Ambassador of Spain to the Republic of Croatia. InNovember 1995 he took part, as representative of the SpanishPresidency of the EU, in the negotiations of the Dayton PeaceAccords. 1998-2002: Ambassador of Spain to the Republic ofSlovenia.2003-2004:Ambassadoratlarge,GeneralDirectionforTerrorism International Affairs, United Nations and MultilateralOrganizationsoftheMinistryofForeignAffairsandCooperation.2004: Ambassador of Spain to the Republic of Turkey.2005: Ambassador of Spain to the Republic of Azerbaijan.2008:DirectorGeneralofExternalPoliciesforEuropeandNorthAmerica.2010:DirectorGeneralforNorthAmerica,AsiaandthePacificRegion,MinistryofExternalAffairsandCooperation.

CRISTInaGaRMEnDIaMEnDIzáBalShe isBiologicalSciencegraduate,specialising inGenetics.Herthesis:"Studyofmethanogenbacterias"receivedanoutstandingqualification.ShewasawardedherDoctorateinMolecularBiologyatthelaboratoryofDoctorMargaritaSalas,CentreofMolecularBiology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) from the University Autónomain Madrid in 1989. She has held important positions in severalcompanies related to biomedicine since 2000 and has been amember of the councils of numerous entities and universities.Amongst other important positions that she currently holds:sheisMemberoftheAdvisoryCommitteeonExternalScienceoftheAragonInstituteofHealthSciencessince2008andmemberoftheAdvisoryCounciloftheUniversityAntoniodeLebrija.Onthe 12th of April 2008 she was named Minister of Science andInnovationoftheGovernmentofSpain.

SanTIaGOIñIGuEzDEOzOñOHe studied at Madrid’s Complutense University and OxfordUniversity,UK.IñiguezdeOnzoñoisaDoctorofLawandholdsanMBA from IEBusinessSchool.Hehasworkedasamanagementconsultant and has played an active role in the field of qualitycontrol and development of management education in Europe.He is member of GFME (Global Foundation for ManagementEducation), the Board of EFMD (European Foundation forManagement Development), the International Advisory Boardof AMBA (Association of MBAs, UK), and the Awarding Body ofEQUIS(EuropeanQualitySystem).HealsoservesontheboardsofCENTRUM(UniversidadCatólica,Perú),UniversityPutraMalaysiaBusinessSchoolandAntaiBusinessSchool(JiaoTongUniversity,China). He has been portrayed by the Financial Times as "oneof themost significantfigures inpromotingEuropeanbusinessschoolsinternationally". IniguezisalsoPresidentoftheIEFundintheUSandservesontheboardsofdifferentcompaniesbasedinSpain.Asexpertinmanagementeducation,Iñiguezisaregularspeakeratinternationalconferencesandfrequentlycontributesindifferentacademicjournalsandmediaonthissubject.Iñiguezis Professor of Strategic Management at IE Business School.Hehaspublishedseveral articlesandcase studiesonbusinessmanagement.Heisalsoauthorandco-authorofseveralarticlesandbooksinthefieldofmoralandpoliticalphilosophy.

ElEnaPISOnERORuIzElena Pisonero Ruiz graduated in Economical Science from theUniversidadAutónomaofMadrid.SheistheformerAmbassadorof Spain in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment and she was decorated with the Great Cross ofIsabellatheCatholic.ShealsoispartnerofKPMGinSpainbeingresponsible forstrategies;councillorandvice-president for theexpertgroupoftheEconomicalandSocialCommunityCouncilofMadrid,generaldirectorofCajaMadrid,memberoftheScientificBoard of the Real Instituto (Royal Institute) Elcano, presidentof the Tribuna España-India (India-Spain Dialogue Forum) since2008, member of the board of directors of the Instituto deEstudiosEconómicos (Institute of Economical Studies),memberofIWF(InternationalWomenForum),vice-presidentoftheMadridCouncil and member of the National Board of Directors of AED,member of the Advisory Board of the magazine CAPITAL andmember of the board of the Fundación Agencia Estatal de laViviendaTurística(StateAgencyofTouristHousingFoundation).

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FERnanDOREInaRESFernandoReinaresisProfessorofPoliticalScienceandSecurityStudies at Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (King Juan CarlosUniversity) of Madrid and Senior Analyst on InternationalTerrorism at the Real Instituto Elcano (Elcano Royal Institute).He also teaches postgraduate courses on terrorism andcounterterrorism at the General Gutiérrez Mellado UniversityInstitute, the Ortega y Gasset University Institute and theInstituto de Empresa. He regularly gives courses and seminarsintheTrainingandImprovementDivisionoftheSpanishNationalPolice Force, at the Officer’s Academy of the Guardia Civil(Spanish Civil Guard) and at the Centro de Estudios SuperioresdelaDefensaNacional(theSpanishCentreforFurtherResearchonNationalDefence).MemberoftheCouncilonGlobalTerrorismand of the academic committee of the Queen Sofía Centerfor the Studyof Violence. He is a consultant for theCenter forGlobal Counter Terrorism Cooperation in New York and theBangladeshCenterforTerrorismResearchinDhaka.HebelongstotheUnitedNationsrosterofexpertsonterrorismpreventionandtotheterrorismstudiesprogrammeboardattheUniversityof St. Andrews. He is the director of studies of the PermanentSeminaronTerrorismStudiesattheOrtegayGassetFoundation.He is theauthorof a largenumberof articlesandchaptersonterrorismandcounterterrorism,whichhavebeenpublishedinsixlanguages.

JOSéEuGEnIOSalaRIChFERnánDEzDEvalDERRaMaBachelor of Law, Diploma in International Studies from theDiplomatic School. He has held numerous posts as a Spanishdiplomatstationed inplacessuchas: theSpanishEmbassiesofCameroon, the United Nations (New York) and the Vatican. InMadrid he has held positions in the Ministry of Foreign Affairsand Cooperation, as Director of Development Bodies, Directorof External Services Programmes and Deputy Director Generalof Policies and Security. Ambassador of Spain to Mozambique,accredited to Swaziland and Ambassador to the Kingdom ofThailand,accreditedtoBurma, theDemocraticRepublicofLaosandCambodia.DirectorGeneralofForeignPolicyforAsiaandthePacificRegionfrom2004to2010.PresidentoftheAdministrativeBoard of the National Council of International Exhibitions from2009untilitsmergerwiththenewSEAC.Currently,heis:DirectorGeneralforInternationalEconomicRelationsandEnergyAffairsofthe Ministry of External Affairs and Cooperation since 2010.Presidentof theExecutiveCommission for theCommemorationoftheVIIICenturyoftheUniversityofSalamancasinceFebruary2010.GeneralSecretaryoftheCouncilFoundationsSpain-Japan,Spain-China, Spain-India and Spain-Australia. Counsellor of theCESCE.CounselloroftheLeadingBrandsofSpainForum.Memberof the Advisory Board for the Spanish Agency for InternationalCooperation and Development. Member of the ExecutiveCommittee for the Micro credits Concession Fund. Member ofthe Advisory and Financial Boards of CasaAsia, Member of theAdvisory Boards of Casa Árabe and Casa África. Full memberof the Internationalisation Observatory. Representative of theSpanishGovernmentbeforetheBIE.

JaIMESEGaRRaCulIllaJaime Segarra holds a Doctor Industrial Engineer Degree fromBarcelona Politechnic University since 1965. He has publishedbooks and articles on basic mathematics, physics and topicsrelated with Fossil and Nuclear Power Plants in Spanishand international magazines. He is a registered engineer inMadrid’s Professional Association. In January 1992, he wasappointedManagerNuclearPowerforSpain, inparallelwithhisresponsibilities as Marketing Director for GENUSA. In October1998 he was appointed Region Executive of Nuclear Energy forEurope,positionthathehelduntilretirementJune30,2006.

He is a member of the Spanish Nuclear Society (SNE) since itsfoundation, Member of the Boards of SNE, the Association ofIndustrial Engineers of Madrid and the Spanish Forum of theNuclear Industry (FINE) during the maximum period allowedby their charters. In October 2006 he was awarded SNE s goldmedal. He is Chairman of the Energy Committee and memberof the Environment Committee of the Madrid Association ofIndustrialEngineers.HeactsalsoasAdvisortotheChairwomanoftheSpanishForumoftheNuclearIndustry.

FEDERICOSTEInBERGFederico Steinberg is the head researcher of Economy andInternationalBusinessattheRealInstitutoElcano(RoyalElcanoInstitute) and a professor in the Department for EconomicAnalysisoftheUniversidadAutónomadeMadrid.HeisaDoctorofEconomicsfromtheUniversidadAutónomadeMadrid,Masterin International Economic Policy from the London School ofEconomics and Master in International Relations from theUniversityofColumbia(NewYork),withagrantfundedbytheLaCaixaFoundation.Hisfieldsofresearchincludeeconomicpoliciesfor international business and for World Trade Organisationnegotiations,internationalfinancialgovernance,thenewenergygeopolitics and the rise of emerging powers and their impacton global economic governance. He has participated in severalresearch projects funded by the European Science Foundation,the World Bank, the United Nations, the Spanish Ministry forForeignAffairsandCooperation,theCarolinaFoundationandtheAutonomousRegionofMadrid.Heistheauthorofseveralbooksand book chapters, and has published articles in both Spanishandinternationalspecialisedpublications.

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JavIERzaRaGOzaThePublicProsecutorhaslinkedtheEuropeanLegalNetworkforissuesrelatingtoorganisedcrimeresultingfromnarcotraffickingand money laundering since 1999, and of the iberRed (theIbero-American Legal Network) since December 2004. He is amember of the Spanish Drugs Commission and voting memberoftheCommissionforthePreventionofMoneyLaunderingandMonetary Infringement and of the High Council of the FightAgainst Money Laundering. He is an international consultantfortheOAS(OrganisationofAmericanStates), theCICAD(Inter-AmericanDrugAbuseControlCommission)andfortheIDB(Inter-American Development Bank). He graduated in law in 1977. InOctober1981hebecameanAttorneyGeneral,wherehepractisedin the Azpeitia-Zarauz-Tolosa-Villafranca de Ordizia Group(Guipúzcoa)untiloctober1982.BetweenOctober1982andaugust1987hewasactingAssistantProsecutorfortheProvincialCourtin San Sebastian, where he also practised as a District CourtJudgeforMinors.FromSeptember1987toJuly1988hewastheProsecutorfortheDistrictofMadrid.InJuly1988,hewasnamedAssistant Prosecutor for the Special Anti-Drugs Commission.In April 2005 he was named Head of the Commission. He haslectured at the Institute of Criminology in the Basque Country(1985-1986). He has been a voting member on four civil serviceexamination boards for legal and fiscal carreers. He has alsobeen decorated with the Order of Saint Raimundo de PeñafortDistinguished Cross Second Class and First Class. In April 1992,he was awarded the Cross of Police Merit with a Red Star. InDecember 1996, he received the Gold Medal from the NationalDrugsPlan,ananti-drugsfiscalcollective.En2000,theErgueteAssociation Against Drugs gave him the National SolidarityAward.InJanuary2004,hereceivedtheOrderofSaintRaimundodePeñafortCrossofHonour

parallElaCTiviTiES

WEDNESDAY,OCTOBER13TH,2010opEnIng of thE EXhIbItIon "KEraLa-bEngaLa: mIradas CruZadas" bY subhraJIt basu "navarasa" musIC and danCE shoW bY ravId prasad and mónICa dE La fuEntE

THURSDAY,OCTOBER14TH,2010LunCh at thE IE (InstItuto dE EmprEsa)

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Kerala-Bengala: Miradas cruzadas by Subhrajit BasuOpeningofthephotograficexhibitionattheMuseodeAntropologíadeMadrid.Wednesday,October13th2010,19:00pm

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Wednesday 14th and Thursday 15th, October, 2010

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Navarasa by Ravid Prasad and Mónica de la FuenteMusicanddanceattheMuseoNacionaldeAntropologíaofMadrid.Wednesday,October13th2010,19:30pm

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Lunch at the IE (Instituto de Empresa)Thursday,October14th2010,13:00pm

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