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Republic of IndiaBhārat Gaṇarājya

Flag Emblem

Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)"Truth Alone Triumphs"

Anthem: Jana Gana Mana"Thou art the rulers of the minds of all people" [3]

National song:Vande Mataram

"I Bow to Thee, Mother" [3]

Area controlled by India shown in dark green;claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green.

Capital New Delhi28°36.8′N 77°12.5′E

IndiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the Republic of India. For other uses, see India (disambiguation).

India ( i/ˈɪndiә/), officially the Republic of India(Bhārat Gaṇarājya),[13][c] is a country in South Asia. It isthe seventh­largest country by area, the second­mostpopulous country with over 1.2 billion people, and themost populous democracy in the world. Bounded by theIndian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south­west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south­east, it sharesland borders with Pakistan to the west;[d] China, Nepal,and Bhutan to the north­east; and Burma (Myanmar) andBangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is inthe vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition,India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritimeborder with Thailand and Indonesia.

Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and aregion of historic trade routes and vast empires, theIndian subcontinent was identified with its commercialand cultural wealth for much of its long history.[14] Fourreligions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism and theAbrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islamarrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shapethe region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by andbrought under the administration of the British East IndiaCompany from the early 18th century and administereddirectly by the United Kingdom after the IndianRebellion of 1857, India became an independent nationin 1947 after a struggle for independence that wasmarked by non­violent resistance led by MahatmaGandhi.

The Indian economy is the world's seventh­largest bynominal GDP and third­largest by purchasing powerparity (PPP).[10] Following market­based economicreforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest­growingmajor economies; it is considered a newly industrialisedcountry. However, it continues to face the challenges ofpoverty, corruption, malnutrition, inadequate publichealthcare, and terrorism. A nuclear weapons state and aregional power, it has the third­largest standing army in

[1]

[2]

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[a][1]

Coordinates: 21°N 78°E

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Largest city Mumbai

Official languagesHindi in theDevanagari script isthe official languageof the Union. Englishis an additionalofficial language forgovernmentwork.[1][4]

Recognisedregional languages Assamese

BengaliBodoDogriGujaratiHindiKannadaKashmiriKonkaniMaithiliMalayalamManipuriMarathiNepaliOdiaPunjabiSanskritSantaliSindhiTamilTeluguUrdu[5]

National language None

Demonym Indian

Government Federal parliamentaryconstitutional republic[1]

­ President Pranab Mukherjee ­ Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansari ­ Prime Minister Narendra Modi ­ Chief Justice H. L. Dattu[6] ­ Speaker of theHouse

Sumitra Mahajan

Legislature Parliament of India ­ Upper house Rajya Sabha ­ Lower house Lok Sabha

Independence from the United Kingdom ­ Dominion 15 August 1947 ­ Republic 26 January 1950

the world and ranks ninth in military expenditure amongnations. India is a federal constitutional republicgoverned under a parliamentary system consisting of 29states and 7 union territories. India is a pluralistic,multilingual, and a multi­ethnic society. It is also hometo a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.

Contents

1 Etymology2 History

2.1 Ancient India2.2 Medieval India2.3 Early modern India2.4 Modern India

3 Geography4 Biodiversity5 Politics

5.1 Government5.2 Subdivisions

6 Foreign relations and military7 Economy8 Demographics9 Culture

9.1 Art and architecture9.2 Literature9.3 Performing arts9.4 Motion pictures, television9.5 Society9.6 Clothing9.7 Sports

10 See also11 Notes12 References13 Bibliography14 External links

Etymology

Main article: Names of India

The name India is derived from Indus, which originatesfrom the Old Persian word Hinduš. The latter term stemsfrom the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical

Hindi · English

8th Schedule

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Area ­ Total 3,287,590[7] km2[b] (7th)

1,269,346 sq mi ­ Water (%) 9.6

Population ­ 2015 estimate 1,276.267 Million[8] (2nd) ­ 2011 census 1,210,193,422[9] (2nd) ­ Density 384.0/km2 (31st)

994.6/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2015 estimate ­ Total $7.997 trillion[10] (3rd) ­ Per capita $6,266[10] (124th)

GDP (nominal) 2015 estimate ­ Total $2.308 trillion[10] (7th) ­ Per capita $1,808[10] (141st)

Gini (2010) 33.9[11]medium · 79th

HDI (2013) 0.586[12]medium · 135th

Currency Indian rupee (₹) (INR)

Time zone IST (UTC+05:30) ­ Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+05:30)

Date format dd­mm­yyyy (CE)

Drives on the left

Calling code +91

ISO 3166 code IN

Internet TLD .in

.ভাৰত

.ভারত

.ભારત

.भारत

.ਭਾਰਤ

.இ㐳ㄷதியா

.˸ὧరတ.بهارت

local appellation for the Indus River.[15] The ancientGreeks referred to the Indians as Indoi (Ινδοί), whichtranslates as "the people of the Indus".[16]

The geographical term Bharat (pronounced [ˈbʱaːrәt]),which is recognised by the Constitution of India as anofficial name for the country,[17] is used by many Indianlanguages in its variations. The eponym of Bharat isBharata, a theological figure that Hindu scripturesdescribe as a legendary emperor of ancient India.

Hindustan ([ɦɪndʊˈstaːn]) was originally a Persian wordthat meant "Land of the Hindus"; prior to 1947, itreferred to a region that encompassed northern India andPakistan. It is occasionally used to solely denote India inits entirety.[18][19]

History

Main articles: History of India and History of theRepublic of India

Ancient India

The earliest authenticated human remains in South Asiadate to about 30,000 years ago.[20] Nearlycontemporaneous Mesolithic rock art sites have beenfound in many parts of the Indian subcontinent, includingat the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh.[21]Around 7000 BCE, the first known Neolithic settlementsappeared on the subcontinent in Mehrgarh and other sitesin western Pakistan.[22] These gradually developed intothe Indus Valley Civilisation,[23] the first urban culture inSouth Asia;[24] it flourished during 2500–1900 BCE inPakistan and western India along the river valleys ofIndus and Sarasvati.[25] Centred on cities such asMohenjo­daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Kalibangan, andrelying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilisationengaged robustly in crafts production and wide­rangingtrade.[24]

During the period 2000–500 BCE, in terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned fromthe Chalcolithic to the Iron Age.[26] The Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism,[27] were composedduring this period,[28] and historians have analysed these to posit a Vedic culture in the Punjab region andthe upper Gangetic Plain.[26] Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several waves

other TLDs

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Map of the Indian subcontinentduring the Vedic period.

Paintings at the Ajanta Cavesin Aurangabad, Maharashtra,6th century

of Indo­Aryan migration into the subcontinent.[29][27] The caste system arose during this period, whichcreated a hierarchy of priests, warriors, free peasants and traders, and lastly the indigenous peoples whowere regarded as impure; and small tribal units gradually coalesced into monarchical, state­levelpolities.[30][31] On the Deccan Plateau, archaeological evidence from this period suggests the existence of achiefdom stage of political organisation.[26] In southern India, aprogression to sedentary life is indicated by the large number ofmegalithic monuments dating from this period,[32] as well as by nearbytraces of agriculture, irrigation tanks, and craft traditions.[32]

In the late Vedic period, around the 6thcentury BCE, the small states andchiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and thenorth­western regions had consolidatedinto 16 major oligarchies andmonarchies that were known as themahajanapadas.[33][34] The emerging urbanisation and the orthodoxies ofthis age also created heterodox religious movements, two of which becameindependent religions. Buddhism, based on the teachings of GautamaBuddha attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middleclass; chronicling the life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings ofrecorded history in India.[35][36][37] Jainism came into prominence during thelife of its exemplar, Mahavira.[38] In an age of increasing urban wealth, bothreligions held up renunciation as an ideal,[39] and both established long­

lasting monastic traditions. Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom of Magadha had annexed orreduced other states to emerge as the Mauryan Empire.[40] The empire was once thought to have controlledmost of the subcontinent excepting the far south, but its core regions are now thought to have beenseparated by large autonomous areas.[41][42] The Mauryan kings are known as much for their empire­building and determined management of public life as for Ashoka's renunciation of militarism and far­flungadvocacy of the Buddhist dhamma.[43][44]

The Sangam literature of the Tamil language reveals that, between 200 BCE and 200 CE, the southernpeninsula was being ruled by the Cheras, the Cholas, and the Pandyas, dynasties that traded extensivelywith the Roman Empire and with West and South­East Asia.[45][46] In North India, Hinduism assertedpatriarchal control within the family, leading to increased subordination of women.[47][40] By the 4th and5th centuries, the Gupta Empire had created in the greater Ganges Plain a complex system of administrationand taxation that became a model for later Indian kingdoms.[48][49] Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduismbased on devotion rather than the management of ritual began to assert itself.[50] The renewal was reflectedin a flowering of sculpture and architecture, which found patrons among an urban elite.[49] ClassicalSanskrit literature flowered as well, and Indian science, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics madesignificant advances.[49]

Medieval India

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The granite tower ofBrihadeeswarar Temple inThanjavur was completed in1010 CE by Raja Raja CholaI.

The Indian early medieval age, 600 CE to 1200 CE, is defined by regional kingdoms and culturaldiversity.[51] When Harsha of Kannauj, who ruled much of the Indo­Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 CE, attempted to expand southwards, hewas defeated by the Chalukya ruler of the Deccan.[52] When his successorattempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the Pala king ofBengal.[52] When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards, they weredefeated by the Pallavas from farther south, who in turn were opposed bythe Pandyas and the Cholas from still farther south.[52] No ruler of thisperiod was able to create an empire and consistently control lands muchbeyond his core region.[51] During this time, pastoral peoples whose landhad been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy wereaccommodated within caste society, as were new non­traditional rulingclasses.[53] The caste system consequently began to show regionaldifferences.[53]

In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first devotional hymns were created in theTamil language.[54] They were imitated all over India and led to both theresurgence of Hinduism and the development of all modern languages of thesubcontinent.[54] Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples theypatronised, drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.[55]

Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation.[55] Bythe 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in South­East Asia, as South Indian culture and politicalsystems were exported to lands that became part of modern­day Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia,Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, and Java.[56] Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies wereinvolved in this transmission; South­East Asians took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indianseminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.[56]

After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using swift­horse cavalry and raising vastarmies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's north­western plains, leadingeventually to the establishment of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate in 1206.[57] The sultanate was to controlmuch of North India, and to make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive for the Indianelites, the sultanate largely left its vast non­Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs.[58][59]By repeatedly repulsing Mongol raiders in the 13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastationvisited on West and Central Asia, setting the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, learnedmen, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the subcontinent, thereby creating asyncretic Indo­Islamic culture in the north.[60][61] The sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regionalkingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenous Vijayanagara Empire.[62] Embracing a strongShaivite tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to controlmuch of peninsular India,[63] and was to influence South Indian society for long afterwards.[62]

Early modern India

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Writing the will andtestament of the Mughalking court in Persian, 1590–1595

In the early 16th century, northern India, being then under mainly Muslim rulers,[64] fell again to thesuperior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.[65] The resulting Mughal

Empire did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule, but ratherbalanced and pacified them through new administrative practices[66][67] anddiverse and inclusive ruling elites,[68] leading to more systematic,centralised, and uniform rule.[69] Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamicidentity, especially under Akbar, the Mughals united their far­flung realmsthrough loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor whohad near­divine status.[68] The Mughal state's economic policies, derivingmost revenues from agriculture[70] and mandating that taxes be paid in thewell­regulated silver currency,[71] caused peasants and artisans to enterlarger markets.[69] The relative peace maintained by the empire during muchof the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion,[69] resultingin greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture.[72]Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as theMarathas, the Rajputs, and the Sikhs, gained military and governingambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity,gave them both recognition and military experience.[73] Expandingcommerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial andpolitical elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India.[73] As theempire disintegrated, many among these elites were able to seek and controltheir own affairs.[74] The "single most important power" that emerged in the

early modern period was the Maratha confederacy.[75]

By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasinglyblurred, a number of European trading companies, including the English East India Company, hadestablished coastal outposts.[76][77] The East India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, andmore advanced military training and technology led it to increasingly flex its military muscle and caused itto become attractive to a portion of the Indian elite; both these factors were crucial in allowing theCompany to gain control over the Bengal region by 1765 and sideline the other Europeancompanies.[78][76][79][80] Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the subsequent increased strength andsize of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of India by the 1820s.[81] India was then no longerexporting manufactured goods as it long had, but was instead supplying the British Empire with rawmaterials, and many historians consider this to be the onset of India's colonial period.[76] By this time, withits economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and itself effectively made an arm ofBritish administration, the Company began to more consciously enter non­economic arenas such aseducation, social reform, and culture.[82]

Modern India

Historians consider India's modern age to have begun sometime between 1848 and 1885. The appointmentin 1848 of Lord Dalhousie as Governor General of the East India Company set the stage for changesessential to a modern state. These included the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, thesurveillance of the population, and the education of citizens. Technological changes—among them,

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The British Indian Empire, from the1909 edition of The ImperialGazetteer of India. Areas directlygoverned by the British are shadedpink; the princely states under Britishsuzerainty are in yellow.

Jawaharlal Nehru (left) becameIndia's first prime minister in 1947.Mahatma Gandhi (right) led theindependence movement.

railways, canals, and the telegraph—were introduced not long after their introduction inEurope.[83][84][85][86] However, disaffection with the Company also grew during this time, and set off theIndian Rebellion of 1857. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive British­stylesocial reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of somerich landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions ofnorthern and central India and shook the foundations of Companyrule.[87][88] Although the rebellion was suppressed by 1858, it led tothe dissolution of the East India Company and to the directadministration of India by the British government. Proclaiming aunitary state and a gradual but limited British­style parliamentarysystem, the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as afeudal safeguard against future unrest.[89][90] In the decadesfollowing, public life gradually emerged all over India, leadingeventually to the founding of the Indian National Congress in1885.[91][92][93][94]

The rush of technology andthe commercialisation ofagriculture in the second halfof the 19th century wasmarked by economicsetbacks—many small farmers became dependent on the whims offar­away markets.[95] There was an increase in the number of large­scale famines,[96] and, despite the risks of infrastructuredevelopment borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employmentwas generated for Indians.[97] There were also salutary effects:commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, ledto increased food production for internal consumption.[98] Therailway network provided critical famine relief,[99] notably reducedthe cost of moving goods,[99] and helped nascent Indian­owned

industry.[98] After World War I, in which approximately one million Indians served,[100] a new periodbegan. It was marked by British reforms but also repressive legislations, by more strident Indian calls forself­rule, and by the beginnings of a nonviolent movement of non­cooperation, of which MohandasKaramchand Gandhi would become the leader and enduring symbol.[101] During the 1930s, slow legislativereform was enacted by the British; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resultingelections.[102] The next decade was beset with crises: Indian participation in World War II, the Congress'sfinal push for non­cooperation, and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism. All were capped by the advent ofindependence in 1947, but tempered by the partition of India into two states: India and Pakistan.[103]

Vital to India's self­image as an independent nation was its constitution, completed in 1950, which put inplace a secular and democratic republic; upon Indian independence in 1947 George VI ceased to be theEmperor of India, a title rescinded retroactively by an Act of Parliament on 22 June 1948, and became Kingof India until 26 January 1950.[104] In the 60 years since, India has had a mixed record of successes andfailures.[105] It has remained a democracy with civil liberties, an active Supreme Court, and a largelyindependent press.[105] Economic liberalisation, which was begun in the 1990s, has created a large urban

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A topographic map of India

middle class, transformed India into one of the world's fastest­growing economies,[106] and increased itsgeopolitical clout. Indian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in globalculture.[105] Yet, India is also shaped by seemingly unyielding poverty, both rural and urban;[105] byreligious and caste­related violence;[107] by Maoist­inspired Naxalite insurgencies;[108] and by separatism inJammu and Kashmir and in Northeast India.[109] It has unresolved territorial disputes with China[110] andwith Pakistan.[110] The India–Pakistan nuclear rivalry came to a head in 1998.[111] India's sustaineddemocratic freedoms are unique among the world's new nations; however, in spite of its recent economicsuccesses, freedom from want for its disadvantaged population remains a goal yet to be achieved.[112]

Geography

Main article: Geography of IndiaSee also: Geology of India

India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent, lying atop theIndian tectonic plate, and part of the Indo­Australian Plate.[113]India's defining geological processes began 75 million years agowhen the Indian plate, then part of the southern supercontinentGondwana, began a north­eastward drift caused by seafloorspreading to its south­west, and later, south and south­east.[113]Simultaneously, the vast Tethyn oceanic crust, to its northeast,began to subduct under the Eurasian plate.[113] These dual processes,driven by convection in the Earth's mantle, both created the IndianOcean and caused the Indian continental crust eventually to under­thrust Eurasia and to uplift the Himalayas.[113] Immediately south ofthe emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough thatrapidly filled with river­borne sediment[114] and now constitutes theIndo­Gangetic Plain.[115] Cut off from the plain by the ancient Aravalli Range lies the Thar Desert.[116]

The original Indian plate survives as peninsular India, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India.It extends as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. These parallel chains run fromthe Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal­rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in theeast.[117] To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the west andeast by coastal ranges known as the Western and Eastern Ghats;[118] the plateau contains the country'soldest rock formations, some over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the northof the equator between 6° 44' and 35° 30' north latitude[e] and 68° 7' and 97° 25' east longitude.[119]

India's coastline measures 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi) in length; of this distance, 5,423 kilometres(3,400 mi) belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, andLakshadweep island chains.[120] According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastlineconsists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% mudflats ormarshy shores.[120]

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The Kedar Range of the GreaterHimalayas rises behind KedarnathTemple (Indian state of Uttarakhand),which is one of the twelve jyotirlingashrines.

The brahminy kite (Haliastur indus)is identified with Garuda, themythical mount of Vishnu. It huntsfor fish and other prey near the coastsand around inland wetlands.

Major Himalayan­origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges and theBrahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal.[121] Important tributaries of the Ganges includethe Yamuna and the Kosi; the latter's extremely low gradient often leads to severe floods and coursechanges.[122] Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, includethe Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;[123] andthe Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the Arabian Sea.[124] Coastal features include the marshy Rann

of Kutch of western India and the alluvial Sundarbans delta ofeastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh.[125] India has twoarchipelagos: the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India's south­western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanicchain in the Andaman Sea.[126]

The Indian climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and theThar Desert, both of which drive the economically and culturallypivotal summer and winter monsoons.[127] The Himalayas preventcold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping thebulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations atsimilar latitudes.[128][129] The Thar Desert plays a crucial role inattracting the moisture­laden south­west summer monsoon windsthat, between June and October, provide the majority of India'srainfall.[127] Four major climatic groupings predominate in India:

tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and montane.[130]

Biodiversity

Main article: Wildlife of India

India lies within the Indomalaya ecozone and contains threebiodiversity hotspots.[131] One of 17 megadiverse countries, it hosts8.6% of all mammalian, 13.7% of all avian, 7.9% of all reptilian,6% of all amphibian, 12.2% of all piscine, and 6.0% of all floweringplant species.[132][133] About 21.2% of the country's landmass iscovered by forests (tree canopy density >10%), of which 12.2%comprises moderately or very dense forests (tree canopy density>40%).[134] Endemism is high among plants, 33%, and amongecoregions such as the shola forests.[135] Habitat ranges from thetropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands, Western Ghats, andNorth­East India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Betweenthese extremes lie the moist deciduous sal forest of eastern India; thedry deciduous teak forest of central and southern India; and thebabul­dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and westernGangetic plain.[136] The medicinal neem, widely used in rural Indianherbal remedies, is a key Indian tree. The luxuriant pipal fig tree, shown on the seals of Mohenjo­daro,shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment.

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A parliamentary joint session beingheld in the Sansad Bhavan.

Many Indian species descend from taxa originating in Gondwana, from which the Indian plate separatedmore than 105 million years before present.[137] Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards andcollision with the Laurasian landmass set off a mass exchange of species. Epochal volcanism and climaticchanges 20 million years ago forced a mass extinction.[138] Mammals then entered India from Asia throughtwo zoogeographical passes flanking the rising Himalaya.[136] Thus, while 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% ofamphibians are endemic, only 12.6% of mammals and 4.5% of birds are.[133] Among them are the Nilgirileaf monkey and Beddome's toad of the Western Ghats. India contains 172 IUCN­designated threatenedanimal species, or 2.9% of endangered forms.[139] These include the Asiatic lion, the Bengal tiger, the snowleopard and the Indian white­rumped vulture, which, by ingesting the carrion of diclofenac­laced cattle,nearly went extinct.

The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has criticallyendangered Indian wildlife. In response the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in1935, was substantially expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act[140] and Project Tigerto safeguard crucial wilderness; the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in1988.[141] India hosts more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries and thirteen biosphere reserves,[142] fourof which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; twenty­five wetlands are registered underthe Ramsar Convention.[143]

Politics

Main article: Politics of IndiaSee also: Constitution of India

India is the world's most populous democracy.[144] A parliamentaryrepublic with a multi­party system,[145] it has six recognised nationalparties, including the Indian National Congress and the BharatiyaJanata Party (BJP), and more than 40 regional parties.[146] TheCongress is considered centre­left in Indian political culture,[147] andthe BJP right­wing.[148][149][150] For most of the period between1950—when India first became a republic—and the late 1980s, theCongress held a majority in the parliament. Since then, however, ithas increasingly shared the political stage with the BJP,[151] as wellas with powerful regional parties which have often forced thecreation of multi­party coalitions at the centre.[152]

In the Republic of India's first three general elections, in 1951, 1957, and 1962, the Jawaharlal Nehru­ledCongress won easy victories. On Nehru's death in 1964, Lal Bahadur Shastri briefly became prime minister;he was succeeded, after his own unexpected death in 1966, by Indira Gandhi, who went on to lead theCongress to election victories in 1967 and 1971. Following public discontent with the state of emergencyshe declared in 1975, the Congress was voted out of power in 1977; the then­new Janata Party, which hadopposed the emergency, was voted in. Its government lasted just over three years. Voted back into power in1980, the Congress saw a change in leadership in 1984, when Indira Gandhi was assassinated; she wassucceeded by her son Rajiv Gandhi, who won an easy victory in the general elections later that year. TheCongress was voted out again in 1989 when a National Front coalition, led by the newly formed Janata Dal

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The Rashtrapati Bhavan is the officialresidence of the president of India.

National symbols[1]

Flag Tiranga

Emblem Sarnath Lion Capital

Anthem Jana Gana Mana

Song Vande Mataram

Currency ₹ (Indian rupee)

in alliance with the Left Front, won the elections; that governmenttoo proved relatively short­lived, lasting just under two years.[153]Elections were held again in 1991; no party won an absolutemajority. But the Congress, as the largest single party, was able toform a minority government led by P. V. Narasimha Rao.[154]

A two­year period of political turmoil followed the general electionof 1996. Several short­lived alliances shared power at the centre.The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996; it was followed bytwo comparatively long­lasting United Front coalitions, whichdepended on external support. In 1998, the BJP was able to form asuccessful coalition, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). Ledby Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the NDA became the first non­Congress, coalition government to complete a five­year term.[155] In the 2004 Indian general elections, again no party won an absolute majority, but theCongress emerged as the largest single party, forming another successful coalition: the United ProgressiveAlliance (UPA). It had the support of left­leaning parties and MPs who opposed the BJP. The UPA returnedto power in the 2009 general election with increased numbers, and it no longer required external supportfrom India's communist parties.[156] That year, Manmohan Singh became the first prime minister sinceJawaharlal Nehru in 1957 and 1962 to be re­elected to a consecutive five­year term.[157] In the 2014 generalelection, the BJP became the first political party since 1984 to win a majority and govern without thesupport of other parties.[158] The current Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi, who was also theformer Chief Minister of Gujarat.

Government

Main article: Government of IndiaSee also: Elections in India

India is a federation with a parliamentary system governed under the Constitution of India, which serves asthe country's supreme legal document. It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy, in which"majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law". Federalism in India defines the powerdistribution between the federal government and the states. The government abides by constitutional checksand balances. The Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26 January 1950,[159] states in itspreamble that India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.[160] India's form of government,traditionally described as "quasi­federal" with a strong centre and weak states,[161] has grown increasinglyfederal since the late 1990s as a result of political, economic, and social changes.[162][163]

The federal government comprises three branches:

Executive: The President of India is the head ofstate[165] and is elected indirectly by a nationalelectoral college[166] for a five­year term.[167] ThePrime Minister of India is the head of governmentand exercises most executive power.[168]

Appointed by the president,[169] the prime ministeris by convention supported by the party or political

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Calendar Saka

Animal Tiger (land)River dolphin (aquatic)

Bird Indian peafowl

Flower Lotus

Fruit Mango

Tree Banyan

River Ganga

Game Not declared[164]

alliance holding the majority of seats in the lowerhouse of parliament.[168] The executive branch ofthe Indian government consists of the president,the vice­president, and the Council of Ministers—the cabinet being its executive committee—headedby the prime minister. Any minister holding aportfolio must be a member of one of the houses ofparliament.[165] In the Indian parliamentary system,the executive is subordinate to the legislature; theprime minister and his council are directlyresponsible to the lower house of theparliament.[170]Legislative: The legislature of India is thebicameral parliament. It operates under aWestminster­style parliamentary system and comprises the upper house called the Rajya Sabha("Council of States") and the lower called the Lok Sabha ("House of the People").[171] The RajyaSabha is a permanent body that has 245 members who serve in staggered six­year terms.[172] Most areelected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in numbers proportional to their state's shareof the national population.[169] All but two of the Lok Sabha's 545 members are directly elected bypopular vote; they represent individual constituencies via five­year terms.[173] The remaining twomembers are nominated by the president from among the Anglo­Indian community, in case thepresident decides that they are not adequately represented.[174]

Judicial: India has a unitary three­tier independent judiciary[175] that comprises the Supreme Court,headed by the Chief Justice of India, 24 High Courts, and a large number of trial courts.[175] TheSupreme Court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputesbetween states and the centre; it has appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts.[176] It has the powerboth to declare the law and to strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution.[177]

The Supreme Court is also the ultimate interpreter of the constitution.[178]

Subdivisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of IndiaSee also: Political integration of India

India is a federation composed of 29 states and 7 union territories.[179] All states, as well as the unionterritories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures andgovernments, both patterned on the Westminster model. The remaining five union territories are directlyruled by the centre through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, stateswere reorganised on a linguistic basis.[180] Since then, their structure has remained largely unchanged. Eachstate or union territory is further divided into administrative districts. The districts in turn are furtherdivided into tehsils and ultimately into villages.

States

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A clickable map of the 29 states and 7 union territories of India

1. Andhra Pradesh2. Arunachal Pradesh3. Assam4. Bihar5. Chhattisgarh6. Goa7. Gujarat8. Haryana9. Himachal Pradesh

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Narendra Modi meets Vladimir Putinat the 6th BRICS summit. India andRussia share extensive economic,defence, and technological ties.

Union territories

A. Andaman and Nicobar IslandsB. ChandigarhC. Dadra and Nagar HaveliD. Daman and DiuE. LakshadweepF. National Capital Territory of DelhiG. Puducherry

Foreign relations and military

Main articles: Foreign relations of India and Indian Armed Forces

Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordialrelations with most nations. In the 1950s, it strongly supporteddecolonisation in Africa and Asia and played a lead role in the Non­Aligned Movement.[181] In the late 1980s, the Indian military twiceintervened abroad at the invitation of neighbouring countries: apeace­keeping operation in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990; andan armed intervention to prevent a 1988 coup d'état attempt inMaldives. India has tense relations with neighbouring Pakistan; thetwo nations have gone to war four times: in 1947, 1965, 1971, and1999. Three of these wars were fought over the disputed territory ofKashmir, while the fourth, the 1971 war, followed from India'ssupport for the independence of Bangladesh.[182] After waging the

10. Jammu and Kashmir11. Jharkhand12. Karnataka13. Kerala14. Madhya Pradesh15. Maharashtra16. Manipur17. Meghalaya18. Mizoram19. Nagaland20. Odisha21. Punjab22. Rajasthan23. Sikkim24. Tamil Nadu25. Telangana26. Tripura27. Uttar Pradesh28. Uttarakhand29. West Bengal

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INS Vikramaditya, the Indian Navy'sbiggest warship.

1962 Sino­Indian War and the 1965 war with Pakistan, India pursued close military and economic ties withthe Soviet Union; by the late 1960s, the Soviet Union was its largest arms supplier.[183]

Aside from ongoing strategic relations with Russia, India has wide­ranging defence relations with Israel andFrance. In recent years, it has played key roles in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperationand the World Trade Organisation. The nation has provided 100,000 military and police personnel to servein 35 UN peacekeeping operations across four continents. It participates in the East Asia Summit, the G8+5,and other multilateral forums.[184] India has close economic ties with South America,[185] Asia, and Africa;it pursues a "Look East" policy that seeks to strengthen partnerships with the ASEAN nations, Japan, andSouth Korea that revolve around many issues, but especially those involving economic investment andregional security.[186][187]

China's nuclear test of 1964, as well as its repeated threats tointervene in support of Pakistan in the 1965 war, convinced India todevelop nuclear weapons.[188] India conducted its first nuclearweapons test in 1974 and carried out further underground testing in1998. Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has signedneither the Comprehensive Nuclear­Test­Ban Treaty nor the NuclearNon­Proliferation Treaty, considering both to be flawed anddiscriminatory.[189] India maintains a "no first use" nuclear policyand is developing a nuclear triad capability as a part of its"minimum credible deterrence" doctrine.[190][191] It is developing aballistic missile defence shield and, in collaboration with Russia, afifth­generation fighter jet.[192] Other indigenous military projectsinvolve the design and implementation of Vikrant­class aircraft carriers and Arihant­class nuclearsubmarines.[192]

Since the end of the Cold War, India has increased its economic, strategic, and military cooperation withthe United States and the European Union.[193] In 2008, a civilian nuclear agreement was signed betweenIndia and the United States. Although India possessed nuclear weapons at the time and was not party to theNuclear Non­Proliferation Treaty, it received waivers from the International Atomic Energy Agency andthe Nuclear Suppliers Group, ending earlier restrictions on India's nuclear technology and commerce. As aconsequence, India became the sixth de facto nuclear weapons state.[194] India subsequently signedcooperation agreements involving civilian nuclear energy with Russia,[195] France,[196] the UnitedKingdom,[197] and Canada.[198]

The President of India is the supreme commander of the nation's armed forces; with 1.325 million activetroops, they compose the world's third­largest military.[199] It comprises the Indian Army, the Indian Navy,and the Indian Air Force; auxiliary organisations include the Strategic Forces Command and threeparamilitary groups: the Assam Rifles, the Special Frontier Force, and the Indian Coast Guard.[200] Theofficial Indian defence budget for 2011 was US$36.03 billion, or 1.83% of GDP.[201] For the fiscal yearspanning 2012–2013, US$40.44 billion was budgeted.[202] According to a 2008 SIPRI report, India's annualmilitary expenditure in terms of purchasing power stood at US$72.7 billion.[203] In 2011, the annualdefence budget increased by 11.6%,[204] although this does not include funds that reach the military through

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Indian agriculture dates from theperiod 7,000–6,000 BCE,[207]

employs most of the nationalworkforce, and is second in farmoutput worldwide. Above, a farmerworks an ox­drawn plow in Kadmati,West Bengal.

other branches of government.[205] As of 2012, India is the world's largest arms importer; between 2007 and2011, it accounted for 10% of funds spent on international arms purchases.[206] Much of the militaryexpenditure was focused on defence against Pakistan and countering growing Chinese influence in theIndian Ocean.[204]

Economy

Main article: Economy of IndiaSee also: Economic history of India, Economic development in India, Tourism in India and Transportin India

According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as of April2015, the Indian economy is nominally worth US$2.306 trillion; it isthe 7th­largest economy by market exchange rates, and is, atUS$7.996 trillion, the third­largest by purchasing power parity, orPPP.[10] With its average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over thepast two decades, and reaching 6.1% during 2011–12,[208] India isone of the world's fastest­growing economies.[209] However, thecountry ranks 140th in the world in nominal GDP per capita and129th in GDP per capita at PPP.[210] Until 1991, all Indiangovernments followed protectionist policies that were influenced bysocialist economics. Widespread state intervention and regulationlargely walled the economy off from the outside world. An acutebalance of payments crisis in 1991 forced the nation to liberalise itseconomy;[211] since then it has slowly moved towards a free­marketsystem[212][213] by emphasising both foreign trade and directinvestment inflows.[214] India's recent economic model is largely capitalist.[213] India has been a member ofWTO since 1 January 1995.[215]

The 486.6­million worker Indian labour force is the world's second­largest, as of 2011.[200] The servicesector makes up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. Majoragricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes.[179] Majorindustries include textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, foodprocessing, steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, and software.[179] In 2006,the share of external trade in India's GDP stood at 24%, up from 6% in 1985.[212] In 2008, India's share ofworld trade was 1.68%;[216] In 2011, India was the world's tenth­largest importer and the nineteenth­largestexporter.[217] Major exports include petroleum products, textile goods, jewellery, software, engineeringgoods, chemicals, and leather manufactures.[179] Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems,fertiliser, and chemicals.[179] Between 2001 and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical and engineeringgoods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%.[218] India was the second largest textile exporter after Chinain the world in calendar year 2013.[219]

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The Bombay Stock Exchange isAsia's oldest and India's largestbourse by market capitalisation.

Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% for several years prior to 2007,[212] India has more thandoubled its hourly wage rates during the first decade of the 21st century.[220] Some 431 million Indianshave left poverty since 1985; India's middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by2030.[221] Though ranking 51st in global competitiveness, India ranks 17th in financial marketsophistication, 24th in the banking sector, 44th in business sophistication, and 39th in innovation, ahead ofseveral advanced economies, as of 2010.[222] With 7 of the world's top 15 information technologyoutsourcing companies based in India, the country is viewed as the second­most favourable outsourcingdestination after the United States, as of 2009.[223] India's consumer market, currently the world's eleventh­largest, is expected to become fifth­largest by 2030.[221]

India's telecommunication industry, the world's fastest­growing, added 227 million subscribers during theperiod 2010–11,[224] and after the first quarter of 2013, India surpassed Japan to become the third largestsmartphone market in the world after China and the U.S.[225]

Its automotive industry, the world's second fastest growing,increased domestic sales by 26% during 2009–10,[226] and exportsby 36% during 2008–09.[227] India's capacity to generate electricalpower is 250 gigawatts, of which 8% is renewable. At the end of2011, the Indian IT industry employed 2.8 million professionals,generated revenues close to US$100 billion equalling 7.5% ofIndian GDP and contributed 26% of India's merchandiseexports.[228]

The pharmaceutical industry in India is among the significantemerging markets for global pharma industry. The Indianpharmaceutical market is expected to reach $48.5 billion by 2020.India's R & D spending constitutes 60% of the biopharmaceuticalindustry.[229][230] India is among the top 12 biotech destinations ofthe world.[231][232] The Indian biotech industry grew by 15.1% in2012–13, increasing its revenues from 204.4 Billion INR (IndianRupees) to 235.24 Billion INR (3.94 B US$ ­ exchange rate June2013: 1 US$ approx. 60 INR).[233] Although hardly 2% of Indianspay income taxes.[234]

Despite impressive economic growth during recent decades, India continues to face socio­economicchallenges. India contains the largest concentration of people living below the World Bank's internationalpoverty line of US$1.25 per day,[235] the proportion having decreased from 60% in 1981 to 42% in 2005,and 25% in 2011.[236] 30.7% of India's children under the age of five are underweight.[237] According to aFood and Agriculture Organization report in 2015, 15% of Indian population is undernourished.[238][239]

The Mid­Day Meal Scheme attempts to lower these rates.[240] Since 1991, economic inequality betweenIndia's states has consistently grown: the per­capita net state domestic product of the richest states in 2007was 3.2 times that of the poorest.[241] Corruption in India is perceived to have increased significantly,[242]

with one report estimating the illegal capital flows since independence to be US$462 billion.[243]

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A population density and IndianRailways connectivity map. Thealready densely settled Indo­GangeticPlain is the main driver of Indianpopulation growth.

Women in Kargil, Jammuand Kashmir

Driven by growth, India's nominal GDP per capita has steadily increased from US$329 in 1991, wheneconomic liberalisation began, to US$1,265 in 2010, and is estimated to increase to US$2,110 by 2016;however, it has remained lower than those of other Asian developing countries such as Indonesia, Iran,Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and is expected to remain so in the near future. However, itis currently higher than Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and others.[244]

According to a 2011 PricewaterhouseCoopers report, India's GDP at purchasing power parity couldovertake that of the United States by 2045.[245] During the next four decades, Indian GDP is expected togrow at an annualised average of 8%, making it potentially the world's fastest­growing major economy until2050.[245] The report highlights key growth factors: a young and rapidly growing working­age population;growth in the manufacturing sector because of rising education and engineering skill levels; and sustainedgrowth of the consumer market driven by a rapidly growing middle class.[245] The World Bank cautionsthat, for India to achieve its economic potential, it must continue to focus on public sector reform, transportinfrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal of labour regulations, education, energysecurity, and public health and nutrition.[246]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of India

With 1,210,193,422 residentsreported in the 2011 provisionalcensus report,[9] India is the world'ssecond­most populous country. Itspopulation grew by 17.64% during2001–2011,[247] compared to21.54% growth in the previousdecade (1991–2001).[247] The humansex ratio, according to the 2011

census, is 940 females per 1,000 males.[9] The median age was 24.9in the 2001 census.[200] The first post­colonial census, conducted in1951, counted 361.1 million people.[248] Medical advances made inthe last 50 years as well as increased agricultural productivitybrought about by the "Green Revolution" have caused India'spopulation to grow rapidly.[249] India continues to face severalpublic health­related challenges.[250][251]

Life expectancy in India is at 68 years with life expectancy for women being 69.6 years and for men being67.3.[252] There are around 50 physicians per 100,000 Indians.[253] The number of Indians living in urbanareas has grown by 31.2% between 1991 and 2001.[254] Yet, in 2001, over 70% lived in rural areas.[255][256]The level of urbanization increased from 27.81% in 2001 Census to 31.16% in 2011 Census. The slowingdown of the overall growth rate of population was due to the sharp decline in the growth rate in rural areassince 1991.[257] According to the 2011 census, there are 53 million­plus cities in India; among themMumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Pune and Kolkata are in order of the most

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A Toda tribal hut exemplifies Indianvernacular architecture.

populous metropolitan areas. The literacy rate in 2011 was 74.04%: 65.46% among females and 82.14%among males.[258] The rural urban literacy gap which was 21.2 percentage points in 2001, dropped to 16.1percentage points in 2011. The improvement in literacy rate in rural area is two times that in urbanareas.[257] Kerala is the most literate state with 93.91% literacy; while Bihar the least with 63.82%.[258]

India is home to two major language families: Indo­Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) andDravidian (24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austroasiatic and Tibeto­Burmanlanguage families. India has no national language.[259] Hindi, with the largest number of speakers, is theofficial language of the government.[260][261] English is used extensively in business and administration andhas the status of a "subsidiary official language";[262] it is important in education, especially as a medium ofhigher education. Each state and union territory has one or more official languages, and the constitutionrecognises in particular 22 "scheduled languages". The Constitution of India recognises 212 scheduledtribal groups which together constitute about 7.5% of the country's population.[263] The 2011 censusreported[264] that Hinduism (79.8% of the population) is the largest religion in India, followed by Islam(14.23%). Other religions or none (5.97% of the population) include Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism,Jainism, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Bahá'í Faith.[265] India has the world's largest Hindu, Sikh, Jain,Zoroastrian, and Bahá'í populations, and has the third­largest Muslim population and the largest Muslimpopulation for a non­Muslim majority country.[266][267]

Culture

Main article: Culture of India

Indian cultural history spans more than 4,500 years.[268] During theVedic period (c. 1700 – 500 BCE), the foundations of Hinduphilosophy, mythology, theology and literature were laid, and manybeliefs and practices which still exist today, such as dhárma, kárma,yóga, and mokṣa, were established.[16] India is notable for itsreligious diversity, with Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Islam,Christianity, and Jainism among the nation's major religions.[269]The predominant religion, Hinduism, has been shaped by varioushistorical schools of thought, including those of the Upanishads,[270]

the Yoga Sutras, the Bhakti movement,[269] and by Buddhistphilosophy.[271]

Art and architecture

Much of Indian architecture, including the Taj Mahal, other works of Mughal architecture, and SouthIndian architecture, blends ancient local traditions with imported styles.[272] Vernacular architecture is alsohighly regional in it flavours. Vastu shastra, literally "science of construction" or "architecture" andascribed to Mamuni Mayan,[273] explores how the laws of nature affect human dwellings;[274] it employsprecise geometry and directional alignments to reflect perceived cosmic constructs.[275] As applied in Hindutemple architecture, it is influenced by the Shilpa Shastras, a series of foundational texts whose basic

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Rukmini Devi Arundale, one of theforemost revivalists of bharatnatyamdance in the 20th century, performs ata concert.

mythological form is the Vastu­Purusha mandala, a square that embodied the "absolute".[276] The TajMahal, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by orders of Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, hasbeen described in the UNESCO World Heritage List as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of theuniversally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage".[277] Indo­Saracenic Revival architecture,developed by the British in the late 19th century, drew on Indo­Islamic architecture.[278]

Literature

The earliest literary writings in India, composed between 1700 BCE and 1200 CE, were in the Sanskritlanguage.[279][280] Prominent works of this Sanskrit literature include epics such as the Mahābhārata andthe Ramayana, the dramas of Kālidāsa such as the Abhijñānaśākuntalam (The Recognition of Śakuntalā),and poetry such as the Mahākāvya.[281][282][283] Kamasutra, the famous book about sexual intercourse alsooriginated in India. Developed between 600 BCE and 300 CE in South India, the Sangam literature,consisting of 2,381 poems, is regarded as a predecessor of Tamil literature.[284][285][286][287] From the 14thto the 18th centuries, India's literary traditions went through a period of drastic change because of theemergence of devotional poets such as Kabīr, Tulsīdās, and Guru Nānak. This period was characterised by avaried and wide spectrum of thought and expression; as a consequence, medieval Indian literary worksdiffered significantly from classical traditions.[288] In the 19th century, Indian writers took a new interest insocial questions and psychological descriptions. In the 20th century, Indian literature was influenced by theworks of Bengali poet and novelist Rabindranath Tagore.[289]

Performing arts

Indian music ranges over various traditions and regional styles.Classical music encompasses two genres and their various folkoffshoots: the northern Hindustani and southern Carnaticschools.[290] Regionalised popular forms include filmi and folkmusic; the syncretic tradition of the bauls is a well­known form ofthe latter. Indian dance also features diverse folk and classicalforms. Among the better­known folk dances are the bhangra ofPunjab, the bihu of Assam, the chhau of Odisha, West Bengal andJharkhand, garba and dandiya of Gujarat, ghoomar of Rajasthan,and the lavani of Maharashtra. Eight dance forms, many withnarrative forms and mythological elements, have been accordedclassical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance,and Drama. These are: bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu,kathak of Uttar Pradesh, kathakali and mohiniyattam of Kerala,kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, manipuri of Manipur, odissi ofOdisha, and the sattriya of Assam.[291] Theatre in India meldsmusic, dance, and improvised or written dialogue.[292] Often basedon Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romancesor social and political events, Indian theatre includes the bhavai ofGujarat, the jatra of West Bengal, the nautanki and ramlila of NorthIndia, tamasha of Maharashtra, burrakatha of Andhra Pradesh,terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu, and the yakshagana of Karnataka.[293]

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Motion pictures, television

The Indian film industry produces the world's most­watched cinema.[294] Established regional cinematictraditions exist in the Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Punjabi, Gujarati,Marathi, Odia, Tamil, and Telugu languages.[295] South Indian cinema attracts more than 75% of nationalfilm revenue.[296]

Television broadcasting began in India in 1959 as a state­run medium of communication, and had slowexpansion for more than two decades.[297][298] The state monopoly on television broadcast ended in the1990s and, since then, satellite channels have increasingly shaped popular culture of Indian society.[299]Today, television is the most penetrative media in India; industry estimates indicate that as of 2012 thereare over 554 million TV consumers, 462 million with satellite and/or cable connections, compared to otherforms of mass media such as press (350 million), radio (156 million) or internet (37 million).[300]

Society

Traditional Indian society is sometimes defined by social hierarchy. The Indian caste system embodiesmuch of the social stratification and many of the social restrictions found in the Indian subcontinent. Socialclasses are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as jātis, or "castes".[301]

India declared untouchability to be illegal[302] in 1947 and has since enacted other anti­discriminatory lawsand social welfare initiatives. At the workplace in urban India and in international or leading Indiancompanies, the caste related identification has pretty much lost its importance.[303][304] Family values areimportant in the Indian tradition, and multi­generational patriarchal joint families have been the norm inIndia, though nuclear families are becoming common in urban areas.[305] An overwhelming majority ofIndians, with their consent, have their marriages arranged by their parents or other family members.[306]

Marriage is thought to be for life,[306] and the divorce rate is extremely low.[307] Child marriages arecommon, especially in rural areas; many women in India wed before reaching 18, which is their legalmarriageable age.[308] Female infanticide in India and female foeticide in India have caused a discrepancyin the sex ratio, as of 2005 it was estimated that there were 50 million more males than females in thenation.[309][310] However the recent report from 2011 shown improvement among the gender ratio.[311] Thepayment of dowry, although illegal, remains widespread across class lines.[312] Deaths resulting fromdowry, mostly from bride burning, are on the rise.[313]

Many Indian festivals are religious in origin; among them are Chhath, Christmas, Diwali, Durga Puja, Bakr­Id, Eid ul­Fitr, Ganesh Chaturthi, Holi, Makar Sankranti or Uttarayan, Navratri, Thai Pongal, and Vaisakhi.India has three national holidays which are observed in all states and union territories: Republic Day,Independence Day, and Gandhi Jayanti. Other sets of holidays, varying between nine and twelve, areofficially observed in individual states.

Throughout India, many people practice customs and religious rituals, such as "Saṃskāra", which is a seriesof "personal sacraments and rites conducted at various stages throughout life".[314]

Clothing

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Cricket is the most popular gameamong India's masses. Shown here isan instance of street cricket.

Main article: Clothing in India

Cotton was domesticated in India by 4000 BCE. Traditional Indian dress varies in colour and style acrossregions and depends on various factors, including climate and faith. Popular styles of dress include drapedgarments such as the sari for women and the dhoti or lungi for men. Stitched clothes, such as the shalwarkameez for women and kurta–pyjama combinations or European­style trousers and shirts for men, are alsopopular.[315] Use of delicate jewellery, modelled on real flowers worn in ancient India, is part of a traditiondating back some 5,000 years; gemstones are also worn in India as talismans.[316]

Sports

Main article: Sport in India

In India, several traditional indigenous sports remain fairly popular,such as kabaddi, kho kho, pehlwani and gilli­danda. Some of theearliest forms of Asian martial arts, such as kalarippayattu, mustiyuddha, silambam, and marma adi, originated in India. Chess,commonly held to have originated in India as chaturaṅga, isregaining widespread popularity with the rise in the number ofIndian grandmasters.[317][318] Pachisi, from which parcheesi derives,was played on a giant marble court by Akbar.[319]

The improved results garnered by the Indian Davis Cup team andother Indian tennis players in the early 2010s have made tennisincreasingly popular in the country.[320] India has a comparativelystrong presence in shooting sports, and has won several medals at

the Olympics, the World Shooting Championships, and the Commonwealth Games.[321][322] Other sports inwhich Indians have succeeded internationally include badminton[323] (Saina Nehwal is the top rankedfemale badminton player in the world), boxing,[324] and wrestling.[325] Football is popular in West Bengal,Goa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and the north­eastern states.[326]

Field hockey in India is administered by Hockey India. The Indian national hockey team won the 1975Hockey World Cup and have, as of 2012, taken eight gold, one silver, and two bronze Olympic medals,making it the sport's most successful team in the Olympics.

India has also played a major role in popularising cricket. Thus, cricket is, by far, the most popular sport inIndia. The Indian national cricket team won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cup events, the 2007 ICCWorld Twenty20, shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka, and won 2013 ICC ChampionsTrophy. Cricket in India is administered by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI); the RanjiTrophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy, and the NKP Salve Challenger Trophyare domestic competitions. The BCCI is also responsible for conducting an annual Twenty20 competitionknown as the Indian Premier League.

India has hosted or co­hosted several international sporting events: the 1951 and 1982 Asian Games; the1987, 1996, and 2011 Cricket World Cup tournaments; the 2003 Afro­Asian Games; the 2006 ICCChampions Trophy; the 2010 Hockey World Cup; and the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Major

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international sporting events held annually in India include the Chennai Open, the Mumbai Marathon, theDelhi Half Marathon, and the Indian Masters. The first Indian Grand Prix featured in late 2011 but has beendiscontinued from the F1 season calendar since 2014.[327]

India has traditionally been the dominant country at the South Asian Games. An example of this dominanceis the basketball competition where Team India won three out of four tournaments to date.[328] The RajivGandhi Khel Ratna and the Arjuna Award are the highest forms of government recognition for athleticachievement; the Dronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching.

See also

Outline of IndiaList of India­related articles

Notes

References

a. "[...] Jana Gana Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as theGovernment may authorise as occasion arises; and the song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic part inthe struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status withit." (Constituent Assembly of India 1950).

b. "The country's exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian government lists thetotal area as 3,287,260 km2 (1,269,220 sq mi) and the total land area as 3,060,500 km2 (1,181,700 sq mi); theUnited Nations lists the total area as 3,287,263 km2 (1,269,219 sq mi) and total land area as 2,973,190 km2

(1,147,960 sq mi)." (Library of Congress 2004).c. See also: Official names of Indiad. The Government of India regards Afghanistan as a bordering country, as it considers all of Kashmir to be part of

India. However, this is disputed, and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan. Source:"Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management)"(http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro­1011.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 1 September 2008.

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External links

National Portal (http://india.gov.in/) of the Government of IndiaIndia (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the­world­factbook/geos/in.html) entry at The WorldFactbookIndia (https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India) at DMOZIndia profile (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world­south­asia­12557384) from the BBC NewsIndia (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India) Encyclopædia Britannica entryIndia (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/india.htm) at the UCB Government InformationLibrary

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Categories: India Commonwealth republics Federal constitutional republics Former British coloniesG15 nations G20 nations Liberal democracies Member states of the Commonwealth of NationsMember states of the South Asian Association for Regional CooperationMember states of the United Nations South Asian countries States and territories established in 1947Hindustani­speaking countries and territories English­speaking countries and territories

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