Indian Polity (We Focus)

8/16/2019 Indian Polity (We Focus)

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We Focus Classes – Polity Notes for SSC CGL

Watch explanatory videos of these notes at www.youtube.com/c/wefocusclasses1 and Playlist: Indian Polity

Polity and Constitution:

Meaning: Polity means the form of Government in the Country

The 3 organs of the Government are

i) Legislature – The Elected Members

ii) Executive – The Council of ministers

iii) Judiciary – The Law and the court.

What describes the above 3 organs??

It is…. The Constitution

Constitution:

Constitution is the Supreme Law of the country or Highest law of the Land.

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It is a body of fundamental principles according to which a state is constituted and governed.

It lays down the basic rules for minimal coordination in the society along with the form of

government, its functions, responsibilities and Limitations Hence Constitution is

fundamental.

Indian Constitutions is the world’s largest written constitution

Indian Constitution is evolutionary and it was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on

26the November, 1949 and Came into full operational with effect from 26th January,

1950.

Evolution of the Indian Constitution:

British in India have laid down some Administrative and Legislative developments in India for

the convenient administration of British India. These became the direct sources for the Indian

Constitution.

i) Government of India Act,1919:

1)

It introduced Bicameralism with direct elections in the country.

Bicameralism: An Upper House (Council of State)

Lower House (Legislative Assembly)



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2) It provided the establishment of a public service commission. Hence a public service

commission was setup in 1926 for recruiting civil servants.

Simon Commission: In November 1927, British government appointed a commission Sir John Simon to review the working of Government of India Act,1919. But the all the

members of the commission are British Hence All Indian parties didn’t attend the

commission.

ii) Government of India Act, 1935:

It provided the basic skeleton of the constitution and it was treated blue print for theconstitution.

It provided for the establishment of an All India Federation consisting of provinces and

princely states as units.

This act divided the legislative powers between the centre and the units

Provided the Office of the governor, Emergency powers etc.

iii) The Indian Independence Act, 1947:

It officially ended the British rule in India and declared India as an independent

and sovereign state from August 15, 1947.

It provided for the partition of India and creation 2 separate dominions of

Pakistan and India.



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The partition plan was given by Lord Mountbatten, Hence the Plan is called

Mount batten Plan. He was first Governor General of the new dominion of India.

Jawaharlal Nehru became the Prime Minister of India.

This act granted freedom to the Indian princely states either to join India or Pakistan to

remain free.

Formation of Constituent Assembly for Making of the Constitution:

Constituent Assembly: It is the group of persons, who work collectively to frame the

constitution of the country.

In 1935 - M N Roy is the person, who gave the Idea of Constituent Assembly (CA) to

frame separate constitution for India.

In 1935 – The First Official demand by India National congress for the constituent

Assembly to frame the Constitution of India.

In 1938- Jawaharlal Nehru Declared that the Constitution of India will be framed by

elected constituent Assembly without External Interference.

What British Government Did??

It accepted the declaration in the following ways:

a) August Offer, 1940 – The British Government accepted the INC demand in principle.

b) Cripps Plan, 1942- In March, 1942 Sir Stafford Cripps had a proposal to be adopted

after Second World War. But it was rejected by Muslim league, which wanted a separate

state with separate CA.



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Finally,

c) Cabinet Mission, 1946:

Consisting of Lord Pethick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and Mr. A V Alexander. Itrejected the claim for two separate Constituent Assemblies and gave Constituent

Assembly plan with the composition of constituent assembly, which is more or less

accepted by Muslim League.

What Happened Then…?

Composition of Constituent Assembly:

As per the scheme formulated by the cabinet mission Plan, The Constituent Assembly was

constituted in November, 1946.

How many members?

Total representatives (seats) were to be 389.

I) Out of these, 296 were allotted to the British India.

93 were allotted to Princely states.

ii) Out of 296 seats allotted to British India, 292 were to be elected from Governor Provinces

and 4 were from Chief Commissioners provinces one from each.



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Iii) The 93 representatives of the princely states were nominated by the heads of the princely

states.

Thus the constitution assembly is partly elected and partly nominated body.

Fine, Representation Decided. Who became the members?

The Elections to the Constituent Assembly (296 seats) were held in July-August 1946.

Result of the election: 208 seats won by congress

73 seats won by Muslim League.

15 won by Independent members and other small members.

Note: Mahatma Gandhi and M Ali Jinnah are not the members of the Constituent Assembly.

Questions on the topic discussed in Polity -1:

1) A federal structure for Indian constitution was put forward by the:

a) Act 0f 1909 b) Act of 1919 c) Act of 1935 d) Act of 1947

2) Which of the following exercised the most profound influence in framing the Indian

Constitution?



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a) British Constitution b) US constitution c) Irish constitution

d) The Government of India Act, 1935

3) What was the basis for constituting the Constituent Assembly in India?

a)

The Resolution of INC b) The Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946b)

The Indian Independence Act, 1947 d) Simon Commission

4) What is the reason for the Cripps plan, 1942 to be rejected?

a) It didn’t meet the expectation of Indians.

b) The Plan doesn’t have Indians in its panel.

c) Muslim League wanted a separate Constituent Assembly

d)

J Nehru declared for a new constituent Assembly will be formed by Indians.

5)

Who among the following was not a member of constituent Assembly?

1) Dr Rajendra Prasad 2) K M Munshi 3) M K Gandhi 4) Abdul Kalam Azad

6)

What is the Total number of seats in Constituent Assembly as per the Cabinet Mission

plan and Number of seats won by Muslim League?

a) 296, 73 b) 296, 93 c) 389, 73 d) 389, 93

7) The Indian partition plan is called as?

a) Cripps plan b) Mountbatten Plan c) Radcliff Plan d) Cabinet Mission Plan

8)

The Supreme Law of the country is

a)

Parliament b) Constitution c) Supreme Court d) President

Thus CA formed and started working:

First Meeting of CA: 09th December, 1946 – Muslim League boycotted the meeting insisting

separate state of Pakistan.



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Minutes of the meeting on 1st day: Dr. Sachidanda Sinha, The oldest member elected as

temporary president of CA.

Subsequently on 11th December, 1946 –

Dr Rajendra Prasad elected as permanent president and

H C Mukherjee elected as the Vice president of the CA.

2 days later i.e. on 13th December, 1946 it was big day of CA,

What happened that day?

Jawaharlal Nehru moved historical “Objectives Resolution (OR)” in the Assembly.

OR laid down the fundamentals and philosophy of the constitutional structure.

It influenced the eventual shaping of the constitution through all its subsequent stages.

Great…!!! Then what is in OR??

Objectives of OR:

CA declared India as sovereign republic and it will have a written constitution for her

future governance.

India shall be the union of states consisting of the states of earlier British India and

princely states.

The states will be given autonomous status together with residuary powers except

such powers and functions which are vested in or assigned to the union.



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All the power of the state was to be derived from the people.

People are to be guaranteed

a. Social, Economical and Political Justice;

b.

Status of Equality and Opportunity before the law.c.

Freedom of thought, Expression, Belief, Faith, Worship, vocation, association and

Action subject to law and public morality.

The Minorities and back ward and Tribal people were to be provided adequate

safeguards.

Nation shall maintain the Integrity and makes it full and willing contribution to the

promotion of world peace and welfare of mankind.

This above resolution was unanimously adopted by the CA on January 22nd, 1947.

CA has adopted the National flag on 22 July, 1947.

Later, we know that on 14th August, 1947 Undivided India is partitioned and India got

independence on 15th August, 1947 by The Indian Independence Act of 1947.

With This, Can you think of any changes to CA?

Yes…. There are

1) The Muslim League hailing from the Areas included in Pakistan withdrew from CA from

India. So, Strength of CA reduced to 299 from 389.

Out of 299- 229 are from Indian Provinces (Formerly British and they were 296)

70 are from princely states (Formerly it was 93)



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2) Now, CA is not under the influence of Cabinet Mission, it is fully sovereign body.

Importantly

3)

The Assembly also became a Legislative body thus The CA became the first Parliament ofIndia (Dominion Legislature) it performed two separate functions. I.e. Making

constitution for free India and enacting the ordinary laws for the country.

On 17th November, 1947 for first time, CA met as Parliament and elected GV Mavlanker as its

speaker.

How Two functions of CA are differentiated?

That’s Simple….!!!!!

From then,

If CA is met and chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad then it as Constituent body for preparation of

Constitution.

If CA is met and chaired by GV Mavlanker , Then it as a Parliament for enacting the ordinarylaws.

Questions on the topic discussed in Polity -2

1) The Basis for the preamble of Indian constitution?

a. India Independence Act, 1947 c. The Cabinet Mission Plan, 1942



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b. Objectives resolution d. US Constitution

2) The historical Objective Resolution was moved and adopted in constituent Assembly on

1) 13th Dec, 1946 and 22nd Dec, 1946

2)

11th

Dec, 1946 and 22nd

Dec, 19463) 13th Dec, 1946 and 22nd Jan, 1947

4) 11th Dec, 1946 and 22nd Jan, 1947

3) The Indian National flag was adopted on

a) 15th August, 1947 b) 22nd July, 1947

b) 26th November, 1949 d) 26th January, 1950.

4)

The First Acting President of the Constituent assembly of India

1)

Dr B Rajendra Prasad 2) HC Mukherjee 3) Dr Sachidanda Sinha 4)

Jawaharlal Nehru

5)

The first speaker of the Constituent Assembly?

1) HC Mukherjee 3) Dr Sachidanda Sinha

2) Jawaharlal Nehru 4) G V Mavlanker.

But did all the members of the Constitution worked on the task of making a constitution??? How

did they manage not to mess up by the duplication of Work?

No, all were not working on the same work. Constitution makers were clever enough and they

opted for division of work by forming the committees.



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What are they? There are several committees; we list out here most important committees

here.

Committee Chairmen

Rules and ProceduresCommittee Dr Rajendra Prasad

Steering Committee Dr Rajendra Prasad

Finance and Staff committeeDr Rajendra Prasad

Union Powers committee Jawaharlal Nehru

Union ConstitutionCommittee Jawaharlal Nehru

States Committee Jawaharlal NehruProvincial Constitutioncommittee

Sardar Patel

Drafting Committee Dr B R Ambedkar

Advisory Committee onFundamental Rights,Minorities and Tribal andExcluded Areas

Sardar Patel

Fundamental Rightssubcommittee J B Kriplani

Among all the most important is

Drafting Committee:



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It was set up on 24th August, 1947.

This committee was entrusted with the task of preparation of draft of the new

constitution.

It consisted of 7 members and Dr B R Ambedkar was the chairmen of the committee.

When the Draft Completed?:

First draft published in February, 1948 and people of India were given 8 months to

discuss the draft and propose the amendment.

Second draft in October, 1948.

Final draft of the Constitution was presented to the Constitution Assembly on November

4th

, 1948.

Is the Draft Directly Accepted?

No, It was first discussed, amended where it required and finally adopted.

First reading: for 5 days from 04th November, 1948 to 9th November, 1948.

Second reading: from 15th November, 1948 to 17th October, 1949. During this stage as many

as 7653 amendments were proposed and 2473 were actually discussed in Assembly.

Third and final reading: 14th November 1949 to 26th November 1949.



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On 14th November 1949 Dr Br Ambedkar moved the motion to pass the constitution and

it was passed on 26th Nov, 1949 and received the signatures of all the 284 members

present in the assembly and the president.

Thus the constitution was adopted and enacted on November 26, 1949 and it has 395articles and 8 schedules and preamble was enacted by the CA after the constitution was

already enacted.

Here the Man of the moment was Dr B R Ambedkar and is called Father of Constitution of

India, Chief Architect of constitution of India and also the Modern Manu.

The Entire Constitution Came into Effect on 26/11/1949?

Only some provisions of constitution pertaining to citizenship, elections, provisional

parliament, temporary and transitional provisions and short title came in to force on 26th

November, 1949 and the entire constitution came into force on 26th January, 1950 and 26th

January is celebrated as Republic day. Prior to this 26th January used to be celebrated as

Purna Swaraj day.

Some Important Tasks by CA:

CA has adopted the National anthem( Jana Gana Mana) and The National song

(Vande Mataram) on 24th January, 1950

It Elected the Dr Rajendra Prasad as first president of India on 24th January, 1950

Some Facts about the CA:



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1) The total time taken by for making the constitution is 2 years 11 months and 18 days.

(from 9th December , 1946 to 26th November, 1949)

2) The Total Expenditure incurred is Rs. 64 lakhs.

3)

Constitution makers have gone through the constitutions of about 60 countries to prepareour constitution.

Sources of Constitution:

Source Contents borrowed

British Constitution

i). Parliamentary government

ii. Cabinet System and ParliamentaryPrivilegesiii. Rule of Lawiv. Bicameralismv. Single citizenship

US constitution

a) Fundamental rightsb) Judicial Review and Independent

Judiciary

c)

Impeachment of the presidentd)

Removal of Supreme court and HighCourt judges

Irish Constitution a) DPSP,b) Nomination of Rajya Sabha Memberc)

Method of election of President

Canadian Constitution a)Federation with strong centre,



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b) Central residuary powersc) Appointment of state governors by centre

Australian Constitution a) Concurrent Listb) Freedom of Tradec)

Joint Sitting of Parliament

German Constitution Emergency provisions

Soviet Union Constitution(Russia) Fundamental Duties

South Africa Constitution a) Amendment Procedureb) Election of members of Rajya Sabha

French constitution Republic and ideals of Liberty, Equality andfraternity in the preamble.

Japanese Constitution Procedure established by Law

Questions on the topic discussed in Polity -3

1) How does the constitution of India Described the India as?

a) A federation of States and Union Territories

b) A Union of States c) Bharatvarsh d) A Federal Nation



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2) From which constitution of the world, The Indian constitution has adopted the concept

of Directive Principles of State Policy?

a) Ireland b) USA c) Canada d) Australia

3)

From which countries Constitution, The provision of Federation was borrowed whileframing the Constitution of India?

1) USA 2) UK 3) Canada 4) Switzerland

4) The drafting committee of the Constitution is headed by

1) Dr B R Ambedkar 2) Dr Rajendra Prasad 3) Sardar Patel 4)Jawaharlal Nehru

5) Which of the following is a feature of both the Indian federation and American

Federation?

1)

Single citizenship 2) Dual judiciary 3) Concurrent List 4) Judicial review

6)

National Anthem was adopted on

1) 24th Jan, 1950 2) 22nd Jan, 1950 3) 26th Jan, 1950 4) 26th Nov, 1949

7) The drafting of the constitution was completed on

1) 24th Jan, 1950 2) 22nd Jan, 1950 3) 26th Jan, 1950 4) 26th Nov, 1949

8) Who was the president of the constituent Assembly?

1) Pt J Nehru 2) Sardar Patel 3) Dr B R Rajendra Prasad 4) Dr B R Ambedkar

Structure of Indian Constitution:

Indian Constitution is a living document and when adopted and enacted on 26th

November, 1949- Indian constitution had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules along

with Preamble.



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With the wisdom and foresight of the makers of the Constitution that they presented to the

nation a document that enshrined fundamental values and highest aspirations shared by

the people. They presented us a constitution, which is liberal, democratic, egalitarian,

secular, and federal, open to community values, sensitive to the needs of religious andlinguistic minorities as well as historically disadvantaged groups, and committed to

building a common national identity thus the Constituent makers accommodated the

aspirations of the people of India for a long time to come.

India’s Constitution is a unique document which in turn became an exemplar for many

other constitutions, most notably South Africa.

Currently, the constitution of India has nearly about 465 articles in 25 parts and 12

schedules.



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Does it mean Article Number 396, 397 and Part Number 23, 24 Exist?

In the book of constitution the articles and parts are numbered as 395 and 22 only. The

new articles and Parts were inserted where it required and the recent added article by the

constitutional amendment are numbered as 51A, 243 A, 243B etc. and the parts are



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numbered as IX-A, IX-B, etc but basic skeleton of 395 articles and 22 parts remained the

same.

Not yet understood??

Have a glance at the parts of the Constitution of India….!!

Parts Subject Covered ArticlesCovered

I The Union and its Territory 1 to 4II Citizenship 5 to 11III Fundamental Rights(FRs) 12 to 35

IV Directive Principles of State Policy(DPSP) 36 to 51

IV A Fundamental Duties 51 AV The Union Government 52 to 151

Chapter I – The Executive 52 to 78Chapter II – Parliament 79 to 122Chapter III – Legislative powers of President 123Chapter IV – The Union Judiciary 124 to 147Chapter V - Comptroller and Auditor General of India 148 to 151

VI The State Government 152 to 237

Chapter I – General 152Chapter II- The Executive 153 to 167Chapter III – The State Legislature 168 to 212Chapter IV – Legislative Powers of Governor 213Chapter V – The High Courts 214 to 232Chapter VI – Subordinate Courts 233 to 237

VII Dealt with states in Part B 238VIII The Union Territories 239 to 242



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IX The Panchayats 243 to 243O

IXA The Municipalities 243P – 243ZG

IXB The Cooperative Societies 243ZH – 243ZT

X The Scheduled and Tribal Areas 244 to 244A

XI Relations between the Union and the States 245 to 263Chapter I – Legislative relations 245 to 255Chapter II- Administrative Relations 255 to 263

XII Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits 264 to 300A XIII Trade, Commerce and Intercourse with in territory

of India301 to 307

XIV Services under the state and the Union 308 to 323Chapter I – Services 308 to 314Chapter II – Public Service Commission 315 to 323

XIV-A Tribunals 323A to 323B

XV Election 324 to 329A

XVI Special Provision relating to certain classes 330 to 342 XVII Official Language 343 to 351 XVIII Emergency Provisions 352 to 360

XIX Miscellaneous 361 to 367 XX Amendment to the Constitution 368

XXI Temporary, Transitional and Special provisions 369 to 392 XXII Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in

Hindi and Repeals393 to 395

Special Features of the Indian constitution:



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1) Indian Constitution is the lengthiest written constitution in the world:

Indian constitution had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules along with

Preamble.

Factors contributed to the size:

1) Geographical factors such as vastness of the country

2) Historical factors such as Influence of Government of India Act,1935, which was

lengthy

3)

Single Constitution for both state and centre unlike USA, where every state has

its own constitution.

2)

It was drawn from various sources: Indian Constitution is drawn almost from

constitutions of 60 countries.

3) Under the constitution the people of India are the ultimate sovereign.

4) It opted for British parliamentary form of government rather than American presidential

system of government.

Features of Parliamentary form of Government:

I. Presence of Nominal and Real Executive

II. Majority Party rule and Leadership of the Prime minister



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III. Membership of the ministers in the legislature

IV. Collective responsibility of the executive to the legislative

5)

The Constitution is neither rigid nor flexible

6) The Indian Constitution is said to be “Federal in form but unitary in spirit”, i.e

Quasi federal by KC Wheare.

In federation, there will be the centre and the state with equal powers and with mutual

cooperation, written constitution etc. Indian constitution has many features of federation

but it also non federation features such as Strong Centre and Single Citizenship Etc.

*Nowhere in the Indian constitution, the term federation was mentioned.

7) It guaranteed Fundamental Rights to the citizens of India, which are against the

legislature and limits the arbitrary powers and laws of the executive.

8) It also enumerated Directive principles of state policy to secure a truly welfare state and

it is the duty of the State to apply DPSP in making the laws.

9) The Constitution established an Independent Judiciary and also the concept of Judicial

review

10) It also has the provision for proclamation of Emergency and during the period of

Emergency the state becomes unitary.



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11) The Constitution has provisions for establishment of Secular State, Regardless of

their religious beliefs; all the citizens enjoy equal rights.

Preamble of the constitution:

India followed American constitution to begin the constitution with preamble.

The preamble was based on the Objective resolution passed by the Constituent Assembly.

The Preamble in its present form:

We, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into

A SOVEREIGN *SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCARTIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its

citizens:

JUSTICE, Social, Economic and Political

LIBERTY of thought, Expression, belief, faith and worship;



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EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all;

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the Individual and the unity *and integrity of the Nation;

In Our Constituent Assembly this 26th

day of November, 1949 do HERE by ADOPT, ENACTAND GIVE OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

*42nd Amendment in 1976

Important Points from the preamble:

It is the precious part of the constitution. It also treated as Soul of the constitution and

key to the minds of the constituent makers. The Preamble embodies the basic philosophy

and fundamental values – Political, Moral and religious on which the constitution isbased.

From the preamble, it is very clear that the Constitution derives authority from the

people of India.

It declares India to be of a

Sovereign : Means India is free and not dependant or not part of any other

countrySecular : All Religions in the country have the same status- and State

Doesn’t represent any Religion.

Democratic : Representatives elected by the people will rule the country.

And



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Republican : India has and directly elected or indirectly elected Head called

president for a period of 5 years.

It specifies the Justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity as the objectives.

Justice:

a)

Social Justice: Equal treatment of all citizens with any social distinction based

on the caste, colour, race, sex and so on.

b) Economic Justice: Non discrimination between people on the basis of economic

factors.

c)

Political Justice: That means all the citizens should have equal political rights,equal access to all political offices and equal voice in the government.

Liberty:

Absence of restraints on the activities and providing equal opportunities for the

development of Individual personalities.

Preamble secures all its citizens Liberty of thought, Expression, belief, faith and

worship through their Fundamental rights;

Equality: All citizens of India are treated equally without any special privileges to

any section of the society.

Preamble secures all its citizens of India equality of status and opportunity through

their Fundamental rights and Directive Principles of State Policy;



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Fraternity: means sense of brotherhood

Preamble secures Fraternity among all its citizens of India through theirFundamental Duties and System of Single citizenship.

Preamble is used to interpret the constitution

Supreme Court in the famous Berubari Union (1960) case said Preamble is not part of

the constitution and reversed its opinion and In Kesavananda Barati Case (1973) it

declared that the Preamble is part of the constitution.

In the same kesavananda Barati case, The Supreme Court Held that, Preamble can be

amended but Basic elements or the fundamental features of the constitution of thePreamble cannot be altered.

Preamble was amended in 1976, by the 42nd constitutional Amendment Act and added 3

words – SOCIALIST, SECULAR and Integrity it was first and last time to amend the

preamble.

Previous year Questions from Polity -4 and Polity- 5 classes



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1) India is considered as republic mainly because?

a. The Head of the state is elected

b. It gained independence on 15th August, 1947

c.

It has its own written constitutiond.

It has parliamentary form of government.

2) What was the exact constitutional position of the Indian republic, when the constitution

was brought into force with effect from 26 th January, 1950?

a. A democratic Republic

b. A Sovereign Democratic Republic.

c.

A Sovereign Secular Democratic and Republic

d.

A Sovereign Secular Socialist Democratic Republic

3)

Preamble of the Indian constitution was for the first time amended by

a.

24th Amendment b. 42 Amendment c. 44th Amendment

d. 46th Amendment

4) Division of powers is the principle of

a) Unitary form of Government b)Federal Form of Government c) Socialist form of

Government d)Republican form of Government

5)

The constitution of India describes India as

a)

A Union of states b) Quasi federal c) A federation of state and Unionterritories d) A unitary States

6) The Preamble to our constitution makes no mention of

a) Justice b) Fraternity c) Equality of Status d) Adult Franchise

7) India is a secular state because in our country

a) State has no religion b) Religion has been abolished

C) State patronizes a particular religion d) none of these



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PART -1(Articles 1-4): UNION AND ITS TERRITORY

Article 1 describes – India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.

What we can understand is that India is not the Federation of states because states are not

united by an agreement and they don’t have right to secede from federation.

The territory of India shall comprise —

(a) The territories of the States;

(b) The Union territories specified in the First Schedule;

(c) Such other territories as may be acquired by government of India at any time.

The names of the States and the territories thereof shall be as specified in the First

Schedule

At present there are 29 states and 7 UTs

Note: The provisions of the constitution pertaining to the states are applicable to all states

except Jammu and Kashmir

Why there are two terms Territory of India and Union of India?



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o Territory of India refers to a wider set including present states, union territories

and regions which may be acquired at a later point. Current States

o Union refers only states.

Article 2 - Empowers the Parliament to admit into the Union, or establish, new States onsuch terms and conditions as it thinks fit.

Article 3 authorizes the Parliament to —

(a) Form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or

more States or Parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State

(b) Increase the area of any State (c) Diminish the area of any State

(d) Alter the boundaries of any State (e) Alter the name of any State

Article 2 and Article 3 looks same??

No, Article 2 talks about states which are not in existence

Article 3 talks about the existing states and its changes,

Article 4: Provides that bills under article 2 and 3 are not to be considered as constitutionalamendment bills

It implies to form a new state under article 3; a simple majority is enough and no need of

special majority.

Evolution of states:



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At the time, when constitution was adopted in 1950 India had a fourfold classification of the

states they are

PART A- 9 Governor provinces of British India

PART B- 9 Princely state with legislature

PART C- 4 Chief Commissioner provinces and 6 some princely states.

PART D- 1 Andaman Nicobar islands

But there has been for a separate state for Telugu speaking people from the beginning.

Then What Government did?

Dhār Committee in June, 1948: Chairmen S K Dhār to examine the creation of states

on the basis of language.

Report: Submitted in December, 1948 and recommended the formation of state only on the

basis of administrative convenience rather than on the basis of language.

J V P Committee started in Dec, 1948: Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallahbhai Patel and

Pattabi sitaramaiah

Report: In April, 1950 – Rejected language as basis.

However, in October, 1953 Government was forced to create a Separate Telugu speaking

people i.e. Andhra State was created.

These lead too many separate demands.



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What Government Did?

Fazl Ali Commission: in December 1953 under the chairmanship of Fazl Ali to

reexamine the whole issue of formation of New states.

This Commission also called States Re organization Commission(SRC).

Submitted its report in September 1955 and broadly accepted the language as the basis and

recommended for creation of 16 states and 3centrally administered territories.

What Happened?

Government accepted the suggestions but with minor changes and constitution was amended.i.e. 7th Constitution Amendment. PART C states were abolished.

As a result 14 states and 6 UT were created on November 1, 1956.

Now, we have 29 states, 7 UT and Delhi (National Capital Territory of India)

PART – II (Article 5-11) – CITIZENSHIP

Citizens are full members to Indian state. They enjoy civil and political rights Such as

Right to vote, Right to contest for the membership of the parliament or state legislature

and also Eligible to hold certain offices.



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Article 5: Deals with citizenship of persons residing in India at the time of commencement of

constitution. Acc to this a person is a citizen if

i) He was born in India or

ii)

If either of his parents were born in Indiaiii) He has been a resident of India for a minimum of 5 years immediately before

the commencement of constitution of India i.e. He must have been in India

form or before 26/11/1945

Article 6: deals with citizenship of a person, who migrated from Pakistan to India

Article 7: Deals with citizenship of persons who migrated to Pakistan and returned back to

India as permanent settler. Persons who were residents of Pakistan but migrated to and havebeen residing in India for at least 6 months before the commencement of constitution.

Article 8: deals with rights of overseas citizens who want to acquire Indian citizenship.

Article 9: Suspension of citizenship of a person, when he acquires the citizen ship of another

country.

Article 10: continuation of rights of a citizen. I.e. any person who is or is deemed to be a

citizen of India shall continue to be such citizen subject to provision of law.

Article 11: parliament power to alter the provision of citizenship.

That Implies, at the commencement of the Constitution, Citizenship of India was conferred

upon the below mentioned people:-

1. Persons who are born in India and domiciled in India.



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2. Persons who are not born in India but domiciled in India and have been staying in India for

a period of at least 5 years.

3. Persons who are domiciled in India but not born in India but either of their parents were

born in India.

4. Persons who are resident in India but they migrated to Pakistan after 1st March 1947 but

later returned on resettlement permit.

5. Persons who reside outside India but either of parents or grandparents were born in India.

Citizenship Act, 1955 (amended in 1986, 1992, 2003 and 2005) The Act provides foracquisition of Indian Citizenship after the commencement of Constitution in five ways

1. By Birth - Any person born in India, on or after 26 January 1950 but before the

commencement of the 1986 Act on 1 July 1987 is a citizen of India by birth.

Note: The restriction of date to 01/07/1987 was done by amendment to citizenship act

in 1986.

2. By Descent - Persons born outside India on or after 26 January 1950 will be considered

as citizen of India if at the time of their birth either of the parents are citizens of Indiaand the parents get the birth registered with the Indian Consulate within 1 year of birth.

Note: Prior to 1992, the children of only male Indian are considered but by amendment

to citizenship act in 1992 the female Indian children are also considered.



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3. Citizenship by Registration – Any Person who is not a citizen of India can apply for apply for

registration as a citizen if he satisfies certain criteria mentioned in the Constitution.

Applicable basically for PIOs and OCI.

4. Citizenship by Naturalization - Citizenship of India by naturalization can be acquired by aforeigner who has resided in India continuously for a period of 1 year and prior to this 1 year

in the past 14 years the person should have stayed in India for at least 11 years. Also person

should not be a citizen of a country which does not allow Indians to become its citizens by

Naturalization and person should renounce citizenship of parent country.

5. Citizenship by Incorporation of territory – If any new territory becomes a part of India, the

Government of India shall notify the persons of that territory to be citizens of India.

Loss of Citizenship

1. Renunciation of Indian citizenship - a voluntary act by which a person holding an Indian

citizenship gives it up.

2. Termination – If an Indian citizen voluntarily accepts the citizenship of another country his

Indian citizenship stands terminated.

3. Deprivation - If a Indian citizen has obtained his citizenship by fraud, or if he has beendisloyal to India, or has been residing outside India for seven years continuously, or if he has

unlawfully traded or communicated with the enemy during war, or if has been imprisoned

within 5 years in any country for a period 2 years after becoming a citizen of India either by

naturalization or registration.



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NRI, Persons of India Origin and Oversea Citizen of India

NRI: NRI is a person, who is away from the country for a period of 180days.

Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) Card holder since 19-08-2002: Any person 1

1) Who at any time held an Indian Pass port or

2) He or Either of his parents or Grandparents or great grand Parents was born in India or

permanently resident of India or

3)

He is a spouse of a citizen of India or a person of Indian origin

PIO of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan and Srilanka are not

eligible for card

Benefits: 1) No visa required to visit India for a period of 15 years from issue of PIO card.

2) Can stay in India with any registration with police for period of continuous 180 days.

If exceeds 180 days then he has to register with police.

3) No political rights such as

PIO can become Indian citizen if stays for 7 years continuously.

Dual citizenship: To create the sense of belongingness to the nation, concept of dual

citizenship it doesn’t mean person will have citizenship of two countries but he will be given

OCI card.

Dual citizenship act, 2003 commenced from 09/01/2003. Hence 09/01 of every year

celebrated as Pravas Baratiya Divas and benefit was given to 16 countries namely



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Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Netherland, New Zealand,

Portugal, Republic of Cyprus, Sweden, Switzerland, UK and USA.

Oversea Citizen of India (OCI) (since 02-12-2005)

Who is OCI?

1) Person who is eligible to become citizen of India on 26-01-1950 or

2) Was a citizen of India at any time on after 26-01-1950 or

3) Belonged to territory of India after15-08-1947

If he had ever been citizen of Pakistan or Bangladesh, he is not eligible for OCI

Benefits:

1) Can visit India at any time without visa. Multiple Entry

2)

No need to register in Police station

3)

No political rights

4) He is eligible for Indian citizenship 5 after registration as OCI provided he stays in

India for 1 year.

Note: From 09/01/2015 PIO are merged with OCI cards in india.

Part – III - Fundamental Rights:(Art12 – Art 32)



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Concept of Fundamental Rights borrowed from Constitution of USA(Bill of Rights)

These are not absolute but qualified. State can impose certain reasonable restriction to

protect the public order.

These are against the against the arbitrary action of the state. i.e it places limitations onthe authority of the states.

These are justiciable and are defended and guaranteed by the court.

As these laws are guaranteed and protected by constitution- this is fundamental law of

the land. Hence this is called fundamental rights.

Article 12 describes the state concerning the FRs:

It is a) Union Government

b)

State Government

c) Local Governments municipalities, Panchayats, district boards

d) All other authorities such as statutory and No statutory

Article 13 declares that the all the laws that are inconsistent with or in derogation of any FR

is void. That is it provides the doctrine of Judicial Review.

Right to Equality (Art 14 – Art 17):

Article 14 : It guarantees to all the persons(Citizens as well as others)equality before law

and equal protection of laws

Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place

of birth – equal access to shops, hotels, wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads etc.

Article 16: Equality of opportunity in public employment



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Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability

Article 18: Abolition of titles

Right to Freedom (Art 19- Art 22)

Article 19: Protection of Right to –

i.

freedom of speech and expression; –

ii. assemble peacefully; –

iii. form associations/unions; –

iv. move freely throughout the territory of India; –

v. reside and settle in any part of India; –

vi.

Practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences

o No Ex post facto Law: No person shall be convicted of any offence except for

violation of law that is in force

o No Double Jeopardy: No person shall be punished morethan once for same

offence.

o No Self Incrimination: No punishment on any offence by self witness

Article 21 : Right to life and personal liberty – No person should be deprived of his life orpersonal liberty

Supreme Court has declared the following right as part of Article 21:

(a) right to live with human dignity

(b) right to decent environment including pollution free water and air and protection

against hazardous industries.

(c) right to livelihood.



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(d) right to privacy.

(e) right to shelter.

(f) right to health.

(g) right to free education up to 14 years of age. (h) right to free legal aid.

(i) right against solitary confinement.

(j) right to speedy trial

(k) right against handcuffing.

(l) right against inhuman treatment.

(m) right against delayed execution.

(n) right to travel abroad. (o) right against bonded labour.

(p) right against custodial harassment.

(q) right to emergency medical aid.

(r) right to timely medical treatment in government hospital.

(s) right not to be driven out of a state.

(t) right to fair trial.

(u) right to prisoner to have necessities of life. (v) right to woman to be treated with decency and dignity.

(w) right against public hanging.

(x) right to hearing.

(y) right to information.

(z) right to reputation.



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Article 21A: Right to education for children of the age of 6 to 14 years. (86th Amendment

Act, 2002)

Article 22: Protection against arbitrary arrest and detention in certain cases

Right against Exploitation

Article 23: Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour

Article 24: Prohibition of employment of children in hazardous jobs (Employment of

Children below age of 14 in any hazardous activities like construction works, Mines and

railways etc.

Right to Freedom of Religion

Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of

religion

Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs and Establish and maintain Institutions

for religious and charitable purposes etc

Article 27: Freedom to pay taxes for promotion of any particular religion

Article 28: Freedom to attend religious instruction or worship in certain educational

institutions- No religious instructions shall be provided in any educational institution

wholly owned by the state.

Cultural and Educational Rights

Article 29: Protection of language, culture of minorities – i.e. any section of citizens of

India have the right to conserve their own language, script and the cuture. Further,

only on the religion, race, Caste or language, No citizen shall be denied admission into



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any educational institution maintained by the state or receiving aid out of the state

funds.

Article 30 : Right of minorities to establish educational institutions

Right to Constitutional Remedies

Article 32: Right to move the courts to issue directions/orders/writs for enforcement of

rights

Dr. Ambedkar considered the right to constitutional remedies as ‘heart and soul of the

constitution’. It is so because this right gives a citizen the right to approach a High Court or

the Supreme Court to get any of the fundamental rights restored in case of their violation. The

Supreme Court and the High Courts can issue orders and give directives to the governmentfor the enforcement of rights. The courts can issue various special orders known as writs.

Habeas corpus: A writ of habeas corpus means that the court orders that the arrested person

should be presented before it. It can also order to set free an arrested person if the manner or

grounds of arrest are not lawful or satisfactory.

Mandamus: This writ is issued when the court finds that a particular office holder is not

doing legal duty and thereby is infringing on the right of an individual.

Prohibition: This writ is issued by a higher court (High Court or Supreme Court) when a

lower court has considered a case going beyond its jurisdiction.

Quo Warranto: If the court finds that a person is holding office but is not entitled to hold that

office, it issues the writ of quo warranto and restricts that person from acting as an office

holder.



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Certiorari: Under this writ, the court orders a lower court or another authority to transfer a

matter pending before it to the higher authority or court.

Directive Principles of State Policy

The Directive Principles are contained in Part IV of the Constitution. They aim at

providing the social and economic base of a genuine democracy.

Constitution Makers borrowed this from Irish constitution and resemble Instrument of

Instructions enumerated in Government of India Act, 1935. Dr. B R Ambedkar said are Novel Features of the constitution

Granville Austin has described DPSP and the FRS as the Conscience of the

constitution.

Features of the DPSP:

These direct the state and every one of its agencies to follow certain fundamental

Principles while framing policies



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These principles are assurance to the people on one hand as to what they can expect

from the state and direct the state and central govt to establish and maintain a Social

Order.

These are not justiciable means these are not enforced by the courts but the constitution

says these are fundamental in the governance of a country and it shall be the duty of the

state to apply these principles in making laws and these helps Supreme Court in

determining the constitutional validity of a law.

Thus DPSP impose moral obligation on the state authorities for their application, but

real force behind them is political i.e. public opinion.

You may get some idea of the vision of makers of our Constitution by looking at some of the

Directive Principles shown below.

Glimpse of Articles Related to DPSP:

Article DPSP Classification



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No

36 Definition of state – State is same as that

of Article 12 in FR

37 Application of principles in this part

i. Application of DPSP shall be

the responsibility of the

state

ii.

DPSP are non justiciable38 To promote the welfare of the people by

securing a social order

Socialistic

39 Certain principles to be followed by state

i.

Right of adequate means of

livelihood

ii.

The equitable distribution of

material sources

iii.

Prevention of concentration of

Wealth

iv. Equal Pay for Equal work for Men

Socialistic



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and Women

v. Opportunities for healthy

development of children

39A To promote the equal justice and to

provide free legal aid to the poor.

Socialistic

40 To Organize village Panchayats and

making necessary provision to them to

function as units of self government.

Gandhian

41 Right to work, to education and to public

assistance in certain cases

Socialistic

42 Provision for just and humane conditions

of work and maternity relief

Gandhian

43 Living wage etc for workers and decentstandard of life and social and cultural

opportunities for all

The promotion of cottage industries and

cooperatives in rural areas

Social

Gandhian



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43A To take steps to secure participation of

workers in the management of industries

Liberal

43B Promotion of Cooperative Societies Gandhian

*44 A uniform civil code for the country Liberal

45 Provision of early child hood care and

education to children below the age of six

years

Liberal

46 The promotion of educational and

economic interests of weaker SCs, STsand other weaker sections of society

Gandhian

47 The prohibition of intoxicating drugs and

drinks – Duty of the state to raise the

level of Nutrition and standard of living

Gandhian

48 Organization of agriculture and animal

husbandry along scientific lines

Liberal

48A Safeguarding the forests , wildlife of the

country there by protecting and

improving the environment

Liberal

49 Protecting monuments and places of



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artistic or historical importance which are

to be declared to be of National

Importance

Liberal

50 Separation of the judiciary and executive Liberal

51 promote International peace and security Liberal

The governments from time to time tried to give effect to some Directive Principles of State

Policy. They passed several zamindari abolition bills, nationalized banks, enacted numerous

factory laws, fixed minimum wages, cottage and small industries were promoted andprovisions for reservation for the uplift of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes were

made and also Directive Principles include the right to education, formation of panchayati raj

institutions all over the country, partial right to work under employment guarantee program

and the mid-day meal scheme etc.

Are they are same from the beginning:

The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 added 4 new DPSP to the original list

1. To secure Opportunities for healthy development of Children(Art 39)

2. To promote the equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor(Art 39A).



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3. To take steps to secure participation of workers in the management of industries(Art

43A)

4.

Safeguarding the forests , wildlife of the country there by protecting and improving the

environment(Art 48A)

The 44th Amendment Act, 1978 added one more DPSP

1.

State to minimize the inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities.

The 86th Amendment Act, 2002 changed the subject matter of Article 45 to Child care

and Education for all children until they complete the age of 6 years.

97th Amendment Act, 2011 added Promotion of Cooperative Societies.

Important Directive Principles

Broadly speaking, there are three types of Directive Principles aimed at providing social and

economic justice and ushering in a welfare state.

Note: Constitution didn’t classify them but based on the content we classify them as below

1. Socio – Economic Principles: They require the State:

DPSP under Articles 39:



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(a) to provide adequate means of livelihood to all citizens;

(b) to prevent concentration of wealth and means of production and ensure equitable

distribution of wealth and material resources;

(c) to secure equal pay for equal work of men as well as women;

(d) to ensure a decent standard of living and leisure for all workers;

(e) to provide necessary opportunities and facilities to children and youth to prevent their

exploitation; and

Article 39A: to promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor.

Article 41: to make efforts to secure the right to work, education and public assistance

in case of unemployment, sickness, old age etc.

2. Gandhian Principles: These are based on the Gandhian Ideology. These include.

(a) The establishment of village Panchayats to function as units of self government

(Article 40);

(b) The promotion of cottage industries and cooperatives in rural areas (Article 43);

(b) The promotion of educational and economic interests of weaker SCs, STs and other

weaker sections of society (Article 46);

(d) The prohibition of intoxicating drugs and drinks (Article 47);

And



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(e) Prevention of the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch cattle etc (Article 48).

3. Liberal Principles: The principles are based on liberal thinking and emphasize the need

for;

(a) A uniform civil code for the country (Article 44);

(b) Provision of early child hood care and education to children below the age of six

years. (Article45) (86th Amendment Act, 2002)

Note: in original it was Free and compulsory education for all children up to the age

of 14 years. Right of children between 6years to 14 years is included under FR

Article 21A)

(c) Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry along scientific lines (Article 48);

(d) Safeguarding the forests, wildlife of the country there by protecting and improving the

environment (Article 48A)

(e) Protecting monuments and places of artistic or historical importance which are to be

declared to be of National Importance (Article 49).

(f) Separation of the judiciary and executive (Article 50);

(g) To maintain just and honorable relation between states and promote International

peace and security (Article 51).

(g) Securing the participation of workers in the management of industries (43A);



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f


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PART IV A - FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES (Article 51a – Article 51k)

Fundamental Duties are the duties to be followed by the citizens of India.

Source: USSR Constitution

Original Constitution provided FRs and DPSP but not Fundamental duties.

During the emergency period(1975-1977), Government felt the need of these

Fundamental duties and formed a committee chaired by Swaran Singh

For the first time, ten fundamental duties have been enumerated in the constitution with

the 42nd amendment act of 1976. These have been provided in part (IV) A, Article 51A,

and are as under:

Features:

1. These are moral duties and civic duties of the citizens

2.

They refer to the values enriched in Indian tradition, Mythology, Religions and

Practice.

3. These are extended to citizens of India only

4.

These are nonjustiable but parliament is free to make laws for their enforcement

It shall be the duty of every citizen of India___

a.

To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag

and National struggle for freedom.

b. To cherish and follow the noble ideas which inspired our national struggle for freedom.

c. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.

W F Cl P li N f SSC CGL



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d. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.

e. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of

India transcending religious, Linguistic and regional or sectional diversities, to

renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

f.

To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

g. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and

wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.

h. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

i. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.

j.

To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity, so that the

nation constantly rises to higher levels of Endeavour and achievement.

k.

Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as thecase may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

The last fundamental Duty [Article 51A (k)] was added through the 86th Constitutional

Amendment Act, 2002.

What we can interpret?

These are warning against the anti national and antisocial activities like burning

national flag, destroying public property etc.

These are reminding us the duties we owe to the country, the society

And to the fellow citizens

W F Cl P lit N t f SSC CGL



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These serve a source of inspiration to us and promote a sense of discipline and

commitment among them.

Schedules in constitution

What is Schedule?

Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorizes and tabulates bureaucratic activity

and policy of the Government. Our constitution had 8 Schedules originally.

The First Amendment Act added the 9th schedule in the constitution.

35th Amendment Act added the 10th schedule in the constitution in 1974 regarding the

“associate Status” of the Sikkim.

Later 36th amendment act admitted Sikkim as state of India.

A New 10th schedule was added by 52th amendment act 1985 in context with the “Anti-

defection” law.

First Schedule: This lists the Names of the states, Union territories and their territorial

jurisdiction on of India, lists any changes to their borders and the laws used to make that

change.

W F Cl P lit N t f SSC CGL



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Number of States in 1950 are 29

By the recommendations of Fazl Ali Commission (First SRC), the Number states restricted to

14 along with 6 Union Territories.

At Present the Number of States are: 29 and UTs are 7(including Delhi National Capital

Territory)

When did the remaining states added?

1) In 1960, State of Bombay was divided into 2 separate states i.e. Gujarat and

Maharashtra (Mumbai state was renamed). Thus the Gujarat was established as 15thstate of India.

Not By Constitutional amendment Act but by Bombay State Reorganization Act, 1960.

2) In 1961, Dadra Nagar Haveli was converted to Union Territory by the 10th Constitutional

Amendment Act,1961

3) In 1962, Goa, Damn and Diu were made as UTs by 12th Constitutional Amendment Act,

1962 and later Goa was given a Separate Statehood in 1987 by Goa, Diu and Damn

Reorganization Act, 1987.

Note: Dadra nagar Haveli, Goa and Diu Damn were under the control of Portuguese.

We Focus Classes Polity Notes for SSC CGL



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4) In 1963, Puducherry (Earlier Under the Control of French) was Made UT by 14th

Constitutional Amendment Act, 1962

5)

In 1963, Nagaland was separated out of Assam and created as 16th state of Indian

Union.

6) In 1966, Punjab was bifurcated and Haryana was created as 17th State of Indian Union

along with Chandigarh as UT by Punjab Reorganization Act, 1966.

7)

In 1971, Already Existing UT Himachal Pradesh was made as State and it became the

18th State of Indian Union by .

8)

In 1972 there was major change in North Eastern Region.

a. Already Existing 2 UTs Manipur and Tripura along with Meghalaya became States.

b. Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh was made UTs.

Manipur – 19th State

Tripura – 20th State

Meghalaya – 21st State

9)

In 1975, by 36th

Constitutional Amendment Act, 1975 Sikkim became the Full State.i.e. 22nd State of Indian Union.

10) In 1987, UTs Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh were made State along with Goa. Goa

was separated from UT Goa, Damn and Diu.

Mizoram – 23rd State Arunachal Pradesh – 24th State Goa – 25th State




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11) In 2000, 3 New States of Chhattisgarh (26th State), Uttarakhand (27th State) and

Jharkhand(28th State) Created

12) In 2014, Telangana (29th State) was created out of United Andhrapradesh by AP State

Reorganization act, 2014

Second Schedule: Emoluments for High-Level Officials – This lists the salaries of officials

holding public office, judges, and Controller and Auditor-General of India.

List Includes 1. The President of India

2. The Governors of State

3. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Loksabha and State Legislative Assembly.

4. The Chairmen and Deputy Chairmen of Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Council.

5. The Judges of Supreme Court and High Court.

Third Schedule: Forms of Oaths – This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials and judges.

Fourth Schedule: Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) per

State or Union Territory.




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Most Number of Rajya Sabha Seats: UttarPradesh-31

Except Assam, All the North Eastern States has only One Rajyasabha Seats.

Goa also has Only One Rajya Sabha Seat.

In UTs:

Delhi has 3 seats and Puducherry has 1 Seat.

Fifth Schedule: Administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes (areas

and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous conditions).

Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state, administered federally, usually

populated by a predominant Scheduled Tribe. Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous

people, identified in the Constitution, struggling socio-economically

Sixth Schedule: Provisions for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya,

Tripura, Mizoram.

Seventh Schedule: The union (central government), state, and concurrent lists of

responsibilities.

List I(Union List): 100 Subject( Originally 97 Subjects)

List II(State List): 61 Subjecta(Originally 66 Subjects)




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List III( Concurrent List) :52 subjects( Originally 47 Subjects)

Eighth Schedule: The official languages.

Originally, There are 14 Languages. They are

a. Assamese b. Bengali

c. Gujarati d. Hindi

e. Kannada f. Kashmiri

g. Malayalam h. Marathi

i. Oriya j. Punjabi

k. Sanskrit l. Tamil

m. Telugu n. Urdu

Sindh was added by 21st Amendment act, 1967.

Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali Were added by 71st Amendment Act, 1992

Bodo, Dongri, Maithali and Santhali were added by 92nd Amendent Act,

Thus the present Number of Official languages has become 22.



Documents

Indian Polity (We Focus)