IndianFreedomStruggleI IndianFreedomStruggleIIebooks.lpude.in/arts/ba/year_2/DHIS204_DHIS205_INDIAN...fJekJh^1L fpqfNP ft;sko BØN LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1 fJekJh^1L fpqfNP

Indian

DHIS204 DHIS205/

FreedomStruggle I/IndianFreedomStruggle II

GGGGGkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokwkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokwkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokwkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokwkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw

INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE-I INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE-I

INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE-II

Copyright © 2012All rights reserved with publishers

Produced & Printed byUSI PUBLICATIONS

2/31, Nehru Enclave, Kalkaji Extn.,New Delhi-110019

forLovely Professional University

Phagwara

gkmeqw (gkmeqw (gkmeqw (gkmeqw (gkmeqw (SYLLABUS)

Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw INDIAN STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM

T[d/PLT[d/PLT[d/PLT[d/PLT[d/PL

ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJ; d/ :'r eoD bJh1. ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ;[szsosk ;zrokw d/ ftfGzB uoDK Bkb ikD{ eotkUDk2. UBK Bz{ fpqfNP ;oeko dhnK ftfGzB BhshnK ns/ oDBhshnK pko/ ;wMkUDk3. ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ nkIkdh d/ PjhdK d/ pfbdkBK pko/ ikD{ eotkUDk

Objectives :To enable the learners to1. To introduce students with different phases of freedom struggle2. To make them understand the policies and strategies of British Government3. To acquaint students with the sacrifices of our freedom martyrs

Sr. No. Topics

1. British Expansion: Carnatic wars, Anglo Mysore wars, Anglo Maratha wars

2. Political Establishment: Battle of Plassey, Battle of Buxar, Reforms of Lord Clive

3. Consolidation of the British Raj: Development of Central structure, Changes in Economic Policy

and Educational Policy

4. Constitutional Development: Regulating Act 1773 and Pitt’s India Act 1784

5. Implementation of Imperial Policies: Reforms of Cornwallis, Reforms of William Bentinck

6. Age of Reforms: Reforms of Lord Dalhousie

7. Reformist Movements: Brahmo Samaj and Singh Sabha Movement

8. Revivalist Movements: Arya Samaj

9. The First Major Challenge 1857: Causes of revolt, Events, Causes for the failure, Aftermath

10. Maps: Important Centers of the Revolt of 1857 & India before independence

INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE -I

INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE -II

Sr. No. Topics

1. Establishment of Indian National Congress: Factors responsible for its foundation, Theories of

its origin, Moderates and Extremists

2. Home Rule League: Role of Lokmanya Tilak and Annie Besant, its fallout

3. Non Cooperation Movement: Circumstances leading to the movement, Events, Impact

4. Civil Disobedience Movement: Circumstances leading to the movement, Events

5. Peasant Movements: Peasant Movements’ in first half of 20th

Century, Peasant Movement in

30s and 40s

6. Quit India Movement: Circumstances leading to the movement, Important Events

7. Indian independence and partition: Loyalists’ Crisis, Congress and Partition

8. Nehru’s vision of society: Socialist society, State controlled industrialization, Agrarian reforms

9. Border conflict with China: Chinese aggression, 1962 Chinese attack

10. Maps: India in 1947 & States and capitals

1. fpqfNP ft;sko (British Expansion) ............................................................................ 1-24

2. fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) ns/ e/Adoh ;zouBk dkftek; (1773^1863)L Consolidation of British Raj (1818-1843)and Development of Central Structure (1773-1863) ............................................ 25-37

3. ;wkfie^Xkofwe ;[Xko nzdØbB (Socio-Religious Reforms Movement) .................... 38-49

4. ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[Xko (Reforms of Cornwallis) .......................................................... 50-56

5. ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[Xko (Reforms of William Bentick) ........................................... 57-62

6. bkov vbjΩIh d/ ;[Xko (Reforms of Lord Dalhousie) ................................................ 63-73

7. gfjbh wj~stg{oD u[B"sh (The First Major Challenge) .............................................. 74-88

8. fe;kBh nzd'bB (Peasant Movement) ...................................................................... 89-111

9. Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{b nKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh(Establishment of the Indian National Congress, Home RuleMovement, Moderate and Extremists) ............................................................... 112-132

10. okPNoh nzd'bB ns/ Gkosh ;[szsosk (National Movement andIndian Independence) ......................................................................................... 133-169

11. ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A 1964 s~e dk Gkos (India Independent to 1964) ................... 170-195

12. uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd ns/ uhBh nkeokwesk (Border conflict withChina and Chinese Agression) .......................................................................... 196-203

13. wkBfu~soÎ (Maps) .............................................................................................. 204-210

14. wkBfu~soÎI (Maps) .............................................................................................. 211-216

ftPk^t;s{ ftPk^t;s{ ftPk^t;s{ ftPk^t;s{ ftPk^t;s{ (Contents)

fJekJh^1L fpqfNP ft;skofJekJh^1L fpqfNP ft;skofJekJh^1L fpqfNP ft;skofJekJh^1L fpqfNP ft;skofJekJh^1L fpqfNP ft;sko

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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1

fJekJh^1L fpqfNP ft;sko fJekJh^1L fpqfNP ft;sko fJekJh^1L fpqfNP ft;sko fJekJh^1L fpqfNP ft;sko fJekJh^1L fpqfNP ft;sko (British Expansion)

ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)

T[d/P (Objectives) ikDekoh (Introduction)

1H1 eoBkNe :[~X (Carnatic War)

1H2 pzrkb ft~u fpqfNP oki dh fi~s ns/ gbk;h dk :[~X (Conquest of British Raj in Bengal andBattle of Plassy)

1H3 who ikcaao ns/ who ekf;w (Mir Jaffer and Mir Qasim)

1H4 ebkJht dk d{ik Pk;B ns/ 1757 s ØA 1772 d/ dΩokB pzrkb ft~u nzro/I (Clive’s 2nd

Governorship and English in Bengal from 1757-1772)

1H5 w?;{o ns/ fpqfNP ft;sko dk fJ; t~b ØA ftoØX (Mysore and its resistance to theBritish Expansion)

1H6 nKrb^wokmk fszB :[~X (The three Anglo-Maratha Wars)

1H7 ;ko nzP (Summary)

1H8 PpdeØP (Keywords)

1H9 nfGnk;^gqPB (Review Questions)

1H10 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

T[d/P T[d/P T[d/P T[d/P T[d/P (Objectives)

fJ; fJekJh d/ nfXn?B sØA pknd ftfdnkoEh : Ør jØDr/L

J fpqfNP ft;sko, eoBkNe :[~X ns/ pzrkb dh fi~s B{z ;wMD ft~u,

J gbk;h dh bVkJh, who ikcao, who ekf;w ns/ ebkJht d/ d{i/ Pk;B dh ftnkfynk eoB ft~u,

J nKrb^w?;{o ns/ nKrb^wokmk :[~XK dh ftt/uBk eoB ft~u,

ikDekoh ikDekoh ikDekoh ikDekoh ikDekoh (Introduction)

17thA ns/ 18thA PskpdhnK ft~u nKrb^cqK;h;h iBwiks d[PwD ;B ns/ fit/A jh :{oØg ft~u UjBK dknkg;h :[~X P[o{ j[zdk j?, ;z;ko d/ eØB/ ft~u fi~E/ fJj d Ø ezgBhnK ezw eodhnK ;B, nkg;h :[~X P[o{ jØ iKd/;B. Gkos ft~u n?ArbØ cq?Au :[~X, nk;Nohnk d/ T[ZsokfXeko d/ :[~X Bkba P[o{ jØfJnk. T[dØA cqK;h;hnK dkw[~y dcaso gKvhu/oh ft~u ;h. ns/ w;Ωbhg~Nw, ekoheb, wkjh, ;{os ns/ uzdoBro ft~u UjBK d/T[g^dcaso ;B. d{i/ gk;/ nzro/iK dhnK w[~y p;shnK wdok;, pzpJh ns/ ebe~sk ft~u ;B ns/ eJhT[g^dcaso ;B.

Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 JhGkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 JhGkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 JhGkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 JhGkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw (1707^1947 Jh0)))))

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2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

1H1 eoBkNe :[~X 1H1 eoBkNe :[~X 1H1 eoBkNe :[~X 1H1 eoBkNe :[~X 1H1 eoBkNe :[~X (Carnatic War)

eoBkNe dk gfjbk :[~X (1746^48)LeoBkNe dk gfjbk :[~X (1746^48)LeoBkNe dk gfjbk :[~X (1746^48)LeoBkNe dk gfjbk :[~X (1746^48)LeoBkNe dk gfjbk :[~X (1746^48)L fJj :[~X nk;Nohnk d/ T[ZsokfXeko d/ :[~X dk iØ 1740 ft~uP[o{ jØfJnk ;h, ft;sko wkso jh ;h. rqfj ;oeko dh nkfrnk d/ fto[~X jh dØBK dbK ft~u 1746 ft~u :[~XjØ frnk. pkoB?N dh nrtkJh ft~u nzro/ih BΩ;?Bk B/ e[M cqaK;h;h ib g Øs geV bJ/. v[gb/ B/ iØ 1741ft~u gKvhu/oh dk |q?Au rtoBoîBob ;h, wkohP; ;fEs |qK;h;h rtoBo bk p{ovØB/ (La Bourdonnals)sØA ;jkfJsk wzrh.bk p{ovØB/ 3000 ;?fBe b? e/ eØoØwzvb sN (wdok; d/ gk; dk sN) t~b u~b fgnk.o;s/ft~u T[;B/ nzro/ih BΩ;?Bk Bz{ jokfJnk. wdok; B{z ib ns/ Eb dØjK gkf;nK sØA |qK;h;hnK B/ x/o fbnk. 21;szpo B{z wdok; B/ nksw^;wogD eo fd~sk. :[~XpzdhnK ft~u ebkJht th ;h. bk p{ovØB/ dk ftuko fJ; BrosØA f|oØsh b?D dk ;h go v[gb/ BjhA wzfBnk. bk p{ovØB/ B/ fJ~e uzrh okPh d/ pdb/ Bro tkfg; eo fd~sk.gqzs{ v[gb/ B/ fJ; B{z ;theko Bk ehsk ns/ Bro d[pkok fi~s fbnk. gqzs{ T[j |ØoN ;/AN v/ftv iØ gKvhu/oh sØAf;o| 18 whb d~yD ft~u ;fEs ;h, T[; B{z fi~sD ft~u n;|b fojk. d{i/ gk;/ fJ~e nzro/ih ;etkovB B/ ohnon?vfwob pØ;ekt/ dh nrtkJh ft~u gKvhu/oh B{z x/oD dh n;|b eØfPP ehsh.

eoBkNe dk gfjbk :[~X ;/AN NØw/ d/ :[~X d/ ekoD :kdrko j?. fJj :[~X |qK;h;h ;?Bk ns/ eoBkNe d/ BtkpnBtoT[~dhB (1744^49) dh nrtkJh ft~u Gkosh ;?Bk ftueko jØfJnk. MrVk |qK;h;hnK d[nkok wdok;dh fi~s s/ jØfJnk. Btkp B/ dØjK ezgBhnK B{z bVd/ j ØJ/ t/y e/ UjBK B{z nkfrnk fd~sh fe T[j :[~X pzdeoD ns/ d/P dh PKsh B{z Gzr Bk eoD. v[gb/ B/ wdok; B{z fi~s e/ Btkp B{z d/D dk gq;skt ehsk ;h.gqzs{ idØA v[gb/ B/ nkgDk tuB g{ok BjhA ehsk sK Btkp B/ nkgDh wzr ;theko eokD d/ T[d/P Bk+ nkgDh;?Bk G/ih.e?gNB g?okvkJhI (Paradise) d/ nXhB fJ~e SØNh fijh |qK;h;h ;?Bk B/ fi; ft~u 230 |qK;h;hns/ 700 Gkosh ;?fBe ;B, wfj|{I ykB dh nrtkJh ft~u 10,000 Gkosh ;?Bk B{z nfdnko Bdh T[Zs/ ;fEs;/AN NØw/ d/ ;EkB s/ jok fd~sk. e?gNB g?okvkJhI dh fJ; fi~s B/ ftd/Ph :{ogh nB[Pkf;s ;?Bk dh fY~bhns/ n;zrfms Gkosh ;?Bk T[~s/ Po/Pmsk B{z ;gPN eo fd~sk.

:{og ft~u :[~X pzd j[zd/ jh eoBkNe dk gfjbk :[~X \sw jØ frnk. J/ bk Pkgb dh ;zXh (1748) Bk+ nk;Nohnk d/T[ZsokfXeko dk :[~X \sw jØ frnk ns/ wdok; nzro/iK B{z d[pkok fwb frnk.

:[~X d/ gfjb/ dΩo ft~u d Øt/A db pokpo oj/.G{sb T[Zs/ |qK;h;h Po/Pm oj/. v[gb/ B/ nkgDh n;XkoDfBg[zBsk ns/ okiBhsh dk gqdoPB ehsk. idØA fe nzro/i gKvhu/oh B{z BjhA fi~s ;e/, sK th fJ; :[~X ft~uBΩ;?Bk dk wj~st ;gPN jØ frnk .

eoBkNe dk d{ik :[~X (1749^54)LeoBkNe dk d{ik :[~X (1749^54)LeoBkNe dk d{ik :[~X (1749^54)LeoBkNe dk d{ik :[~X (1749^54)LeoBkNe dk d{ik :[~X (1749^54)L eoBkNe d/ gfjb/ :[~X Bk+ v[gb/ dh okiBhfse fgnk; ikr T[Zmhns/ T[;B/ |qK;h;h okiBhfse gqGkt d/ gq;ko d/ T[d/P Bk+ Gkosh okitzPK d/ nkg;h MrfVnK ft~u Gkrb?D dh ;Øuh. wkb/;B (Malleson) B/ fJ; ;fEsh dk toDB fJ; soK ehsk j?, “fJ~SKtK ikr T[~mhnK,nkg;h B|os tX rJh. idØA tXd/ jØJ/ gqGkt dhnK fJ~SKtK dotkik \Vek ojhnK ;B sK UjBK B{z :{oghPKsh Bk+ eh b?Dk^d/Dk. fJj uzrk wΩek j?dokpkd ns/ eoBkNe d/ f;zxk;DK d/ fttkd Go/ T[~sokfXeko d/ekoD gqkgs jØfJnk.”

nk;|ikj fi;B/ d~eD ft~u brGr ;t~skg{oD oki pDk fbnk ;h, 21 wJh, 1748 B{z ;tor f;Xko frnk.T[;dk g[~so Bkf;oizr (1748^50) T[;dk T[~sokfXekoh pfDnk. gqzs{ T[;d/ Gshi/ (nk;|ikj d/ gØs/)w[i~|oizr B/ dkt/ B{z u[BΩsh fd~sh. d{i/ gk;/ eoBkNe d/ Btkp nBto{dhB ns/ T[;d/ GDØJhJ/ uzdk ;kfjp d/ft~u fttkd ;h.ibdh jh fJj dØt/A fttkd fJ~e t~v/ fttkd ft~u pdb rJ/ ns/ ;kB{z dbK d/ pDB ns/ N[~NDdh fefonk dk gqdoPB fwfbnk.

v[gb/ B/ fJ; nfBPfus jkbs sØA okiBhfse bkG T[mkD dh ;Øuh ns/ w[i~|oizr B{z d~eD dh ;{p/dkoh ns/uzdk ;kfjp B{z eoBkNe dh ;{p/dkoh d/ bJh ;woEB d/D dh r~b ;Øuh. Bshi/ t~bØA nzro/iK B{z Bkf;oizrns/ nBto{dhB dk ;kE d/Dk fgnk. v[gb/ B{z nd[~sh ;|bsk fwbh. w[i~|oizr uzdk ;kfjp ns/ |qK;h;h ;?BktK B/1749 d/ nr;s wjhB/ ft~u t/bØo d/ eØb nzp{o d/ ;EkB s/ nBto{dhB B{z jok e/ wko fd~sk. fd;zpo 1750 ft~u Bkf;oizrth fJ~e w[ekpb/ ft~u wkfonk frnk. w[i~|oizr d~eD dk ;{p/dko pD frnk ns/ T[;B/ fjsekohnK B{z pj[s ;ko/T[gjko fd~s/. v[gb/ B{z feqPBk Bdh d/ d~yDh Gkr ft~u w[rb gqd/PK dk rtoBo fB:[es ehsk frnk.T[Zsoh


BØN


;oekoK d/ e[M fib/ th |qK;h;hnK B{z d/ fd~s/ rJ/. fJ; sØA fJbktk w[i~|oizr dh p/Bsh T[~s/ |qK;h;h ;?Bk dhfJ~e N[eVh p[~;h dh nrtkJh ft~u j?dokpkd ft~u s?Bks eo fd~sh rJh. 1751 ft~u uzdk ;kfjp eoBkNe d/Btkp pD rJ/. v[gb/ fJ; ;w/A nkgDh okiBhfse skes dh uow ;hwk s/ gj[zu frnk ;h.

|qK;h;hnK d/ bJh gqsheoP (anti-climax) nkUD ft~u d/o BjhA b~rh. woj{w nBto{dhB d/ g[~so w[jzwdnbh B/ fsquBkg~bh ft~u PoD bJh. |qK;h;h ns/ uzdk ;kfjp fwb e/ th fsquBkg~bh d/ d[or B{z BjhA fi~sgkJ/. nzro/iK dh ;fEsh fJ; |q?Au fi~s Bk+ vKtk^vØb j Ø rJh ;h. ebkJht B/ i Ø fsquBkg~bh d/ |qK;h;hx/o/ B{z sØVD ft~u n;|b fojk ;h, fsquBkg~bh T[~s/ dpkn x~N eoD bJh eoBkNe dh okiXkBh noekNB{z f;o| 210 ;?fBeK dh ;jkfJsk Bk+ fi~s fbnk.uzdk ;kfjp B/ 4,000 ;?fBe G/i/ gqzs{ noekN B{z d[pkokBjhA fi~s ;e/ ns/ ebkJht B/ 53 fdBK s~e (23 f;szpo sØA 14 Btzpo s~e) fJ; ;?Bk dk gqshoØX ehsk.|qK;h;hnK dh gqfsGk B{z fJ; Bk+ nBzs jkBh gj[zuh. 1752 ft~u ;fNqzro bko/A; dh nrtkJh ft~u fJ~enzro/ih ;?Bk B/ fsquBkg~bh B{z puk fbnk ns/ i{B 1752 ft~u x/ok gkUD tkbh |qK;h;h ;?Bk B/ nzro/iK d/n~r/ jfEnko ;[~N fd~s/.uzdk ;kfjp dh th XØy/ Bk+ sziΩo d/ okik B/ j~fsnk eo fd~sh.

|qK;h;h ezgBh d/ vkfJo?eNoK B/ fJ; :[~X ft~u jØJh XB dh jkBh d/ bJh v[gb/ B{z tkfg; p[bk fbnk. 1754ft~u rØv/j{ (Godeheu) B{z Gkos ft~u |qK;h;h gqd/PK dk rtoBo iBob ns/ v[gb/ dk T[~sokfXekoh fB:[esehsk frnk ns/ 1755 ft~u dØjK ezgBhnK ftueko fJ~e n;EkJh ;zXh jØ rJh.

fJ; gqeko fJ; MrV/ dk d{ik d Ωo th nfBPfus fojk. G{^sb T[~s/ nzro/ih ;?Bk dh gqXkBsk f;~X j Ø

rJh ;h ns/ UjBK dk T[whdtko w[zjwd nbh eoBkNe dk Btkp pD frnk ;h. gqzs{ j?dokpkd ft~uj[D th |qK;h;h ;[fdqV nt;Ek ft~u ;B ns/ UjBK B/ ;{p/dko ;kbkoizr sØA jØo th fInkdk ikrho gqkgseo bJh ;h. (n;b ft~u w[i~|oizr fJ~e SØNh fijh MVg ft~u |otoh 1751 ft~u wkfonk frnk ;h.)T[~soh ;oekoK d/ wj~stg{oD fib/ fiBQK dh ;kbkBk sB\kj 30 b~y W ;h, |qK;h;h ezgBh B{z nogDeo fd~s/ rJ/ ;B. fJ; d{i/ :[~X Bk+ |qK;h;hnK dh gqkEfwesk B{z e[M m/; gj{zuh ns/ nzro/iK dh ;fEshwIp{s j Ø rJh.

eoBkNe dk shik :[~X (1758^63)LeoBkNe dk shik :[~X (1758^63)LeoBkNe dk shik :[~X (1758^63)LeoBkNe dk shik :[~X (1758^63)LeoBkNe dk shik :[~X (1758^63)L fJj :[~X th :{ogh ;zxoP dk jh fj~;k ;h. 1756 ft~u ;~s;kbk :[~Xd/ P[o{ j[zd/ jh Gkos ft~u dØjK ezgBhnK ft~u PKsh ysw jØ rJh. |qK;h;h ;oeko B/ ngq?b 1757 ft~u eKT{ANbkbh B{z Gkos G/fink. brGr 12 wjhB/ dh :ksok sΩ A pknd ngq?b 1758 ft~u T[j Gkos gj[zfunk.J/Xo nzro/i f;oki{dΩbk B{z jok e/ pzrkb ft~u nkgDk nfXeko ;Ekfgs eo u[e/ ;B.fJ; ekoD nzro/iKB{z ngko XB fwfbnk fi; Bk+ T[j |qK;h;hnK B{z d~eD ft~u jokUD ft~u ;|b jØ rJ/.

ekT{AN bkbh B/ 1758 ft~u jh |ØoN ;/AN v/ftv fi~s fbnk. fJ; s ØA pknd T[; B/ szi Ωo T[~s/ jwbk eoDdh nkfrnk d/ fd~sh feUAfe U; T[~s/ 56 b~y o[ pekfJnk ;h.fJj nfGnkB n;|b fojk fi; Bkb|qK;h;h gqf;~Xh B{z jkBh gj[zuh. fJ; sØA pknd bkbh B/ wdok; B{z x/o fbnk gqzs{ fJ~e PeshPkbh B Ω;?Bkd/ nkUD s/ T[;B{z fJj x/ok u[~eDk fgnk.f|o bkbh B/ p[~;h B{z j?dokpkd sØ A tkfg; p[bk fbnk. fJjT[;dh ;G sØ A t~vh G[~b ;h. fJ; ekoD U~E/ |qK;h;hnK dh ;fEsh ewI Øo j Ø rJh. d{i/ gk;/ g Øeke dhnrtkJh ft~u nzro/ih p/fVnK B/ vnkPk dh nrtkJh ft~u |qK;h;h p/fVnK B{z fszB tko jokfJnk ns/T[;B{z Gkosh ;kro sØ A tkfg; ikD bJh wip{o eo fd~sk. fJ; Bk+ nzro/ih fi~s ;gPN jØ rJh ns/1760 ft~u ;o nkfJoe{N B/ tzdhtkP d/ ;EkB s/ |qK;h;hnK B{z p[oh soK jokfJnk. p[~;h :[~Xpzdh pDkfbnk frnk. iBtoh 1761 ft~u |qK;h;h g{oh soK jkoD sØ A pknd gKvhu/oh tkfg; nk rJ/. nzro/iK B/ fJ; B{z th x/o fbnk ns/ 8 wjhB/ pknd |qK;h;hnK B/ fJ; Bro B{z th d[PwD d/ jtkb/ eofd~sk. ibdh jh wkjh ns/ fizih th fJBQK d/ j~EØA fBeb rJ/.fJ; soK nKrb^|qK;h;h d[PwDh dk BkNeysw j Ø frnk ns/ |qK;h;h jko rJ/.

fsquBkg~bh ft~u |qK;h;h jko Bk+ v[gb/ d/ Gkr dk ;otBkP j Ø frnk.eh s[;hA ikDd/ jØ


BØN


fJ; soK :[~X dk shik d Ωo g{oh soK fBoDk:e f;~X j ØfJnk. jKbkfe :[~X d/ nzs ft~u (1763 ft~u)gKvhu/oh ns/ e[M jØo |qK;h;h gqd/P UBQK B{z tkfg; eo fd~s/ rJ/ gqzs{ UBQK dh febkpzdh (fortification)BjhA jØ ;edh ;h ns/ Gkos sØA UBQK dk g~sk eN frnk.

|qK;h;hnK dh jko d/ ekoD|qK;h;hnK dh jko d/ ekoD|qK;h;hnK dh jko d/ ekoD|qK;h;hnK dh jko d/ ekoD|qK;h;hnK dh jko d/ ekoD

|qK;h;hnK B/ fJ~e ;w/A ft~u nkgDh okiBhfse fi~sK Bk+ Gkosh ;z;ko B{z j?okB eo fd~sk ;h. gzqs{ nkyoft~u T[j jko rJ/. fJ; jko d/ ekoD j/mK fby/ ;BL

|qK;h;hnK dk :{og ft~u T[bMDkL|qK;h;hnK dk :{og ft~u T[bMDkL|qK;h;hnK dk :{og ft~u T[bMDkL|qK;h;hnK dk :{og ft~u T[bMDkL|qK;h;hnK dk :{og ft~u T[bMDkL nmQkothA Pskpdh ft~u |qK;h;h ;wokNK dh :{ogh fJ~SktK d/ ekoDUBQK d/ ;kXBK s/ pj[s dpkn g? frnk. fJj ;wokN |oK; dh e[dosh ;hwktK B{z ;Ekfgs eoD bJh fJNbh,p?bfinw ns/ iowBh ft~u tXD dh eØfPP eo oj/ ;B ns/ T[j T[BQK d/PK Bk+ :[~XK ft~u T[bM rJ/. n;bft~u T[BQK B{z fJ; y/so ft~u e[M ;Ω tor whb d/ y/so dh fInkdk fuzsk ;h ns/ Gkos ns/ T[~soh nwohekd/ eJh r[Dk fInkdk t~v/ y/so dh x~N. Bshi/ tiØA fJj T[gfBt/P sK g{oh soK j~EØA fBeb rJ/ ns/ :{ogft~u BjhA d/ pokpo dk jh y/so T[BQK B{z fwb ;fenk.fJzrb?Av nkgD/ nkg B{z :{og sØA nb~r wzBdk ;h ns/U; dh T[; gqd/P ft~u gq;ko dh eØJh fJ~Sk BjhA ;h. :{og ft~u T[; dh G{fwek e/tb Pesh^;zs[bB pDke/ o~yD dh jh ;h. T[j fJ~ewB Bk+ nkgD/ T[gfBt/PK d/ gq;ko ft~u b~frnk jØfJnk ;h. T[;B{z Io{o ;|bskfwbh ns/ T[;B/ Gkos ns/ T[Zsoh nwohek ft~u |qK; B{z gSkV fd~sk.

ddddd ØjK d/PK dhnK gqPk;fBe ftywsktKjK d/PK dhnK gqPk;fBe ftywsktKjK d/PK dhnK gqPk;fBe ftywsktKjK d/PK dhnK gqPk;fBe ftywsktKjK d/PK dhnK gqPk;fBe ftywsktK^n;b ft~u |qK;h;h fJfsjk;ekoK B/ nkgD/ d/P dh n;|bsk bJhnkgDh xNhnk Pk;B gqDkbh B{z dØPh mfjokfJnk j?. |qK;h;h ;oeko ;t/Skukoh ;h ns/ ;wokN d/ftneshst s/ jh fBoGo eodh ;h. wjkB ;wokN b{Jh uØ Qdt/A (1648^1715) d/ ekb sØA jh fJ; gqPk;BdhnK ewIØohnK ;g~PN jØ ojhnK ;B. T[; ekb d/ nB/e :[~XK d/ ekoD ft~sh jkbks ftrV rJ/ ;B. T[;dhwΩs sØA pknd fJj jkbks j Øo th ftrV rJ/. T[;d/ T[~sokfXekoh b{Jh gzQdot/A B/ nKgDhnK oy?bK,feqgkgksoK ns/ n?P ;kXBK T[Zs/ jØo th XB b[NkfJnk. d{i/ gk;/ fJzrb?Av ft~u fJ~e ikro{e nbgszso okieo fojk ;h.fj_r db d/ nXhB T[BQK B/ ;zftXkfBe ftt;Ek t~b edw tXkJ/ ns/ d/P ‘fJ~e soK nfGfPesrDszso* pD frnk ;h. fJj ftt;Ek T[~sw ;h ns/ fJ; B/ d/P B{z fdB^gqshfdB PeshPkbh pDk fd~sk.nkb|o/v bkfJb B/ |qK;h;h ftt;Ek d/ yØyb/gD B{z jh dØPh mfjokfJnk j?. T[;d/ nB[;ko, v[gb/ dh tkg;h,bk pØovØB/ ns/ vnkP dhnK G[~bK, bkbh dh ndfwnsk nkfd sØA fes/ fInkdk b{Jh gzQdot/A dh GqKfsg{oD Bhshns/ T[;d/ n;woE wzsoh |oA; dh n;|bsk bJh fIzw/tko ;B.

ddddd ØjK ezgBhnK d/ rmB ft~u fGzBsk ^ jK ezgBhnK d/ rmB ft~u fGzBsk ^ jK ezgBhnK d/ rmB ft~u fGzBsk ^ jK ezgBhnK d/ rmB ft~u fGzBsk ^ jK ezgBhnK d/ rmB ft~u fGzBsk ^ |qK;h;h ezgBh ;oeko dk fJ~e ftGkr ;h.ezgBh 55 b~y bhtq(|q/Ae) dh g[zih Bk+ pDkJh rJh ;h fi; ft~uØA 35 b~y bhtq ;wokN B/ brkJ/ ;h. fJ; ezgBh d/ vkfJo?eNo;oeko d[nkok wBØBhs ehs/ iKd/ ;B ns/ bkGKP ;oeko d[nkok gqfsnkG{s ;h. fJ; bJh UBQK B{z ezgBhdh so~eh ft~u eØJh o{uh BjhA ;h. T[dk;hBsk J/Bh ;h fe 1715 ns/ 1765 d/ ft~u ezgBh d/ GkrhdkoK ft~ueØJh p?me BjhA jØJh ns/ ezgBh dk gqpzX ;oeko jh ubKdh ojh.Bshi/ ti ØA ezgBh dh wkbh jkbs ftrVdhubh rJh. fJ~e ;w/A ft~u T[BQK dh fJj d[odPk jØ rJh fe T[BQK B{z nkgD/ nfXeko sØA wkbØ d/ tgkohnKB{z ;kbkBk XB d/ pdb/ d/D/ gJ/. 1721 sØA 1740 s~e ezgBh T[Xko bJ/ XB Bk+ jh tgko eodh ojh.ezgBhB{z ;w/A ;w/A s/ ;oeko t~bØA wdd fwbdh ojh ns/ T[j szpke{ d/ fJekfXeko ns/ bkNohnK d/ ;jko/ jh ubdhojh.nfijh ezgBh v[gb/ dh wfjzrh fJSktK ns/ :[~XK dh g{osh BjhA eo ;edh ;h.

BBBBBΩ;?Bk dh G{fwek ^ ;?Bk dh G{fwek ^ ;?Bk dh G{fwek ^ ;?Bk dh G{fwek ^ ;?Bk dh G{fwek ^ eoBkNe d/ :[~XK B/ fJj ;g~PN eo fd~sk fe ezgBh d/ Gkr dk T[d? iK n;s BΩ;?Bk dhskes s/ fBoGo ;h.1746 ft~u |qK;h;h ezgBh B{z gfjbK ;kro ft~u ns/ fco Eb T[~s/ ftfPPNsk gqkgs jØJh.fJ;/ soK 1748^51 s~e th iØ ;|bsk v[gb/ B{z fwbh T[j T[; ;w/A ;h idØA nzro/ih BΩ;?Bk fBPfeqn ;h. ;~s;kbk :[~X d/ fdBK ft~u fJj fco ;feqn jØ rJh. T[;dh tfoPmsk d/ ekoD eKT{N bkbh, v[gb/ fizBh ;|bskgqkgs BjhA eo ;fenk ns/ idØA vnkP Gkosh ;kro sØA ubk frnk sK nzro/iK bJh o;sk fpbe[b ;k| ;h ns/nzro/iK dh fi~s ft~u eØJh P~e BjhA fojk ;h. tkbN/no d/ nB[;ko nk;Nohnk d/ T[ZsokfXeko d/ :[~X ft~u |qK;dh ib Pesh dk J/Bk jk;k jØfJnk fe ;~s ;kbk :[~X d/ ;w/A T[; eØ+ fJ~e th ib gØs BjhA ;h.t~v/ fgN B/fJ; tfoPmsk dk g{ok bkG T[mkfJnk.Bk e/tb Gkosh tgko o;s/ y[~b/ oj/ pbfe pzpJh sØA ebe~sk s~e


BØN


ib wkorK okjhA ;?Bk dk fbnkDk b? ikDk npkX o{g Bk+ ubdk fojk.|q?Au ;?Bk dk gqEeoD g{ok jØfJnk.i/eo pkeh ekoD pokpo th j[zd/ sK th fJj ib ;?Bk dh tfoPmsk B{z jokUD bJh ek|h ;h.

pzrkb ft~u nzro/ih ;|bsktK dk gqGkt ^pzrkb ft~u nzro/ih ;|bsktK dk gqGkt ^pzrkb ft~u nzro/ih ;|bsktK dk gqGkt ^pzrkb ft~u nzro/ih ;|bsktK dk gqGkt ^pzrkb ft~u nzro/ih ;|bsktK dk gqGkt ^ nzro/iK dh pzrkb ft~u fi~s fJ~e wj~stg{oD ekoD ;h.Bke/tb fJ; Bk+ fJBQK dh fJ~Is tXh, pbfe fJ; Bk+ pzrkb dk ngko XB ns/ iB Pesh UBQK B{z fwbrJh. fi; ;w/A eKT{AN bkbh B{z nkgDh ;?Bk B{z sB\kj d/D dh fuzsk ;h, pzrkbêoBkNe ft~u XB ns/iB dØt/A G/i fojk ;h. d~eD J/Bk XBh BjhA ;h fe v[gb/ ns/ bkbh dh fJSktK B{z ;keko eo ;edk. jkbkfeT[Zsoh ;oeko p[~;h eØ+ ;h, gqzs{ T[j e/tb v/V b~y o[gJ/ jh G/i ;fenk fInkdk BjhA.

n;b ft~u nzro/iK dh wkbh tfoPmsk dk pj[s wj~st ;h. fit/A fe ;fwE B/ fejk j? fe “Bk fJ~eb/ ns/Bk fwb e/ jh v[gb/ iK p[~;h ib ft~u tfoPm ns/ XB ft~u rzrk dh xkNh d/ wkbh ;oØsK d/ wkbe nzro/iK B{z jok ;ed/ ;B. gKvhu/oh sØA P[o{ eo e/ f;ezdo wjkB ns/ B/gØfbnB th pzrkb ns/ ;w[zdoh tfoPmskgqkgs skes B{z jok BjhA ;ed/ ;B. w/fonN B/ mhe jh fejk j? fe v[gb/ B/ wdok; ft~u Gkos dh ukphb~GD dh fBP|b eØfPP ehsh. ebkJht B/ fJj ukph pzrkb ft~u b~Gh ns/ gqkgs eo bJh.@

1H2 pzrkb ft~u fpqfNP oki dh fi~s ns/ gbk;h dk :[~X 1H2 pzrkb ft~u fpqfNP oki dh fi~s ns/ gbk;h dk :[~X 1H2 pzrkb ft~u fpqfNP oki dh fi~s ns/ gbk;h dk :[~X 1H2 pzrkb ft~u fpqfNP oki dh fi~s ns/ gbk;h dk :[~X 1H2 pzrkb ft~u fpqfNP oki dh fi~s ns/ gbk;h dk :[~X (Conquest ofBritish Raj in Bengal and Battle of Plassy)

nzro/iK B/ pzrkb ft~u nkgDh gfjbh eØmh (rØdkw) 1651 ft~u j[rbh ft~u ssekbhB pzrkb d/ ;{p/dko PkjijkB d/ d{i/ g{~so PkjP[ik dh nkfrnk Bk+ pDkJh. U;/ ;kb fJ~e okitzP dh fJ;soh dh vkeNo pΩNB(Dr. Boughton) d[nkok fJbki eoD s/ T[;B/ nzro/iK B{z 3000 o[H ;kbkBk ft~u pzrkb, fpjko ns/ T[Vh;kft~u w[es tgko eoD dh nkfrnk d/ fd~sh.ibdh jh nzro/iK B/ ekf;w pIko, gNBk ns/ jØo ;EkBK s/eØmhnK pDk bJhnK. 1698 ft~u ;{p/dko nihw[PkB B/ T[BQK B{z ;{skBsh, ekbhxkN ns/ r Øfpzdg[o (fi~E/n~ieb ebe~sk tf;nk j?) dh fIwhAdkoh d/ fd~sh fi;d/ pdb/ UBQK B{z e/tb 1200 o[H g[okD/ wkbeKB{z d/D/ gJ/. 1717 ft~u ;wokN |o~{\;hno B/ g[okD/ ;{p/dkoK d[nkok fd~sh rJh tgkoe fonkfJsK dh d[pkokg[PNh eo fd~sh ns/ UBQK B{z ebe~sk d/ nk; gk; d/ jØo y/soK B{z th feokJ/ s/ b?D dh nkfrnk d/ fd~sh.

1714 ft~u fpjko dk BkfJp ;{p/dko nbhtodh \kB pzrkb, fpjko ns/ T[Vh;k d/ BkfJp ;o|okI \kB Bk+ftoØX eo, T[; B{z :[~X ft~u wko e/ nkg fJ; ;ko/ gqd/P dk Btkp pD frnk. nkgDh ;fEsh B{z jØo thwIp{s eoD bJh T[;B/ ;wokN w[jzwd Pkj sØA pj[s ;ko/ XB pdb/ fJ~e g[PNh g~so (confirmation) gqkgseo fbnk.gqzs{ U;/ ;w/A wokmk jwfbnK B/ fteN o{g XkoD eo fbnk ns/ nbhtodh ykB d/ pkeh 15 ;kbT[BQK Bk+ fGVB ft~u pshs jØ rJ/. wokmk jwfbnK sØA puD bJh nzro/iK B/ Btkp dh nkfrnk Bk+ nkgDheØmh fi; Bz{ j[D |ØoNftbhnw dk Bkw fd~sk frnk ;h, d/ uko/ gk;/ fJ~e rjoh ykJh (moat) pDk bJh.nbhtodh ykB dk fXnkB eoBkNe dh xNBktK t~b fy~funk frnk fi~E/ ftd/Ph ezgBhnK B/ ;koh ;~sk jfEnkbJh ;h.nzro/i pzrkb ft~u iV Bk geV b?D, fJ; vo Bk+ T[; B{z fejk frnk fe T[j nzro/iK Bz{ pzrkbft~uØA g{oh soK fBPekf;s eo d/t/.

nbhtodh ykB dh wΩs (9$4$1756) sØA pknd T[;dk dØjsok f;oki{dΩbk T[;dk T[ZsokfXekoh pfDnk.Bt/A Btkp Bz{ nkgD/ftoØXh g{oBhnk d/ Btkp PΩesrzi ns/ nkgDh wk;h x;hNh p/rw sØA fJbktk nzro/iK Bk+ th fBpNDk ;h. d{i/ gk;/nzro/iK Bz{ nKrb^|qK;h;h :[~X dh th Pzek ;h. fJ; bJh UjBK B/ ebe~sk ft~u |ØoN ftbhnw dh febkpzdh(fortifications) eo bJh ns/ T[;d/ goeØN/ (ramparts) T[Zs/ sØgK uVk fd~shnK. UXo nzro/iK Bz{ fJjBK p[o/ezwK sØA oØfenk sK UBQK B/ Nk+wNØb ehsh. fF;oki B/ t/fynk fe T[;dh nkfrnk dk U;/ d/ oki ft~u T[bzxD

BØN; Btkp B/ :{oghnK Bz{ wX{w~yhnK dh T[gwk fd~sh ;h fe i/eo UjBK Bz{ Bk S/fVnk ikt/ sKUj Pfjd d/DrhnK ns/ i/eo S/fVnk ikt/ sK Uj t~Y^t~Y e/ wko d/DrhnK.


BØN


jØ fojk j? sK U; B/ nzro/iK d/ fto[~X nfGnkB ehsk.f|fbg p[vo| dk fJj eEB fe Btkp dk |ØoN ftbhnwT[Zs/ jwb/ dk w[~y T[d/P b[~Nwko eoBk ;h, g{oh soK M{mk j?. 15 i{B, 1756 Bz{ |ØoN ftbhnw x/o fbnk frnkns/ 5 fdBK pknd T[;B/ nksw;wogD eo fd~sk. rtoBo oΩio vq/e ns/ jØo gqw[~y Bkrfoe g[Pm dotki/ sØAG~i fB~eb/. Btkp ebe~sk Bz{ wkfBeuzd d/ j~EK ft~u d/ e/ nkg w[ofPdkpkd tkfg; ubk frnk.

pb?e jpb?e jpb?e jpb?e jpb?e jØb b b b b (Black Hole)L L L L L fJ~E/ pj[uofus pb?e jØb xNBk dk T[b/y eoBk Io{oh j?. :[~X dh nkw gqDkbhd/ nB[;ko nzro/ih pzdhnK Bz{ fiBQK ft~u fJ;sohnK ns/ p~u/ th Pkfwb ;B, fJ~e ewo/ ft~u pzd eo fd~skfrnk.fejk iKdk j? fe 14 c[~N 10 fJzu uΩV/ ewo/ ft~u 146 pzdh pzd eo fd~s/ rJ/. 20 i{B dh oks Bz{fJj pzd ehs/ rJ/ ns/ nrbh ;t/o UBQK ft~uØA e/tb 23 pzd/ jh pu gkJ/. pkeh T[; i{B dh rowh ns/x[NB iK fco fJ~e d{i/ sØA e[ub/ ikD ekoD wo rJ/ ;h.

f;oki{dΩbk Bz{ fJ; xNBk d/ bJh fIzw/dko wzfBnk iKdk j?.i/Hi?vH jkbt?b iØ pkeh ihfts ofjD tkfbnK ft~uØAfJ~e ;h ns/ fJ; eEk d/ oufJsk wzB/ iKd/ jB, B/ fJ; xNBk ft~u woD tkfbnK d/ Bkw BjhA fd~s/.PkfJdUBQK Bz{ o~fyne ewo/ iK feb/ dh i/b ft~u jh pzd ehsk frnk ;h. d{i/ fJBQK pzdhnK Bz{ fJ~e Bht/A ;sod/ nfXekoh B/ jh pzd ehsk jØt/rk.fJ; bJh Btkp fJ; tk;s/ fIzw/tko fe; soK jØ ;edk j?.Btkp dkfJzBk e;{o Io{o ;h fe U; B/ dØPh ftneshnK Bz{ ;Ik BjhA fd~sh.U; B/ ihfts ftneshnK gqsh th eØJhso; BjhA fdykfJnk.fJ; xNBk Bz{ eØJh wj~st BjhA fd~sk frnk ns/ ;wekbhB w[;fbw fJfsjk;eko r[bkwj[;?B B/ nkgDh g[;se f;nko^T[b^w[sy?ohB ft~u fJ; dk eØJh T[b/y BjhA ehsk.gqzs{ Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBhB/ fJ; xNBk Bz{ Btkp d/ fto[~X brGr 7 ;kb s~e ubd/ ofjD tkb/ jwbktoh :[~X d/ gquko bJh ekoDpDk e/ o~fynk ns/ nzro/ih iBsk dk ;woEB gqkgs eo fbnk.fJj xNBk fJ; sØA pknd jØD tk+/ pdb/d/ bJh ftP/P wj~st o~ydh j?.

gbk;h dk :[~X gbk;h dk :[~X gbk;h dk :[~X gbk;h dk :[~X gbk;h dk :[~X (Battle of Plassy)LLLLL fit/A jh ebe~sk d/ gsB dh ypo wdok; gj[zuh, T[~E/ d/ nfXekohnKB/ fJ~e ;?Bk fijVh UBQK B/ |qK;h;hnK d/ fto[~X :[~X bJh rfms ehsh ;h, ebkJht dh nrtkJh ft~u ebe~s/G/i fd~sh. ebkJht Bz{ nkgDk ezw ibdh sØA ibdh g{ok eoD bJh fejk frnk feUAfe fJj ;?Bk |qK;h;hnKd/ fto[~X :[~X bJh wdok; ft~u ukjhdh ;h.fJj ;?Bk 16 nes{po Bz{ wdok; sØA u~bh ns/ 14 fd;zpo Bz{pzrkb gj[zuh.Btkp d/ gqGkoh nfXekoh wkfDeuzd B/ foPts b? e/, ebe~sk nzro/iK Bz{ ; ΩAg fd~sk. |otoh1757 ft~u Btkp B/ ebkJht sØA nbhBro (Btkp d[nkok fd~sk ebe~sk dk BtK Bkw) dh ;zXh s/ j;skyoehs/. fJ;d/ nB[;ko, nzro/iK Bz{ tgko d/ g[okD/ nfXeko fwb rJ/ fi; ft~u ebe~sk dh febkpzdh eoDdh th nkfrnk gqkgs jØ rJh.T[BQK dh jkBh^g{osh dk th gqD ehsk frnk.j[D nzro/I jwbkto dh G{fwekft~u ;B.Btkp d/ gqw[~y nfXekoh T[; Bk+ n;zs[PN ;B.ebkJht B/ fJ; dk bkG T[mk e/ fJ~e Pv:zsoofunk fi; ft~u Btkp dk gqXkB ;?Bkgsh who ikco, pzrkb dk fJ~e gqGktPkbh ;kj{eko irs ;/m,okfJd[obG ns/ nwhouzd fJ~e ftuØbhJ/ d/ o{g ft~u Pkfwb jØJ/. s?n jØfJnk fe who ikco Bz{ Btkp pDkfd~sk ikt/ ns/ T[j fJ; bJh ezgBh Bz{ feqskoE eo/rk ns/ T[;d/ B[e;kB dh g{osh th eo/rk.

nzro/iK B/ wkou 1757 ft~u |qK;h;h p;sh uzdoBro Bz{ fi~s fbnk. Btkp fJ; Bk+ pj[s r[~;kjØfJnk.fJ~e nfij/ ;w/A id ØA Btkp Bz{ T[~so^g~Sw sØA n|rkBK ns/ g~Sw t~bØA wokfmnK dk vo ;h, mheT[;/ ;w/A ebkJht B/ ;?Bk ;fjs Btkp d/ fto[~X w[ofPdkpkd t~b gq;EkB ehsk. 23 i{B, 1757 Bz{ ftoØXh;?BktK w[ofPdkpkd d/ d~yD ft~u 22 whb dh d{oh s/ ;fEs gbk;h fgzv ft~u nzpK d/ fBe[zi ft~uNeokJhnK.nzro/ih ;?Bk ft~u 950 :{ogh g?db, 100 :{ogh sØguh, 50 Bkfte ns/ 2100 Gkosh ;?fBe;B. Btkp dh 50,000 ;?Bk dh nrtkJh ftPtk;xksh who ik|o eo fojk ;h. Btkp dh fJ~e nr/shN[eVh, fi;d/ B/sk who wdkB ns/ wØjB bkb ;B, nzro/iK s ØA pkIh b? rJh ns/ T[;B/ ebkJht Bz{ o[~yK fg~S/PoD b?D bJh wip{o eo fd~sk. nukBe fJ~e rØ+h Bkb who wdkB wkfonk frnk. Btkp f;oki{d Ωbk B/nkgD/ gqw[~y nfXekohnK Bk+ wPtok ehsk. who ikco B/ T[;Bz{ fg~S/ jND bJh fejk ns/ fJj th fejkfrnk fe f;oki Bz{ ;?Bk dh nrtkJh ioB?bK d/ j~EK ft~u S~v e/ oDy/so sØA ubk ikDk ukjhdk j?. ukbu~b rJh.f;oki 2000 x[V;tkoK ;fjs w[ofPdkpkd ubk frnk.|qK;h;h N[eVh fijVh j[D s~e iwh jØJh;h, ibdh jh jko rJh. who ikco 25 i{B Bz{ w[ofPdkpkd ubk frnk ns/ T[;B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ Btkp xØfPseo fd~sk.f;oki Bz{ pzdh pDk fbnk frnk ns/ T[;dh j~fsnk eo fd~sh rJh.who ikco B/ nzro/iK B{z TBQK dhnK


BØN


;/tktK tk;s/ 24 gorBK dh IwhAdkoh Bk+ g[o;feqs ehsk ns/ ebkJht Bz{ 2,34,000 gΩ Av dh fBihG/AN fd~sh. 50 b~y o[gJ/ ;?Bk ns/ BkfteK Bz{ fJBkw d/ o{g ft~u fd~s/.pzrkb dhnK ;kohnK |qK;h;h p;shnKnzro/iK Bz{ d/ fd~shnK.fJj th fBPfus jØfJnk fe Gft~y ft~u nzro/I gdkfXekohnK ns/ tgkohnK Bz{ fBihtgko s/ eØJh u[zrh BjhA d/Dh j Øt/rh.fJ; soK 1756 ft~u jØJh jkBh bJh nzro/iK dh g{oh jkBhg{osh ehshrJh.

gbk;h d/ :[~X dk wj~stL gbk;h d/ :[~X dk wj~stL gbk;h d/ :[~X dk wj~stL gbk;h d/ :[~X dk wj~stL gbk;h d/ :[~X dk wj~stL gbk;h d/ :[~X dk ;kwfoe wj~st e[M BjhA ;h.fJj fJ~e SØNh fijh MVg ;h fi;ft~u ezgBh d/ e[~b 65 ftnesh ns/ Btkp d/ 500 ftnesh ezw nkJ/.nzro/iK B/ fe;/ ftP/P ;kwfoe :Ørskns/ us[okJh dk gqdoPB BjhA ehsk.Btkp d/ ;kEhnK B/ ftPtk;xks ehsk.who wdkB d/ thorsh Bz{ gqkgs jØDsØA pknd ftPtk;xkshnK dk jh pØbpkbk ;h.i/eo who ikco ns/ okJ/ d[obG okiGrs ofjzd/ sK :[~X dk Bshiknb~r j[zdk.PkfJd e{NBhsh ft~u ebkJht deP ;h.T[;B/ irs ;/m Bz{ vo fdykfJnk, who ikco dh fJ~SktKBz{ irkFJnk ns/ fpBK bV/ jh :[~X fi~s fbnk.e/Hn?~wH gzBheo d/ nB[;ko fJj fJ~e ;Ωdk ;h fi; ft~u pzrkbd/ XBh ;/mK ns/ who ikco B/ Btkp Bz{ nzro/iK d/ j~E t/u fd~sk.

gbk;h dk :[~X T[; sØA pknd jØD tkbhnK xNBktK d/ ekoD jh wj~stg{oD j?.pzrkb nzro/iK d/ nXhB jØ frnkns/ fco ;[szso BjhA jØ ;fenk.BtK Btkp who ikco nkgDh o~fynk ns/ gd d/ bJh nzro/iK s/ fBoGo ;h.T[BQKdh 6000 ;?Bk T[;dh o~fynk bJh pzrkb ft~u ;fEs ;h.jØ+h^jØ+h ;koh skes ezgBh d/ j~EK ft~u ubhrJh.T[;dh n;woEsk dk nB[wkB fJ; r~b sØA brk ;ed/ jØ fe T[j dhtkB okJ/ d[obG ns/ okw Bkok:D Bz{T[BQK d/ ftPtk;xks bJh ;Ik d/Dk ukj[~dk ;h gqzs{ ezgBh B/ T[;Bz{ oØe fd~sk.nzro/i o/Ihv/AN tkN; dk ftP/P gqGkt;h. w[;fbw fJfsjk;eko r[bkw j[;?B fbydk j? fe gd dh T[ZBsh bJh f;oc nzro/I dk ;woEB Io{oh ;h.ibdh jh who ikco nzro/iK d/ i{J/ sØA d[yh jØ frnk.T[j v~u bØeK Bk+ fwb e/ nzro/iK Bz{ pkjo e~Y dh ;kfIPouD b~rk.ebkJht B/ fJ; ;kfIP Bz{ Btzpo 1759 ft~u, p/dkok d/ :[~X ft~u v~u bØeK Bz{ jok e/ ft|b eofd~sk.idØA who ikco B/ Gkth xNBktK Bz{ ;wMD sØA fJBeko eo fd~sk sK 1760 ft~u T[;Bz{ ezgBh d/ wBØBhsftnesh who ekf;w bJh gd S~vDk fgnk.

gbk;h d/ :[~X ns/ T[; sØA pknd jØD tkbh b[~N B/ (feUAfe T[; sØA pknd jØD tkb/ tgko Bzz{ n;hA e/tbb[~N dk BK jh d/ ;ed/ jK) nzro/iK Bz{ nBzs ;kXBK dk ;tkwh pDk fd~sk.gfjbh fePs iØ nzro/iK Bz{ fwbhT[j 8 b~y gΩAv dh ;h i Ø uKdh d/ f;~fenK d/ o{g ft~u ;h.w?ekb/ d/ nB[;ko fJj XB ebe~sk ft~u 100 s ØAfInkdk fePshnK ft~u Go e/ fbnKdk frnk.pzrkb T[; ;w/A Gkos dk ;G sØA nwho gqKs ;h ns/ T[d: Ørns/ tgko ft~u ;G sØA n~r/ ;h.1767 ft~u t/o/b;N fbydk j? fe pzrkb ;ko/ Gkos dk tgko e/Ado j? fi~E/;kok XB fy~funk nkUAdk j?.fJ~E/ dhnK pDhnK uhIK Gkos d/ d{o gqd/PK ft~u ftedhnK jB.pzrkb d/ fJ;nBzs XB dh wdd Bk+ jh nzro/iK B/ d~eD fi~s fbnk ns/ T[Zsoh Gkos Bz{ th gqGkt ft~u b? nkJ/.

ezgBh dh ;fEsh dk th ekfJnkebg jØ frnk.gfjbK T[j pj[s ;kohnK ftd/Ph ezgBhnK ft~uØA fJ~e ;h fi;Bz{ Btkp d/ nfXekohnK Bz{ XB d/Dk g?Adk ;h.j[D T[;dk pzrkb d/ tgko s/ J/ekfXeko jØ frnk.|qK; Bz{ d[pkoknkgDh y ØJh j ØJh ;fEsh gkUD dk w Ωek BjhA fwfbnk.v~uK B/ 1759 ft~u fJ~e e ØfPP ehsh ns/ wz{jdh ykJh.nzro/I tgko d/ J/ekfXeko sØA okiBhfse J/ekfXeko t~b tX/.

Gkos d/ Gkr ft~u gbk;h d/ :[~X dk pj[s gqGkt fgnk.wkb/;B d/ nB[;ko PkfJd fJfsjk; ft~u J/Bk gqGkftseoD tk+k :[~X BjhA bfVnk frnk.fJj nfsPØesh j? idØA T[j n~r/ u~b e/ efjzd/ jB fe fJ; :[~X d/ ekoD fJzrb?Avw[;fbw ;z;ko dh ;G sØA t~vh skes pD frnk.gbk;h d/ :[~X d/ ekoD jh fJzrb?Av g{oph ;w~f;nk ft~u yk;G{fwek fBGkUD b~rk.fJ;/ ekoD jh T[;Bz{ wkohP; ns/ nkPk nzsohg Bz{ fi~sD ns/ nkgDh p;sh pDkUD bJhpzfXs jØDk fgnk ns/ fw;o Bz{ nkgDh o~fynk ft~u b?Dk fgnk.gqzs{ fBPu/ jh Gkos s/ nfXeko gqkgs eoD dhbVh ft~u fJj fJ~e pj[s wj~stg{oD eVh ;h.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)1H ;jh ftebg u[D1H ;jh ftebg u[D1H ;jh ftebg u[D1H ;jh ftebg u[D1H ;jh ftebg u[DØ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ (Choose the correct option)

1H nzro/iK B/ nkgDh gfjbh eØmh (r[dkw) ;Ekfgs ehsh^

(e) ;zB 1651 ft~u (y) 1653 ft~u (r) 1654 ft~u (x) 1660 ft~u


BØN


2H 1717 ft~u fe;B/ g[okD/ ;{p/dkoK d[nkok fd~sh rJh g[okDh fonkfJsK Bz{ d[pkok ;thfeqsh d/ fd~sh^ (e) f;oki{dΩbk (y) nbhtodh ykB (r) co~{y;hno (x) who ikco

3H fe; Btkp B/ nzro/iK dh s[bBk wX{w~yhnK Bk+ ehsh^

(e) who ikco (y) nbhtodh ykB (r) f;oki{dΩbk (x) who ekf;w

4H who ikco B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ Btkp xØfPs ehsk^

(e) 26 i{B (y) 28 i{B (r) 25 i{B (x) 24 i{B

5H gbk;h dk :[~X edØA bfVnk frnk<

(e) 20 i{B, 1757 (y) 22 i{B,1757 (r) 23 i{B 1757 (x) 24 i{B 1757

1H3 who ikco ns/ who ekf;w 1H3 who ikco ns/ who ekf;w 1H3 who ikco ns/ who ekf;w 1H3 who ikco ns/ who ekf;w 1H3 who ikco ns/ who ekf;w (Mir Jaffer and Mir Qasim)

who ikco (1757^1760)Lwho ikco (1757^1760)Lwho ikco (1757^1760)Lwho ikco (1757^1760)Lwho ikco (1757^1760)L30 i{B 1757 JhH Bz{ ebkJht B/ w[ofPdkpkd ft~u who ikco Bz{ pzrkb d/Btkp d/ gd s/ nk;hB eotkfJnk.fJ;/ ;w/A sØA pzrkb ft~u ezgBh B/ Bqg fBowksk Bqg fBowksk Bqg fBowksk Bqg fBowksk Bqg fBowksk dh P[o{nksehsh.pzrkb dh Btkph gqkgs eoB ekoD who ikco B/ ezgBh Bz{ ‘24 gorBK24 gorBK24 gorBK24 gorBK24 gorBK* dh fIwhAdkoh g[o;ekod/ o{g ft~u d/ fd~sh. who ikco B/ nzro/iK Bz{ UBQK dh ;/tk pdb/ Y/o ;kok g[o;eko fd~sk.ebkJht Bz{ T[;B/2 b~y 34 jIko gΩAv dh ftneshrs G/AN, 50 b~y o[fgnk ;?Bk ns/ BkfteK Bz{ g[o;eko d/ o{g ft~u ns/pzrkb dhnK ;koh |qK;h;h p;shnK Bz{ ikco B/ nzro/iK Bz{ ;ΩAg fd~sk.who ikco fJ~e d[opb, d[ftXkrq;sns/ okiBhfse ns/ gqPk;fBe nywsktK Bk+ :[es ftnesh ;h fi;d/ ekoD ibdh jh T[;d/ fjzd{PeshPkbh ;fj:Ørh okik okwBkokfJD (fpjko) ns/ dhtkB d[obGokJ/ T[;d/ fto ØXh pD rJ/. who ikcod/ pko/ ft~u fejk iKdk j? fe T[;B/ nzro/iK Bz{ fJzBk fInkdk XB fd~sk fe T[;Bz{ nkgD/ wjb d/ ;ØB/ûKdhd/ posB th t/uD/ gJ/. eoBb w/b;/BeoBb w/b;/BeoBb w/b;/BeoBb w/b;/BeoBb w/b;/B d/ nB[;ko “ezgBh d/ nfXekohnK dk fJj T[d/P ;h fe fizBk j Ø

;e/ UBk jV~g bU, who ikco{ fJ~e ;ØB/ dh p Øoh d/ o{g ft~u fJ;s/wkb eoØ ns/ idØA fJ~Sk j Øt/ U; ft~uj~E gkU.” ekbKso ft~u who ikco d/ ;zpzX nzro/iK Bk+ uzr/ BjhA oj/ feUAfe Btkp d/ gqPk;fBe ezwKft~u nzro/iK dk j;sy/g fInkdk tX frnk, Bk+ jh who ikco v~uK d/ Bk+ nzro/iK fto[~X ;kfIP ouDb~rk.nzro/ih ;oeko d/ you ft~u jØ oj/ fdB^gqshfdB d/ p/sjkPk tkX/ ns/ T[; Bz{ tjB Bk eo gkUDd/ ekoD who ikco B/ nes{po 1760 JhH ft~u nkgD/ dkwkd who ekf;wwho ekf;wwho ekf;wwho ekf;wwho ekf;w d/ g~y ft~u f;zxk;B fsnkrfd~sk.w[ofPdkpkd ft~u who ikco Bz{ ‘eoBb ebkJht dk fr~dV* fejk iKdk ;h. who ikco d/ Pk;B ekbft~u jh nzro/iK B/ ‘tzvØ ns/ oki eoØ* dh Bhsh Bz{ iBw fdzd/ jØJ/ fJ~e r[~N Bz{ d{i/ r[~N Bk+ bVkUD dhP[o{nks ehsh.ebkJht d/ gqsh feqs~rsk Ikfjo eoD bJh who ikco B/ ssekbhB w[rb pkdPkj nkbwrhod{i/ sØA ebkJht Bz{ T[wok dh T[gkXh ns/ 24 gorBK dh fIwhAdkoh gqdkB eotkJh.24 gorBK dh irhoBz{ ‘ebkJht dh irho* d/ BK Bk+ ikfDnk iKdk ;h.

whoekf;w (1760^1765)Lwhoekf;w (1760^1765)Lwhoekf;w (1760^1765)Lwhoekf;w (1760^1765)Lwhoekf;w (1760^1765)L whoekf;w nbhtodh d/ T[~sokFXekohnK ft~u ;otkfXe :Ør ;h. oki fwbDd/ pknd T[;Bz{ w[rb ;wokN Pkj nkbw d[nkok fpjko T[Zs/(1760^61) jwb/ dk ;kQwDk eoBk fgnk, ezgBhdh ;?Bk B/ ;wokN Bz{ jok e/ T[;dh jkbs Bz{ so;:Ør pDk fd~sk.Btkph gkUD sØA pknd whoekf;w B/ p/;hNkoNBz{ 5 b~y, jkbt?b Bz{ 2 b~y, 70 jIko ns/ eoBb e/H bkov Bz{ 4 b~y o[gJ/ T[gjko tiØA fd~s/. ezgBh ns/ T[;d/nfXekohnK Bz{ Gog{o wksok ft~u XB d/ e/ whoekf;w B/ nzro/iK d/ j;sy/g sØA puD bJh ibdh jh nkgDhokiXkBh Bz{ w[ofPdkpkd sØA w[zr/o j;sKsfos eo fbnk. whoekf;w B/ oki;t gqPk;B ft~u ftnkgsfGqPNkuko Bz{ \sw eoD ns/ nkwdBh tXkUD bJh eJh T[gkn ngDkJ/ fi; ft~u gqw[~y jB^ fInkdk XBtkF+nK d/ XB Ips eoBk,;oekoh \ou ft~u eNΩsh, eowukohnK dh SzNDh, Bt/A fIwhAdkoK sØA pekfJnk XBdh t;{bh nkfd. whoekf;w B/ fpjko d/ BkfJp ;{p/dko okwBkokfJD Bz{ T[;d/ gd sØA po\k;s eo e/ T[;dhj~fsnk eotk fd~sh feUAfe Uj fpjko dh nkwdBh ns/ \ou dk fpUok d/D Bz{ fsnko BjhA ;h.;?fBe ftt;Ekft~u ;[Xko eoD d/ T[d/P Bk+ whoekf;w B/ nkgD/ ;?fBeK dh frDsh ft~u tkXk ehsk, Bk+ jh UBQK Bz{ :{ogh


BØN


Yzr Bk+ f;~fynk fdbtkJh.fJ;B/ nkgDh ;?Bk Bz{ r[ofrB \kB Bkwe nkow/fBnkJh d/ fB:zsoD ft~uo~fynk.w[zr/o ft~u who ekf;w B/ sØgK ns/ sØV/dko pzd{eK d/ fBowkD j/s{ eko\kB/ dh ;EkgBk ehsh.

1717 ft~u w[rb pkdPkj d[nkok gqd~s tgkoe |owkB dk fJ; ;w/A pzrkb ft~u d[oT[g:Ør j[zdk t/y e/ Btkpwhoekf;w B/ nzdo{Bh tgko T[Zs/ jo soK dh t;{bh pzd eotk fd~sh.

1762 ft~u whoekf;w d[nkok \sw ehsh rJh tgkoe u[zrh ns/ eo dk bkG j[D GkoshnK Bz{ th fwbD b~rk.gfjbK fJj bkG 1717 d/ |owkB d[nkok f;o| ezgBh Bz{ fwbdk ;h, ezgBh B/ u[Dkt d/ fJ; fBoD/ Bz{ nkgD/ftP/PkfXeko dh ntj/bDk d/ o{g ft~u fbnk. |b;o{g ;zxoP dh P[o{nks jØJh. I[bkJh 1763 ft~u whoekf;wBz{ ezgBh B/ po\k;s eo e/ who ikco Bz{ f|o pzrkb dk Btkp pDkfJnk.19 i[bkJh, 1763 Bz{ whoekf;w ns/n?vw; dh nrtkJh ft~u eotk Bkwe ;EkB s/ ‘eotk dk :[~X*‘eotk dk :[~X*‘eotk dk :[~X*‘eotk dk :[~X*‘eotk dk :[~X* jØfJnk fi; ft~u Btkp (ngd;E) jko frnk.eotk d/ :[~X sØA pknd ns/ pe;o d/ :[~X sØA gfjbK whoekf;w Bz{ nzro/iK B/ fszB tko jokfJnk, |b;o{gwhoekf;w B/ w[zr/o S~v e/ gNBk ft~u PoD bJh. 1763 ft~u jØJ/ gNBk j~fsnkeKv, fi; ft~u eJh nzro/I wko/rJ/, Bk+ whoekf;w gqs~y o{g Bk+ i[fVnk jØfJnk ;h.nzro/iK sØA pko^pko jkoD d/ ekoD whoekf;w B/ fJ~e;?fBe rmpzXB pDkUD dh eØfPP ehsh.ekbKso ft~u w[rb ;wokN Pkjnkbw d{i/, ntX d/ Btkp P[ikT{dΩbkns/ whoekf;w B/ fwb e/ nzro/iK d/ fto[~X fJ~e ;?fBe rmpzXB dk fBowkD ehsk.

1H4 1H4 1H4 1H4 1H4 ebkJht dk d{ik Pk;B ns/ 1757 sebkJht dk d{ik Pk;B ns/ 1757 sebkJht dk d{ik Pk;B ns/ 1757 sebkJht dk d{ik Pk;B ns/ 1757 sebkJht dk d{ik Pk;B ns/ 1757 sØA 1772 ftueko pzrkb ft~u nzro/IA 1772 ftueko pzrkb ft~u nzro/IA 1772 ftueko pzrkb ft~u nzro/IA 1772 ftueko pzrkb ft~u nzro/IA 1772 ftueko pzrkb ft~u nzro/I(Clive’s 2nd Governorship and English in Bengal from 1757-1772)

pzrkb dh ftt;EkL dpzrkb dh ftt;EkL dpzrkb dh ftt;EkL dpzrkb dh ftt;EkL dpzrkb dh ftt;EkL dØjoh gqDkbhjoh gqDkbhjoh gqDkbhjoh gqDkbhjoh gqDkbh (Settlment of Bengal: The Dual System): ebkJht B/ pzrkb dhT[bMD Bz{ e[fynks dØjoh gqDkbh Bk+ ;[bMkUD dh eØfPP ehsh.fJ; ft~u n;b Pesh sK ezgBh eØ+ ;hgzs{ gqPk;B dk Gko Btkp d/ wØfYnK s/ ;h.

w[rb ;kwoki d/ ;toD ekb sØA jh gqKsK ft~u dØ w[~y nfXekoh j[zd/ ;B, ;{p/dko ns/ dhtkB. ;{p/dko dkezw fBikws noEks ;?fBe ;zoePD, g[fb; ns/ cΩidkoh ekBz{B bkr{ eoBk, ns/ dhtkB dk ezw eo ftt;Ekns/ dhtkBh ekBzB bkr{ eoBk ;h. fJj dØt/A nfXekoh fJ~e d{i/ s/ fB:zsoD dk ezw th eod/ ;B ns/ f;~X/e/Adoh ;oeko d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh ;B.nΩozrI/p dh w Ωs sØA pknd w[rb ;~sk ewIØo j Ø rJh ns/ pzrkb dkBtkp w[oPhd e[bh \kB dhtkBh ns/ fBikws dØt/A ezw eodk ;h.

12 nr;s, 1756 d/ |owkB nB[;ko nkbw B/ 26 b~y o[gJ/ ;kbkBk d/ pdb/ dhtkBh dk Gko ezgBh Bz{ ;ΩAg fd~sk.ezgBh Bz{ 53 b~y o[gJ/ fBikws d/ ezw tk;s/ th d/D/ ;B. |otoh 1756 ft~u nkgD/ fgsk who ikco dh wΩss/ fBiw{d Ωbk Bz{ Btkp pDkUD dh nkfrnk d/ fd~sh rJh gqzs{ Pos fJj ;h fe fBikws d/ brGr ;ko/ezw dk Gko, noEks ;?fBe ;zoePD ns/ ftd/Ph wkwb/ g{oh soKQ ezgBh d/ j~EK ft~u ns/ dhtkBh wkwb/fvgNh ;{p/dko,fiBQK Bz{ ezgBh wBØBhs eo/rh ns/ fi; Bz{ ezgBh dh nkfrnk sØA fpBK jNkfJnk BjhA ikt/rk,;ΩAg d/t/.fJ; sokA ezgBh Bz{ w[rb ;wokN sØA dhtkBh ns/ pzrkb d/ ;{p/dko sØA fBikws d/ ezw dk Gko fwb frnk.

fJ; ;w/A ezgBh f;~X/ eo fJ~em/ eoD dk Gko Bk sK b?Dk ukj[zdh ;h ns/ Bk jh T[; eØ+ J/Bh ywsk ;h.ezgBhB/ dhtkBh ezwK d/ bJh dØ T[gdhtkB, pzrkb d/ bJh w[jzwd oIk \K ns/ fpjko bJh okik fPokI \K fB:[eseo fd~s/ .w[jzwd oIk \K T[gdhtkB d/ o{g ft~u th ezw eodk ;h.fJ; soK ;koh dhtkBh ns/ fBikws dkGko GkoshnK d[nkok jh ubdk ;h idØA fe fIzw/tkoh ezgBh dh ;h.fJ; ftt;Ek Bz{ dØjoh gqDkbh dk BK fd~skfrnk noEks dØ oki/, ezgBh ns/ Btkp.fttjkfoe o{g ft~u fJj ftt;Ek yØybh f;~X j ØJh feUAfe ;kohPesh sK ezgBh eØ+ ;h ns/ Gkosh nfXekoh e/tb pkjoh w[y ΩNk wkso jh ;B.

ebkJht dh debkJht dh debkJht dh debkJht dh debkJht dh dØjoh gqdkbh dk wsbpLjoh gqdkbh dk wsbpLjoh gqdkbh dk wsbpLjoh gqdkbh dk wsbpLjoh gqdkbh dk wsbpL ebkJht ;wMdk ;h fe ;koh Pesh ezgBh eØ+ j? ns/ Btkpd/ eØ+ ;~sk dh e/tb SK jh j?.T[;B/ u[Dkt ;fwsh Bz{ fbfynk ;hL “fJj Bkw, fJj SK Io{oh j? ns/ ;kBz{fJ; Bz{ ;theko eoBk ukjhdk j?.” fJ; d/ g~y ft~u T[;B/ fBwBfbfys ekoD fd~s/L^

1H i/eo ezgBh ;~gPN o{g Bk+ okiBhfse ;~sk j~E ft~u b? b?Adh j? sK T[;dk n;bh o{g bØeK ;kjwD/nk ikt/rk ns/ PkfJd ;ko/ Gkosh fJ; d/ ftoØX ft~u fJ~em/ jØ ikD.


BØN


2H PkfJd |qK;h;h, v~u ns/ v/B, ftd/Ph ezgBhnK ;[rwsk Bk+ ezgBh dh ;{p/dkoh Bz{ ;theko BjhAeoDrhnK ns/ ezgBh Bz{ Uj eo nkfd BjhA d/DrhnK i Ø Btkp d/ |owkBK nB[;ko UBQK B/ d/D/ j[zd/;B.

3H ;g~PN okiBhfse ;~sk j~E ft~u b?D Bk+, fJzrb?Av ns/ ftd/Ph ezgBhnK ft~u eVtkjN nk iKdh ns/PkfJd fJj ;kohnK skesK fJzrb?Av d/ fto[~X fJ~e wØouk yVk eo b?AdhnK fit/A fe 1778^80 ft~unwoheh ;[szsosk ;zrokw d/ ;w/A j ØfJnk.

4H fJzrb?Av eØ+ nfij/ gqf;fy~ns nfXekoh th BjhA ;B iØ Pk;B dk Gko ;zGkb b?Ad/. ebkJht B/ fJzrb?Avft~u nfXekohnK Bz{ fJj fbfynk ;h fe i/eo ;kv/ eØ+ fszB r[Dk th gqPk;fBe ;/tk eoD tk+/ bØe jØDsK th T[j fJ; ezw bJh ek|h BjhA jØDr/. iØ e[M bØe ezgBh eØ+ ;B, T[j Gkosh ohsh^fotkIK ns/ GkPksØA nDikD ;B.

5H eØoN U| vkfJo?eNoI U; ;w/A ;ko/ gqd/P Bz{ b? b?D d/ g~y ft~u BjhA ;B.feUAfe fJ; bk+ ezgBhd/ tgko ft~u o[ektN g?D dh ;zGktBk ;h.T[j bØe gqd/P d/ ;EkB s/ XB ft~u fInkdk o{uh o~yd/ ;B.

6H ebkJht fJj th ;wMdk ;h fe i/eo T[j pzrkb dh okiBhfse ;~sk j~E ft~u b? b?Adk sK PkfJdnzro/ih ;z;d ezgBh d/ ezw ft~u j;sy/g eoBk P[o{ eo fdzdh.

ddddd Øjoh gqDkbh d/ d[PgfoDkwLjoh gqDkbh d/ d[PgfoDkwLjoh gqDkbh d/ d[PgfoDkwLjoh gqDkbh d/ d[PgfoDkwLjoh gqDkbh d/ d[PgfoDkwL gqPk;B dh iØ ftt;Ek ebkJht B/ ;Ekfgs ehsh T[j ngwqgkth ns/nfttjkfoe ;h ns/ fJ; B/ pzrkb ft~u ngokiesk ns/ fGzBsk c?bk fd~sh.P[o{ sØA jh fJj n;|b ojh.

(e) gqPk;fBe o[ektNK (e) gqPk;fBe o[ektNK (e) gqPk;fBe o[ektNK (e) gqPk;fBe o[ektNK (e) gqPk;fBe o[ektNK (Administrative Breakdown): fBikws dh fPfEbsk d/ ekoD d/P dhekBz{B ns/ ftt;Ek m~g jØ rJh.fBnkn sK e/tb ftvzpBk wkso oj frnk. Btkp ft~u ekBz{B bkr{ eoDns/ fBnkn d/D dh ;wo~Ek BjhA ;h.ezgBh gqPk;B dh fIzw/tkoh Bz{ ;theko BjhA eodh ;h. g/Av{ gqd/PKft~u vke{ ;~gPN o{g ft~u x[zwd/ ;B ns/ ;zfBnk;h SkgkwkoK (raiders) d/ ekoD ;oeko e/tb BK^wksojh oj rJh ;h.1858 ft~u fpqfNP jkT{I nkc eØwBI ft~u ;o ikoi B/ fejk “w?A fBPu/g{ote fJj efj;edk jK fe 1765^84 s~e Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh sØA fInkdk fGqPN, M{mh ns/ p[oh ;oeko ;z;ko d/ fe;/th ;G: d/P ft~u BjhA ;h.Ω

(y)(y)(y)(y)(y) y/sh dh popkdhLy/sh dh popkdhLy/sh dh popkdhLy/sh dh popkdhLy/sh dh popkdhL Gkos dk nzB Gzvko pzrkb j[D T[ikV pD u[~fenk ;h.G{wh eo fJ~emk eoD dkGko jo ;kb fInkdk sØA fInkdk pØbh d/D tk+/ Bz{ d/ fd~sk iKdk ;h fi;dh G{wh ft~u ;EkJh o{g Bk+ eØJho{uh BjhA ;h/.T[j fInkdk sØA fInkdk brkB gqkgs eod/ ;B.pzrkb ft~u fe;kBK s/ G{wh eo fInkdk j[zdk;h ns/ T[;dk ;zrqfj eoD ft~u th ;\sh j[zdh ;h.1770 ft~u fJ~e nekb fgnk fi; Bk+ pj[s fInkdkikB ns/ wkb dh jkBh jØJh.T[; Bz{ t/y e/ ezgBh d/ fJ~e gdkfXekoh B/ fJ; soK fbfynk ;h, n~I iØ

eo[DkwJh fdqP d/yD Bz[ fwbdk j? T[;dk toDB eoBk wkBth Pesh sØA go/ j?.fJj fBPfus j? fe e[Mgqd/PK ft~u bØeK B/ fwqseK Bz{ ykfJnk j?.Ω

(r) tgko ns/ tkfDi dk ftxNB tgko ns/ tkfDi dk ftxNB tgko ns/ tkfDi dk ftxNB tgko ns/ tkfDi dk ftxNB tgko ns/ tkfDi dk ftxNB (Disruption of Trade and Commerce)L y/sh dh T[gi ft~uewh Bk+ tgko ns/ tkfDi s/ th e[gqGkt fgnk. 1717 ft~u pzrkb ft~u nzro/iK Bz{ eo sØA fpBK tgkoeoD dh nkfrnk ;h. fJ; d/ nB[;ko ezgBh d/ ebe~sk ;fEs rtoBo dh nkfrnk Bk+ eØJh th wkb fpBKfBohyD ns/ p/oØeN Øe fJ~Xo UXo ik ;edk ;h. eo ;zpzXh nkfrnk Bk+ ;oeko Bz{ jkBh jØJh ns/ Gkoshtgko th BPN jØ frnk.

(x) T[d:(x) T[d:(x) T[d:(x) T[d:(x) T[d:Ør ns/ fBg{zBsk dh popkdh r ns/ fBg{zBsk dh popkdh r ns/ fBg{zBsk dh popkdh r ns/ fBg{zBsk dh popkdh r ns/ fBg{zBsk dh popkdh (Ruination of Industry and Skill): pzrkb d/ e~gVkT[d:Ør dh pj[s jkBh jØJh.ezgBh B/ pzrkb d/ o/Pw T[d: Ør Bz[ fBoT[s;kfjs eoD dh eØfPP ehsh feUAfefJ; Bk+ fJzrb?Av d/ o/Pw T[d:Ør Bz{ jkBh gj[zudh ;h.1769 ft~u ezgBh d/ vkfJo?eNoK B/ nkd/P fd~s/ fee~u/ f;be d/ T[sgkdB Bz{ T[s;kfjs eoØ ns/ o/Pwh e~gVk p[DB Bz{z [ fBoT[s;kfjs eoØ. o/Pw dk Xkrkbg/ND tkf+nK Bz{ ezgBh bJh ezw eoD bJh wip{o ehsk iKdk ;h.

(v) B?fse gsBL (v) B?fse gsBL (v) B?fse gsBL (v) B?fse gsBL (v) B?fse gsBL pzrkbh ;wki dk B?fse gsB th P[o{ jØ frnk ;h.fe;kB B/ wfj;{; ehsk fe i/eo T[jfInkdk T[sgkdB eodk j? sK T[;Bz{ fInkdk eo d/Dk g?Adk j?.fJ; bJh e/tb fJzBk jh T[sgkdB eoØ fi; Bk+e/tb r[Ikok jØ ;e/.fJ; soK T[j i[bkjk iØ nkgDh fwjBs dk bkG nkg BjhA GØr ;edk ;h,j[D T[~sw eØNh dk


BØN


T[sgkdB BjhA eodk ;h.ezw dh gq/oDk ysw jØ rJh ns/ ;wki fBoiht jØ frnk ns/ T[; ft~u ;VB d/ b~SDfdyD b~r/.

1757 s1757 s1757 s1757 s1757 sØA 1772 d/ dA 1772 d/ dA 1772 d/ dA 1772 d/ dA 1772 d/ dΩokB pzrkb ft~u nzro/iL okB pzrkb ft~u nzro/iL okB pzrkb ft~u nzro/iL okB pzrkb ft~u nzro/iL okB pzrkb ft~u nzro/iL ebkJht fJ~e feqs ;zebg ns/ ;kj;h ftnesh ;h.

T[;d/ fdqV ;zebg ft~u T[;d/ ;?fBe r[DK dh Mbe th fwbdh j?.

(n) n;?fBe ;[XkoL (n) n;?fBe ;[XkoL (n) n;?fBe ;[XkoL (n) n;?fBe ;[XkoL (n) n;?fBe ;[XkoL ezgBh j[D fJ~~~~~e okiBhfse ;z;Ek pD u[~eh ;h.fJ;bJh gqPk;fBe ;[XkoK dh bØV;h. pzrkb dh fszB eqKshnK(1757,1760 ns/ 1764) d/ ekoD rtoBo, gkoPd ns/ jØo ekoeosk g{oh soKfGqPN pD u[~e/ ;B.jo ftnesh Bz{ e/tb XB fJ~emk eoD dh gJh j ØJh ;h.foPts, p/JhwkBh ns/j Øo T[gjko b?D dh gzogok pD u[eh ;h.ezgBh d/ ekoeosk fBih tgko eod/ ;B ns/ nzdo{Bh eoKs ØA puD bJh d;se dk gq: Ør eod/ ;B.T[j ezgBh d/ fjsK dh BjhA ; Øud/ ;B.ezgBh B/ T[gjko b?D/pzd eo fd~s/, fBih tgko pzd eo fd~sk.nzdo{Bh eo d/Dk Io{oh pDk fd~sk.fJBQK oØeK Bkb iØ jkBh jØJhT[;dh g{osh bJh nr;s 1765 ft~u ezgBh d/ ekoeosK dh fJ~e tgko ;fwsh pDkJh rJh fi;Bz{ Bwe,;[gkoh ns/ szpke{ d/ tgko dk J/ekfXeko d/ fd~sk frnk.fJj fBek: T[sgkdeK sØA ;kok wkb w[~b b? e/fBPfus e/AdoK T[Zs/ fJj wkb y[dok tgkohnK Bz{ t/u fdzdk ;h.fJ; tgko dk bkG ezgBh d/ nfXekohnKft~u UjBK d/ gdK d/ nB[;ko tzv fd~sk iKdk ;h.t[dkjoD bJh rtoBo Bz{ 17,500 gΩAv, ;?Bk d/ eoBbBz{ 7,000 gΩAv, w/io Bz{ 2,000 gΩAv ns/ jØo eowukohnK Bz{ x~N XB fwb iKdk ;h.

fJ; ftt;Ek d/ ekoD ;kohnK d?fBe uhIK d/ w[~b tX rJ/ ns/ pzrkb d/ b ØeK Bz{ pj[s w[Pfeb j ØDb~rh.fJj fJ~e ;zrfms b[~N ;h.fJ; tgko ;fwsh d/ ekoD bØeK dhnK w[PfebK pj[s tX rJhnK.gqzs{e ØoN nk| vkfJo?eNoI B/ 1766 ft~u fJ; : ØiBk Bz{ n;theko eo fd~sk.1767 ft~uebkJht B/ fJ;nwb/ d/ nkd/P fd~s/ ns/ f;szpo 1768 ft~u fJj : ØiBk \sw j Ø rJh.

(p) ;?fBe ;[XkoL(p) ;?fBe ;[XkoL(p) ;?fBe ;[XkoL(p) ;?fBe ;[XkoL(p) ;?fBe ;[XkoL1763 ft~u eØoN nk| vkfJo?eNoI B/ ;?fBeK dk d[jok G~sk pzd eo fd~sk ;h.fe;hekoD tiØA ebkJht d/ nkUD s~e fJ; TZ~s/ nwb BjhA jØfJnk ;h.ukj/ P[o{ ftu fJj d[jok G~sk f;o| :[~Xd/ fdBK ft~u jh fd~sk iKdk ;h, gzqs{ who ik|o d/ fdBK sØA fJj PKsh ekb ft~u th fwbD b~rk ;h.j[D fJj;?fBeK d/ t/sB dk Gkr pD frnk ;h.fJ; gqeko pzrkb ft~u ;?fBeK Bz{ wdok; d/ ;?fBeK d/ w[ekpb/ d[~rDkG~sk fwbdk ;h.ebkJht B/ nkfrnk fd~sh fe fJj d[jok G~sk pzd eo fd~sk ikt/ ns/ iBtoh 1766 sØA fJjG~sk f;oc UBQK ;?fBeK Bz{ jh fwbdk ;h fijV/ pzrkb ns/ fpjko dh ;hwk s ØA pkjo ezw eod/ ;B.

1772 ft~u eØoN nk| vkfJo?eNoI B/ d[joh gqDkbh Bz{ ysw eoD dk fBPuk ehsk ns/ ebe~sk gfoPd ns/T[;d/ gqXkB Bz{ nkfrnk fd~sh fe T[j nkg dhtkB pD/ ns/ pzrkb, fpjko ns/ T[Vh;k d/ gqpzX Bz{ nkgD/j~E ft~u b? bt/.tko/B j/;fNArI B/ dØjK T[gdhtkBK w[jzwd oIk \K ns/ okik fPskp okJ/ Bz{ gd sØA jNkfd~sk.gfoPd ns/ gqXkB fwb e/ j[D oki;t pØov (Board of Revenue) pD rJ/ ns/ p Øov B/ nkgD/eo ;zrqfje fB:[es eo fd~s/ fiBQK dk ezw eo ftt;Ek eoBk ;h.\ikBk w[ofPdkpkd sØA ebe~sk fbnKdkfrnk.;ko/ gqPk;B dk pØM ezgBh d/ eowukohnK s/ gk fd~sk frnk ns/ Btkp Bz{ fJ; ezw dk Iok th nfXekoBk fojk.Btkp dh nkgDh ;tk:~ssk ;h gqzs{ T[; d/ fBih rqfj^gqpzX dk g[BormB ehsk frnk ns/ whoikco dh ftXtk w[zBh p/rw Bkpkfbr Btkp w[pkfoe[dΩbk dh ;zoePe fB:[es ehsh rJh. T[;dk G~sk 32b~y sØA xNk e/ 16 b~y o[gJ/ eo fd~sk frnk.fco j/;fNzrI B/ w[rb ;wokN Bk+ nkgD/ ;zpzXK Bz{ d[pkok;g~PN ehsk.1765 sØA fd~sk ikD tkbk 26 b~y o[gJ/ ;kbkBk pzd eo fd~sk frnk.;wokN Bz{ fd~s/ rJ/fJbkjkpkd ns/ ekok d/ fib/ d[pkok b? bJ/ rJ/ ns/ 50 b~y o[gJ/ ft~u ntX d/ Btkp Bz{ t/u fd~s/ rJ/.ukj/pkjoh o{g sØA fJj fejk frnk fe ;wokN B/ wokfmnK dk ;zoePD ;theko eo fbnk j? gqsz{ n;b ekoDf;oc XB fJ~emk eoBk ;h.;wokN d/ Bk+ fJj ;ko/ fBoD/ fJ~e g~yh ns/ nfB:k:g{oD ;B.T[; Bz{ed/ th fJj u/sktBh BjhA fd~sh rJh ;h fe i/eo T[j wokfmnK dk ;zoePD bt/rk sK fJj ;G e[Mj Øt/rk.tko/B j/;fNArI dk fJj ezw g{oh soK nfB:k:g{oD ;h.

G{wh eo ;[XkoL G{wh eo ;[XkoL G{wh eo ;[XkoL G{wh eo ;[XkoL G{wh eo ;[XkoL 18thA Pskpdh d/ P[o{ d/ ;kbK ft~u nepo ns/ j Øo w[rb ;wokNK dh ;Ekfgs ehsh jØJheo ftt;Ek fSzB^fGzB jØ u[~eh ;h.j[D ;G gk;/ nftt;Ek ;h.


BØN


tko/B j/;fNArI dk ftPtk; ;h fe ;koh G{wh Pk;e dh j?.T[;B/ nfBPfus ;z:[es ns/ g[Ps?Bh nfXekoKdh ntj/bBk ehsh.fIwhAdkoK Bz{ e/tb eo ;zrqfjeosk wzfBnk fiBQK Bz{ fe;kBK sØA eo fJ~emk eoD bJhf;oc nkgDh nkVs (commission) dk jh nfXeko ;h.

;zsØPiBe oki;t ftt;Ek ;Ekfgs eoD bJh T[;B/ gqf;~X gohyD ns/ nP[~Xh (trial and error) dk fB:wngDkfJnk.

1772 ft~u tko/B j/;fNArI B/ eo ;zrqjD d/ nfXeko T[~uh pØbh tkb/ Bz{ gzi ;kbK bJh Bhbkw eo fd~s/.fJ;soe s/ fe fIwhAdko G{wh dk ;tkwh BjhA j?,T[; Bz{ Bhbkwh ft~u eØJh Po/Pmsk BjhA fd~sh rJh pbfe T[;d/o;s/ ft~u o[ektN gkJh rJh.

ekBz{Bh ;[XkoêkBz{Bh ;[XkoêkBz{Bh ;[XkoêkBz{Bh ;[XkoêkBz{Bh ;[Xko^ tko/B j/;fNArI B/ w[rb o{go/yk s/ nkXkfos fBnkn gqDkbh Bz{ ngBkUD dh eØfPP ehsh.1772 ft~u jo fIb/ ft~u fJ~e dhtkBh ns/ fJ~e cΩidkoh ndkbs ;Ekfgs ehsh rJh.dhtkBh fBnknebeNoK d/ nXhB j[zdk ;h.Uj jo soK d/ wkwb/ ;[Dd/ ;B.fjzd{nK T[Zs/ fjzd{ ftXh ns/ w[;bwkBK T[Zs/w[;fbw ftXh bkr{ j[zdh ;h.500 o[gJ/ s~e d/ wkwb/ ;[D/ ik ;ed/ ;B.T[; sØA T[~go ;do dhtkBh ndkbsft~u nghb jØ ;edh ;h fi;d/ nfXneP ;otØu gfoPd d/ gqXkB ns/ dØ jØo w?Apo j[zd/ ;B.UBQK dh wddbJh Gkosh nfXekoh j[zd/ ;B.

fibk cΩidkoh ndkbs fJ~e Gkosh nfXekoh d/ nXhB j[zdh ;h fi;dh wdd bJh w[csh ns/ fJ~e ekIh j[zdk;h.eb?eNo Bz{ fJj d/yDk j[zdk ;h fe rtkjh mhe soK bJh rJh ns/ T[; T[Zs/ mhe mhe ftuko ehsk frnkj?.fBnkn y[~bh ndkbs ft~u j[zdk ;h.fJ~E/ w[;fbw ekBz{B bkr{ j[zdk ;h.wΩs dk dzv ns/ ;zgsh dh IpshbJh ;do fBIkws ndkbs Bz{ gqwkfDs eoBk (confirmation) Io{oh ;h. fIbk fBIkws ndkbs sØA nghb;do fBIkws ndkbs ft~u j[zdh ;h,fi;dk w[yh T[gfBIkw j[zdk ;h.fJ~e w[~y ekIh, fJ~e w[~y w[|sh ns/fszB wΩbth T[;dh wdd eod/ ;B.fJ; ;do fBIkws ndkbs dk fBohyD gfoPd ns/ T[;d/ w[yh eod/;B.

ebkJht dk w[~bKeDLebkJht dk w[~bKeDLebkJht dk w[~bKeDLebkJht dk w[~bKeDLebkJht dk w[~bKeDL Gkos ft~u nzro/ih ;kwoki dk n;bh ;z;Ekge ebkJht jh ;h.T[;B/ ;w/A dh rshBz{ ;wfMnk ns/ Uj mhe fdPk ft~u tfXnk.T[;B/ nkgD/ fto~Xh v[gb/ Bz{ wks fd~sh ns/ ;EkJh Bshi/ gqkgsehs/.T[;dk noekN Bz[ x/oBk (1751) fJ~e pj[s jh e[Pbskg{oD ukb ;h fi; Bk+ eoBkNe ft~u |qk;h;hnKfto[~X gk;k gbN frnk.(1757) d/ gbk;h d/ :[~X ft~u fi~s sØA pknd Btkp T[;dh emg[sbh pDfrnk.pzrkb ft~u ;kXBK dk T[g:Ør eoe/ T[;B/ d~yD Gkos Bz{ fi~s fbnk ns/ |qk;h;hnK Bz{ pkjo eofd~sk.;G sØA t~vh/ r~b fJj ;h fe T[;B/ tgkoe ;z;Ek Bz{ gqd/fPe ;z;Ek pDk fd~sk.pzrkb ft~u fJ; dhG{fwek ;wokN^fBowksk dh ;h.idØA 1765 ft~u T[j d[pkok pzrkb nkfJnk sK T[;B/ ezgBh dh BhAj Bz{ g~ekeo fd~sk.;~u jh poe B/ T[;Bz{ “t~vh^t~vh BhjK o~yD tk+k” dk BK fd~sk j?.

fJ~e nkX[fBe nfX::B ft~u go;htb ;ghno B/ ebkJht d/ pko/ ft~u fejk j? fe “Gkos ft~u nzro/ih ;kwokisK pD jh iKdk, gqzs{ T[;dk ;o{g n~br j[zdk ns/ T[; ft~u ;wK th fInkdk brdk.Ω T[;d/ nB[;ko, ebkJhtGkos ft~u nzro/ih ;kwoki dk fBowksk jh BjhA pbfe Gft~y dk nrqd{s th ;h. T[j ;kwoki dk ;z:Øie jhBjhA pbfe T[; ft~u Bt/A Bt/A gq:Ør eoD tkbk ;h fi;B/ BthA ;zGktBktK dk gsk brkfJnk.ebkJht Gkos ft~unzro/ih ;kwoki dk nrqrkwh ;h.

ebkJht d/ XB^bkbu ns/ e[fNbsk d/ nkbØue th ;B.nzro/ih ;z;d ft~u T[; T[Zs/ pj[s dØP brkJ/ rJ/ feT[;B/ nt?X Yzr Bk+ T[gjko gqkgs ehs/, fJ~e nP[~X gozgok ;Ekfgs ehsh fi; Bk+ pzrkb ft~u 1760ns/ 1764 dhnK eqKshnK jØJhnK.T[;B/ ;Ø;kfJNh cko Nq/v pDk e/ pzrkb Bz{ b[~ND dh : ØiBk pDkJh.d[johgqDkbh dk T[d/P nzrq/ih Pesh dh ;EkgBk ;h Bk fe iBsk dk fjs.pzrkb Bz{ Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh dh ikrhopDk fd~sk frnk. ;odko e/Hn?wH gzBheo B/ ;~u jh fejk j? fe 1765 sØA 1772 s~e ezgBh B/ pzrkb ft~u“vke{nK dk oki ;Ekfgs eo fd~sk ns/ pzrkb Bz{ nftt/e o{g Bk+ b[~fNnk.fJ; ;w/A ft~u nzrq/ih ;kwokidk ;G sØA GΩAvk o{g d/yD Bz{ fwfbnk ns/ pzrkb dh iBsk B/ pj[s d[~y T[mkfJnk.

ebkJht fJ~e okiBhfse f;~X BjhA jØfJnk.T[j nzsodoPh sK ;h go d{odoPh BjhA.T[;d/ gqPk;fBe ;[XkoKd/ ekoD T[;d/ T[ZsokfXekohnK bJh pj[s ;kohnK w[PfebK yVhnK jØ rJhnK.nkw s Ωo s/ fJj fejk iKdk


BØN


j? fe Gkos ft~u nzro/ih ;kwoki dh ;EkgBk dk w[~y T[d/P PKsh ns/ ftt;Ek pDkUDk ;h.fJ; ezw ft~u

ebkJht B/ eØJh : ØrdkB BjhA fd~sk.T[;d/ ezw Bk+ nftt;Ek jh c?bh, ftt;Ek BjhA.

1H5 w?;{o ns/ fpqfNP gq;ko dk fJ; Bk+ gqsho1H5 w?;{o ns/ fpqfNP gq;ko dk fJ; Bk+ gqsho1H5 w?;{o ns/ fpqfNP gq;ko dk fJ; Bk+ gqsho1H5 w?;{o ns/ fpqfNP gq;ko dk fJ; Bk+ gqsho1H5 w?;{o ns/ fpqfNP gq;ko dk fJ; Bk+ gqshoØX X X X X (Mysore and itsResistance to British Expansion)

18thA Pskpdh ft~u ;ko/ Gkos ft~u ;kj;h tho ;?fBeK bJh T[ZEkB d/ ek|h wΩe/ ;B.fJ;/ soK dk fJ~etho :ØXk j?do nbh (iBw 1727) ;h.T[;B/ nkgDk ihtB fJ~e x[V;tko d/ o{g ft~u P[o{ ehsk ns/ f|ow?;{o dk tk;sfte Pk;e pD frnk.Pesh dh fJ; ndbk^pdbh dh feqnk w?;{o d/ okik tfvnko fuefeqPBoki d/ ekb ft~u P[o{ jØJh. 1731^34 ft~u dØ GkJhnK, d/toki (w[~y ;?Bkgsh) ns/ Bzikoki (oki;tns/ ft~s d/ nXhePe) B/ oki dh ;koh skes nkgD/ j~E ft~u eo bJh.d~yD ft~u fBikw, wokfmnK,nzro/iK ns/ |qK;h;hnK ftueko j ØJ/ ukoe ØDh ;zxoP B/ w?;{o Bz{ th nkgD/ nykV/ ft~u yVk eo fd~sk.wokfmnK B/ 1753, 1754, 1757 ns/ 1759 ft~u w?;{o gqd/P T[Zs/ jwb/ ehs/.fJBQK jwbktoK dh nfwNXB^fggk;k B/ w?;{o Bz{ ;zeN ft~u gk fd~sk.d/toki th fJBQK jwfbnK dk gqshoØX eoD ft~u n;|bfojk.nfij/ ;w/A ft~u j?donbh ;kjwD/ nkfJnk ns/ 1761 s~e T[j w?;{o dk tk;sfte Pk;e pD p?fmnk.

T[;B/ wfj;{; ehsk fe fJe ;zrfms ;?Bk jh ;w/A dh wzr j?. wokfmnK dk gqshoØX eoD bJh T[;Bz{ fJ~es/I ns/ PeshPkbh x[V;tko ;?Bk ukjhdh j?, ns/ |qK;h;hnK d[nkok gqfPefPs fBikw dh ;?Bk bJh fJ~euzrk sØgykBk ukjhdk j?.T[j ikDdk ;h fe P;so fBowkD ezw ft~u :{ogh bØe pj{s n~r/ jB.fJ; bJhT[; B/ |qK;h;hnK dh wdd Bk+ fvzvhr[b ft~u PPsokrko ;Ekfgs ehsk ns/ nkgDh ;?Bk Bz{ gqfPePDd[nkfJnk.ibdh jh T[j e{NBhsh ft~u th iØVsØV eoB ft~u f;~Xj;s jØ frnk. 1761 ns/ 1763 d/ ft~uT{;B/ jØie ØN, d ØVp/bkg[o, ;/ok, p/dB{o nkfd gqw[y ;EkBK ns/ d~yD d/ g ØbhrkoK Bz{ fi~s fbnk.

wokfmnK B/ gkDhgs d/ shi/ :[~X dh jko Bz{ ibdh jh G[bk fd~sk ns/ wkXtokU dh nrtkJh ft~u d[pkokT[Zm yV/ jØJ/.1764, 1766 ns/ 1771 ft~u UBQK B/ w?;{o gqd/P s/ jwbk eo e/ j?donbh Bz{ jokfJnk ns/T[;Bz{ e[M XB ns/ e[M y/so d/D bJh wip{o ehsk. gqzs{ 1772 ft~u wkXtoKU g/Ptk dh wΩs sØA pkndrVpVh d/ ekb ft~u j?donbh B/ 1774 ns/ 1776 ftueko Bk f;oc yØJ/ jØJ/ gqd/P d[pkok fi~s bJ/ pbfefeqPBk^s[zrG~dok xkNh d/ gqw[~y gqd/P, p/bkoh, e[v~gk, r{Nh ns/ eoB{b nkfd gqd/PK Bz{ th gqkgs eo fbnk.

gfjbk nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1767^69)L gfjbk nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1767^69)L gfjbk nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1767^69)L gfjbk nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1767^69)L gfjbk nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1767^69)L pzrkb ft~u nk;kB fi~s Bk+ T[Bw[es j ØJ/ nzro/iK B/ 1776ft~u j?dokpkd d/ fBikw fBikwnbh Bkb ;zXh eo bJh fi; sØA ezgBh B/ T[Zsoh ;oekoK d/ pdb/ fBikwBz{ j?donbh d/ fto[~X wdd d/D dk tuB fd~sk.j?donbh dk gfjbK jh noekN ns/ wokfmnK Bk+ gqd/Pd/ wkwfbnK s/ MrVk ;h.ibdh jh j?donbh B/ t/fynk fe T[;d/ fto[~X fBikw, wokfmnK ns/ eoBkNed/ Btkp dk fJ~emk wØouk pD frnk j?.j?donbh xpokfJnk BjhA ns/ T[;B/ e{NBhsh Bk+ ezw fbnk.T[;B/wokfmnK Bz{ XB d/ e/ ns/ fBikw Bz{ gqd/P dk bkbu d/ e/ nkgD/ t~b fwbk fbnk ns/ fco eoBkNe T[Zs/jwbk ehsk. v/V ;kb d/ nfBoDk:e :[~X sØA pknd j?donbh B/ nzro/iK fto[~X pkIh gbN fd~sh ns/ wdok;Bz{ x/o fbnk.vo/ jØJ/ nzro/iK B/ T[; Bk+ fJ~e fBokdoGoh ;zXh eo bJh (4 ngq?b, 1769), fi; ft~u dØjKg~yK B/ ftfis gqd/P tkfg; eo fd~s/ ns/ dØt/A dbK B/ fJ~e d{i/ Bz{ nkoePD bJh wdd eoD dk tuB fd~sk.

d{ik nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1780^84)Ld{ik nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1780^84)Ld{ik nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1780^84)Ld{ik nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1780^84)Ld{ik nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1780^84)L 1769 dh ;zXh, ;zXh Bk ofj e/ f;o| :[~X ftokw jh ofj frnk;h.j?donbh TZs/ jwbk ehsk sK nzro/iK B/, 1769 dh ;zXh d/ nB[e{b wdd BjhA ehsh ;h.d{i/ j?donbhB/ t/fynk fe T[;dh pzd{eK, sØgK, P Øo/ ns/ pko{d dhnK Io{osK bJh nzro/iK sØA |qK;h;h fInkdk wddrko;B.e[M ;?fBe ;kwkB, wkbkpko sN T[Zs/ ;fEs |qK;h;h pzdorkj wkjh okjhA th w?;{o gj[zudk ;h.d{i/ gk;/

pzrkb ft~u ;Ekfgs d{;o/ Pk;B s ØA s[;hA eh ;wMd/ jØ<Nk;e


BØN


g~Sw ft~u nwohek dk ;[szsosk ;zrokw P[o{ jØ frnk ;h.feUAfe |qK;h;h nwohek t~bØA fJ; :[~X ft~u PkfwbjØJ/ ;B fJ; bJh tko/B j/;fNArI Bz{ j?donbh^ |qK;h;h ;zpzXK T[Zs/ pj[s P~e ;h.fJBQK jkbksK ft~u id ØAnzro/iK B/ wkjh^ fi; Bz{ j?donbh nkgD/ ;zoePD ft~u ;wMdk ;h^ Bz{ fi~sD dh eØfPP ehsh sK fJjj?donbh Bz{ ;g~PN u[BΩsh ;h.

j?donbh B/ fBikw ns/ wokfmnK Bk+ fwb e/^;G d/ d[PwD^ Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh d/ fto[~X fJ~e ;z:[eswØouk pDk fbnk.i[bkJh 1780 ft~u j?donbh B/ eoBkNe T[Zs/ jwbk eo fd~sk ns/ eoBb p/bh d/ nXhBnzro/ih ;?Bk Bz{ jok e/ noekN fi~s fbnk.UXo nzro/iK B/ fBikw ns/ wokfmnK Bz{ j?donbh sØA nb~reo fd~sk. j?donbh B/ fdqVskg{ote fJ; ;fEsh dk ;kjwDk ehsk gqzs{ gØoNØ BØt Ø d/ ;EkB s/ jko frnk(Btzpo 1781).gqzs{ nrb/ ;kb jh j?donbh B/ eoBb pq/Et/N d/ nXhB nzro/iK Bz{ p[oh soK jokfJnk.pq/Et/N Bz{ ;[~Xpzdh pDk fbnk frnk.gqzs{ 7 fd;zpo, 1782 Bz{ j?donbh dh wΩs jØ rJh ns/ ezw^Gko T[;d/g[~so Nhg{ ;[bskB s/ nk fgnk.Nhg{ B/ fJ~e ;kb s~e ;[~X ikoh o~fynk gqzs{ dØt/A g~y jh fBPfus fi~s gqkgsBjhA eo ;e/.nzs ft~u dØjK g~yK B/ ;zXh eoBk T[fus ;wfMnk ns/ wkou 1784 ft~u wzrbΩo dh ;zXh Bk+dØjK g~yK B/ ftfis gqKs tkfg; eo fd~s/.;[~X dk fJj d{ik d Ωo nfBPfus fojk.

shik nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1790^92)Lshik nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1790^92)Lshik nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1790^92)Lshik nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1790^92)Lshik nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1790^92)L nzro/ih ;kwokitkd dh gozgok d/ nB[e{b, nzro/iK B/ fJ; ;zXhBz{ nkUD tk+/ jwb/ d/ bJh f;oc ;kj b?D dk ;wK wzfBnk.jkbkfe 1784 d/ fgN; fJzvhnk nfXfB:w ft~ufJj ;gPN ehsk frnk ;h fe ezgBh eØJh BtK gqd/P fi~sD dh eØfPP BjhA eo/rh, sK th bØov ekoBtkfb;B/ fBikw ns/ wokfmnK dh Nhg{ ftoØXh GktBktK sØA gq/fos jØ e/ 1790 nft~u Nhg{ d/ fto[~X fsqdbh ;zrmBofunk. Nhg{ Bz{ th nzro/iK d/ fto[~X :[~X ;zGt br fojk ;h.fJ; bJh T[;B/ s[oeK dh wdd gqkgs eoD dheØfPP ehsh.1784 ns/ 1785 ft~u e[;s[Bs[Bhnk (nkX[fBe) Bz{ fJ~e okid{s G/fink.1787 ft~u T[;B/ fJ~ed{swzvb |qK; th G/fink.

Nhg{ dk NqktBeØo d/ wjkokik Bkb MrVk T[; ;w/A jØfJnk idØA wjkokik B/ v~u bØeK sØA eØuhB fonk;s ft~u;fEs i?eØN/ ns/ eqrkB{o w[~b b?D dh eØfPP ehsh. Nhg{ e ØuhB fonk;s Bz{ nkgD/ nXhB wzBdk ;h ns/T[;B/ NqktBeΩo dh fJ; e ØfPP B{z nkgDh ;~sk ft~u j;sy/g wqfBnk.t[;B/ ngq?b 1790 ft~u NqktBe Øo s/jwbk eoD dk fBPuk ehsk. nzro/iK B/ iØ gfjbK jh :[~X bJh fsnko p?m/ ;B, NqktBeØo d/ okik dk g~yfbnk, feUAfe 1784 ft~u dØjK g~yK ft~u fJ; ftuko dh ;zXh jØJh ;h.ekoBtkfb; B/ fJ~e t~vh ;?Bk dhwdd Bk+ Nhg{ s/ jwbk eo fd~sk ns/ t?bbΩo ns/ nzp{o sØA j[zdk jØfJnk T[j pzrbΩo s/ uVQ nkfJnk iØ T[;B/wkou 1791 ft~u fi~s fbnk ns/ Pqhozrkg~Nw s~e gj[zu frnk.nzro/iK B/ eØfJzpN{o th fi~s fbnk gqzs{ ibdhjh T[;Bz{ d[pkok j~EØA yØ p?m/.wokmk ns/ fBikw dh wdd Bk+ UjBK B/ d[pkok Pqhozrkg~Nw t~b uVQkJh ehsh.Nhg{B/ ;\s gqshoØX ehsk gqzs{ idØA T[;B/ t/fynk fe :[~X ikoh o~yDk n;zGt j? sK T[;B/ Pqhozrkg~Nw dh ;zXh eobJh (wkou 1792).fJ; d/ nB[;ko T[;Bz{ nkgD/ d/P dk brGr n~Xk Gkr nzro/iK ns/ UjBK d/ ;kEhnK Bz{d/Dk fgnk.:[~X d/ fJ; dΩo ft~u Nhg{ Bz{ pj[s jkBh jØJh ns/ T[j nkgD/ oki Bz{ g{oh soK ysw jØD sØA efmBkJhBk+ jh puk gkfJnk.ekoBtkfb; B/ fJ; ;fEsh Bz{ fBwBfbfys PpdK ft~u tofDs ehsk j?L “n;hA nkgD/d[PwD B{z gqGktPkbh Yzr Bk+ gzr{ pDk fd~sk j? ns/ nkgD/ ;kEhnK Bz{ th skesto BjhA pDB fd~sk.

uuuuuΩEk nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1799)LEk nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1799)LEk nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1799)LEk nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1799)LEk nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1799)L gkos ft~u Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh dh Bhsh dk w[~y nzr fJj ;h fe :[~XeoØ.fco nkgD/ nkg Bz{ nkUD tk+/ :[~X tk;s/ fsnko eoD tk;s/ PKsh dh Bhsh ngDkU. 1798 ft~u bkovt?b/ibh nkfJnk iØ fJ~e ;kwokitkdh rtoBo iBob ;h. d{i/ T[; ;w/A B/gØfbnB dk vo ;ko/ :{og s/ SkfJnkjØfJnk ;h.fJ; soK jØDk PKsh pDkJ/ o~yD bJh mhe BjhA ;h. T[;B/ fdqV fBPuk ehsk jØfJnk ;h fe iK sKNhg{ Bz{ g{oh soK ysw eo fdU iK T[; Bz{ g{oh soK nkgFD/ nXhB eo bU.fJ; T[d/P dh g{osh bJh T[;B/;jkfJe ;zXh dk o;sk ngDkFfJnk.T[;B/ Nhg{ ;[bskB T[Zs/ fJj dØP brkfJnk fe Uj fBikw ns/ wokfmnKBk+ fwb e/ nzro/iK fto~X ;kfIP ou fojk j?, iK nop, ncrkBh;skB d/ iwkBPkj, e[;s[Bs[Bhnk, wkohP;ft~u |qK;h;h nfXekohnK iK to;kJh ft~u vkfJo?eNoh nkfd d/ Bk+ nzro/iK fto[~X wØouk pDkUD bjhg~so^fttjko eo fojk j?.fJj ;ko/ pjkB/ T[; dh T[d/P g{osh d/ bJh ekch ;B.Nhg{ B/ T[Zso ft~u fejk fee/tb 40 ekb/ ozr d/ |qK;h;h, fiBQK ft~uØA 10 iK 12 fPbgh ns/ BΩeo ;B, fiBQK B/ ijkI dk feokfJnk th nkgfd~sk j?, fJ~E/ ezw dh yØi ft~u nkJ/ ;B.fJ; T[Zso Bz{ ;theko BjhA ehsk frnk ns/ ngq?b 1799 ft~u Nhg{


BØN


d/ fto[~X nfGnkB P[o{ eo fd~sk frnk. 4 wJh 1799 Bz{ Pqhozrkg~Nw dk febk fi~s fbnk frnk ns/ w?;{o dh;[szsosk ysw jØ rJh. Nhg{ B/ bVd/ bVd/ tho rsh gkJh.T[;d/ e[b d/ w?ApoK Bz{ t?bΩo d/ feb/ ft~u e?d eofd~sk frnk.nzro/iK B/ ezBV, eØfJzpN{o, t/BkV, Xkog{ow ns/ w?;{o dk ;kok ;w[zdoh sN nkgD/ gqd/P ft~u fwbkfbnk.e[M gqd/P fBikw Bz{ th fd~s/ rJ/.tfvnko tzP dk fJ~e pkbe w?;{o dk okik pDk fd~sk frnk ns/ ;jkfJe;zXh d/P T[Zs/ b~d fd~sh rJh.

Nhg{ dh Pk;B gqDkbh Nhg{ dh Pk;B gqDkbh Nhg{ dh Pk;B gqDkbh Nhg{ dh Pk;B gqDkbh Nhg{ dh Pk;B gqDkbh (Tipu’s Administration)U; ;w/A Gkos ft~u e/tb fBoze[Ptkd dk jh pØbpkbk ;h ns/ fJ;/ ekoD Nhg{ dk gqPk;B th nb~r BjhAjØ ;edk ;h.;[bskB jh d/P ft~u ;koh ;?fBe, n;?fBe ns/ okiBhfse Pesh dk e/Ado ;h.T[j nkg jhnkgDk ftd/P wzsoh ns/ w[~y ;?Bkgsh iK fBnknXhP ;h.

ukj/ Nhg{ s/ eØJh fB:zsoD BjhA ;h, sK th Uj n;z:wh, d:kofjs okik BjhA ;h.Uj eowPhb ns/eos~tgokfJD oki/ dh soK ezw eodk ;h.Uj ;wMdk ;h fe nkgDh gqik d/ gqsh fttjko d/ bJh fJ~e fdBU; Bz{ JhPto Bz{ T[Zso d/Dk gt/rk ns/ jw/Pk gqik d/ fjs bJh ezw eodk ;h.

e/Adoh gqPk;Bê/Adoh gqPk;Bê/Adoh gqPk;Bê/Adoh gqPk;Bê/Adoh gqPk;B^Nhg{ Bz{ ;[XkoK ns/ Bt/A gq:ØrK Bk+ fgnko ;h.fJ; bJh ibd jh T[; B/ nkgD/ fgskj?donbh sØA gqkgs ehsh jØJh Pk;B gqDkbh ft~u ;[Xko ehs/.vkvt?b d/ nB[;ko T[j gfjbk Gkosh okik ;hfi;B/ g~Swh gozgoktK Bz{ Gkosh gqik s/ bkr{ eoB dh eØfPP ehsh.jo ftGkr dk fJ~e nb~r nfXekohj[zdk ;h ns/ nB/e fBwB ;so d/ nfXekoh T[;dh wdd eod/ ;B.fJj ;ko/ fwb e/ fJe p Øov d/ o{gft~u ezw eod/ ;B. g{o/ tkd^fttkd s ØA pknd jh |?;b/ bJ/ iKd/ ;B.fJ; tkd^fttkd ft~u w?ApoKBz{ wsG/d gqeN eoD dk g{ok nfXeko ;h.|?;b/ pj[ws Bk+ ehs/ iKd/ ;B.p?meK dh ekotkJh dk fpUoko~fynk iKdk ;h.gqzs{ fJBQK wkwfbnK ft~u nkyoh |?;bk ;[bskB dk jh j[zdk ;h.

Nhg{ ;[bskB d/ gqPk;B ft~u gqXkB wzsoh iK tiho dk gd BjhA j[zdk ;h. ;~s w[~y ftGkr ;B iØ who nkf;cd/ nXhB j[zd/ ;B iØ nkg ;[bskB d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh ;h.fJj ftGkr fJ; soK ;B^ (1) oki;t ns/ ft~s whonkf;c efujoh d/ nXhB, (2) ;?Bk ftGkr who woK efujoh d/ nXhB, (3) i[wok ftGkr fJ~e jØo who woKefujoh d/ nXhB, (4) sØgykBk ns/ d[or o~fynk ftGkr who ;do efujoh d/ nXhB, (5) tkfDi ftGkr wfbeT[Zs{iko d/ nXhB, (6) Bkfte ftGkr who :kw efujoh d/ nXhB ns/ (7) eØP ns/ NzeD ftGkr who yikBkefujoh d/ nXhB.fJBQK 7 sØA fJbktk jØo SØN/ ftGkr th ;B noEks vke ns/ r[gsuo ftGkr, bØe fBowkDns/ gP{ ftGkr.

gqKsh: ns/ ;EkBh: gqPk;B^gqKsh: ns/ ;EkBh: gqPk;B^gqKsh: ns/ ;EkBh: gqPk;B^gqKsh: ns/ ;EkBh: gqPk;B^gqKsh: ns/ ;EkBh: gqPk;B^1784 s ØA pknd Nhg{ B/ nkgD/ ;kwoki Bz{ 7 gqKsK ft~u tzv fd~sk fiBQKBz{ nk;|h N[eVh efjzd/ ;B. ekbKso ft~u fJBQK gqKsK dh ;zfynk 17 jØ rJh.gqKsK ft~u w[~y nfXekoh nkf;|(n;?fBe rtoBo) ns/ |Ωidko (;?fBe rtoBo) j[zd/ ;B.fJj dØt/A fJ~e d{i/ T[Zs/ fB:zsoD o~yd/ ;B.gqKsKBz{ fifbnK ns/ fifbnK Bz{ rqkwK ft~u tzfvnk j[zdk ;h.;EkBh: gqPk;B dk gqpzX gzukfJsK eodhnK ;B.

G{wh eo ftt;Ek^G{wh eo ftt;Ek^G{wh eo ftt;Ek^G{wh eo ftt;Ek^G{wh eo ftt;Ek^w[~y o{g ft~u Nhg{ B/ nkgD/ fgsk d/ ekb sØA ubh nk ojh G{wh eo gqDkbh Bz{ pDk e/o~fynk gqzs{ T[; ftu nfXe ePwsk fbnkUD dh eØfPP ehsh.T[;B/ ikrhodkoh gqdkbh Bz{ fsnkr e/ fe;kBns/ ;oeko ftu f;~Xk ;zgoe ;Ekfgs ehsk.T[;B/ eow[es fJBkw G{wh s/ fco nfXeko eo fbnk ns/gkbhrkoK (fIwhdkoK) d/ g?fsqe nfXeko Ips eo bJ/.

;oeko B/ gq/oDk ;zbrB nB[oØX dh gqDkbh d[nkok fIndk sØA fInkdk g{wh Bz{ iØs ft~u fbnkUD dh eØfPPehsh.fIb/ dk eowukoh fIb/ dk dØok eodk ;h.ns/ fe;kBK Bz{ jØo G{wh iØs ft~u fbnkUD bJh jb ns/ gP{nKd/ bJh sekth (;oeko t~bØA fd~sk frnk XB) eoIk fd~sk iKdk ;h. d{i/, nkfwb fJj th d/ydk ;h fe i/eofe;/ gfotko ft~u ezw eoD tk+/ fInkdk jB jb x~N jB sK Uj gfotko d/ w[yhnk Bz{ jØo jb gqkgs eoD dhgq/oDk fdzdk ;h.d{i/ gk;/ nkfwb fJj th d/ydk ;h fe i/eo fe;/ fgzv ft~u fe;/ yk; |;b bJh G{wh sK j? gqzs{UEØA d/ tk;h U; |;b Bz{ eoD bJh T[s;kfjs BjhA jB sK Uj T[; fgzv ft~u T[; ftP/P |;b dh do s/ G{wheo brk fdzdk ;h Bk fe tk;sfte i[sh jØJh G{wh T[Zs/.

G{wh eo nkw sΩo s/ 1$3 sØA 1$2 fbnk iKdk ;h iØ fe G{wh dh T[otosk ns/ f;zukJh s/ fBoGo j[zdk ;h.1792 ft~u G{wh eo dh nkwdBh 1 eoØV o[gJ/ s ØA fInkdk ;h i Ø fe Pqhozrkg~Nw dh ;zXh s ØA pknd n~Xh


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ofj rJh ;h feUAfe U; Bz{ nkgD/ oki dk n~Xk Gkr d[PwDK Bz{ d/Dk fgnk ;h. fJ; jkBh dh g{osh bJhNhg{ Bz{ 1795 ft~u, 1791 d/ G{wh eo dh doK ft~u 37H5# dk tkXk eoBk fgnk.

tkfDi ns/ tgko tkfDi ns/ tgko tkfDi ns/ tgko tkfDi ns/ tgko tkfDi ns/ tgko ^ :{ogh skesK dh BkJhA Nhg{ B/ th fJ; s~E Bz{ ;wfMnk fe d/P nkgD/ tkfDi ns/tgko dk gq:Ør eoe/ T[Zuk T[Zm ;edk j?.fJ; bJh T[;B/ d/Ph ns/ nzsod/Ph tgko dk ftek; ehsk ns/nkgD/ r[wkPs/ w;eN, w[oi, i~dkj ns/ ndB nkfd BroK ft~u fB:[es ehs/. T[;B/ ghr{ (powk) ns/uhB Bk+ th ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoD dh ;Øuh.fJ; ftuko Bk+ T[;B/ fJ~e tkfDi pØov ;Ekfgs ehsk ns/1793^94 d/ fB:wK d/ nB[;ko fJ; ftGkr d/ nfXekohnK d/ eos~t fBPfus ehs/.Nhg{ B/ uzdB, ;[gkoh,wØNh fJbkfJuh, ekbh fwou, ;ØB/ ns/ uKdh dk tgko ns/ jkEhnK d/ fBo:ks nkfd dk ezw f;o| ;oekod/ J/ekfXeko ft~u b? fbnk. fJ;/ soK nzdo{Bh tgko d/ wkwb/ ft~u th ehsk.ekbh fwou ns/ uzdB f;o|;oeko jh w[~b b? ;edh ;h.fJ; sØA fJbktk T[; B/ oki ft~u e[M ekoykB/ th brkJ/ fi~E/ :[~X bJh rØ+k,pko{d, ekrI, uhBh, o/Pwh e~gVk, SØN/ S ØN/ T[geoD ns/ ;[zdo t;s{nK th pDkJhnK iKdhnK ;B.

nPØe ;/B tor/ gqf;~X b/ye dk ftuko j? fe Nhg{ dh tgkoe Bhsh dk w[~y T[d/P ;oeko Bz{ d/P dh gqw[~ytgkoe ;z;Ek pDkUDk ns/ yIkB/ Bz{ GoBk ns/ nkofEe rshftXhnK Bz{ ;?fBe ns/ okiBhfse fjsK d/nXhB fbnkUDk ;h iØ fe tkfDi ns/ tgko d/ dhoxekbhB fjsK ft~u BjhA j[zdk ;h ns/ Bk jh fJ; Bk+g{zihtkd d/ nXhB T[d:Øfre eqKsh fbnkUD bJh ;wki ns/ noEftt;Ek Bz{ fsnko ehsk ik ;edk ;h.

;?fBe gqPk;B^ ;?fBe gqPk;B^ ;?fBe gqPk;B^ ;?fBe gqPk;B^ ;?fBe gqPk;B^ ;wekbhB wip{ohnK d/ ekoD ;[bskB Bz{ nkgD/ ;w/A dk fInkdk Gkr ;?fBe fsnkoh ft~ubrkUDk g?Adk ;h. Nhg{ B/ nkgDh g?db ;?Bk dk nB[Pk;B :[ogh Bw{B/ s/ rfms ehsk ns/ fJ; ft~u |ko;hd/ nkd/P PpdK dk gq:Ør ehsk iKdk ;h.T[;B/ th |qK;h;h ;?Bk d/ ewKvoK d[nkok nkgDh ;?Bk d/ gqfPePDdk gqpzX ehsk ns/ fJ~e |qK;h;h ;?fBe N[eVh fsnko ehsh gqzs{ T[;B/ fJBQK Bz{ gqGktPkbh pDB dh nkfrnkBjhA fd~sh fit/A fe fBikw ns/ f;zXhnk d/ okiK ft~u jØfJnk.n;b ft~u T[;dh ;?Bk |qK;h;h ;?fBeK dh;zfynk x~N j[zdh ubh rJh. 1794 ft~u fJj e/tb 20 nk:[es nfXekoh ns/ Pqhozrkg~Nw dh jko d/;w/A e/tb 4 nk:[es ns/ 45 nBk:[es nfXekoh ns/ ;?fBeK s~e jh ;hfws ;h. Nhg{ dh ;?Bk dh ;zfynkT[;dh ;?fBe Io{osK ns/ ;kXBK d/ nB[;ko pdbdh ojh.shi/ nKrb w?;{o :[~X d/ ;w/A T[; eØ+ 45,000fB:fws g?db, 2,000 xØV/ ns/ e[M nfB:fws ;?Bk ;h. 1793 ft~u nzro/iK ns/ UjBK d/ fw~soK Bz{ n~Xkoki d/D sØA pknd T[; eØ+ 30,000 fB:fws g?db, 7,000 x[V;tko, 2,000 sØguh ns/ 6,000 nfB:fwsx[V;tko ;B.

j?donbh ns/ Nhg{ dØjK B/ BΩ;?Bk d/ wj~st Bz{ ;wfMnk, gqzs{ nkgD/ gqw[~y ftoØXh Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh d/;so Bz{ ed/ gqkgs BjhA eo ;e/.iØ th ibg Øs j?donbh B/ pDkJ/ ;B Uj ;ko/ n?vtov fjT{I B/ 1780ft~u wzrbΩo s/ jwb/ d/ ;w/A BPN eo fd~s/.

idØA shi/ nKrb^w?;{o :[~X ft~u nzro/iK B/ Nhg{ d/ nXhB wkbkpko sN d/ gqd/PK s/ nfXeko eo fbnk sK;[bskB bJh ib ;?Bk dk wj~st jØo th tX frnk. 1796 ft~u Nhg{ B/ BΩ;?Bk pØov dk rmB ehsk ns/22 :[~XgØs ns/ 20 t~v/ f|qr/N pDkUD dh :ØiBk pDkJh.T[;B/ rzrb Ωo, tkfidkpkd ns/ wØbhdkpkd ft~ugØs pDkUD d/ xkN pDkJ/.gqzs{ fJj : ØiBk f;o/ BjhA uVh.T[; d/ ;kXB nzro/iK d/ ;kXBK sØA pj[s x~N;B.fJ; s~E Bz{ ;theko eod/ jØJ/ T[;B/ fejk ;h fe w?A nzro/iK d/ ;Eb ;kXBK Bz{ sK yasw eo ;edkjK gqzs{ w?A ;w[zdo Bz{ sK BjhA ;[ek ;edk .

Nhg{ dk w[~bKeD ^Nhg{ dk w[~bKeD ^Nhg{ dk w[~bKeD ^Nhg{ dk w[~bKeD ^Nhg{ dk w[~bKeD ^ j?donbh ns/ T[;dh gsBh |kfswk d/ xo pj[s gqkEBk sØA pknd 20 Btzpo 1750Bz{ fJ~e g[~so dk iBw jØfJnk ns/ T[;Bz{ Nhg{ ;[bskB dk BK fd~sk frnk.fJ; soKQ ;[bskB T[;d/ BK dk nzr;h.ns/ okie[wko ns/ Pk;B ekb ft~u T[j fJ;/ BK Bk+ ikfDnk iKdk ;h.T[;Bz{ fJ~e w[;fbw okie[wkod/ :Ør g{oD f;fy~nk fwbh.ns/ Uj noph, |ko;h, ezBV ns/ T[od{ ft~u ;[rwsk Bk+ r~bpks eo ;edk;h.T[j fJ~e j[PN^g{PN ftnesh ;h.x[V;tkoh, pzd{e, sho^sbtko ubkUD ft~u th f;~Xj;s ;h.Ujgkbeh ft~u uVQBk g;zd BjhA eodk ;h feUAfe T[;Bz{ Uj e/tb nΩosK ns/ oØrhnK bJh wzBdk ;h. Nhg{;[bskB ft~u g{oph T[dk;hBsk iK o{Vhtkd dk eD wkso th BjhA ;h.ns/ Uj BthB gq:Ør eoD bJh ;dkT[s;[e ofjzzdk ;h.ns/ g~Swh ftfrnkB ns/ okiBhfse doPB dk :EØfus r[Drqkjh ;h.idØA |qK;h;h eqKsh d/|b;o{g e[M |qK;h;h ;?fBeK B/ Pqhozrkg~Nw ft~u i?eØfpB eb~p pDkUD dk gq;skt ehsk sK T[;B/ ;theko eo


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fbnk ns/ fJ; wØe/ Bz{ wBkUD bJh 2300 sØg d/ rØ+/ ns/ 500 jtkJh oke/N ubkJ/.fJj fejk iKdk j? fe T[;B/Pqhozrkg~Nw ft~u “;[szsosk dk o[~y@ th brkfJnk, nkg i?eØfpB eb~p dk w?Apo pfDnk ns/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{“Bkrfoe@ Nhg{ ejbkUD b~rk.

gqPk;e ns/ Pk;e d/ o{g ft~u Nhg{ ;|b fojk ns/ ftoØXhnK B/ th T[;dh ;okjBk ehsh j?.b/|NhB?AN w{oB/ T[;d/ pko/ fejk j?L “idØA fJ~e ftnesh fJ~e nDikD/ d/P sØA r[Iodk jØhJnk fJj t/y/ fe T[~E/ |;bKT[~sw jB, d/P ft~u iB;zfynk ns/ T[d:Ør pj[s j?l tkfDi ftef;s j Ø fojk j? ns/ jo t;s{ y[Ph ns/;|bsdk dk d{ik BK j?, sK Uj e[dosh sΩo s/ fJj ej/rk fe iBsk fJ~e e[Pb gqPh;e d/ nXhB j?. fi;ft~u T[;Bz{ ftef;s jØD dk w Ωek fwb fojk j?.nfijk j? Nhg{ d/ gqd/P dk fuQso.@ ;o iØB PØo B/ th fJ;/soK fbfynk j?, Nhg{ d/ fe;kB ;[o~fyns jB ns/ UjBK Bz{ fwjBs bJh gqØs;kjB ns/ T[;dk |b th fwbdkj?.Nhg{ Bz{ nkgD/ ;?fBeK dh okiGrsh ns/ ftPtk; th gqkgs j?.@ nfij/ ;w/ ft~u idØA ;?fBe ewKvoKd[nkok db pdbDk nkw r~b ;h, Nhg{ d/ ;?fBeK B/ T[; nB[Pk;B ns/ okiGrsh dk gfou/ fd~sk fi;Bz{ :{oghgo/ePeK B/ th ;okfjnk j?.

ftbe; dk fJj efjDk j? fe j?do oki pDkUD bJh izfwnk ns/ Nhg{ T[;Bz{ yØD bJh.fJj fJfsjkf;e ;~usK j? gqzs{ fJ; Bk+ Nhg{ dh ekie[Pbsk ns/ T[;dh efmBkJhnK dk g{ok gfou? BjhA fwbdk fiBK Bk+ T[;dk;kePkseko jØfJnk.Nhg{ dh thosk ns/ BthB gq:ØrK dh GktBk nkw sΩo s/ T[;d/ ntr[D wzB/ iKd/jB.j?donbh B/ sK gqkuhB tfvnko tzP d/ M{m/ YØArK Bz{ ihfts o~fynk, gqzs{ Nhg{ B/ 1787 ft~u XkoD ehsh,nkgD/ BK d/ f;~e/ ubkJ/, ;kbK ns/ wjhfBnK d/ BK fjzd{ BKtK dh irQk noph ft~u o~y/ ns/ Bt/A gzuKr dknkozG ehsk.Nhg{ dk BthB gfotosB fbnkUDk e/tb gfotosB BjhA ;h pbfe T[j fJ~e fJekrqs Pk;ed[nkok nkozG ehs/ rJ/ ;[Xko ;B.

;kwokitkdh b/yeK dk Nhg{ Bz{ “fJ~e ;hXk ;kXk d?s@ ns/ Xowkswk Pk;e d~;Dk, fBPu/ jh ;~u BjhA.Nhg{dh Xowgok:Dsk Bz{ Io{os sØA fInkdk wj~st fd~sk frnk j?.fJj ;~u j? fe T[;B/ e[orK ns/ BkfJoK dkdwB ehsk gqzs{ fiBK w[[;fbw wØgbktK B/ T[;dh nkfrnk dk T[bzxD ehsk UjBK Bz{ th T[;B/ w[nk| BjhA ehsk.e[M;kb gfjbK fwb/ Pzr/oh g~soK sØA gsk ubdk j? fe idØA 1791 ft~u jØJ/ wokmk jwfbnK sØA Pzr/oh wzfdo dk GkrN[~N frnk sK Pzr/oh d/ w[~y g[o Øfjs dh gqkoEBk T[~s/ Nhg{ B/ wzfdo dh w[ozws bJh ns/ Pkodk d/th dh w{oshdh ;EkgBk bJh XB fd~sk. ;[bskB B/ Pqhozrkg~Nw d/ feb/ ftù ;fEs Pqh ozrBkE Bof;Aj iK rzrkXko/Ptod/ wzfdoK dh g{ik ft~u eØJh j;sy/g BjhA ehsk.

fBPu/ jh d~yDh Gkos d/ fJfsjk; ft~u Nhg{ dk fJ~e nkeoPe ftneshst ;h. T[; tho ns/ ;kj;hftnesh B/ nkswfGwkB ed/ BjhA S~fvnk ns/ t?bibh dh ;zXh dk fBwzsoD n;theko eo fd~sk.T[;B/g~Swh ;kwokitkd dh r~vh ft~u p?m e/ fBoiht ihtB pshs eoD dh EK wΩs Bz{ nkfbzrB eoBk uzrk;wfMnk. d[oGkr fJj ;h fe T[;dk fJ~e ftoØXh Bk+ ;kePkseko ;h fi; ft~u g{oph Gkos Bz{ o ΩAd d/Ddh skes ;h. ihfts ofjD tk+/ ;?AeV/ wjkokik ns/ fBikwK dh EK T[;d/ ihtB sØA GkoshnK Bz{ fInkdkgq/oDk fwbdh j?.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self-Assessment)22222H ykbh ;EkB Goykbh ;EkB Goykbh ;EkB Goykbh ;EkB Goykbh ;EkB GoØ (Fill in the Blanks)

1H d~yD ft~u ukoeØDh ;zxoP (fBikw, wokfmnK, nzro/iK ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ ft~u) B/ w?;{oBz{ th nkgD/ nykV/ ft~u fbnk yVk ehsk.

2H j?donbh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH se w?;{o dk tk;sfte Pk;e pD p?mk.

3H j?donbh B/ |K;h;hnK dh wdd Bk+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u P;sokrko ;Ekfgsehsk.

4H gfjb/ nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1767^69) ft~u j?donbh B/ wokfmnK Bz{ XB d/ e/ ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHBz{ gqbØGB d/ e/ nkgD/ t~b fwbk fbnk.

5H d{ik nKrb^w?;{o :[~X (1780^84) HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH (1784) d[nkok ;wkgs jØfJnk.


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1H6 nKrb^wokmk fszB :[~X 1H6 nKrb^wokmk fszB :[~X 1H6 nKrb^wokmk fszB :[~X 1H6 nKrb^wokmk fszB :[~X 1H6 nKrb^wokmk fszB :[~X (The Three Anglo-Maratha Wars)

gfjbk nKrb^wokmk :[~X (1775^82)Lgfjbk nKrb^wokmk :[~X (1775^82)Lgfjbk nKrb^wokmk :[~X (1775^82)Lgfjbk nKrb^wokmk :[~X (1775^82)Lgfjbk nKrb^wokmk :[~X (1775^82)L nKrb^wokmk :[~X d/ gfjb/ dΩo d/ ekoD wokfmnK d/ nkg;hMrV/ ns/ nzro/iK dhnK fJ~SktK ;B.fit/A ebkJht B/ d[joh gqDkbh pzrkb, fpjko ns/ T[Vh;k ft~u ;Ekfgsehsh ;h, U;/ soK dh d[joh gqDkbh pzpJh ezgBh wjkokPNo ft~u th ;Ekfgs eoBk ukj[zdh ;h.1772 ft~uwkXtokJ/ dh wΩs sØA pknd T[;dk g[~so Bkok:DokU nkgD[ ukuk ox{BkEokU, iØ g/Ptk pDkUDk ukj[zdk ;h,dh ;kfIPK dk fPeko jØ frnk.idØA Bkok:DokU d/ woD sØA pknd g[~so g?dk jØfJnk sK ox{BkEokU jskPjØ frnk.T[;B/ nzro/iK Bk+ ;{os dh ;zXh (1775) eo bJh skfe Uj nzro/iK dh wdd Bk+ g/Ptk pDikt/.eØfPPK p/eko f;~X jØJhnK.:[~X 7 ;kbK s~e ubdk fojk.ns/ nzs ft~u dØjK B/ fJ; dh fBPcbsk Bz{nB[Gt ehsk.nzs ft~u ;kbpJh dh ;zXh (1782) Bk+ :[~X \sw jØfJnk.ftfis y/so tkfg; eo fd~s/rJ/.fJj Pesh gohyD nfBoDk:e fojk.nrb/ 20 ;kb s~e PKsh ojh.

d{ik nKrb^wokmk :[~X (1803^1806)L d{ik nKrb^wokmk :[~X (1803^1806)L d{ik nKrb^wokmk :[~X (1803^1806)L d{ik nKrb^wokmk :[~X (1803^1806)L d{ik nKrb^wokmk :[~X (1803^1806)L fJ; ;zxoP dk d{ik dØo |qK;h;h vo Bk+ ;zpzfXs ;h.t?bibh, iØ ;kwokitkdh ;h, 1798 ft~u Gkos nkfJnk.T[;B/ fJj wfj;{; ehsk fe |qK;h;h vo dk s ØA puDdk e/tb fJ~e sohek j? fe ;ko/ Gkos oki ezgBh s/ jh fBoGo jØD dh ;fEsh ft~u gj[zu ikD.T[;B/ ;jkfJe;zXh dh gqDkbh dk ftek; ehsk.wokfmnK B/ fJ; ikb sØA puD dh eØfPP ehsh go nkg;h MrfVnK ekoDn;|b oj/.

g{Bk ft~u w[~ywzsoh BkBk cVBth; dh wkou 1800 ft~u wΩs jØ rJh.eoBb gkwo, iØ g{Bk ft~u fpqfNP o?ihv?AN;h, T[; d/ eEBB[;ko T[BK dh wΩs Bk+ jh wokfmnK dh ;{Mp{M th ysw jØ rJh.BkBk nzro/ih j;sy/g dkBshik ikDd/ ;B.fJ;/ bJh UjBK B/ ;jkfJe ;zXh Bz{ d{o o~fynk.BkBk d/ fB:zsoD sØA w[es jØJ/ g/Ptk pkihokUB/ nkgDk fxDΩDk o{g fdykfJnk. U; B/ nkgDh ;FfEsh Bz{ pDkJh o~yD bJh wokmk ;odkoK ft~u MrV/ eotkJ/ns/ ;kfIPK ouhnK.gqzs{ Uj nkg jh fJBK ft~u T[bM frnk.dΩbsokU f;zXhnk ns/ I;tzsokU jØbeo dØt/A jhg{Bk ft~u nkgDh Po/Pmsk iwkUDk ukj[zd/ ;h. f;zXhnk ;|b fojk ns/ pkihokU T[Zs/ f;zXhnk dk gqG[st iwfrnk. 12 ngq?b, 1800 Bz{ rtoBo iBob B/ g{Bk o?Ihv?AN Bz{ fbfynk fe ;jkfJe ;zXh d/ pdb/ d~eD sØA f;zXhnkd/ gqG[st Bz{ ysw eoD dk gq;skt eo/ gqzs{ pkihokU B/ n;theko eo fd~sk.

d{i/ gk;/ g{Bk ft~u jkbksK B/ rzGho o{g XkoD eo Fbnk.ngq?b 1801 ft~u g/Ptk B/ i;tzsokU jØbeo d/GkJh ft~m{ih dh fBoww j~fsnk eo fd~sh . jØbeo B/ g{Bk s/ jwbk eo e/ g/Ptk ns/ f;zXhnK dh ;?BktKBz{ jdg;o d/ ;EkB s/ gokfis eo fd~sk (25^10^1802) ns/ g{Bk s/ nfXeko eo fbnk.U; B/ nfwqsokUd/ g[~so ftBk:eokU Bz{ g{Bk dh r~dh s/ fpmk fd~sk. pkihokU d{i/ B/ G~i e/ p;hB ft~u PoD bJh ns/31H12H1802 Bz{ nzro/iK Bk+ fJ~e ;zXh ehsh fi;d/ nB[;koL^

1H g/Ptk B/ nzro/ih ;zoyD ;theko eo e/ Gkosh ns/ nzro/I g?db;toK dh ;?Bk Bz{ g{Bk ft~u o~yDk;theko eo fbnk.

2H g/Ptk B/ r[ioks, skgsh ns/ Bowdk d/ ftueko d/ gqd/P ns/ s[zrG~dok Bdh d/ ;ko/ ;hwktosh gqd/P,fiBK nkwdBh 25 b~y o[gJ/ sØA fInkdk ;h ezgBh Bz{ d/ fd~s/.

3H g/Ptk B/ ;{os Bro ezgBh Bz{ d/ fd~sk.

4H g/Ptk B/ fBikw sØA u�E gqkgs eoD dk nfXeko S~v fd~sk ns/ rkfJetkV d/ fto[~X :[~X Bk eoD dktuB fd~sk.

5H g/Ptk B/ fBikw ns/ rkfJetkV d/ Bk+ MrV/ ft~u ezgBh dh w~X;Ek ;theko eo bJh.

6H g/Ptk B/ nzro/ih fto�Xh ;ko/ :{ogh bØe ;?Bk^fBtqs eo fd~s/.

7H nkgD/ ftd/Ph wkwb/ ezgBh d/ nXhB eo fd~s/.

;zXh dk wj~stL;zXh dk wj~stL;zXh dk wj~stL;zXh dk wj~stL;zXh dk wj~stL fJ; ;zXh s/ t~y^t~y ftuko gqrN ehs/ rJ/ jB.pØov U| ezNoØb d/ gqXkB bØov e?;bo/B/ fJ; ;zXh dh okiB?fse p[~Xhw~sk T[~s/ Pzek gqrN ehsh. fJ; d/ nB[;ko t?bibh B/ nkgDh t?XkfBe skesKdk T[bzxD ehsk ns/ fJ~e fBopb g/Ptk okjhA wokfmnK s/ oki eoD dh eØfPP ehsh.

fJ; fN~gDh dk T[Zso t?bibh B/ 1804 ft~u fJt/A fbfynkL “ezgBh B/ Gkos ft~u gfjbh tko PKsh ft~u ;[Xko


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ns/ ;fEosk gqkgs ehsh j?.id ØA ed/ g/Ptk d/ gqG[st Bz{ u[B Ωsh fd~sh ikt/rh sK T[;dh o~fynk bJh;kB{z fJ~e B?fse nkXko fwb frnk j?.ftd/Ph ;kfIPeosk okiXkBh sØ e~Y fd~s/ rJ/ jB.ezgBh dk fpBKft~sh Gko gkJ/ ;/fBe Pesh dk ft;sko jØ frnk j? ns/ g/Ptk dh ;?Bk Io{os g?D s/ ;kB{z T[gbGXj Ø ;edh j?.@

fJj ;~u j? fe g/Ptk dh skes IhoØ pokpo ;h gqzs{ fJ; Bk+ nzro/iK B{z pj[s okiBhfse bkG jØJ/.g{Bk ft~ugqG[st pfDnk ns/ wokmk ;zx dk gqw[~y B/sk ;jkfJe ;zXh d/ pzXB ft~u pzX frnk fi; Bk+ T[;d/ nXhB B/sktK dh tk;sfte ;fEsh ft~u ewh nkJh.

nkgDh ftd/P Bhsh nzro/iK d/ nXhB eoe/ g/Ptk T[BK :[~XK d/ Gko sØA w[es jØ frnk fiBK ft~u Uj T[bMdkofjzdk ;h.T[;B/ fBikw j?dokpkd s/ nkgD/ nfXeko S~v fd~s/ ns/ fBikw j[D ezgBh d/ nXhB jØ frnk.

p;hB dh ;zXh dk fJ~e jØo bkG fJj jØfJnk fe ;jk:e ;?Bk w?;{o, j?dokpkd, byBT{ ns/ g{Bk iØ Gkos d/ w[~ye/Adoh ;EkB ;B, T[ZE/ s?Bks eo fd~sh rJh, fi~EØA T[j g{o/ Gkos ft~u ibdh sØA ibdh gj[zu ;edh ;h.

jkbKfe fJ; ;zXh Bk+ nzro/iK dh ;otPo/Pmsk ;Ekfgs jØJh gqzs{ fJj U;/ fdPk ft~u fJ~e edw ;h.f;vBhUtB d/ fJ; eEB ft~u fJ; ;zXh d/ cb;o{g ezgBh Bz{ gqs~y ns/ ngqs~y o{g Bk+ Gkos dk ;kwoki fwbfrnk, e[M nfseEBh sK j? gqzs{ j? ;~u jh.

wokfmnK bJh fJj okPNoh ngwkB ;fjDk efmB ;h ns/ GΩA;b/ B/ nzro/iK Bz{ bbekfonk.rkfJetkV ns/jØbeo nb~r oj/.t/bibh ns/ b/e B/ d~yD ns/ T[Zsoh Gkos ft~u wokfmnK Bz{ ibd jh jok e/ ngwkBiBe;zXhnK bJh fttP ehsk.d/trKt dh ;zXh Bk+ (17^12^1803) GΩA;b/ B/ eNe ns/ toXk Bdh d/ g~SwhGkr, nzro/iK Bz{ d/ fd~s/, f;zXhnk B/ ;{oih^noiB fgzv dh ;zXh (30^12^1803) Bkb rzrk ns/ iwBk d/w~X d/ y/so ezgBh Bz{ d/ fd~s/ ns/ i?g[o, iØXg[o ns/ rØjd dh fonk;sK T[Zs/ nkgDk gqG[Zst Sv fd~sk.njwdBro dk febk, G/VØu, rØdktoh ns/ nizsk xkN th ezgBh Bz{ d/ fd~s/. d ØjK okfinK B/ o/ihv/AN o~yD/ th ;thekoeo bJ/.

ngq?b 1804 ft~u jØbeo ns/ ezgBh d/ ft~u :[~X fSV frnk.ukj/ p[o{ ft~u jØbeo Bz{ e[M ;|bsk fwbh gqzs{nkyo ft~u T[;dh jko fBPfus ;h.UXo t?bibh tkfg; ubk frnk ns/ ;o ikoi pkobØ B/ okig[o xkNdh ;zXh (25^12^1805) eo bJh fi; Bkb wokmk ;odko B/ uzpb Bdh d/ T[Zsoh gqd/P, p[zd/byzv S~v fd~s/ns/ g/Ptk ns/ ezgBh d/ jØo fw~soK s/ th nfXeko S~v fd~sk.

shik nKrb^wokmk :[~X (1817^18)L shik nKrb^wokmk :[~X (1817^18)L shik nKrb^wokmk :[~X (1817^18)L shik nKrb^wokmk :[~X (1817^18)L shik nKrb^wokmk :[~X (1817^18)L fJ; :[~X dk shik ns/ nkyoh uoD j/;fNzrI d/ nkUD Bk+P[o{ jØfJnk.T[;B/ f|o nkeowe dk o{g ngDkfJnk ns/ Gkos ft~u nzro/iK dh ;ot^Po/Pmsk pDkUD dheØfPP ehsh.1805 sØA pknd d/ iØ PKsh d/ ;kb wokfmnK Bz{ fwb/ ;B, UjBK dk T[g:Ør UjBK B/ nkgD/nkg Bzz{ ;[fdqV pdkUD bJh Bk eo e/ nkg;h eb/P ft~u yØ fd~s/.j/;fNzrI d/ fgzvkfonK d/ fto[~X nfGnkBBk+ wokfmnK d/ gqG[st Bz{ u[BΩsh fwbh fJ; bJh d Øt/A db :[~X ft~u fyAu rJ/.fJ; ;[ftn;fEs nfGnkBd/ ekoD j/;fNzrI B/ Bkrg[o d/ okik Bz{ 27^5^1816 Bz{, g/Ptk Bz{ 13^6^1814 Bz{ ns/ f;zXhnk Bz{5^11^1817 Bz{ ngwkBiBe ;zXhnK eoD bJh fttP ehsk.fttP jØ e/ g/Ptk B/ dk;htkd dk pzXB sØVBdh fJ~e jØo eØfPP ehsh.dΩbsokU f;zXhnk, Bkrg[o d/ n~gk ;kfjp, wbjko okU jØbeo d{i/ B/ :[~X dh mkDbJh.g/Ptk dh feoeh d/ ;EkB s/, GΩA;b/ dh ;hskpovh d/ ;EkB s/ ns/ jØbeo dh wjhdg[o d/ ;EkB s/jko jØJh.wokfmnK dh ;koh ;?Bk Nzro/ih ;?Bk sØA jko rJh.pkihokU d{i/ dk g{Bk dk gqd/P ftb: eo fbnkfrnk.pkeh SØN/ SØN/ oki jh ofj rJ/ ns/ Uj ezgBh d/ nXhB jØ rJ/.

wokfmnK dh jko d/ ekoD wokfmnK dh jko d/ ekoD wokfmnK dh jko d/ ekoD wokfmnK dh jko d/ ekoD wokfmnK dh jko d/ ekoD (Causes for the defeat of Marathas)ukj/ wokm/ w[rbk sØA fInkdk PeshPkbh ;B gqzs{ fJj nzro/iK sØA ;?fBe ftt;Ek, nrtkJh, e{NBhsh ns/;kXBK ft~u pj[s fg~S/ ;B. n;b ft~u w~X:[r ;~fGnsk d/ g{oph bØe g[BoikroD, ftfrnkB ns/ nkX[fBen;soK Bk+ b?; nzro/iK d/ ;kjwD/ mfjo BjhA gkJ/.fJBKQ dh jko d/ w[~y ekoD ;B^

(1) n:(1) n:(1) n:(1) n:(1) n:Ør nrtkJhL r nrtkJhL r nrtkJhL r nrtkJhL r nrtkJhL T[Zsw nrtkJh dk g{oh soK nGkt ;h. uzr/ B/sk sK 18thA Pskpdh d/ nzs s~ejh ;wkgs jØ ;B. wjkdih f;zXhnk, johgzs cVe/, nfjb:kpkJh jØbeo, g/Ptk wkXtokU, s[eØih jØbeons/ BkBk cVBth; ;ko/ 1790 ns/ 1800 d/ ft~u fJ; ;z;ko sØA u~b t;/.d{i/ gk;/ ezgBh Bz{ pj[s T[Zsw


BØN


gqeko d/ B/sk n?bhc;NB, ikB w?bew, eoBb ekfbz;, iØB/EB veB nkoEo t?bibh (fi;B/ ekbKso ft~uB/gØfbnB Bz{ jokfJnk), bØov b/e ns/ t?bibh d/ o{g ft~u fwb/.

(2) wokmk oki d/ ;[Gkfte d(2) wokmk oki d/ ;[Gkfte d(2) wokmk oki d/ ;[Gkfte d(2) wokmk oki d/ ;[Gkfte d(2) wokmk oki d/ ;[Gkfte dØPPPPP: ;o ikd{BkE ;oeko d/ nB[;ko wokmk oki ftu e[M ;[GFkfte dØP ;B.UjBkB/ edh th fe;/ ;w[dkfJe ftek;, ftfdnk gq;ko, iK iBsk d/ J/eheoD bJh eØJh eØfPP BjhA ehsh.

(3) fJ~e ;fEo nkofEe Bhsh dk nGktL (3) fJ~e ;fEo nkofEe Bhsh dk nGktL (3) fJ~e ;fEo nkofEe Bhsh dk nGktL (3) fJ~e ;fEo nkofEe Bhsh dk nGktL (3) fJ~e ;fEo nkofEe Bhsh dk nGktL wokfmnK dh nkofEe Bhsh ;fEo okiBhfse nt;Ek ft~u;jkfJe BjhA ;h.nΩozrI/p d/ fto[~X :[~X ekb ft~u fe;kB T[iV rJ/ ;B.T[j y/sh S~v e/ ;?fBe pD rJ/;B.w[rbK d/ wokmk gqd/P sØA ub/ ikD sØA pknd th T[j U;/ b[~Nwko s/ fBoGo ;B.g/Ptk d/ nXhB fJBK;?fBeK B/ GoD^gØPD bJh uΩE ns/ ;od/Pw[yh gqkgs ehsh.fJ; soK wokmk ;kwoki wjkokPNo d/ ;kXBKs/ BjhA nfgs{ pbg{ote fJ~emh ehsh rJh XBokPh s/ fBoGo ;h.

(4) wokmk okiBhfse ftt;Ek dhnK ewI(4) wokmk okiBhfse ftt;Ek dhnK ewI(4) wokmk okiBhfse ftt;Ek dhnK ewI(4) wokmk okiBhfse ftt;Ek dhnK ewI(4) wokmk okiBhfse ftt;Ek dhnK ewIØohnKLohnKLohnKLohnKLohnKL nkgD/ gokekPmk ekb ft~u th wokmk ;kwoki fJ~efY~bk fijk ;zx ;h fi; dk B/sk Ssogsh iK g/Ptk ;h. g/Ptk B/ idØA Ssogsh dhnK PeshnK ;zGk+hnKsK nXhB ;odkoK B/ g/Ptk dh rkfJetkV, jØbeo, f;ZXhnk ns/ GΩA;b/ fij/ PeshPkbh ;odkoK B/ n~X;[szsooki ;Ekfgs eo bJ/ ns/ g/Ptk d/ gqsh okiGrsh e/tb wΩfye ofj rJh.gkBhgs d/ shi/ :[~X s ØA pkndfJj ;kwzsPkjh fJekJhnK fSzB fGzB jØ rJhnK ns/ nkg;h MrfVnK ekoD jØo th fBPes jØ rJ/.

(5) wokfmnK dh xNhnk ;?fBe gqDkbhL(5) wokfmnK dh xNhnk ;?fBe gqDkbhL(5) wokfmnK dh xNhnk ;?fBe gqDkbhL(5) wokfmnK dh xNhnk ;?fBe gqDkbhL(5) wokfmnK dh xNhnk ;?fBe gqDkbhL ukj/ ftneshrs thosk ft~u wokm/ x~N BjhA ;B gqzs{ fJjbØe nzro/ih ;/fBe ;zrmB, n;so^P;so, nB[Pk;B ns/ nrtkJh ft~u pj[s fg~S/ ;B.

PkfJd UjBK B/ :[~X dhftfrnkfBe ns/ nkX[fBe gqDkbh BjhA ngDkJh.sØgykBk T[~sw ns/ nu{e BjhApDkfJnk.wjkdih f;zXhnk B/ ;?Bk dk rmB :{ogh Yzr Bkb ehsk.sØgK ns/ pko{d d/ ekoykB/ brkJ/ gqzs{ fJj;G ftd/PhnK d/ j~EK ft~u ;B iØ ;wK nkUD s/ XØyk d/ iKd/ ;B.

(6) nzro/iK dh T[Zsw e{NBhshL (6) nzro/iK dh T[Zsw e{NBhshL (6) nzro/iK dh T[Zsw e{NBhshL (6) nzro/iK dh T[Zsw e{NBhshL (6) nzro/iK dh T[Zsw e{NBhshL e{Nbhsh ft~u nzro/I pj[s n~r/ ;B.:[~X P[o{ jØD sØA gfjbK jh ezgBhfGzB fGzB fw~so pDk e/ d[PwD Bz{ fJ~ebk eo fdzdh ;h. d{i/ wokmk :[~X ft~u rkfJetkV ns/ d~yDh wokmmkikrhodkoK Bz{ UjBK B/ nkgD/ t~b fwbk fbnk. g/Ptk p;hB dh ;zXh sØA gfjbK jh UjBK t~b ;h. fJ;e{NBhsh Bk+ UjBK bJh f;zXhnk Bz{ fi~sDk nk;kB jØ frnk.

(7) fInkdk T[~sw nzro/ih r[gsuo ftt;EkL(7) fInkdk T[~sw nzro/ih r[gsuo ftt;EkL(7) fInkdk T[~sw nzro/ih r[gsuo ftt;EkL(7) fInkdk T[~sw nzro/ih r[gsuo ftt;EkL(7) fInkdk T[~sw nzro/ih r[gsuo ftt;EkLidØA wokmk :[~X jØJ/ sK ezgBh eØ+ fJBK ft;sfos ekoDKsØA fJbktk wokfmnK d/ nkg;h wsG/dK pko/ th \po j[zdh ;h. w/b/N B/ ;{os ft~u ofjzzd/ j ØJ/ f;zXhnk ns/ jØbeogfotkoK pko/ g{oh ikDekoh ezgBh Bz{ G/ih.

(8) nzro/iK dk gqrshPhb fdqPNhe(8) nzro/iK dk gqrshPhb fdqPNhe(8) nzro/iK dk gqrshPhb fdqPNhe(8) nzro/iK dk gqrshPhb fdqPNhe(8) nzro/iK dk gqrshPhb fdqPNheØDL DL DL DL DL :{ogh bØe T[; ;w/A s~e Xow ns/ d?th pzXBK sØA pkjo nk u[e/;B.ns/ nkgDh skes dk gq:Ør ftfrnkfBe yØiK, d{o ;wz[doh :ksoKtK ns/ T[gfBt/P gqkgs eoD ft~u brkoj/ ;B.n;hA Gkosh bØe w~X:[rh ns/ gqkuhB ftukoK ft~u ieV/ jØJ/ ;B.eoweKv ns/ Grsh dk pØbpkbk ;h.

1H7 ;ko nzP 1H7 ;ko nzP 1H7 ;ko nzP 1H7 ;ko nzP 1H7 ;ko nzP (Summary)

• fJj :[~X nk;Nohnk d/ T[ZsokfXeko d/ :[~X dk iØ 1740 ftu P[o{ jØfJnk ;h, ft;sko wkso jh;h.rqfj ;oekoK dh nkfrnk d/ fto[~X jh dØjK dbK ft~u 1746 ft~u :[~X jØ frnk. pkoB?N dhnrtkJh ft~u nzro/ih BΩ;?Bk B/ e[M |qK;h;h ibg Øs geV bJ/.v[gb/ B/ iØ 1741 ft~u gKvhu/oh dk |q?AurtoBo iBob ;h, wkohP; ;fEs |qK;h;h rtoBo bk p{ovΩB/ (La Bourdonnais) dh ;jkfJskwzrh. bk p{ovΩB/ 3000 ;?fBe b? e/ eØoØwzvb sN (wdok; d/ eØb dk sN) t~b ub fgnk. o;s/ ft~uT[;B/ nzro/ih BΩ;?Bk Bz{ jokfJnk.

• eoBkNe dk gfjbk :[~X ;/AN NØw/ d/ :[~X bJh :kdrko j?. fJj :[~X |qK;h;h ;?Bk ns/ eoBkNe d/ BtkpnBto{dhB (1744^49) dh nrtkJh ft~u Gkosh ;/Bk ft~u bfVnk frnk. MrVk |QK;h;hnK d[nkokwdok; dh fi~s s/ jØfJnk.

• v[gb/ Bz{ feqPBk Bdh d/ d~yDh Gkr ft~u w[rb gqd/PK dk rtoBo fB:[es ehsk frnk.t[Zsoh ;oekoK d/e[M fib/ th |qK;h;hnK Bz{ d/ fd~s/ rJ/. fJ; sØA fJbktk w[~i|oizr dh gqkEBk T[~s/ fJ~e |q/Au ;?Bk dh


BØN


N[eVh p[~;h dh nrtukJh ft~u j?dokpkd ft~u s?Bks ehsh rJh. 1751 ft~u uzdk ;kfjp eoBkNe d/ BtkppD/.v[gb/ fJ; ;w/A nkgDh okiBhfse skes dh uow ;hwk s/ gj[zu frnk ;h.

• ebkJht B/ iØ fsquBkg~bh d/ x/o/o Bz{ sØVB ft~u n;|b fojk ;h, fsquBkg~bh t[Zs/ dpkt x~N eoD bJheoBkne dh okiXkBh noekn Bz{ e/tB 210 ;?fBeK dh wdd Bk+ fi~s fbnk.uzdk ;kfjp B/ 4000;?fBe G/i/, gqzs{ noekN Bz{ d[pkok BjhA fi~s ;e/. ns/ ebkJht B/ 53 fdBK s~e (23 f;szpo sØA 14Btzpo s~e) fJ; ;?Bk dk gqshoØX ehsk. |qK;h;hnK dh gqfsGk Bz{ fJ; Bk+ jkBh gj[zuh.

• fJ; gqeko fJ; MrV/ dk d{ik dΩo th nfBPfus fojk.;Eb T[Zs/ nzro/ih ;?Bk dh gqXkBsk f;X jØ rJhns/ UjBK dk T[whdtko w[jzwd nbh eoBkNe dk Btkp pD frnk.

• |qK;h;h ;oeko B/ ngq?b 1757 ft~u bkbh Bz{ Gkos G/fink.brGr 12 wjhB/ dh :ksok sØA pknd ngq?b1758 ft~u T[j Gkos gj[zfunk.fJ;/ ftueko nzro/I f;oki{dΩbk Bz{ jok e/ pzzrkb ft~u nkgDk nfXeko;Ekfgs eo u[e/ ;B.fJ; ekoD nzro/iK Bz{ ngko XB fwfbnk fi; Bkb T[j |qK;h;hnK Bz{ d~eD ft~ujokUD ft~u ;|b jØ rJ/.

• 1760 ft~u ;o nkfJoe{N B/ tzdhtkP d/ ;EkB s/ |qK;h;hnK Bz{ p[oh soK jokfJnk.p[~;h :[~Xpzdh pDk fbnkfrnk.iBtoh 1761 ft~u |qK;h;h g{oD jko sØA pknd gKvhu/oh tkfg; ub/ rJ/. nzro/iK B/ fJ; Bz{ th x/o fbnkns/ 8 wjhB/ pknd |qK;h;hnK B/ fJ; Bro Bz{ th d[PwD d/ jtkb/ eo fd~sk. fiBk jh wkjh ns/ fizih th fJBKd/ j~EK sØA fB~eb rJ/. fJ; soK nKrb^|qK;h;h d[PwDh dk BkNe \sw jØ frnk ns/ |qK;h;h jko rJ/.

• nzro/iK B/ pzrkb ft~u nkgDh gfjbh eØmh (r[dkw) 1651 ft~u j[rbh ft~u ssekbhB pzrkb d/ ;{p/dkoPkj ijkB d/ d{i/ g[~so PkP[jIk dh nkfrnk Bk+ pDkJh.

• ibd jh nzro/iK B/ ekf;w pkIko, gNBk ns/ jØo ;EkBK s/ eØmhnK pDk bJhnK. 1698 ft~u ;{p/dko nihw{PkBB/ UjBK Bz{ ;{skBsh, ekbhxkN ns/ rØfpzdg[o (ebe~sk) dh fIwhAdkoh d/ fd~sh fi;d/ pdb/ UjBK Bz{ e/tb 1200o[gJ/ g[okD/ wkbeK Bz{ d/D/ gJ/. 1717 ft~u ;wokN co{y;hno B/ g[okD/ ;{p/dkoK d[nkok fd~sh rJh tgkoefonfJsK dh g[PNh eo fd~sh ns/ UjBK Bz{ ebe~sk d/ nk; gk; d/ jØo y/so th feokJ/ s/ b?D dh nkfrnk d/ fd~sh.

• f;oki B/ d/fynk fe T[;dh nkfrnk dk U;/ d/ oki ft~u T[bzxD jØ fojk j? sK U; B/ nzro/iK fto[~XnfGnkB ehsk. f|fbg p[vo| dk fJj eEB fe Btkp dk |ØoN ftbhnw T[Zs/ jwb/ dk w[~y T[d/Pb[~Nwko eoBk ;h, g{oh soK M{mk j?.15 i{B,1756 Bz{ |ØoN ftbhnw x/o fbnk frnk ns/ 5 fdBKpknd T[;B/ nksw;wogD eo fd~sk. rtoBo oΩio vq/e ns/ jØo gqw[~y Bkrfoe g[Pm dotki/ sØA G~ifB~eb/. Btkp ebe~sk Bz{ wkfBeuzd d/ j~EK ft~u d/ e/ nkg w[ofPdkpkd tkfg; ubk frnk.

• |otoh 1757 ft~u Btkp B/ ebkJht sØA nbhBro (Btkp d[nkok fd~sk ebe~sk dk BtK Bkw) dh ;zXhs/ j;skyo ehs/. fJ;d/ nB[;ko, nzro/iK Bz{ tgko d/ g[okD/ nfXeko fwb rJ/ fi; ft~u ebe~sk dhfebkpzdh eoD dh th nkfrnk gqkgs jØ rJh.T[BQK dh jkBh^g{osh dk th gqD ehsk frnk.j[D nzro/Ijwbkto dh G{fwek ft~u ;B.Btkp d/ gqw[~y nfXekoh T[; Bk+ n;zs[PN ;B.ebkJht B/ fJ; dk bkGT[mk e/ fJ~e Pv:zso ofunk fi; ft~u Btkp dk gqXkB ;?Bkgsh who ikco, pzrkb dk fJ~e gqGktPkbh;kj{eko irs ;/m, okfJd[obG ns/ nwhouzd fJ~e ftuØbhJ/ d/ o{g ft~u Pkfwb jØJ/. s?n jØfJnk fewho ikco Bz{ Btkp pDk fd~sk ikt/ ns/ T[j fJ; bJh ezgBh Bz{ feqskoE eo/rk ns/ T[;d/ B[e;kB dhg{osh th eo/rk.

• fJ~e nfij/ ;w/A idØA Btkp Bz{ T[~so^g~Sw sØA n|rkBK ns/ g~Sw t~bØA wokfmnK dk vo ;h, mhe T[;/;w/A ebkJht B/ ;?Bk ;fjs Btkp d/ fto[~X w[ofPdkpkd t~b gq;EkB ehsk. 23 i{B, 1757 Bz{ fto ØXh;?BktK w[ofPdkpkd d/ d~yD ft~u 22 whb dh d{oh s/ ;fEs gbk;h fgzv ft~u nzpK d/ fBe[zi ft~uNeokJhnK.

• Btkp dh fJ~e nr/sh N[eVh, fi;d/ B/sk who wdkB ns/ wØjB bkb ;B, nzro/iK sØA pkIh b? rJh ns/T[;B/ ebkJht Bz{ o[~yK fg~S/ PoD b?D bJh wip{o eo fd~sk. nukBe fJ~e rØ+h Bkb who wdkB wkfonkfrnk. Btkp f;oki{dΩbk B/ nkgD/ gqw[~y nfXekohnK Bk+ wPtok ehsk. who ikco B/ T[;Bz{ fg~S/ jNDbJh fejk ns/ fJj th fejk frnk fe f;oki Bz{ ;?Bk dh nrtkJh ioB?bK d/ j~EK ft~u S~v e/ oDy/so


BØN


sØA ubk ikDk ukjhdk j?.ukb u~b rJh.f;oki 2000 x[V;tkoK ;fjs w[ofPdkpkd ubk frnk.|qK;h;hN[eVh fijVh j[D s~e iwh jØJh ;h, ibdh jh jko rJh.

• who ikco B/ nzro/iK B{z TBQK dhnK ;/tktK tk;s/ 24 gorBK dh IwhAdkoh Bk+ g[o;feqs ehsk ns/ ebkJht Bz{2,34,000 gΩAv dh fBih G/AN fd~sh. 50 b~y o[gJ/ ;?Bk ns/ BkfteK Bz{ fJBkw d/ o{g ft~u fd~s/.pzrkb dhnK;kohnK |qK;h;h p;shnK nzro/iK Bz{ d/ fd~shnK.

• gbk;h dk :[~X T[; sØA pknd jØD tkbhnK xNBktK d/ ekoD jh wj~stg{oD j?.pzrkb nzro/iK d/ nXhBjØ frnk ns/ fco ;[szso BjhA jØ ;fenk.BtK Btkp who ikco nkgDh o~fynk ns/ gd d/ bJh nzro/iK s/ fBoGo ;h.T[BQK dh 6000 ;?Bk T[;dh o~fynk bJh pzrkb ft~u ;fEs ;h.

• 30 i{B 1757 JhH Bz{ ebkJht B/ w[ofPdkpkd ft~u who ikco Bz{ pzrkb d/ Btkp d/ gd s/ nk;hBeotkfJnk.fJ;/ ;w/A sØA pzrkb ft~u ezgBh B/ Bqg fBowksk dh P[o{nks ehsh.pzrkb dh Btkph gqkgseoB ekoD who ikco B/ ezgBh Bz{ ‘24 gorBK* dh fIwhAdkoh g[o;eko d/ o{g ft~u d/ fd~sh.

• who ikco d/ Pk;B ekb ft~u jh nzro/iK B/ ‘tzvØ ns/ oki eoØ* dh Bhsh Bz{ iBw fdzd/ jØJ/ fJ~e r[~N Bz{d{i/ r[~N Bk+ bVkUD dh P[o{nks ehsh.ebkJht d/ gqsh feqs~rsk Ikfjo eoD bJh who ikco B/ssekbhB w[rb pkdPkj nkbwrho d{i/ sØA ebkJht Bz{ T[wok dh T[gkXh ns/ 24 gorBK dh fIwhAdkohgqdkB eotkJh.24 gorBK dh irho Bz{ ‘ebkJht dh irho * d/ BK Bk+ ikfDnk IKdk ;h.

• whoekf;w nbhtodh d/ T[~sokFXekohnK ft~u ;otkfXe :Ør ;h. oki fwbD d/ pknd T[;Bz{ w[rb;wokN Pkj nkbw d[nkok fpjko T[Zs/(1760^61) jwb/ dk ;kQwDk eoBk fgnk, ezgBh dh ;?Bk B/;wokN Bz{ jok e/ T[;dh jkbs Bz{ so;:Ør pDk fd~sk.

• 1717 ft~u w[rb pkdPkj d[nkok gqd~s tgkoe |owkB dk fJ; ;w/A pzrkb ft~u d[oT[g:Ør j[zdk t/y e/ Btkpwhoekf;w B/ nzdo{Bh tgko T[Zs/ jo soK dh t;{bh pzd eotk fd~sh.

• 1762 ft~u whoekf;w d[nkok \sw ehsh rJh tgkoe u[zrh ns/ eo dk bkG j[D GkoshnK Bz{ th fwbDb~rk. gfjbK fJj bkG 1717 d/ |owkB d[nkok f;o| ezgBh Bz{ fwbdk ;h, ezgBh B/ u[Dkt d/ fJ;fBoD/ Bz{ nkgD/ ftP/PkfXeko dh ntj/bDk d/ o{g ft~u fbnk. |b;o{g ;zxoP dh P[o{nks jØJh.

• 19 i[bkJh, 1763 Bz{ whoekf;w ns/ n?vw; dh nrtkJh ft~u eotk Bkwe ;EkB s/ ‘eotk dk :[~X*jØfJnk fi; ft~u Btkp (ngd;E) jko frnk. eotk d/ :[~X sØA pknd ns/ pe;o d/ :[~X sØA gfjbKwhoekf;w Bz{ nzro/iK B/ fszB tko jokfJnk, |b;o{g whoekf;w B/ w[zr/o S~v e/ gNBk ft~u PoD bJh.1763 ft~u jØJ/ gNBk j~fsnkeKv, fi; ft~u eJh nzro/I wko/ rJ/, Bk+ whoekf;w gqs~y o{g Bk+i[fVnk jØfJnk ;h.

• ebkJht B/ pzrkb dh T[bMD Bz{ e[fynks dØjoh gqDkbh Bk+ ;[bMkUD dh eØfPP ehsh.fJ; ft~u n;bPesh sK ezgBh eØ+ ;h gzs{ gqPk;B dk Gko Btkp d/ wØfYnK s/ ;h.

• w[rb ;kwoki d/ ;toD ekb sØA jh gqKsK ft~u dØ w[~y nfXekoh j[zd/ ;B, ;{p/dko ns/ dhtkB. ;{p/dkodk ezw fBikws noEks ;?fBe ;zoePD, g[fb; ns/ cΩidkoh ekBz{B bkr{ eoBk, ns/ dhtkB dk ezw eoftt;Ek ns/ dhtkBh ekBzB bkr{ eoBk ;h. fJj dØt/A nfXekoh fJ~e d{i/ s/ fB:zsoD dk ezw th eod/;B ns/ f;~X/ e/Adoh ;oeko d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh ;B.nΩozrI/p dh wΩs sØA pknd w[rb ;~sk ewIØo jØ

rJh ns/ pzrkb dk Btkp w[oPhd e[bh \kB dhtkBh ns/ fBikws dØt/A ezw eodk ;h.

• 12 nr;s, 1756 d/ |owkB nB[;ko nkbw B/ 26 b~y o[gJ/ ;kbkBk d/ pdb/ dhtkBh dk Gko ezgBh Bz{;ΩAg fd~sk. ezgBh Bz{ 53 b~y o[gJ/ fBikws d/ ezw tk;s/ th d/D/ ;B. |otoh 1756 ft~u nkgD/ fgskwho ikco dh wΩs s/ fBiw{dΩbk Bz{ Btkp pDkUD dh nkfrnk d/ fd~sh rJh gqzs{ Pos fJj ;h fefBikws d/ brGr ;ko/ ezw dk Gko, noEks ;?fBe ;zoePD ns/ ftd/Ph wkwb/ g{oh soKQ ezgBh d/ j~EKft~u ns/ dhtkBh wkwb/ fvgNh ;{p/dko, fiBQK Bz{ ezgBh wBØBhs eo/rh ns/ fi; Bz{ ezgBh dh nkfrnksØA fpBK jNkfJnk BjhA ikt/rk, ;ΩAg d/t/.fJ; sokA ezgBh Bz{ w[rb ;wokN sØA dhtkBh ns/ pzrkb d/ ;{p/dko sØA fBikws d/ ezw dk Gko fwb frnk.


BØN


• Gkos ft~u nzro/ih ;kwoki dk n;bh ;z;Ekge ebkJht jh ;h.T[;B/ ;w/A dh rsh Bz{ ;wfMnk ns/Uj mhe fdPk ft~u tfXnk.T[;B/ nkgD/ fto~Xh v[gb/ Bz{ wks fd~sh ns/ ;EkJh Bshi/ gqkgs ehs/.T[;dk noekN Bz[ x/oBk (1751) fJ~e pj[s jh e[Pbskg{oD ukb ;h fi; Bk+ eoBkNe ft~u |qk;h;hnKfto[~X gk;k gbN frnk.(1757) d/ gbk;h d/ :[~X ft~u fi~s sØA pknd Btkp T[;dh emg[sbh pDfrnk.

• 18thA Pskpdh ft~u ;ko/ Gkos ft~u ;kj;h tho ;?fBeK bJh T[ZEkB d/ ek|h wΩe/ ;B.fJ;/ soK dk fJ~etho :ØXk j?do nbh (iBw 1727) ;h.T[;B/ nkgDk ihtB fJ~e x[V;tko d/ o{g ft~u P[o{ ehsk ns/f|o w?;{o dk tk;sfte Pk;e pD frnk.

• d~yD ft~u fBikw, wokfmnK, nzro/iK ns/ |qK;h;hnK ftueko jØJ/ ukoeØDh ;zxoP B/ w?;{o Bz{ th nkgD/nykV/ ft~u yVk eo fd~sk. wokfmnK B/ 1753, 1754, 1757 ns/ 1759 ft~u w?;{o gqd/P T[Zs/ jwb/ehs/.fJBQK jwbktoK dh nfwN XB^fggk;k B/ w?;{o Bz{ ;zeN ft~u gk fd~sk.

• nfij/ ;w/A ft~u j?donbh ;kjwD/ nkfJnk ns/ 1761 s~e T[j w?;{o dk tk;sfte PK;e pD p?fmnk.

• T[j ikDdk ;h fe P;so fBowkD ezw ft~u :{ogh bØe pj{s n~r/ jB.fJ; bJh T[; B/ |qK;h;hnK dh wdd Bk+fvzvhr[b ft~u PPsokrko ;Ekfgs ehsk ns/ nkgDh ;?Bk Bz{ gqfPePD d[nkfJnk.ibdh jh T[j e{NBhsh ft~u thiØVsØV eoB ft~u f;~Xj;s jØ frnk.

• ibdh jh j?donbh B/ t/fynk fe T[;d/ fto[~X fBikw, wokfmnK ns/ eoBkNe d/ Btkp dk fJ~emkwØouk pD frnk j?.j?donbh xpokfJnk BjhA ns/ T[;B/ e{NBhsh Bk+ ezw fbnk.T[;B/ wokfmnK Bz{XB d/ e/ ns/ fBikw Bz{ gqd/P dk bkbu d/ e/ nkgD/ t~b fwbk fbnk ns/ fco eoBkNe T[Zs/ jwbkehsk. v/V ;kb d/ nfBoDk:e :[~X sØA pknd j?donbh B/ nzro/iK fto[~X pkIh gbN fd~sh ns/ wdok;Bz{ x/o fbnk.vo/ jØJ/ nzro/iK B/ T[; Bk+ fJ~e fBokdoGoh ;zXh eo bJh (4 ngq?b, 1769), fi; ft~udØjK g~yK B/ ftfis gqd/P tkfg; eo fd~s/ ns/ dØt/A dbK B/ fJ~e d{i/ Bz{ nkoePD bJh wdd eoD dktuB fd~sk.

• 1769 dh ;zXh, ;zXh Bk ofj e/ f;o| :[~X ftokw jh ofj frnk ;h.j?donbh TZs/ jwbk ehsk sK nzro/iKB/, 1769 dh ;zXh d/ nB[e{b wdd BjhA ehsh ;h.d{i/ j?donbh B/ t/fynk fe T[;dh pzd{eK, sØgK, PØo/ ns/pko{d dhnK Io{osK bJh nzro/iK sØA |qK;h;h fInkdk wddrko ;B.e[M ;?fBe ;kwkB, wkbkpko sN T[Zs/;fEs |qK;h;h pzdorkj wkjh okjhA th w?;{o gj[zudk ;h.

• j?donbh B/ fBikw ns/ wokfmnK Bk+ fwb e/^;G d/ d[PwD^Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh d/ fto[~X fJ~e;z:[es w Øouk pDk fbnk. i[bkJh 1780 ft~u j?donbh B/ eoBkNe T[Zs/ jwbk eo fd~sk ns/eoBb p/bh d/ nXhB nzro/ih ;?Bk Bz{ jok e/ noekN fi~s fbnk.

• nzs ft~u dØjK g~yK B/ ;zXh eoBk T[fus ;wfMnk ns/ wkou 1784 ft~u wzrbΩo dh ;zXh Bk+ dØjK g~yKB/ ftfis gqKs tkfg; eo fd~s/.;[~X dk fJj d{ik dΩo nfBPfus fojk.

• jkbkfe 1784 d/ fgN; fJzvhnk nfXfB:w ft~u fJj ;gPN ehsk frnk ;h fe ezgBh eØJh BtK gqd/Pfi~sD dh eØfPP BjhA eo/rh, sK th bØov ekoBtkfb; B/ fBikw ns/ wokfmnK dh Nhg{ ftoØXh GktBktKsØA gq/fos jØ e/ 1790 nft~u Nhg{ d/ fto[~X fsqdbh ;zrmB ofunk.

• ekoBtkfb; B/ fJ~e t~vh ;?Bk dh wdd Bk+ Nhg{ s/ jwbk eo fd~sk ns/ t?bΩo ns/ nzp{o sØA j[zdk jØfJnkT[j pzrbΩo s/ uVQ nkfJnk iØ T[;B/ wkou 1791 ft~u fi~s fbnk ns/ Pqhozrkg~Nw s~e gj[zu frnk.nzro/iK B/ eØfJzpN{o th fi~s fbnk gqzs{ ibdh jh T[;Bz{ d[pkok j~E ØA yØ p?m/.wokmk ns/ fBikw dh wdd Bk+UjBK B/ d[pkok Pqhozrkg~Nw t~b uVQkJh ehsh.nhg{ B/ ;\s gqshoØX ehsk gqzs{ idØA T[;B/ t/fynk fe :[~Xikoh o~yDk n;zGt j? sK T[;B/ Pqhozrkg~Nw dh ;zXh eo bJh (wkou 1792).

• Gkos ft~u Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh dh Bhsh dk w[~y nzr fJj ;h fe :[~X eoØ.fco nkgD/ nkg Bz{ nkUDtk+/ :[~X tk;s/ fsnko eoD tk;s/ PKsh dh Bhsh ngDkU. 1798 ft~u bkov t?b/ibh nkfJnk iØ fJ~e;kwokitkdh rtoBo iBob ;h.


BØN


• nKrb^wokmk :[~X d/ gfjb/ dΩo d/ ekoD wokfmnK d/ nkg;h MrV/ ns/ nzro/iK dhnK fJ~SktK;B.fit/A ebkJht B/ d[joh gqDkbh pzrkb, fpjko ns/ T[Vh;k ft~u ;Ekfgs ehsh ;h, U;/ soK dhd[joh gqDkbh pzpJh ezgBh wjkokPNo ft~u th ;Ekfgs eoBk ukj[zdh ;h.

• fJ; ;zxoP dk d{ik dØo |qK;h;h vo Bk+ ;zpzfXs ;h. t?bibh, i Ø ;kwokitkdh ;h, 1798 ft~u GkosnkfJnk.T[;B/ fJj wfj;{; ehsk fe |qK;h;h vo dk sØA puD dk e/tb fJ~e sohek j? fe ;ko/ Gkos okiezgBh s/ jh fBoGo jØD dh ;fEsh ft~u gj[zu ikD.T[;B/ ;jkfJe ;zXh dh gqDkbh dk ftek; ehsk.

• fJ; :[~X dk shik ns/ nkyoh uoD j/;fNzrI d/ nkUD Bk+ P[o{ jØfJnk.T[;B/ f|o nkeowe dk o{gngDkfJnk ns/ Gkos ft~u Nzro/iK dh ;ot^Po/Pmsk pDkUD dh eØfPP ehsh.1805 sØA pknd d/ iØ

PKsh d/ ;kb wokfmnK Bz{ fwb/ ;B, UjBK dk T[g:Ør UjBK B/ nkgD/ nkg Bzz{ ;[fdqV pdkUD bJh Bk eoe/ nkg;h eb/P ft~u yØ fd~s/.j/;fNzrI d/ fgzvkfonK d/ fto[~X nfGnkB Bk+ wokfmnK d/ gqG[st Bz{u[BΩsh fwbh fJ; bJh dØt/A db :[~X ft~u fyAu rJ/.

1H8 Ppde1H8 Ppde1H8 Ppde1H8 Ppde1H8 PpdeØP P P P P (Keywords)

• gdksh L g?db ubD tkbh ;?Bk.• uΩE L fJ~e gqeko dk t;{fbnk ikD tkbk eo.

• nkeqKsk L jwbktoh, nPKsh c?bkUD tkbk.

1H9 nfGnk; gqPB 1H9 nfGnk; gqPB 1H9 nfGnk; gqPB 1H9 nfGnk; gqPB 1H9 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

• Gkos ft~u fpqfNP ft;sko dk toDB eod/ jØJ/ eoBkNe :[~X dh ;whfynk eoØ.• pzrkb ft~u nzro/ih Pesh d/ T[seoP s/ gqekP gkU.

• gbk;h d/ :[~X dk toDB eoØ.

• ebkJht d/ d[jo/ Pk;B sØA s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j Ø< toDB eoØ.• fpqfNP ft;sko dk w?;{o B/ fe; soK gqshoØX ehsk< nKrb^w?;{o :[~X dk toDB eod/ jØJ/ ;wMkU.

• nKrb^wokmk :[~XK dh ftt/uBk eoØ .

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)11111. (1) (e) (2) (r) (3) (y) (4) (r) (5) (r)

2. (1) |qK;h;h (2) 1716 (3) fvzvhr[b (4) fBikw Bz{ gqd/P (5) wzrbΩo dh ;zXh

1H10 ;zdoG g[;seK 1H10 ;zdoG g[;seK 1H10 ;zdoG g[;seK 1H10 ;zdoG g[;seK 1H10 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

1H ;[szsosk ;zrqkw, ftfgB uzdo, fjzdh wkfXnw ekoits, fBd/Pkfbnk fd~bh ftPtftfdnkbk

2H nkX[fBe Gkos, n?;H e/H gKv/, gq:kr nekdwh fJbkjkpkd

3H ;[szsosk dk fJfsjk;, phH n?bH r'to ns/ :Pgkb, n?; uzd n?Av ezgBh fbH, okwBro fd~bh

p[e;

fJekJh^2L fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) ns/ e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863)fJekJh^2L fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) ns/ e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863)fJekJh^2L fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) ns/ e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863)fJekJh^2L fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) ns/ e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863)fJekJh^2L fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) ns/ e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863)

B ØN


fJekJh^2L fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) ns/fJekJh^2L fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) ns/fJekJh^2L fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) ns/fJekJh^2L fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) ns/fJekJh^2L fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) ns/e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863)L e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863)L e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863)L e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863)L e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863)L Consolidation of

British Raj (1818-1843) and Development of CentralStructure (1773-1863)


T[d/P (Objectives)

ikDekoh (Introduction)

2H1 fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818-1843) (Consolidation of British Raj (1818-1843))

2H2 e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863) (Development of the Central Structure(1773-1863)

2H3 o?r{b/fNAr n?eN ns/ fgN; fJzvhnk n?eN (Regulating and Pitt’s India Act)






fJ; fJekJh d/ nfXn?B sØA pknd ftfdnkoEh : Ør j ØDr/L

• fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD Bz{ ;wMD ns/ ftnkfynk eoD ft~u.• e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; Bz{ ;wMD ns/ ftnkfynk eoD ft~u.

• o?r{b/fNAr n?eN ns/ fgN; fJzvhnk n?eN Bz{ ;wMD ns/ ftnkfynk eoD ft~u.


bkov j/;fNzrI (1813^23) d/ :[~XK B/ ezgBh d/ ns/ Gkosh fonk;sK d/ ;zpzXK Bz{ fJ~e BtK wØVfd~sk.;kwoki dh GktBk ikr T[Zmh ns/ ;otPo/Pmsk d/ f;XKs dk ftek; jØDk P[o{ jØfJnk.cotoh 1814dh T[;dh nkgDh vkfJoh ft~u fJ;/ GktBk dk toDB j?.j[D iØ ;zXhnK fonk;sK Bkb ehshnK iKdhnK ;BT[BK ft~u nkg;h w?soh ;zpzXK d/ ;EkB s/ ezgBh d/ Bkb nXhB;E ;fj:Ør ns/ ezgBh dh ;ot^Po/PmskBz{ ;theko eoB dh r~b ;h noEks j[D fonk;sK B/ nkgDh ;koh pkjoh gqG{;~sk ezgBh d/ nXhB eo fdsh;h id ØA fe nzdo{Bh wkwfbnK ft~u T[j g{oh soK nkIkd ;B.

2H12H12H12H12H1 fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) fpqfNP oki dk ;[fdqVheoD (1818^1843) (Consolidation of BritishRaj (1818-1843))

bkov j/;fNzrI sØA pknd ezgBh dk fonk;sK d/ nzdo{Bh gqPk;B ft~u gqGkt tXDk P[o{ jØ frnk.P[o{ ft~ufpqfNP o?Ihv?AN ezgBh ns/ fonk;sK ft~u ;zgoe dk ;kXB ;h gqzs{ jØ+h jØ+h T[;dk gqGkt nzdo{Bh gqPk;Bft~u th tXD b~rk. fit/A fit/A ezgBh dh ;otPo/Pmsk tXdh rJh T[;d/ J/izNK dh skes th tXdh rJh


B ØN


ns/ Uj fJ~e ftd/Ph Pesh d/ d{s dh EK fJ~e nfXe skesto ;oeko d/ fB:zsoD nfXekoh d/ o{g ft~uezw eoB b~r/. bkov j/;fNzrI B/ th fJ;/ s~E dk toDB nkgDh vkfJoh ft~u ehsk j? ns/ fejk j? “nkwsΩo s/ fJj o?Ihv?AN fJ~e skBkPkj dk o{g XkoD eo b?Ad/ jB, fBih wkwfbnK ft~u j;sy/g eod/ jB, okid/ fto[~X ftdoØjh gqik Bz{ ;woEB fdzd/ jB ns/ skes d/ gq:Ør dk GΩAvk fdyktk eod/ jB.” okik uzd{bkbj?dokpkd d/ gqPk;B ft~u o?Ihv?AN eoBb sØA nkfrnk gqkgs efonk eod/ ;B.fJ;/ soK eoBb tkeo fJ~egqPk;eô?Ihv?AN d/ o{g ft~u ezw eod/ ;B idØA Uj rkfJetkV Bz{ nkgD/ ;kwzs ;odkok sØA eo ;zrqfj eoDft~u ;jkfJsk fdzd/ ;B.fJ~e g~soeko j?Boh whv B/ 1857 sØA gfjbK fbfynk ;h, “fInkdkso ;ko/ gqPk;Bdk ezw o?Ihv?AN ;kfjp s/ jh j? i/eo pkjoh o{g sØA BjhA sK tk;sfte o{g ft~u. eJh tko sK ftukok okikJ/Bh nkIkdh sØA th tzfus jØ iKdk ;h fizBh fe ;XkoD gqik Bza{ j[zdh ;h.w?;{o d/ okik Bz{ nfGiBe xØV/ ns/x[Vd ΩV d/ xØV/ o~yD s/ t~vh t~vh E?bhnK G/AN eoBhnK gJhnK feUAfe o?Ihv?AN Bz{ x[Vd ØV Bkb gq/w ;h.”

1833 d/ ukoNo n?eN d/ nB[;ko ezgBh dk ;o{g jh pdb frnk. ezgBh Bz{ nkgDk tgko pzd eoD dhnkfrnk jØJh ns/ j[D T[;Bz{ e/tb okiBhfse ezw jh eoBk ;h.fonk;sK d/ gqsh Bhsh ft~u fJ~e wj~stg{oDgfotosB fJj ehsk frnk fe UjBK Bz{ j[D T[ZsokfXeko d/ gqPBK s/ ezgBh dh g{ot nkfrnk gqkgs eoBhj Øt/rh.T[; sØA pknd ezgBh B/ UjBK d/ wzsohnK dh fB:[esh ft~u th j;sy/g eoBk P[o{ eo fd~sk.

1834 ft~u ezgBh d/ vkfJo?eNoK B/ fJj fBPuk ehsk fe fi~E/ fes/ th ns/ idØA th ;zGt jØ ;e/ fonk;sK dkftb: jØDk ukjhdk j?.vkfJo?eNoK B/ fJ;/ Bhsh dk 1841 ft~u d[pkok T[b/y ehsk ns/ rtoBo iBobK Bz{ nkfrnkjØJh fe ezgBh Bz{ nkgD/ oki d/ y/soK d/ wkDg{ote ft;sko dk eØJh wΩek BjhA yØDk ukjhdk ns/ ft;skotkdhrtoBo ibobK B/ e[gqPk;B ns/ tk;sfte T[ZsokfXekoh Bk jØD s/ Bt/A y/so gqkgs eo bj/.UjBK B/ d~seg[Zso b?D dh nkfrnk d/D bJh nfXeko dk gq:Ør ehsk ns/ fJj oki ezgBh ft~u ygs jØ rJ/.fejk frnk feiØ gqkfXeoD d/D dh Pesh o~ydk j? Uj b?D dh th Pesh o~ydk j?. e[gqpzX d/ bJh ezgBh jh n;b ft~u T[ZsodkJh;h. ;jkfJe ;zXh gqDkbh jh Gkosh fonk;sK bJh n;b ft~u jkBhekoe f;~X jØJh.fit/A fe wBoØ B/ fejk j?fe “fi~E/ fi~E/ ;jkfJe ;zXh gqDkbh bkr{ ehsh rJh j? UZE/ ibdh jh fJ; dk Bshik T[iV/ jØJ/ fgzv ns/ xNhjØJh iB;zfynk d? o{g ft~u d/yD Bz{ fwb/rk.” 1848 ft~u ;o j?Boh bko/A; B/ fejk ;h, “i/eo eØJh e[Pk;BfbnkUD dh :ΩØiBk ;h sK Uj fJj ;h fe wjkokik ns/ T[; d/ wzsoh ftd/Ph sbtkoK s/ fBoGo ofjD ns/ o?Ihv?ANd[nkok fBod/PB gqkgs eoD.i/eo fszBØA uzr/ th jØD sK th gqPk;B w[Pfeb Bkb jh ftt;Ek g{ote ezw eo;edk ;h.fszBØA jh nDfrDs jkBh gj[zuk ;ed/ jB gqzs{ i/eo pkeh Bk ukj[D sK eØJh th fJ~e uzrk ezw BjhAeo ;edk ;h.Ω1853 ft~u ekob wkoe; B/ fejk ;h,Ω;EkBh okiK d/ ftP/ ft~u sK fJj jØfJnk fe fi; fdB sØAUj ezgBh d[nkok o~fyns jØJ/ iK T[;d/ ;jkfje pD rJ/ U;/ fdB sØA UjBK dk n;fsst ysw jØ frnk.i/eos[;hA fe;/ d/P d/ gqPk;B Bz{ d Ø ;oekoK ft~u tzv fdU sK fBPfus jh s[;hA fJ~e d/ ;kXBK ns/ dØjK d/ gqPk;BBz{ gzr{ eo fdUr/ ns/ fiBK gfo;fEshnK ft~u s[;hA UjBK dh pkjoh ;t?:~sk Bz{ pDkJ/ o~yØr/ Uj fBPu/ jhT[;d/ ;EkJh o{g ft~u eØjVh jØD ft~u ;jkfJe jØDrhnK ns/ Uj ed/ th nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ;[Xko BjhA ;edh.”p?afNze B/ 1831 ft~u w?;{o, 1832 ft~u euko, 1834 ft~u e[or ns/ 1835 ft~u i?Ashnk fonk;sK, nkeb?Av B/1839 ft~u eoB{b ns/ wKvth, 1840 ft~u eØbkpk ns/ ikbΩB, ns/ vbjΩIh B/ brGr n~Xh doiB fonk;sKfiBK ft~u ntX, ;skok ns/ Bkrg[o fijhnK t~vhnK t~vhnK fonk;sK th Pkfwb ;B, nzro/ih ;kwoki ftuftb: eo bJhnK.

1818 ft~u ezgBh dh fBofttkd o{g Bkb ;otPo/Pmsk ;Ekfgs jØ ikD s/ th ezgBh dh fonk;sK d/ gqsh Bhsh,g{oh soK “nftt;fEs, n;gPN ns/ go;go ftoØXh” jh ;h. fit/A fe e/H n?wH gzBheo B/ fbfynk j?, “ezgBhd/ nfXekoh fJ; ftP/ ft~u Pk;eK Bz{ fIwhAdko, ;kwzs, eo d/D tkb/ ;jkfJe iK ;[szso Pk;e d/ o{g ft~u ;thekoeod/ ;B ns/ fJ; ftP/ ft~u jo rtoBoîBob ns/ o?Ihv?AN fGzB fGzB ftuko o~ydk ;h.” ed/ g{ot^T[dkjoD

NqktBeΩo dk o?Ihv?AN fJ~e ftdtkB ftnesh ;h ns/ T[;Bz{ y[P o~yD bJh wjkokikB/ fJ~e t/dPkbk pDkJh ns/ ftfrnkfBe BΩeo o~y/.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ jØ


B ØN


dk nB[;oD eod/ ;B, ed/ Bt/A g{ot^T[dkjoD pDk fdzd/ ;B.fJ~e gk;/ eJh fonk;sK ftbn eo bJhnK rJhnKsK d{i/ gk;/ y?og[o Bz{ 1832 ft~u, pjktbg[o Bz{ 1833 ft~u ns/ ePwho Bz{ 1846 ft~u fJj ftPtk; fdbkfJnkfrnk fe ujBK d/ nzdo{Bh wkwfbnK ft~u j;sy/g BjhA ehsk ikt/rk.fit/A gqØc?;o vkvt?b fJ; ;fEsh d/ ftP/ft~u fbyd/ jB, “ezgBh Bz{ ;zXh dh PosK sØA gqkgs nfXekoK sØA fJbktk , fJ~e gk;/ fInkdk skesto ns/ d{i/gk;/ ndwD/ Yzr Bkb u[~gukg ;thfeqsh d/D tkbhnK ftBhs PeshnK T[~Go ojhnK ;B ns/ T[ZsokfXeko ns/nzdo{Bh gqPk;B d/ wkwfbnK ft~u j;sy/g eoD d/ nB/e g{ot T[dkjoD nkozG eo fd~s/.fJBK ;G dk fwPoDjh ezgBh dh ;otPo/Pmsk ;hl Uj ;otPo/Pmsk iØ fe nfBPfus ns/ ngfoGkfPe ;h ns/ fi;dk okiBhfsegfo;fEshnK d/ PeshPkbh dpkt d/ ekoD ;d?t gq;ko j[zdk ofjzdk ;h.”

2H22H22H22H22H2 e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863) e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863) e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863) e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863) e/Adoh ;zouBk dk ftek; (1773^1863) (Development of theCentral Structure (1773-1863))

o?r{b/fNzr n?eN d/ sjs tko/B j/;fNzrI Bz{ pzrkb dk gfjbk rtoBo iBob pDkfJnk frnk.fJ; Bz{ Gkosdk gfjbk rtoBo iBob th fejk iKdk j?.

oki;t poki;t poki;t poki;t poki;t pØovôvôvôvôv^ 1772 JhH ft~u tko/B j/;fNzrI B/ oki;t pØov dk rmB ehsk ns/ \IkBk w[ofPdkpkdsØA ebe~sk fbnKdk frnk.

G{wh ;[Xko^G{wh ;[Xko^G{wh ;[Xko^G{wh ;[Xko^G{wh ;[Xko^ tko/B j/;fNzrI B/ 1772 JhH ft~u gzi ;kbk ns/ 1777 ft~u fJ~e ;kbk G{^ oki;t pzd Øp;sbkr{ ehsk.

fBnkfJe ;[Xko^fBnkfJe ;[Xko^fBnkfJe ;[Xko^fBnkfJe ;[Xko^fBnkfJe ;[Xko^ 1773 JhH d/ o?r{b/fNzr n?eN d/ sjs 1774 JhH ft~u ebe~sk ft~u fJ~e ;[gohw eØoNdh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh. fJ; dk w[~y fBnknXhP fJzg/ ;h.fJ; d/ fszB jØo fBnnXhP u?zpoI, fbw?;Nons/ jkJhN ;B. fJ; soK Gkos ft~u fBnkfJe ;/tk dk iBwdksk tko/B j/;fNzrI ;h.

J/PhnkfNe ;[;kfJNh Uc pzrkb^J/PhnkfNe ;[;kfJNh Uc pzrkb^J/PhnkfNe ;[;kfJNh Uc pzrkb^J/PhnkfNe ;[;kfJNh Uc pzrkb^J/PhnkfNe ;[;kfJNh Uc pzrkb^ 1784 JhH ft~u ftbhnw i Ø; B/ ebe~sk ft~u fJ; dh ;EkgBkehsh. fJ; d[nkok nB[tkfds gfjbh g[;se Grtdrhsk ns/ d{ih fjs Øgd/P ;h.

dk; tgko s/ odk; tgko s/ odk; tgko s/ odk; tgko s/ odk; tgko s/ oØeêêêê^ ekoBtkfb; B/ 1789 JhH ft~u dk;K d/ tgko s/ o Øe brk fd~sh.

f;ftb ;/tk^f;ftb ;/tk^f;ftb ;/tk^f;ftb ;/tk^f;ftb ;/tk^ ekoBtkfb; Gkos ft~u f;ftb ;/tk dk iBwdksk ;h. fJ; ;/tk ft~u 1953 JhH s ØAgqsh:Ørskswe gqhfynk j ØD b~rh. fJj P[o{ ft~u fJzrb?Av ft~u j[zdh ;h.gqzs{ 1923 JhH sØA fJj Gkos ft~uj ØD b~rh. 1863 JhH ft~u gfjb/ Gkosh nkJhH ;hH n?;H ;s/Adq BkE N?rØo ;B. ;[o/Adq BkE p?Boih idØAn;w d/ ebeNo ;B,T[dØA UjBK Bz{ fBbfps eo fd~sk frnk. noftzd xØP x[V;tkoh dh gqhfynk gk; BjhAeo ;e/ ;B idØA fe ;[GkP uzdo pØ; B/ gqhfynk gk; eoD d/ pkti{d fsnkrg~so d/ fd~sk ;h.P[o{ ft~ufJ; gqhfynk dh nfXesw T[wo 23 ;kb ;h, fi; Bz{ fbNB B/ xNk e/ 19 ;kb eo fd~sk ;h.

g[fb; ;/tk^g[fb; ;/tk^g[fb; ;/tk^g[fb; ;/tk^g[fb; ;/tk^ Gkos ft~u g[fb; ;/tk iBwdksk th ekoBtkfb; Bz{ fejk iKdk j?.

;EkJh pzd;EkJh pzd;EkJh pzd;EkJh pzd;EkJh pzdØp;s^p;s^p;s^p;s^p;sêkoBtkfb; B/ 1793 JhH ft~u pzrkb ft~u ;EkJh pzdØp;s ftt;Ek bkr{ ehsh.fJ; BkbfIwhAdkoK Bz{ G{wh dk ;tkwh wzB fbnk frnk.nkoH ;hH d~s B/ ;EkJh pzd Øp;s dk ;woEB ehsk ;h.

;jkfJe ;zXh^ ;jkfJe ;zXh^ ;jkfJe ;zXh^ ;jkfJe ;zXh^ ;jkfJe ;zXh^ fJ; ;zXh Bz{ ;theko eoD tkb/ okiK d/ ftd/Ph ;zpzX nzro/iK d/ nXhB jØ iKd/ ;B.gqzs{ UjBKd/ nzdo{Bh wkwfbnK ft~u j;sy/g BjhA ehsk iKdk ;h.;jkfJe ;zXh Bz{ ;theko eoD tkb/ okiK dk eqwfBwBfbfys j?L j?dokpkd (1798 JhH), sziΩo (1799 JhH), (1798 JhH), ntX (1801 JhH), g/Ptk (1802 JhH),GΩA;b/ (1803 JhH), f;zXhnk (1804 JhH), iØXg[o, i?g[o, wS/Vh, p{zdh ns/ Gosg[o.

Gkos ft~u fBnkfJe ;/tk dk iBwdksk fe; Bz{ fejk iKdk j?<Nk;e


B ØN


ccccc ØoN ftbhnw ekb/i^ oN ftbhnw ekb/i^ oN ftbhnw ekb/i^ oN ftbhnw ekb/i^ oN ftbhnw ekb/i^ t?bibh B/ bkrfoe ;/tk ft~u (nkJhH J/H n?;H) Gosh ehs/ rJ/ :[teK d/ gohyD

bJh 1800 JhH ft~u ebe~sk ft~u cØoN ftbhnw ekb/i dh ;EkgBk ehsh.

Gkos ft~u fpqfNP gqG{;~sk bkov j/;fNzrI d/ ;w/A ;Ekfgs jØJh.

fJ; ekb dhnK jØo gqw[y xNBktK j/m fbyhnK jB^

nKrb^B/gkb :[~X (1814^16) JhH^nKrb^B/gkb :[~X (1814^16) JhH^nKrb^B/gkb :[~X (1814^16) JhH^nKrb^B/gkb :[~X (1814^16) JhH^nKrb^B/gkb :[~X (1814^16) JhH^ fJ; :[ZX dh ;wkgsh 1816 JhH dh ;zx Øbh dh ;zXh Bkb jØJh.fJ; ;zXh d/ nB[;ko rVtkb, e[wK:{, fPwbk, okDhy/s ns/ B?Bhskb nzro/iK d/ nfXekoK ft~u nk rJ/ ns/r ØofynK B/ ekmwzv{ ft~u fpqfNP o?Ihv?AN o~yDk ;theko eo fbnk.

fgzvkohnK dk dwB^fgzvkohnK dk dwB^fgzvkohnK dk dwB^fgzvkohnK dk dwB^fgzvkohnK dk dwB^‘fgzvkoh’ wokmh GkPk dk Ppd j?. fJj b[N/fonK dk fJ~e db ;h fi; ft~u fjzd{ns/ w[;fbw dØt/A Pkfwb ;B.fJBK Bz{ wokfmnK dk ;woEB th gqkgs ;h. wokmk ;odko wbjko okU jØbeoB/ fJjBK Bz{ ;[Bjok Mzvk gqdkB ehsk ;h. w?bew B/ fJBK Ba{z “wokmk fPekohnK d/ Bkb fPekoh e[~sk” dkBK fd~sk ;h.

fgzvkohnK d/ dwB bJh T[Zsoh ;?Bk dh ewkB j/;fNzrI B/ nkg bJh, idØA fe d~yDh ;?Bk dh ewkB NkwI fj;bØgBz{ fd~sh rJh. w?beØw fj;bØg dk ;jkfJe ;h.fJ; ;w/A 4 fgzvkoh ;odko nfsnzs gqw[y ;B^ uhs{, tkf;bw[jzwd, nwho yK ns/ eohw yK. uhs{ Bz{ n;horV d/ izrb ft~u uhs/ B/ yk fbnk.tkf;b w[jzwd B/ f;zXhnkeØb PoD bJh, fJ; Bz{ f;zXhnk B/ nzro/iK Bz{ ;ΩAg fd~sk.rkIhg[o dh i/b ft~u fJ; B/ nkswj~fsnk eobJh.eohw yK B/ w?bew d/ ;kjwD/ nksw ;wogD eo fd~sk. T[; Bz{ rØoyg[o ft~u rΩ; dh ikrho gqdkB ehshrJh . nwho yK Bz{ Gosg[o ft~u NØAe dh ikrho fd~sh rJh.jho{ ns/ p{oB nkfd fgzvkoh B/sk th ysw eofd~s/ rJ/.1824 JhH s~e fgzvkohnK dk ;ckfJnk j Ø frnk.

(3) wokmk ;zx dk nzs^(3) wokmk ;zx dk nzs^(3) wokmk ;zx dk nzs^(3) wokmk ;zx dk nzs^(3) wokmk ;zx dk nzs^ j/;fNzrI B/ wokfmnk Bz{ shi/ :[~X ft~u jok e/ wokmk ;zx Bz{ gzr{ eo fd~sk.pkIhokU Bz{ r~dh sØA T[sko e/ 18 b~y o[gJ/ ;kbkBk g?APB d/ e/ ekBg[o d/ e Øb ftm{o ft~u fpmk fd~skfrnk.;skok dh r~dh fPtkih d/ tzPi gqskg f;zx Bz{ d/ fd~sh rJh.

bkov ftbhnw p?afNAe Gkos dk rtoBo iBob pDB sØA gfjbK 1803 JhH ft~u wdok; dk rtoBo fB:[esehsk frnk ;h. 1806 JhH ft~u T[;B/ ;?fBeK Ba{z w~E/ s/ iksh fuzB ns/ ezBk ft~u tkbhnK gkUD sØA wBkeo fd~sk fi; Bkb t?bΩo ft~u gfjbk Xkofwe ftdoØj jØfJnk.p?AfNAe fJ~e e~No T[dkotkdh ;h. T[;dk ;wKftfGzB ;wkfie ;[XkoK d/ ekoD :kd ehsk iKdk j?.

;sh^gqEk dk nzs^ ;sh^gqEk dk nzs^ ;sh^gqEk dk nzs^ ;sh^gqEk dk nzs^ ;sh^gqEk dk nzs^ 1829 JhH d/ fB:w XVII d[nkok ;sh gqEk s/ gqshpzX brk fd~sk frnk. P[o{ ft~ufJj ekBz{B pzrkb gq?Ihv?A;h ft~u bkr{ ehsk frnk, gqzs{ 1803 Jh ft~u fJ; Bz{ pzpJh ns/ wdok; ns/ pzpJhgq?Ihv?A;hnK ft~u th bkr{ ehsk frnk.

mrh^gqEk dk nzs^mrh^gqEk dk nzs^mrh^gqEk dk nzs^mrh^gqEk dk nzs^mrh^gqEk dk nzs^ p?AfNAe B/ mrh gqEk dh ;wkgsh bJh eoBb ;bhwB dh fB:[esh ehsh. 1803 JhHse mrh^gqEk dk nzs jØ frnk.

;oekoh ;/tktK ft~u G/dGkt dk nzs^;oekoh ;/tktK ft~u G/dGkt dk nzs^;oekoh ;/tktK ft~u G/dGkt dk nzs^;oekoh ;/tktK ft~u G/dGkt dk nzs^;oekoh ;/tktK ft~u G/dGkt dk nzs^ 1833 JhH d/ ukoNo n?eN dh Xkok 87 d/ d[nkok :Ørsk Bz{ jh;/tk dk nkXko wzfBnk frnk. fJj wzB fbnk frnk fe fe;/ th Gkosh Bkrfoe B{z T[;d/ Xow, iBw ;EkB,iksh iK ozr d/ nkXko s/ fe;/ th gd sØA tzfus BjhA o~fynk ikt/rk.

nzro/ih Bz{ f;~fynk dk wkfXnw pDkUDk^nzro/ih Bz{ f;~fynk dk wkfXnw pDkUDk^nzro/ih Bz{ f;~fynk dk wkfXnw pDkUDk^nzro/ih Bz{ f;~fynk dk wkfXnw pDkUDk^nzro/ih Bz{ f;~fynk dk wkfXnw pDkUDk^ 7 wkou, 1835 JhH d/ fJ~e gq;skt d[nkok nzro/ih Bz{Gkos ft~u T[~u f;~fynk dk wkfXnw wzB fbnk frnk.

ebe~sk w?vheb ekb/i^ ebe~sk w?vheb ekb/i^ ebe~sk w?vheb ekb/i^ ebe~sk w?vheb ekb/i^ ebe~sk w?vheb ekb/i^ 1835 JhH ft~u p?AfNAe B/ ebe~sk w?vheb ekb/I dh BhAj o~yh.

Gkos ft~u nzro/ih ;~sk dh Po/Pmsk ;Ekfgs eoD ns/ |qK;h;hnK d/ vo Bz{ ysw eoDd/ T[d/P Bkb t?bibh B/ ;jkfJe ;zXh gqDkbh Bz{ gqu~fbs ehsk.

B ØN;


B ØN


Gkosh fonk;sK d/ gqsh Bhsh^Gkosh fonk;sK d/ gqsh Bhsh^Gkosh fonk;sK d/ gqsh Bhsh^Gkosh fonk;sK d/ gqsh Bhsh^Gkosh fonk;sK d/ gqsh Bhsh^ p?AfNAe B/ nftt;Ek dk nkog brk e/ 1831 jhH ft~u w?;{o, 1834JhH ft~u e[or ns/ eSko dh fonk;sK Bz{ nkgD/ gqd/P ft~u fwbk fbnk.p?AfNAe B/ jh ;G s ØA gfjbK“;zGkrh nk:[esK dh fB:[esh ehsh. bkov vbj ΩIh 36 ;kb dh T[wo ft~u Gkos dk rtoBo iBobpD frnk.

gzikp dk ftb:^ gzikp dk ftb:^ gzikp dk ftb:^ gzikp dk ftb:^ gzikp dk ftb:^ vbjΩIh B/ 1852 JhH ft~u gzikp s/ nfXeko eo fbnk.

d{ik nKrb^powk :[~X^ d{ik nKrb^powk :[~X^ d{ik nKrb^powk :[~X^ d{ik nKrb^powk :[~X^ d{ik nKrb^powk :[~X^ vbj ΩIh b/ 1852 JhH ft~u b Øno powk ns/ ghr{ dk ftb: eo fd~sk.

f;~few^f;~few^f;~few^f;~few^f;~few^ vbjΩIh B/ 1850 jhH ft~u f;~few oki d/ e[M d{otosh gqd/P fiBK ft~u dkoifbzr nkfd Pkfwb;B, Gkos ft~u fwbk bJ/.

ftngrs dk f;XKs iK oki j~VgD dh Bhsh^ftngrs dk f;XKs iK oki j~VgD dh Bhsh^ftngrs dk f;XKs iK oki j~VgD dh Bhsh^ftngrs dk f;XKs iK oki j~VgD dh Bhsh^ftngrs dk f;XKs iK oki j~VgD dh Bhsh^ vbj ΩIh fi; ezw bJh ;G sØA fInkdk uofus fojk,Uj T[;dh jV~g Bhsh ;h. fJ; B/ ssekbhB Gkosh oitkfVnK Bz{ fszB GkrK ft~u tzfvnk^

(n) Uj oitkV/ iØ fe;/d/ fB:zsoD ft~u BjhA ;B, Bk jh fe;/ Bz{ eo fdzd/ ;B. Uj fpBK fe;/ nzro/ihj;sy/g d/ rØd b? ;ed/ ;B.

(p) Uj oitkV/ iØ w[rb ;wokN iK g/Ptk d/ fB:zsoD ft~u ;B, gqzs{ fj; ;w/A nzro/iK d/ nXhB ;B, ujBKBz{ rØd b?D s ØA gfjbK nzro/iK dh nkfrnk b?Dh Io{oh ;h.

(;) Uj fonk;sK fiBK dk fBowkD nzro/iK B/ nkg ehsk ;h, ujBK Bz{ rØd b?D dk nfXeko BjhA ;h.nkgD/ fJ; fB:w dk gkbD eod/ jØJ/ T[;B/ fBwBfbfys okiK Bz{ nzro/ih oki ft~u fwbk fbnk.

vbjΩIh B/ rtoBo iBob T[~s/ ezw d/ pØM Bz{ x~N eoD d/ T[d/P Bkb pzrkb ft~u fJ~e b?cNhB?AN rtoBodh fB:[esh dh ftt;Ek ehsh.

;?fBe ;[Xko^;?fBe ;[Xko^;?fBe ;[Xko^;?fBe ;[Xko^;?fBe ;[Xko^ fJ; d/ nzsors ebe~sk ft~u ;fEs sØgykB/ dk dcso w/om ns/ ;?Bk dk w[~y dcso fPwbkft~u ;Ekfgs ehsk frnk.

f;~fynk ;zpzXh ;[Xko^f;~fynk ;zpzXh ;[Xko^f;~fynk ;zpzXh ;[Xko^f;~fynk ;zpzXh ;[Xko^f;~fynk ;zpzXh ;[Xko^ 1853 jhH ft~u nkw;b dh ftt;Ek d/ nB[;ko ;ko/ T[Zso g~Swh gqKs(nkX[fBe T[H gqH), b Øno pzrkb ns/ gzikp ft~u ;EkBh gfo;fEshnK d/ nB[;ko Gkosh GkPktK dkgq;skt ;theko ehsk frnk. 1854 JhH dk ukobI t[~v dk fv;g?u, iØ ftPtftdknkbh f;~fynk Bkb ;zpzfXs;h, fJ;/ d/ ;w/A gkfos jØfJnk.

o/bt/ bkJhBô/bt/ bkJhBô/bt/ bkJhBô/bt/ bkJhBô/bt/ bkJhB^ vbjΩIh d/ ekb ft~u Gkos ft~u 1853 JhH ft~u gfjbh o/bt/ bkJhB pzpJh sØA EkBk d/ ft~uftSkJh rJh. d{ih o/bt/ bkJhB 1854 JhH ft~u ebe~sk sØA okDhrzi ftueko ftSkJh rJh.

ftd:[s sko^ftd:[s sko^ftd:[s sko^ftd:[s sko^ftd:[s sko^ vbjΩIh d/ ;w/A ft~u gfjbh ftd:[s sko ;/tk ebe~sk sØA nkrok d/ ft~u nkozG jØJh. 1857JhH d/ ;zxoP ft~u fJ~e ftdoØjh B/ wod/ jØJ/ fejk ;h fe “fJ; sko B/ ;kvk rbk x ØN fd~sk.”

vke ;[Xko^vke ;[Xko^vke ;[Xko^vke ;[Xko^vke ;[Xko^ fJ;/ d/ ;w/A ft~u 1854 JhH ft~u gfjbh tko vke fNeNK dk ubD nkozG jØfJnk. j[D 2 g?;/dh do s/ fes/ th g~so G/fink ik ;edk ;h. 1854 JhH ft~u gkfos gØ;n nkfc; n?eN d[nkok fszBKgq?Ihv?A;hnK ft~u vkexoK dh uzrh d/yo/y bJh fJ~e fJ~e wjkfBd/PeK dh fB:[esh ehsh rJh.

;kotifBe fBowkD ftGkr^;kotifBe fBowkD ftGkr^;kotifBe fBowkD ftGkr^;kotifBe fBowkD ftGkr^;kotifBe fBowkD ftGkr^ vbj ΩIh s ØA gfjbK ;kotifBe fBowkD dk ezw fJ~e ;?fBe pØov s/ ;h.gfjbh tko fJ~e ;kotifBe fBowkD ftGkr pDkfJnk frnk. rzrk Bfjo dk ezw th g{ok ehsk frnk.

bbbbbØe f;~fynk ftGkr^ e f;~fynk ftGkr^ e f;~fynk ftGkr^ e f;~fynk ftGkr^ e f;~fynk ftGkr^ 1854 JhH ft~u vbjΩIh B/ / / / / bØe f;~fynk ftGkr dh ;EkgBk ehsh.

Gkos d/ tkJh;okJ/ (1858 JhH d/ nfXfB:w d[nkok)Gkos d/ tkJh;okJ/ (1858 JhH d/ nfXfB:w d[nkok)Gkos d/ tkJh;okJ/ (1858 JhH d/ nfXfB:w d[nkok)Gkos d/ tkJh;okJ/ (1858 JhH d/ nfXfB:w d[nkok)Gkos d/ tkJh;okJ/ (1858 JhH d/ nfXfB:w d[nkok)

1857 JhH d/ ftdoØj sØA pknd 1858 JhH dk nfXfB:w gkfos ehsk frnk. fJ; nfXfB:w d/ d[nkok jhrtoBo iBob Bz{ tkJh;okJ/ fejk ikD b~rk. e?fBAr d/ ;w/A ft~u jh 1857 JhH dk ftdoØj jØfJnk.fJ; sØA pkndT[;Bz{ gfjbk tkJh;okJ/ pDkfJnk frnk.

bkov e?fBAr (1856^62 Jh)^bkov e?fBAr (1856^62 Jh)^bkov e?fBAr (1856^62 Jh)^bkov e?fBAr (1856^62 Jh)^bkov e?fBAr (1856^62 Jh)^ fJj Gkos dk rtoBo iBob ns/ tkJh;okJ/ dØt/A ;h. fJ; d/ ekb dhnKgqw[~y xNBktK fBwBfbfys jB^

1. 1857 JhH dk ftdoØj e?fBAr d/ ekb ft~u jfJnk.


B ØN


2. 1857 ft~u ebe~sk, pzpJh ns/ wdok; ft~u ftPtftfdnkb:K dh ;EkgBk bzdB ftPtftfdnkb/ dhsoI s/ jØJh.

3. 1858 JhH ft~u wjkokDh fteNØohnk dh T[dxØPDk d[nkok Gkos ft~u Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh dk Pk;Bysw jØ frnk.j[D gkos dk Pk;B f;~X/ fpqfNP ski d/ nzsors nk frnk.

4. e?fBAr B/ ;?fBe ns/ n;?fBe you ft~u ewh eo fd~sh ns/ BØN dk gqubB ehsk.

5. n;w ft~u ukj ns/ Bhbfroh dh gjkVhnK T[Zs/ ekjtk dh y/sh Bz{ gqØs;kfjs ehsk.

6. nkofEe ;[XkoK d/ nzsors e?fBAr B/ fpqfNP noEPk;soh ftb;B Bz{ Gkos p[bkfJnk ns/ 500 o[gJ/sØA nfXe t/sB s/ eo brk fd~sk frnk.nk:ks s/ 10 # ns/ fBo:ks s/ 4# eo fBPfus ehsk frnk.

7. ftXtk g[Bofttkj nfXfB:w, 1856 JhH ft~u e?fBAr d/ ;w/A ft~u gk; jØfJnk .

8. Gkosh dzv ;zfjsk dh ;EkgBk 1861 JhH ft~u e?fBAr d/ ;w/A jh jØJh.

9. Bkov n?bhrB gqEw (1862^63 JhH) d/ ;w/A ;otT[Zu ns/ ;do fBnkfbnK Ba{z ;otT[Zu fBnkb/ BkbPkfwb eo fd~sk frnk.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment);jh ftebg u[D;jh ftebg u[D;jh ftebg u[D;jh ftebg u[D;jh ftebg u[DØ^ (Choose the correct option)

1H Gkos dk gfjbk rtoBo iBob eΩD ;h<

(e) bkov j/;fNzrI (y) tko/B j/;fNzrI (r) vbjΩIh (x) ekoBtkfb;

2H ebe~sk ft~u ;[gohw eØoN dh ;EkgBk fe; d/ ;w/A jØJh<

(e) tko/B j/;fNzrI (y) vbjΩIh (r) ekoBtkfb; (x) bkov j/;fNzrI

3H J/fPnkfNe ;[;kfJNh Uc pzrkb dh ;EkgBk edØA jØJh<

(e) 1781 (y) 1783 (r) 1784 (x) 1785

4H f;ftb ns/ g[fb; ;/tk dk iBw dksk fe; Bz{ fejk iKdk j?<

(e) e?fBAr (y) ekoBtkfb; (r) bkov j/;fNzrI (x) vbjΩIh

5H ;jkfJe ;zXh gqDkbh Bz{ fe; B/ gqu~fbs ehsk<

(e) vbjΩIh (y) t?bibh (r) ekoBtkfb; (x) e?fBAr

6H cØoN ftbhnw ekb/i dh ;EkgBk ebe~sk ft~u edØA ehsh rJh<(e) 1800 (y) 1805 (r) 1808 (x) 1809

7H Gkos ft~u fpqfNP gqG{;~sk dh ;EkgBk fe; d/ ;w/A jØJh<

(e) t?bibh (y) vbj ΩIh (r) bkov j/;fNzrI (x) e?fBAr

8H ;sh gqEk ns/ mrh gqEk dk nzs fe; B/ ehsk<

(e) vbjΩIh (y) e?fBAr (r) bkov ftbhnw p?AfNAe (x) ekoBtkfb;

9H ebe~sk ft~u w/vheb dh ;EkgBk ed ØA ehsh rJh<

(e) 1830 (y) 1832 (r) 1833 (x) 1835

10H o/bt/ bkJhB ns/ sko ;/tk fe; d/ ekb ft~u P[o{ jØJh<

(e) vbjΩIh (y) n?fbrB (r) e?fBAr (x) ekoBtkfb;


B ØN


2H32H32H32H32H3 o?r{b/fNAr n?eN ns/ fgN; fJzvhnk n?eN o?r{b/fNAr n?eN ns/ fgN; fJzvhnk n?eN o?r{b/fNAr n?eN ns/ fgN; fJzvhnk n?eN o?r{b/fNAr n?eN ns/ fgN; fJzvhnk n?eN o?r{b/fNAr n?eN ns/ fgN; fJzvhnk n?eN (Regulating andPitt’s India Act)

gkfos jgkfos jgkfos jgkfos jgkfos jØD dhnK xNBktK^ D dhnK xNBktK^ D dhnK xNBktK^ D dhnK xNBktK^ D dhnK xNBktK^ d[joh gqDkbh d/ nXhB Gkosh gqik T[Zs/ j[zd/ jØJ/ n~fsnkuko d/ ftP/ ft~u fJ~ew[;fbw fJfsjk;eko B/ nkgDh g[;se f;nko T[b w[sy?ohB ft~u T[b/y ehsk j? ns/ fejk j/ fe “iBsk d/ fjsKdh g{oh soK nDd/yh eod/ jØJ/ ezgBh B/ nkgD/ nfXekohnK Bz{ gqik T[~s/ nBzs n~fsnkuko eoD dh nkfrnk d/fd~sh ;h.” fJ;/ ft~u 1770 ft~u fJe GhPD nekb fgnk i Ø PkfJd Gkos d/ fbfys fJfsjk; ft~u;G s ØA fGnkBe ;h. ezgbh B/ fJ; nekb dh GhPDsk Bz{ x~N eoD dk b/Pwkso th gq:sB BjhAehsk.pbfe nzro/I tgkohnK B/ fJ; dk nB[fus bkG T[mk e/ pj[s XB ewkfJnk. fJ~e nzro/I b/ye B/ fJ~E/s~e fejk j? fe “GkoshnK B/ nfijh emØo ns/ shyD rohph PkfJd gfjbK ed/ nB[Gt BjhA ehsh ;h.”

tko/B j/;fNArI d/ 1772 ft~u nkUD sØA gfjbK 12 ;kb s~e nzro/I tgkoh pzrkb ft~uØA b[~N/ jØJ/ ;ØB/ Bkb Go/E?b/ fJzrb?Av b? iKd/ oj/.fJjBK nzro/I BtkpK Bz{ ;wekbhB nzro/ih nfGiks tor fi; fso;eko, Jhoyk ns/fxqDk dh BIoK Bkb t/ydk ;h Uj ;wekbhB ;z;woDK ns/ g~so fttjkoK sØA ;gPN j?.

ezgBh dh ftrVdh jØJh ft~sh ;fEsh pj[s fdBK s~e fSgh Bk ofj ;eh.ezgBh B/ gfjbk ezzw fJj ehskfe 4,00,000 gΩAv ;kbkBk i Ø nzro/ih ;oeko Bz{ d/Dk j[zzdk ;h T[; sØA S{N wzrh. ezgBh T[~s/ eoI/ dh wksoktXD b~rh.tk;sfte b/y/ Bz{ M[mbk e/ ezgBh B/ 1772 ft~u th 12H5# bkGKP ikoh o~fynk ns/ Uj th T[;;w/A idØA ezgBh s/ 60 b~y gΩAv dk eoIk ;h.idØA pzrkb d/ nekb dh ns/ j?donbh d/ eoBkNe T[Zs/ ;cbjwfbnK dh ypo bzdB gj[zuh sK ezgBh d/ P/noK dk w[~b pIko ft~u pj[s fro frnk.ibdh jh bØeK Bz{ezgBh dh n;b ;fEsh dk gsk b~r frnk.fBokP jØ e/ vkfJo?eNoK B/ p?Ae Uc fJzrb?Av sØA 10 b~y gΩAvdk eoIk wzfrnk.fJj PkfJd ezgBh dh nkIkdh dk nzs ;h. bkov BkoE B/ fJ; eoI/ d/ gqkoEBk g~soBz{ fpqfNP ;z;d dh ;thfeqsh bJh fGitk fd~sk, fi~E/ dØjK ;dBK ft~u pj[ws ;h. ;z;d dh fJ~e gqto ;fwshfJ; gqkoEBk g~so dh iKu bJh fB:[es ehsh rJh. gqto ;fwsh dk nfXneP iBob pork:B ;h fi;B/fttkd ft~u pØbd/ jØJ/ fejk, “wjkB n~fsnkuko ns/ eqo{sk iØ fe;/ n;?fBe ;oeko d/ BK Bz{ X~pk brk ;edhj?, T[; Bz{ ;[XkoD dh Io{os j?HHHHH ns/ i/eo fe;/ ekoD gqG{;~sk ns/ tgko Bz{ nb~r BjhA ehsk frnk sKGkos ns/ fJzrb?Av d Øt/A fJzB/ j/mK fro ikDr/ ns/ v[~p ikDr/ fe UjBK dk g[Bo T[~EkB BjhA j Ø ;e/rk.”

fJ; ft~u eØJh P~e BjhA fe vkfJo?eNoK d/ fttjko s/ bØeK Bz{ pj[s P~e ;h. wkou 1772 ft~u UjBK B/bkGKP dh xØPDk fco 12H5# ehsh ;h ns/ U;/ ;kb 10 b~y gΩAv d/ eoI/ dk gqkoEBk g~so ;oeko Bz{ fd~sk;h. fJj ft;zrsh J/Bh ;gPN ;h fe jkT{; Uc ekwBI dh fJ~e d{ih ;fwsh (r[gs) fB:[es eoBh gJhskfe fJ; d/ ekoDK dk gsk brkfJnk ik ;e/. fJ~e ezgBh fi; d/ nfXekoh XB Bkb wkbkwkb jØ e/ fJzrb?Avtkfg; nkUD, fet/A dhtkbhnk jØ ikt/. fJj fJ~e j?okBh Gfonk gaPB ;h.

nrb/ ;kb p;zs ft~u iKu ;fwsh B/ nkgDh fogØoN g/P ehsh. fit/A fe T[whd ;h fe nfsnkfXe dØP;{ue;h. fJ;bJh ;zz;d B/ dØ nfXfB:w gkfos ehs/. gfjb/ d/ nB[;ko ezgBh Bz{ 4# ftnki dh do s/ 14 b~ygΩAv dk eoIk e[M PosK s/ fd~sk ikt/rk. d{i/ nfXfB:w d[nkok o?r{b/fNzr n?eN gkfos ehsk frnk. fJ;ftX/ne dk ezgBh ns/ T[;d/ fw~soK B/ vNe/ ftoØX ehsk.

o?r{b/fNzr n?eN d/ gqktXkBô?r{b/fNzr n?eN d/ gqktXkBô?r{b/fNzr n?eN d/ gqktXkBô?r{b/fNzr n?eN d/ gqktXkBô?r{b/fNzr n?eN d/ gqktXkB^ fJ; nfXfB:w d[nkok ezgBh d/ ;zftXkB ft~u fJzrb?Av ns/ Gkos dØjKft~u jh gfotosB fbnkd/ rJ/. fJzrb?Av ft~u ;tkwhnK d/ nfXeoD ft~u tØN d/D dk nfXeko f;oc UjBKbØeK Bz{ fd~sk frnk fijV/ u[Bkt ft~u x~N sØA x~N fJ~e ;kb gfjbK s~e fJ~e jIko g ΩAv d/ P/no d/ ;tkwhoj/ j ØD. ns/ fJj fBPuk jØfJnk fe eØoN Uc vkfJo?eNoI 4 ;kb bJh u[fDnk ikt/rk ns/ vkfJo?eNoKdh ;zfynk 24 j Øt/rh fi; ft~u ØA 25# gqsh ;kbkBk S[~Nh gqkgs eoDr/. vkfJo?eNoK Bz{ fJj nkd/P j ØfJnkfe “Uj ft~s ftGkr d/ ;kjwD/ Gkos gqPk;B ns/ oki;t ;zpzXh oki;fut d/ ;w[~y ;/fBe ns/ n;?fBegqPk;B ;zpzXh ;ko/ g~so fttjko gq;s[s eoD. fJ; gqeko gfjbh tko fpqfNP wzsqhwzvb Bz{ Gkosh wkwfbnKft~u fB:zsoD eoD dk nfXeko fd~sk frnk ukj/ fJj nfXeko ng{oD ;h.”

pzrkb ft~u fJ~e gqPk;B wzvb pDkfJnk frnk fi; ft~u rtoBo iBob (nfXneP d/ o{g ft~u) ns/ 4 gkoPdfB:[es ehs/ rJ/.fJ; wzvb ft~u pj[ws Bkb c?;b/ j[zd/ ;B.ns/ nfXneP e/tb ws pokpo jØD dh nt;Ek


B ØN


ft~u jh fBoDk:e ws dk gq:Ør eo ;edk ;h. eØow iK rDg{osh fszB dk ;h. gfjbk rtoBo iBob(tko/B j/;fNzrI) ns/ gkoPd (fcfbg cqKf;;, eb/tfozr, wkB;B ns/ pot?b) dk Bkw sK nfXfB:w ft~ujh fby fd~sk frnk ;h. fJj b Øe 5 ;kb d/ bJh fB:[es ehs/ rJ/ ns/ e/tb eØoN Uc vkfJo?eNoI dhf;ckfoP Bkb e/tb fpqfnP ;wokN d[nkok jh jNkJ/ ik ;ed/ ;B.Gkth fB:[eshnK ezgBh d[nkok jhehshnK ikDhnK ;B.;gfoPd rtoBo iBob Bz{ pzrkb ft~u cØoN ftbhnw dh gq?Ihv?a;h d/ ;?fBe ns/n;?fBe Pk;B dk nfXeko fd~sk frnk ns/ T[; Bz{ “e[M ftP/P wkwfbnK ft~u wdok; ns/ pzpJh dhgq?Ihv?A;hnk dk nXhePD th eoBk ;h.”

nfXfB:w ft~u fJ; r~b dh th ftt;Ek ;h fe eqkT{B nkfrnk g~so d[nkok fJ~e ;otT[Zu ns/ fsZB S ØN/i~iK tkb/ fJ~e ;otT[Zu fBnkb/ dh ;EkgBk eo/.fJ; ;otT[Zu fBnkb/ Bz{ ;kw fBnkn ns/ d/P ftXh d/fBnkb/ ns/ Xkofwe fBnkb/ d/ o{g ft~u ezw eoBk ;h. ezgBh d/ ekieosk fJ; d/ fBnK y/so ft~u eofd~s/ rJ/.;koh nzro/I gqik; ukj/ nzro/I jØt/ iK Gkosh, ;[gohw eØoN dk dotkik yVek ;edh ;h. fJ;fBnkb/ Bz{ fJj th nfXeko ;h fe fJj ezgBh dh ;/tk ns/ ;wokN dh ;/tk ft~u b~r/ b ØeK d/ fto~Xwkwb/, ekotkJh iK fPekfJs dh ;[DtkJh eo ;e/.fJ; fBnkb/ Bz{ fJzrb?Av ft~u gqu~fbs ;koh fBnknftXhnK d/ nB[;ko fBnkn eoD d/ nfXeko fd~s/ rJ/.fJ; fBnkb/ Bz{ gqkoEfwe ns/ nghb d/ nfXekodh nkrfnk ;h.fJ; fBnkb/ Bz{ nzro/ih gozzgok d/ nB[;ko gzuK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb w[~edfwnK dh ;[DtkJheoBh ;h. fJj T[~usw fBnkbk 1774 ft~u rfms ehsk frnk ns/ ;o n?bhikj fJzg/ w[~y fBnKXhP ns/u?pzoI; fbw?;No ns/ jkJhv SØN/ fBnKXhP fB:[es jØJ/.

o?r{b/fNzr n?eN B/ fJ~e fJwkBdko Pk;e dk nkXkoG{s f;XKs fBPfus ehsk fe “eØJh ftnesh i Ø ezgBhd/ nXhB ;?fBe iK n;?fBe gdkfXekoh jØt/ uj/ fe;/ th ftnesh sØA gqs~y ns/ ngqs~y o{g ft~u eØJhT[gjko, dkB iK fJBkw nkfd BjhA b? ;edk.”

ezgBh d/ ekieosktK d/ t/sB tXk fd~s/ rJ/. rtoBo iBob Bz{ 25,000 g ΩAv, gkoPdK Bz{ 10,000 g ΩAvns/ w[~y fBnKXhP Bz{ 8,000 g ΩAv ns/ S ØN/ fBnkXhPK Bz{ 6,000 gØAv ;kbkBk fd~s/ rJ/ iØ PkfJd ;wekbhB;z;ko ft~u ;g sØA T[~u/ t/sB ;B.

nfXfB:w dh nkbnfXfB:w dh nkbnfXfB:w dh nkbnfXfB:w dh nkbnfXfB:w dh nkb ØuBkûBkûBkûBkûBk^ nfXfB:w B/ rtoBo iBob sK fB:[es eo fd~sk eo fd~sk gqzs{ T[; s/ fJ~egfoPd b~d fd~sh fi; Bkb uj g{oh soK n;jk: jØ frnk. fit/A fe tko/B j/;fNzrI d/ Bkb (1774^1776s~e) nfXfB:w B/ fBnkbk sK ;Ekfgs eo fd~sk gqzs{ T[; Bz{ fe; ekBz{B d/ nB[;ko ubDk j? (Gkosh iKfpqfNP) fJj fBPfus BjhA ;h ns/ Bk jh gfoPd ns/ fBnkb/ dk nfXeko y/so fBPfus ehskfrnk.nfXfB:w e[M wkwfbnK ft~u ikD p[M e/ u[~g ;h ns/ fJj fJ~e gqeko dk ;wMØsk ;h. fJ; B/ ;gPNo{g ft~u eqkT{B dh gqG{;~sk Bz{ fdqVskg{ote ;Ekfgs eoD dh eoD dh e ØfPP BjhA ehsh ns/ Bk jh pzrkbd/ Btkp dh gqG{;~sk s/ nkxks ehsk.nfXfB:w B/ “oki ;oeko Bz{ ezgBh T[~s/, vkfJo?eNoK Bz{ nkgD/;/teK T[~s/, rtoBo iBob Bz{ gfoPd T[Zs/ iK ebe~sk gq/Ihv?A;h Bz{ wdok; iK pzpJh T[Zs/ g{oD iK;gPN o{g ft~u fB:zsoD BjhA fd~sk.” fJj nfXfB:w ntoØX ns/ ;zs[bB dh Bhsh s/ nkXkfos ;h.tk;sfte ;fEshnk d/ dpkt d/ nXhB ns/ nzdo{Bh sq[NhnK d/ ekoD fJj fSzB fGzB jØ frnk.fJ; bJhn;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe fJ; nfXfB:w d/ w[~y dØP fJj ;B fe (e) rtoBo iBob ns/ T[;dh gfoPddk nkg; ft~u MrVk jØDk Io{oh ;h.(y) T[~usw fBnkbk, fi; ft~u nzro/ih ekBz{B th bkr{ j[zdk ;h ns/pzrkb ft~u g{op ;fEs jØo fBnkfbnK d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK ft~u nfB;fwssk ;h. fJ; sØA fJbktk gfoPd ns/T[Zusw fBnkb/ d/ nkg;h ;zpzzX th mhe BjhA ;B.fJEØA s~e e/ nkg; ft~u ftoØX jØ frnk. rtoBo iBobns/ T[;dh gfoPd d[nko pDkJ/ rj/ ekBz{Bk Bz{ fBnkfbnK ft~u bkr{ eobk T[Zusw fBnkb/ dh nkgDh fJ~Sks/ fBoGo ;h. fJ;/ soAk gqPk;fBe ns/ fBnkfJe ftGkr d/ nfXeko y/soK dh n;gPNsk fJ; nfXfB:wdk fJ~e wjkB dØP ;h. (r) rtoBo iBob Bz{ jØo gq?Ihv?A;hnK T[Zs/ g{ok nfXeko BjhA fd~sk frnk.fJ;/ekoD ekotkJh ;w/A fJj ftt;Ek fSzB fGzB jØ rJh.

nfXfB:w dk wj~st nfXfB:w dk wj~st nfXfB:w dk wj~st nfXfB:w dk wj~st nfXfB:w dk wj~st (Importance of the Act)- o?r{b/fNzr n?eN d/ ftP/ ft~u fJj ;theko eoBkgJ/rk fe fe;/ th :{ogh Pesh d[nkok ;[d{o ;~fGn b ØeK d/ d/P ft~u gqPk;B eoD dh fJj gfjbh eØfPP;h. T[Zsoh nwohek nfijk d/P BjhA ;h. fJ~E/ :{ogh bØe jh ofjzd/ ;B ns/ fJ~E/ :{ogh ;z;EktK Bz{ bkr{


B ØN


eoBk ns/ ubkUDk pj[s ;ob ;h. fJ;/ gqeko Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh d/ Gkosh gqd/P d~yDh nwohek dhsoK BjhA ;B iØ fe fJ~e nftef;s d/P jØt/.fJ; gqeko o?r{b/fNzr n?eN fJ~e nDikD ;w[zdo ft~u fePshubkuD dh soK ;h. fJ; ft~u Gkos d/ gqPk;B dk fpUok ezgBh dh nkgDh :[eshnK s/ S~v fd~sk frnk.fJ; d[nkok pzrkb, wdok; ns/ pzpJh ft~u fJ~e fJwkBdko ns/ e[Pb gqG{;~sk ;ekfgs eoD dh eØfPP ehshrJh. ezgBh d/ nfXekoh nkgDh PeshnK dk d[oT[g;Ør Bk eo ;eD, fJ; T[d/P Bkb ebe~s/ ft~u fJ~e T[ZufBnkbk th ;Ekfgs eo fd~sk frnk. fJzrb?Av ft~u eØJh th ;oekoh nfXekoh ekBz{B d/ x/o/ sØA pkjo BjhA ;hns/ Uj nkgD/ ezwK d/ bJh ;kXkoD fBnkb/ ft~u T[ZsodkJh ;h. fJ; bJh EØV/ ft~u n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fefJj nFfXfB:w nfXe uzrk gqPk;B ;Ekfgs eoD bJh fJ~e eØfPP ;h gqzs{ feUAfe ;w~f;nk dk g{ok frnkBBjhA ;h ns/ fJj nfXfB:w nfrnkB ft~u pDkfJnk frnk fJ; bJh g{oh soK n;cb fojk ns/ fJ; Bkbtko/B j/;fNzrI dh ;fEsh fdqV BjhA jØJh pbfe T[;dhnK efmBkJhnK tX rJhnK.

o?r{b/fNzr n?eN 11 ;kb s~e ubdk fojk. fco 1784 ft~u fJ; d/ ;EkB s/ fgN dk fJzvhnk n?eN gkfosehsk frnk.tko/B j/;fNzrI jh fJ~e nfijk rtoBo iBob ;h fi;B/ fJ; nfXfB:w d/ nB[;ko Gkosft~u gqPk;B ehsk.

fgN; dk fJzvhnk n?eN (1784) fgN; dk fJzvhnk n?eN (1784) fgN; dk fJzvhnk n?eN (1784) fgN; dk fJzvhnk n?eN (1784) fgN; dk fJzvhnk n?eN (1784) (Pitt’s India Act 1784)gkfos jgkfos jgkfos jgkfos jgkfos jØD dhnk xNBktK^D dhnk xNBktK^D dhnk xNBktK^D dhnk xNBktK^D dhnk xNBktK^ 1772 ns/ 1781 ft~u ezgBh d/ wkwfbnK dh SkDphD eoB bJh dØt/A, fJ~egqto ;fwsh ns/ fJ~e r[gs ;fwsh fB:[es ehsh rJh. gqto ;fwsh B/ T[Zusw fBnkb/ ns/ pzrkbgfoPd d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK d/ ftP/ ft~u ns/ r[gs ;fwsh B/ wokmk :[~X d/ eoDK dh iKu ehsh. GkohGoew fog ØoNK dk ezgBh d/ nkb ØueK B/ ;zz;d d/ tkd fttkd ft~u y[~b e/ gq: Ør ehsk. ;z;d dk ezgBhd/ wkwfbnK ft~u j;sy/g eoBk T[; ;w/A j Øo th Io{oh j Ø frnk id ØA wokmk :[~X d/ ekoD ezgBh dhnKft~sh efmBkJhnK tX rJhnK ns/ T[;B/ 10 b~y g Ω Av dk fJ~e j Øo eoIk wzfrnk. r[gs ;fwsh d/nfXneP vzvk; d[nkok gq;s[s ftX/ne n;theko eo fd~sk frnk. fJ; s/ cke; B/ fJzvhnk fpbIndia Bill gq;s[s ehsk. tk;st ft~u fJj fpb poe ns/ fcfbg |qKf;; B/ jh fsnko ehsk ;h. fJ;d/ nB[;ko ezzgBh dh okiBhfse ns/ ;?fBe Pesh ;~s nk:[esK d/ p Øov Bz{ ; ΩAgh ikDh ;h ns/ tgkoeezw UjBk d/ nXhB 9 T[gfBd/PeK Bz{. i/eo fJj fpb gkfos j Ø iKdk sK ezgBh fJ~e okiBhfse Peshd/ o{g ft~u ysw j Ø iKdh. fJj fpb jkT{; Uc ekwBI ft~u gkfos j Ø frnk gqzs{ jkT{; Uc bkovIft~u gkfos BjhA j Ø ;fenk. Bkov bkoE ns/ cke; dh fwbh i[bh ;oeko Bz{ fsnkr g~so d/Dkfgnk.fJj gfjbk ns/ nkyoh wΩek id ØA nzro/ih ;oeko Gkosh wkwb/ s/ N[~N rJh. iBtoh 1784 ft~ufgN gqXkBwzsoh pfDnk.T[;B/ fJ~e BtK ftX/ne gq;s[s ehsk.d{ik gmB th j Ø frnk gqzs{ ibdh jhwzsohwzvb N[~N frnk.BthA ;z;d wJh 1784 ft~u rfms j ØJh. fJjh g[okDk iBtoh dh ;z;d tkbk ftX/ne ekwBI ;Gk ft~u i[bkJh 1784 ft~u ns/ bkovI ft~u nr;s wjhB/ ft~u gkfos j ØfJnk. cke;dk fJj eEB ;h fe T[;dk fpb fInkdk T[Zsw ;h.fgN B/ fJ~e j Øo ;ktXkBh gq:Ør ehsh ;h fe fJ;ftX/ne bJh ezgBh dh ;thfeqsh gfjbK jh b? bJh ;h ns/ fJ; soK ftX/ne d/ fto ØX Bz{ gfjbK jhysw eo fd~sk frnk ;h. n;b ft~u cke; ns/ fgN d/ ftX/ne brGr fJ~e soK d/ jh ;B. fGzBske/tb fJj ;h fe cke; d/ fpb ft~u ezgBh ;zoePD Bz{ ysw eo fd~sk frnk ;h id ØA fe fJ; ft~u ikoho~fynk frnk ;h.

nfXfB:w dhnK XkoktK^ nfXfB:w dhnK XkoktK^ nfXfB:w dhnK XkoktK^ nfXfB:w dhnK XkoktK^ nfXfB:w dhnK XkoktK^ 1784 d/ nfXfB:w Bkb ezgBh d/ bzdB ;fEs gqPk;B ft~u gfotosBnkfJnk. fJ; Bkb ;oeko dk ezgBh d/ wkwfbnK ft~u fB:zsoD tX frnk, ukj/ ezgBh d/ tgko Bz{ nS{skS~v fd~sk frnk. gqzs{ ;ko/ ;?fBe, n;?fBe ns/ oki;t ;zpzXh wkwfbnK Bz{ fJ~e fB:zsoD p Øov d/ nXhB

fgN B/ nkg th fJ; ftP/ ft~u fejk ;h fe “cke; d/ ftX/ne Bkb ftneshnK Bz{;EkJhgD fwbBk ;h, w/o/ ftX/ne Bkb fJ~e gqDkbh Bz{ ;EkJhgD fwfbnk.

BØN;


B ØN


eo fd~sk frnk fi; ft~u fJ~e uK;bo Uc n?e;u?eo, fJ~e oki ;fut ns/ T[; d/ d[nkok fB:[es ehs/j ØJ/ 4 gqhth e Ω A;b d/ w?Apo j[zd/ ;B.fszB vkfJo?eNoK dh fJ~e r[gs ;fwsh d[nkok p Øov d/ ;ko/ w[~ynkd/P Gkos G/i/ iKd/ ;B.;tkwhnK d/ nfXeoD Bz{ fJj nfXeko BjhA fojk fe vkfJo?eNoK dk iØ nkd/P fB:zsoD pØov d[nkok ;theko eo fbnk frnk j Øt/, T[; Bz{ Uj o~d, fBbzfps iK ysw eo ;e/.

Gkos ft~u gqPk;B rtoBo iBob ns/ T[;dh uko dh EK fszzB w?ApoK tkbh gfoPd d/ j~EK ft~u d/ fd~sk frnk.rtoBo iBob Bz{ j[D th pj[ws d/ nkd/P s/ ezw eoBk j[zdk ;h gqzs{ j[D w?Apo ;zfynk fszB jØD d/ ekoD i/eo fJ~e th gkoPd T[; t~b j[zdk sK Uj nkgD/ fBoDkfJe ws dk gq:Ør eoe/ nkgDh r~b wzBtk ;edk ;h.fJ;sØA fInkdk fJ; nfXfB:w ft~u e[M BjhA ehsk frnk.fJj ewh 1793 ft~u d{o ehsh rJh idØA rtoBo iBobBz{ gfoPd pj[ws dh nDd/yh eoD ns/ ws Bz{ o~d eoD dk nfXeko fd~sk frnk.fJ; nfXfB:w d/ nB[;kopzpJh ns/ wdok; gq/ihv?A;hnK th rtoBo iBob ns/ T[;dh gfoPd d/ nXhB eo fd~shnK rJhnAk.fJ; sØAfJbktk fJj th fBPuk ehsk frnk fe Gft~y ft~u e/tb ;zPokfts ;/te jh rtoBo iBob dh gfoPd d/ w?ApofB:[es ehs/ ikDr/. Pkjo d/ bØeK Bz{ fJjBK gdK s/ fB:[es eoD dh eØfPP ;cb BjhA jØJh.

nfXfB:w T[Zs/ ftuko nfXfB:w T[Zs/ ftuko nfXfB:w T[Zs/ ftuko nfXfB:w T[Zs/ ftuko nfXfB:w T[Zs/ ftuko (Observations on the Act)- fJ; nfXfB:w d[nkok ezgBh d/ ;zftXkB ft~ud Ø w[~y gfotosB nkJ/ . gfjbk fJj fe fzJzrb?Av ft~u ;oeko dk fJ~e ftGkr pDkfJnk frnk fi; Bz{fB:zsoD pØov efjzd/ ;B ns/ fi; dk w[~y ezw vkfJo?eNoI dh Bhsh Bz{ fB:zsfos eoBk ;h ns/ fJ; gqekoPk;B dh jh d[joh gqDkbh, fJ~e ezgBh d[nkok ns/ d{ih fJ~e ;z;dh pØov d[nkok pDk fd~sh rJh ns/ fJj1858 s~e ubdh ojh. fB:zsoD pØov Bz{ gqPk;B dk ;[szso nfXeko BjhA ;h. fJ; d/ e Øb eØJh ;zoePDth BjhA ;h.fJ; dh Pesh nktoD ft~u ;h.fJ; Bz{ ezgBh d/ ;ko/ ek}Iks d/yD dk nfXeko ;h ns/ e/tb tgkoe nkd/PK Bz{ S~v e/, pkeh ;ko/ nkd/PK T[Zs/ fJ; dh ;thfeqsh Io{oh ;h. ns/ Io{os g?D s/fB:zsoD pØov nkgDk nkd/P vkfJo?eNoK dh r[gs ;fwsh Bz{ G/i ;edk ;h ns/ T[; Bz{ vkfJo?eNoK Bz{j;skyo eo e/ Gkos G/iDk j[zdk ;h. fJ; soK Gkos ft~u ezgBh dk ;kok ;?fBe ns/ n;?fBe gqPk;B nzro/ih ;oeko d/ nXhB jØ frnk ;h. vkfJo?eNoK d/ pØov Bz{ nkgD/ ;zoePD dk g{ok nfXeko ;h.ns/ UjBKBz{ nkgD/ gd^nfXekohnK dh gd^T[ZBsh eoD dk th g{ok nfXeko ;h.fJ; pØov dk nfXneP nkozfGeekb ft~u fJ~e oki ;fut j[zdk ;h ns/ T[; Bz{ e ØJh ftP/P t/sB BjhA fwbdk ;h.gqzs{ 1793 s ØA pknd;t/sB nfXneP fB:[es j Ø frnk ns/ fJj nfXekoh Gkosh Pk;B bJh 1856 s~e T[ZsodkJh fojk idØAfJ; d/ ;EkgB s/ Gkosh oki ;fut dh fB:[esh jØ rJh. fJ; soK n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe fgN; d/ fJzvhnkn?eN B/ ezgBh ns/ Gkosh gqPk;B dk 1858 s~e u~bD tkbk w{bG{s nkXko fBPfus ehsk.d{i/ fJ;nfXfB:w d/ ekoiekoh gkoPdK dh ;zfynk fszB jh ofj rJh fi; ft~u w[~y ;?Bkgsh fJe ;h. pzpJh ns/wdok; dh gfoPdK dk rmB th pzrkb d/ Bw{B/ s/ jh ehsk frnk.

gqzs{ fJ; nfXB:w dh ;G sØA wj~stg{oD Xkok fJj ;h fe fJ; d/ d[nkok Gkos ft~u nkeokwe :[ZXK Bz{Bk e/tb ysw eo fd~sk frnk pbfe iØ gqfsnkG{sh dhnK ;zXhnK eoBkNe ns/ ntX d/ okfinK BkbehshnK rJhnK ;B, UjBK Bz{ th ysw eo fd~sk frnk ns/ fejk frnk fe “fi~s dhnK :ØiBktK ns/ Gkosft~u ;kwoki dk ft;sko fJ; okPNo dh fJ~Sk, fJ~Is ns/ Bhsh d/ fto~[X j?.” gqzs{ fit/A fe n;hA t/yd/jK fe fJ; nkd/P dk nB[;oD ftgohs fdPk fInkdk ehsk frnk. tk;st ft~u fJj nfXfB:w pj[s jhdeP T[gkn ;h, fi; ft~u okiBhfse ;wMΩs/ d/ ;ko/ b~SD ;B. poe B/ fJ; ftP/ ft~u fejk ;h fe “nkgD/T[d/P dh g{osh bJh fJj fJ~e nfijk uzrk ns/ deP T[gkn j? fiBK fe eØJh wkBt pDk ;edk j?.”

22222.4 ;ko nzP 4 ;ko nzP 4 ;ko nzP 4 ;ko nzP 4 ;ko nzP (Summary)

• bkov j/;fNzrI sØA pknd ezgBh dk fonk;sK d/ nzdo{Bh gqPk;B ft~u gqGkt tXDk P[o{ j/ frnk.P[o{ft~u fpqfNP o?Ihv?AN ezgBh ns/ fonk;sK ft~u ;zgoe dk ;kXB ;h gqzs{ jØ+h jØ+h T[;dk gqGkt nzdo{BhgqPk;B ft~u th tXD b~rk.fit/A fit/A ezgBh dh ;otPo/Pmsk tXdh rJh T[;d/ J/izNK dh skes thtXdh rJh ns/ Uj fJ~e ftd/Ph Pesh d/ d{s dh EK fJ~e nfXe skesto ;oeko d/ fB:zsoDnfXekoh d/ o{g ft~u ezw eoB b~r/.


B ØN


• 1833 d/ ukoNo n?eN d/ nB[;ko ezgBh dk ;o{g jh pdb frnk. ezgBh Bz{ nkgDk tgko pzd eoD dhnkfrnk jØJh ns/ j[D T[;Bz{ e/tb okiBhfse ezw jh eoBk ;h. fonk;sK d/ gqsh Bhsh ft~u fJ~ewj~stg{oD gfotosB fJj ehsk frnk fe UjBK Bz{ j[D T[ZsokfXeko d/ gqPBK s/ ezgBh dh g{otnkfrnk gqkgs eoBh jØt/rh. T[; sØA pknd ezgBh B/ UjBK d/ wzsohnK dh fB:[esh ft~u th j;sy/geoBk P[o{ eo fd~sk.

• 1818 ft~u ezgBh dh fBofttkd o{g Bkb ;otPo/Pmsk ;Ekfgs jØ ikD s/ th ezgBh dh fonk;sK d/gqsh Bhsh, g{oh soK “nftt;fEs, n;gPN ns/ go;go ftoØXh” jh ;h.

• “ezgBh Bz{ ;zXh dh PosK sØA gqkgs nfXekoK sØA fJbktk, fJ~e gk;/ fInkdk skesto ns/ d{i/ gk;/nDwD/ Yzr Bkb u[~gukg ;thfeqsh d/D tkbhnK ftBhs PeshnK T[~Go ojhnK ;B ns/ T[ZsokfXekons/ nzdo{Bh gqPk;B d/ wkwfbnK ft~u j;sy/g eoD d/ nB/e g{ot T[dkjoD nkozG eo fd~s/.fJBK ;Gdk fwPoD jh ezgBh dh ;otPo/Pmsk ;hl fJj ;otPo/Pmsk iØ fe nfBPfus ns/ ngfoGkfPe ;hns/ fi;dk okiBhfse gfo;fEshnK d/ PeshPkbh dpkt d/ ekoD ;d?t gq;ko j[zdk ofjzdk ;h.”

• 1774 JhH ft~u ebe~sk ft~u fJ~e ;[gohw eØoN dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh. fJ; dk w[~y fBnknXhP fJzg/;h.fJ; d/ fszB j Øo fBnnXhP u?zpoI, fbw?;No ns/ jkJhN ;B. fJ; soK Gkos ft~u fBnkfJe;/tk dk iBwdksk tko/B j/;fNzrI ;h.

• ekoBtkfb; Gkos ft~u f;ftb ;/tk dk iBwdksk ;h. fJ; ;/tk ft~u 1953 JhH sØA gqsh:Ørskswegqhfynk j ØD b~rh. fJj P[o{ ft~u fJzrb?Av ft~u j[zdh ;h.gqzs{ 1923 JhH sØA fJj Gkos ft~u jØD b~rh.1863 JhH ft~u gfjb/ Gkosh nkJhH ;hH n?;H ;s/Adq BkE N?r Øo ;B.

• Gkos ft~u fpqfNP gqG{;~sk bkov j/;fNzrI d/ ;w/A ;Ekfgs j�Jh.

• uhs{ Bz{ n;horV d/ izrb ft~u uhs/ B/ yk fbnk.tkf;b w[jzwd B/ f;zXhnk eØb PoD bJh, fJ; Bz{f;zXhnk B/ nzro/iK Bz{ ;ØAg fd~sk. rkIhg[o dh i/b ft~u fJ; B/ nkswj~fsnk eo bJh.eohw yK B/w?bew d/ ;kjwD/ nksw ;wogD eo fd~sk. T[; Bz{ rØoyg[o ft~u rØ; dh ikrho gqdkB ehsh rJh.nwho yK Bz{ Gosg[o ft~u NØAe dh ikrho fd~sh rJh.jho{ ns/ p{oB nkfd fgzvkoh B/sk th ysw eofd~s/ rJ/.1824 JhH s~e fgzvkohnK dk ;ckfJnk jØ frnk.

• 1806 JhH ft~u T[;B/ ;?fBeK Ba{z w~E/ s/ iksh fuzB ns/ ezBk ft~u tkbhnK gkUD sØA wBk eo fd~sk fi;Bkb t?bØo ft~u gfjbk Xkofwe ftdo Øj jØfJnk.

• 1835 JhH ft~u p?AfNAe B/ ebe~sk w?vheb ekb/I dh BhAj o~yh.

• fJ; nfXfB:w d[nkok ezgBh d/ ;zftXkB ft~u fJzrb?Av ns/ Gkos d ØjK ft~u jh gfotosB fbnkd/rJ/. fJzrb?Av ft~u ;tkwhnK d/ nfXeoD ft~u tØN d/D dk nfXeko f;oc UjBK bØeK Bz{ fd~sk frnkfijV/ u[Bkt ft~u x~N sØA x~N fJ~e ;kb gfjbK s~e fJ~e jIko gØAv d/ P/no d/ ;tkwh oj/ jØD. ns/ fJjfBPuk jØfJnk fe eØoN Uc vkfJo?eNoI 4 ;kb bJh u[fDnk ikt/rk ns/ vkfJo?eNoK dh ;zfynk 24j Øt/rh fi; ft~uØA 25# gqsh ;kbkBk S[~Nh gqkgs eoDr/.

• pzrkb ft~u fJ~e gqPk;B wzvb pdkfJnk frnk fi; ft~u rtoBo iBob (nfXneP d/ o{g ft~u)ns/ 4 gkoPd fB:[es ehs/ rJ/.fJ; wzvb ft~u pj[ws Bkb c?;b/ j[zd/ ;B.ns/ nfXneP e/tbws pokpo j ØD dh nt;Ek ft~u jh fBoDk:e ws dk gq: Ør eo ;edk ;h.e Øow iK rDg{osh fszBdk ;h. gfjbk rtoBo iBob (tko/B j/;fNzrI) ns/ gkoPd (fcfbg cqKf;;, eb/tfozr,wkB;B ns/ pot?b) dk Bkw sK nfXZfB:w ft~u jh fby fd~sk frnk ;h.fJj b Øe 5 ;kb d/ bJhfB:[es ehs/ rJ/ ns/ e/tb e ØoN uc vkfJo?eNoI dh f;ckfoP Bkb e/tb fpqfnP ;wokNd[nkok jh jNkJ/ ik ;ed/ ;B.Gkth fB:[eshnK ezgBh d[nkok jh ehshnK ikDhnK ;B.

• nfXfB:w ft~u fJ; r~b dh th ftt;Ek ;h fe eqkT{B nkfrnk g~so d[nkok fJ~e ;otT[Zu ns/ fsZBSØN/ i~iK tkb/ fJ~e ;otT[Zu fBnkb/ dh ;EkgBk eo/. fJ; ;otT[Zu fBnkb/ Bz{ ;kw fBnkn ns/ d/PftXh d/ fBnkb/ ns/ Xkofwe fBnkb/ d/ o{g ft~u ezw eoBk ;h.


B ØN


• nfXfB:w B/ rtoBo iBob sK fB:[es eo fd~sk eo fd~sk gqzs{ T[; s/ fJ~e gfoPd b~d fd~sh fi;Bkb fJj g{oh soK n;jk: j Ø frnk. fit/A fe tko/B j/;fNzrI d/ Bkb (1774^1776 s~e) nfXfB:wB/ fBnkbk sK ;Ekfgs eo fd~sk gqzs{ T[; Bz{ fe; ekBz{B d/ nB[;ko ubDk j? (Gkosh iK fpqfNP) fJjfBPfus BjhA ;h ns/ Bk jh gfoPd ns/ fBnkb/ dk nfXeko y/so fBPfus ehsk frnk.

• 1772 ns/ 1781 ft~u ezgBh d/ wkwfbnK dh SkDphD eoD bJh dØt/A, fJ~e gqto ;fwsh ns/ fJ~e r[gs;fwsh fB:[es ehsh rJh. gqto ;fwsh B/ T[Zusw fBnkb/ ns/ pzrkb gfoPd d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK d/ ftP/ft~u ns/ r[gs ;fwsh B/ wokmk :[~X d/ ekoDK dh iKu ehsh.

• iBtoh 1784 ft~u fgN gqXkBwzsoh pfDnk.T[;B/ fJ~e BtK ftX/ne gq;s[s ehsk.d{ik gmB th j Ø

frnk gqzs{ ibdh jh wzsohwzvb N[~N frnk.BthA ;z;d wJh 1784 ft~u rfms jØJh. fJjh g[okDkiBtoh dh ;z;d tkbk ftX/ne ekwBI ;Gk ft~u i[bkJh 1784 ft~u ns/ bkovI ft~u nr;s wjhB/ft~u gkfos jØfJnk. cke; dk fJj eEB ;h fe T[;dk fpb fInkdk T[Zsw ;h.fgN B/ fJ~e jØo;ktXkBh gq:Ør ehsh ;h fe fJ; ftX/ne bJh ezgBh dh ;thfeqsh gfjbK jh b? bJh ;h ns/ fJ; soKftX/ne d/ ftoØX Bz{ gfjbK jh ysw eo fd~sk frnk ;h. n;b ft~u cke; ns/ fgN d/ ftX/nebrGr fJ~e soK d/ jh ;B. fGzBsk e/tb fJj ;h fe cke; d/ fpb ft~u ezgBh ;zoePD Bz{ ysw eofd~sk frnk ;h id ØA fe fJ; ft~u ikoh o~fynk frnk ;h.

• 1784 d/ nfXfB:w Bkb ezgBh d/ bzdB ;fEs gqPk;B ft~u gfotosB nkfJnk. fJ; Bkb ;oeko dkezgBh d/ wkwfbnK ft~u fB:zsoD tX frnk, ukj/ ezgBh d/ tgko Bz{ nS{sk S~v fd~sk frnk. gqzs{ ;ko/;?fBe, n;?fBe ns/ oki;t ;zpzXh wkwfbnK Bz{ fJ~e fB:zsoD pØov d/ nXhB eo fd~sk frnk fi; ft~ufJ~e uK;bo Uc n?e;u?eo, fJ~e oki ;fut ns/ t[; d/ d[nkok fB:[es ehs/ jØJ/ 4 gqhth eØA;b d/w?Apo j[zd/ ;B.fszB vkfJo?eNoK dh fJ~e r[gs ;fwsh d[nkok pØov d/ ;ko/ w[~y nkd/P Gkos G/i/ iKd/;B.;tkwhnK d/ nfXeoD Bz{ fJj nfXeko BjhA fojk fe vkfJo?eNoK dk iØ nkd/P fB:zsoD pØovd[nkok ;theko eo fbnk frnk jØt/ , T[; Bz{ Uj o~d, fBbzfps iK ysw eo ;e/.

• fJ; nfXB:w dh ;G sØA wj~stg{oD Xkok fJj ;h fe fJ; d/ d[nkok Gkos ft~u nkeokwe :[ZXK Bz{ Bke/tb ysw eo fd~sk frnk pbfe iØ gqfsnkG{sh dhnK ;zXhnK eoBkNe ns/ ntX d/ okfinK BkbehshnK rJhnK ;B, UjBK Bz{ th ysw eo fd~sk frnk ns/ fejk frnk fe “fi~s dhnK :ØiBktK ns/Gkos ft~u ;kwoki dk ft;sko fJ; okPNo dh fJ~Sk, fJ~Is ns/ Bhsh d/ fto~[X j?.”


• skBkPkj ^ ;t/Skukoh, fBoze[P Pk;e

• nfGiBe ^ e[bhB, T[ZutzP

• t/XPkbk ^ fiE/ BePsoK dk nfXn:B ehsk iKdk j?.

• GΩAvk ^ e[o{g, nBxV, p/vΩb

2H6 nfGnk; gqPB2H6 nfGnk; gqPB2H6 nfGnk; gqPB2H6 nfGnk; gqPB2H6 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1. “1818 sØA 1843 se dk ;wkA fpqfNP oki d/ ;[fdqVheoD dk d Øo ;h.” fJ; eEB dh ftt/uBk eoØ.

2. 1773 sØA 1863 d/ ft~u fpqfNP Pk;B d/ nzsors e/Adoh ;zouBk d/ ftek; s/ gqekP gkU.

3. 1773 d/ o?r:{b/fNzr n?eN d/ gqktXkBK dk ;whfynkswe toDB eoØ.

4. fgN; fJzvhnk n?eN (1784) d/ gqktXkBK dk toDB eod/ jØJ/ ;gPN eoØ fe fJj o?r:{b/fNzr n?eN sØAfe; soK fGzB j?<


B ØN


T[Zso^;t^w[~bKeDT[Zso^;t^w[~bKeDT[Zso^;t^w[~bKeDT[Zso^;t^w[~bKeDT[Zso^;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)

(1) (y) (2) (e) (3) (r) (4) (y)

(5) (y) (6) (e) (7) (r) (8) (r)

(9) (x) (10) (e)


p[e; 1H ;[szsosk ;zrqkw, ftfgB uzdo, fjzdh wkfXnw ekoits, fBd/Pkfbnk fd~bh ftPtftfdnkbk

2H nkX[fBe GkosL n?;H e/H gKv/, gq:kr nekdwh fJbkjkpkd


BØN


fJekJh^3L ;wkfie^Xkofwe ;[Xko nzdfJekJh^3L ;wkfie^Xkofwe ;[Xko nzdfJekJh^3L ;wkfie^Xkofwe ;[Xko nzdfJekJh^3L ;wkfie^Xkofwe ;[Xko nzdfJekJh^3L ;wkfie^Xkofwe ;[Xko nzd ØbBbBbBbBbB(((((Socio-Religious Reforms Movement)


T[d/P (Objectives)


3H1 pqjw ;wki (Brahmo Samaj)

3H2 nkfonk ;wki (Arya Samaj)3H3 f;zx ;Gk nzdØbB (Singh Sabha Movement)







J pqjw ;wki d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ ;[XkoK dh ftnkfynk eoD ft~u,

J nkfonk ;wki d[nkok fjzd{ Xow ft~u c?bh nzXftPtk;K B{z ;[XkoK dh ftnkfynk eoD ft~u,

J f;zx ;Gk nzdØbB dh ftnkfynk eoD ft~u,

ikDekohikDekohikDekohikDekohikDekoh (Introduction)

pqjw ;wki, gqkoEBk ;wki ns/ f;zx ;Gk nzdØbB fiBK B/ nkgD/ nkgD/ y/so ft~u ;[Xko dk gq:sBehsk.Uj g[BoBthAeoD nzdØbB fit/A fe nkfonk ;wki, okwfeqPD fwPB, ns/ d/tpzd nzdØbB fiBK dkw[~y T[d/P nkgD/ g~y dk g[BoT[dko eoBk ;h.dØt/A gqeko d/ nzd ØbB fGzB fGzB ;hwk s~e nkgD/ Xow Bz{;[XkoD dh eØfPP eo oj/ ;B ns/ nkgD/ gqkuhB gft~so Xow dh d[jkJh fdzd/ ;B. dØjK ft~u G/d e/tbfJzBh wksok dk ;h iØ nkgDh nkgDh gozgok, soe ns/ nzsonkswk s/ fBoGo ;h.

fJBK ;[Xko nzdØbBK dk fJ~e jØo g~y fJj th ;h fe Uj nfij/ Xkofwe ns/ ;wkfie ;[Xko ukj[zd/ ;B,fiBK bJh gqkuhB ftPtk;K ns/ gozgoktK Bz{ u[BΩsh d/Dh g?Adh ;h. Gkos ft~u brGr ;koh ;wkfiee[ohshnK Xkofwe wkBsKtK s/ nkXkfos ;B ns/ fJ; bJh Xow Bz{ ;[Xko/ fpBK ;wki ;[Xko ;zGt BjhA;h.fJ~e jØo ekoD fJj th ;h fe Gkosh ihtB d/ fGzB fGzB ;[Xko fJ~e d{i/ sØA fpBK ;zGt BjhA ;B. ns/UjBK B/ fJ~e d{i/ Bz{ gqGkfts th ehsk.T[dkjoD bJh ;wki ft~u nΩos GbkJh d/ Bkb Bkb T[;dk XkofweefbnkD th jØfJnk.;sh, PkPts ftXtkgD ns/ d/tdk;h gqEk d/ ysw j ØJ/ fpBK T[;dk ;wkfie efbnkD;zGt BjhA ;h. ns/ fJ; gfotosB d/ cb;o{g jh T[;Bz{ wskfXeko fwfbnk ns/ Uj d/P d/ T[Zusw noEksgqXkBwzsoh fij/ gd Bz{ gqkgs eoD ft~u ;ePw jØJh.

fJekJh^3L ;wkfie^Xkofwe ;[Xko nzdfJekJh^3L ;wkfie^Xkofwe ;[Xko nzdfJekJh^3L ;wkfie^Xkofwe ;[Xko nzdfJekJh^3L ;wkfie^Xkofwe ;[Xko nzdfJekJh^3L ;wkfie^Xkofwe ;[Xko nzd ØbBbBbBbBbB

BØN


3H1 pqjw ;wki 3H1 pqjw ;wki 3H1 pqjw ;wki 3H1 pqjw ;wki 3H1 pqjw ;wki (Brahmo Samaj)

fjzd{ Xow ft~u gfjbk ;[Xko nzdØbB pqjw ;wki ;h fi; s/ nkX[fBe g~Swh ftukoXkok dk pj[s gqGkt fgnk;h. okik okw wØjB okJ/ (1774^1833) fJ;d/ gqtose ;B. Uj fJ~e pj[s t~v/ ftdtkB ;B iØ noph,cko;h, ;z;feqs torhnK gqkuhB GkPktK ns/ nzro/ih, |qK;h;h, bkshBh, :{BkBh ns/ noph GkPktK ikDd/;B.fJBK ;G d/ frnkB d/ cb;o{g UjBK dk wB UjBK o{VhnK sØA jN frnk ;h iØ nkw sΩo s/ fJ~e pzrkbhBz{ pzBdhnK jB.

ukj/ okik okw wØjB okJ/ pj[w[yh gqfsGk d/ ftnesh ;B gqzs{ UjBK Bz{ Xow ;[Xko Bkb ftP/P gq/w ;h. fi;;w/A g~Swh f;fy~nk sØA gqGkfts jØ e/ so[D pzrkbh Jh;kJh Xow t~b fy~u/ ik oj/ ;B, T[; ;w/A okik okwwØjB okJ/ fjzd{ Xow d/ o~fyne d/ o{g ft~u ;kjwD/ nkJ/.fJ~e gk;/ UjBK B/ gqukoeK d/ fto{~X fjzd{ Xowdh o~fynk ehsh ns/ d{i/ gk;/ fjzd{ Xow ft~u nkJ/ M{m ns/ nzXftPtk;K Bz{ ysw eoD dh eØfPP ehsh.15 ;kb dh T[wo ft~u jh UjBK B/ w{osh g{ik dh nkbØuBk ehsh ns/ nkgD/ g~y Bz{ t/dØeshnK Bkb f;~XeoD dh eØfPP ehsh.UjBK B/ fjzd{ Xow d/ f;XKsK dh g[Boftnkfynk ehsh ns/ nkgDh wkBt ;/tk bJhT[gfBPdK sØA ekch wksok ft~u nkXko yØi/.UjBK B/ Jh;kJh w~s Bz{ n;theko eo fd~sk ns/ wjkswk JhP{d/ d/tst Bz{ th BjhA ;thekfonk. gqzs{ :{ogh wkBttkd Bz{ Io{o ;thekfonk. n~i th bØe UjBK Bz{ nkX[fBeGkos dk nrqd{s ns/ d/P dk gEgqdoPe wzBd/ jB.feUAfe Uj nBt/PDk dh GktBk d/, frnkB fgg;kd/ ns/ wkBttkd d/ gqshe ;B fiBK Bz{ Gkosh gfo;fEshnK ft~u jh gqkgs eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B. vkH w?feBeØbd/ nB[;ko Uj fJ~e BthB :[~r d/ nrqd{s ;B ns/ UjBK dh ibkJh jØJh itkbk n~I s~e ib ojh j?.

1828 ft~u UjBK B/ pqjw ;wki dh BhAj gkJh. 1830 ft~u fby/ jØJ/ gqfBnk;eoD g~so ft~u fJ; ;wkidk T[d/P PkPts, ;otkXko, ngfotose JhPto dh g{ik j? iØ ;ko/ ;z;ko dk eosk ns/ o~fyne j?. fJ~eBtk GtB th fBnk; wzvb Bz{ d/ fd~sk frnk fi; ft~u w{osh g{ik ns/ pbh d/D dh nkfrnk BjhA ;h.UjBKd/ T[gd/PK dk wsbp th ;ko/ XowK ft~u nkg;h J/esk Bz{ fdqV eoBk ;h. okik ;kfjp nkg fjzd{ jh oj/ns/ :~rgths gkUAd/ oj/ gqzs{ 1833 ft~u UjBK dh nekb wΩs d/ ekoD ;wki dk wkordoPB BjhA fojkns/ jØbh j Øbh T[; ft~u fPfEbsk nk rJh.

fJ; ;z;Ek ft~u BtK ihtB c{eD ns/ fJ; Bz{ fJ~e JhPtotkdh nzdØbB d/ o{g ft~u n~r/ tXkUD dk Pq/nwjkfoPh d/t/Ado BkE N?rØo (1818^1905) Bz{ j?.Uj fJ; nzdØbB ft~u 1842 ft~u Pkfwb jØJ/ ns/ UjBKB/ pqjw Xow ntbzphnK Bz{ w{osh g{ik, shoE :ksok, eoweKv ns/ gqkPfus nkfd sØA oØfenk.TjBK d/ftuko ft~u b~eVh ns/ g~Eo dh w{oshnK Bz{ JhPto fe; soK wzfBnk ikt/.JhPto Bz{ fi; o{g ft~u ukj/g{iØ noEks e ØJh rk:sqh wzso ft~u th g{iDk ukj/ iK fe;/ ;XkoD ohsh Bkb th g{iDk ukj/ sK th mhej?.UjBK B/ e/Pt uzdo ;/B Bz{ pqjw ;wki dk nkuko: fB:[es ehsk.UjBK d/ gqGkt d/ nXhB fjzd{ Xowd/ ;otØsw ftPtk; ns/ B?fse nkuoDK Bz{ pDkJ/ o~fynk.

e/Pt uzdo ;/B (1834^84) dh Pesh, tke gN[sk ns/ T[dkotkdh ftukoK B/ fJ; nzdØbB Bz{ bØefgq: pDkfd~sk. ns/ ibdh jh fJ; dhnK Pkyktk pzrkb sØA pkjo T[Zso gqd/P, gzikp ns/ wdok; ft~u yØb fd~shnKrJhnK.1865 ft~u pzrkb ft~u jh 54 PkyktK ;B.gqzs{ UjBK d/ T[dkotkd d/ ekoD ibd jh pqjw ;wkift~u c[~N g? rJh.UjBK B/ fjzd{ ;wkfie p[okJhnK Bz{ th d{o eoD dh eØfPP ehsh.noEks n;hA fJj efj;ed/ jK fe Uj pqjw ;wki Bz{ fjzd{ Xow ;[Xko nzdØbB Bk wzB e/ fJ~e BtK Xow ;[Xko nzd ØbB wzBDb~r/. d/t/Ado BkE N?r Øo B/ pqjw ;wki d/ fJ~e wkso gqfBnk;h d/ o{g ft~u e/Pt uzdo ;/B Bz{ nkuko:

okik okw wØjB okJ/ B/ fjzd{ ;wki dhnK e[ohshnK ;sh gqEk, pj[ gsBh gqEk,t/P:krwB, ikshtkd nkfd dk ftoØX ehsk. fJ; soK UjBK B/ g{op ns/ g~Swft~u fJ~e pokpoh ;Ekfgs eoD dh eØfPP ehsh.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ jØ


BØN


dh gdth sØA e~Y fd~sk. e/Pt uzdo B/ fJ~e bthb pqjw ;wki dk rmB eo fbnk fi; Bz{ Uj “nkfd pqjw;wki@ efjD b~r/.fJ; ft~u jØo ;[XkoK sØA fJbktk fJ;sohnK dh w[esh, ftfdnk gq;ko, ;;s/ ;kfjs dktzvDk, wfdok fBP/X ns/ dkB d/D s/ nfXe IØo ;h.

1878 ft~u fJ; ;wki ft~u fJ~e jØo c[~N gJh. e/Pt uzdo ;/B nkfd , pqjw ;wkihnK bJh fBT{Bsw T[wodk gquko eod/ ;B.gqzs{ 1878 ft~u e/Pt uzdo ;/B nkgDh 13 ;kbk g[~soh dk fttkj e{u ftjko d/ Bkpkfbrokik Bkb g{oD t?fde eow eKv Bkb eo fd~sk. fejk fJj frnk fe fJj ;G “JhPto dh nkfrnk@ j?.e/Pt uzdo ;/B d/ nfXeso nB[:k:hnK B/ d[yh jØ e/ fJ~e BtK pqjw ;wki ‘;XkoD pqjw ;wki’ pDkfbnk.ibdh jh e/Pt uzdo ;/B dk ;wki fJfsjk; d/ jB/fonK dh n;gPNsk ft~u yØ frnk.

pqjw ;wki B/ Gkosh g[Bo ikroD ft~u fJ~e nfjw G[fwek fBGkJh. fit/A n?uH JhH ;hH iekfonkI B/ fejkj? fe okik okw wØjB okJ/ ns/ UjBK dk pqjw ;wki, Gkos ft~u ;ko/ ;[Xko nzd ØbBK ukj/ Uj fjzd{ Xow,;wki iK okiBhsh d/ ;h^ ;kfonK d/ nkozfGe fpzd{ ;B. Jh;kJh gquko Bkb gqGkfts wB iØ fjzd{ Xow BkbnkgDk pzXB brGr sØV u[~ek ;h, T[;B/ pqjw ;wki ft~u PoD bJh.

Xow d/ y/so ft~u pqjw ;wki dk wj~st fJ; r~b ft~u BjhA ;h fe T[;B/ feBK gqkuhB gozgoktK Bz{ pDke/ o~fynk pbfe fJ; r~b ft~u ;h fe T[;B/ feBK gqkuhB gozgoktK ns/ ftPtk;K Bz{ S~v fd~sk. w[~y o{gft~u n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe fJ;B/ ntskotkd S~v fd~sk. T[;B/ fJj th fejk fe Xow rqzEK Bz{ wkBthnzsokswk ns/ soe d/ T[~go BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edkl fJ;B/ pj[d/ttkd ns/ w{oshg{ik fsnkr fd~shl toDftt;Ek dh nkbØuBk ehshl gqzs{ eow, f;XKs ns/ g[BoiBw d/ ftP/ ft~u nkgD/ fBPfus ftuko gqrN Bkeoe/ jo pqjw ;wkih Bz{ wzBD ns/ Bk wzBD dh nkfrnk d/ fd~sh.

;wki ;[Xko d/ wkwb/ ft~u th fJ; dk fjzd{ Xow T[Zs/ gqGkt jØfJnk.fJBK B/ pj[s ;ko/ nzXftPtk;K ns/jmXow Bz{ n;theko eo fd~sk. ftd/P :ksok s/ ;wekbhB gqpzXK Bz{ u[BΩsh fd~sh.fJ;sohnK dh gqfsPmkBz{ pDkUD bJh eØfPP ehsh. pj[^fttkj, ;sh gqEk, pkb^fttkj ns/ godk gqEk bz{ ysw eoD bJh ns/ftXtk fttkj ns/ fJ;soh f;~fynk bJh eØfPP ehshnK. fJBK B/ ikshtkd ns/ S{sSks Bz{ jNkUD bJheØfPP ehsh ukj/ fJ; ft~u Uj fInkdk ;cb BjhA jØJ/.

wjkokPNo ft~u pqjw ftuko ns/ gqkoEBk ;wkiL wjkokPNo ft~u pqjw ftuko ns/ gqkoEBk ;wkiL wjkokPNo ft~u pqjw ftuko ns/ gqkoEBk ;wkiL wjkokPNo ft~u pqjw ftuko ns/ gqkoEBk ;wkiL wjkokPNo ft~u pqjw ftuko ns/ gqkoEBk ;wkiL pqjw ftukoXkok wjkokPNo ft~u th c?bh.ns/fJ~E/ 1849 ft~u fJ~e gowjz; ;Gk P[o{ ehsh rJh. 1867 ft~u e/Pt uzdo dh gq/oDk Bkb pzpJh ft~u fJ~egqkoEBk ;wki ;Ekfgs ehsk frnk.gqzs{ fJBK bØeK B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fe;/ BthB Xow dk iK fjzd{ Xow d/pkjo iK Bkb Bkb fe;/ BthB ws d/ nB[:k:h d/ o{g ft~u BjhA wzfBnk pbfe e/tb fJ; Xow d/ nzdojh fJ~e nzdØbB d/ o{g ft~u fJ; Bz{ ;theko ehsk.fJ~e JhPtotkd sØA fJbktk wjkokPNo ft~u ;wki ;[Xko,“ezw Bk fe ftPtk;@ s/ jh pb fd~sk frnk.UjBk dk ftPtk; ;h fe JhPto dk ;~uk fgnko T[; d/ wB[~yKdh ;/tk ft~u j?.Uj fjzd{ o{VhtkdhnK Bkb N~eo BjhA b?Dk ukj[zd/ ;B pbfe f;~fynk ns/ ;wMkUD p[MkUDs/ pb fdzd/ ;B.

;wki ;[Xko ft~u UjBK d/ 4 gqw[~y T[d/P^ (1) iks^gks dk ftoØX, (2) g[oPK ns/ fJ;sohnK dh fttkjdh T[wo dk tXkUDk, (3) ftXtk g[Bo^fttkj, (4) fJ;soh f;~fynk ;B. fJ; ;wki d/ gqw[~y B/skfBnknw{osh wjkd/t rØftzd okBkv/ (1843^1902) ns/ n?BH ih uzdoktoeo (1855^1923) ;B.fJ;/ ;wkid[nkok ;Ekfgs ‘dfbs iks wzzvb’, ;wki ;/tk ;zx ns/ d~eD f;~fynk ;Gk B/ gqPz;k:Ør ezw ehsk j?.wdok;

e/Pt uzdo ;/B fjzd{ Xow Bz{ ;zeok wzBd/ ;B ns/ ;z;feqs d/ w{b gkmK d/ gq:Ør Ba{z mheBjhA ;wMd/ ;B. UjBK B/ :rØgths gkUD d/ fto[~X th gquko ehsk. fJ; sØA pknd ;ko/XowK (Jh;kJh, w[;bwkB, gko;h ns/ uhBh) dh Xow g[;seK dk gkm UjBK dh ;GktKft~u j ØD b~rk.

BØN;


BØN


ft~u th pqjw ;wki d/ eJh e/Ado yØb/ rJ/.gzikp ft~u fdnkb f;zx gqfBnk; B/ fJ; ;wki d/ ftukoK d/gq;ko bJh 1910 ft~u fdnkb f;zx ekb/i yØfbnk.

3H2 nkfonk ;wki 3H2 nkfonk ;wki 3H2 nkfonk ;wki 3H2 nkfonk ;wki 3H2 nkfonk ;wki (Arya Samaj)

nkfonk ;wki nzdØbB dk gq;ko nkw sØo s/ g~Swh gqGktK dh gqshfeqnk d/ o{g ft~u jØfJnk. fJj :kd oj/ feBk sK ;tkwh d:kBzd jh ns/ Bk UjBK d/ r[o{ ;tkwh ftoikBzd jh g~Swh f;~fynk sØA gqGkfts jØJ/ ;h. fJjdØt/A jh P[~X t?fde gozgok ft~u ftPtk; o~yd/ ;h ns/ TjBK B/ “d[pkok t/d t~b u~b Ø@ dk Bkok brkfJnk. T[sot?fde ekb sØA n~i s~e ;ko/ jØo ws wsksoK Bz{ UjBK B/ gkyzv iK M{m dk BK fd~sk.

w{b Pzeo (1824^83)w{b Pzeo (1824^83)w{b Pzeo (1824^83)w{b Pzeo (1824^83)w{b Pzeo (1824^83) iØ nkw sΩo s/ d:kBzd d/ BK Bkb ikD/ iKd/ jB dk iBw 1824 ft~u r[ioks dhwΩoth fonk;s d/ fBtk;h fJ~e pqkjwD e[b ft~u jØfJnk. UjBK d/ fgsk iØ nkg t/dK d/ wjkB ftdtkB ;B,UjBK B/ UjBK Bz{ t?fde f;~fynk ns/ fBnkn doPB nkfd gVkfJnk.d:kBzd dh fifrnk;k B/ UjBK Bz{ :ØrnfGnk; nkfd eoD s/ wip{o ehsk ns/ UjBK B/ xo fsnkr fd~sk.15 ;kb s~e EKÊK s/ x[zw/. 1860 ft~uUj wE[ok gj[zu/ ns/ ;tkwh ftoikBzd ih sØA t/dK d/ P[~X noE ns/ t?fde Xow d/ bJh ngko PoXk gqkgs ehsh.1863 ft~u UjBK B/ M{m/ XowK dk yzvB eoD bJh “gyzv yzfvBh gskek@ bjokJh. 1875 ft~u UjBK B/ pzpJhft~u nkfonk ;wki dh ;EkgBk ehsh. fi;dk w[~y T[d/P gqkuhB t?fde Xow dh P[~X o{g ft~u g[Bo ;EkgBk ;h.iØ

M{m/ Xkofwe ftPtk; ns/ ;wkfie e[ohshnK ekbKso ft~u fjzd{ ;wki ft~u nk rJhnK ;B, UjBK Bz{ iVQ sØAe~YD dk fBPuk ehsk. 1877 ft~u nkfonk ;wki bkjΩo dh ;EkgBk jØJh fi; sØA pknd nkfonk ;wki dk fInkdkgquko jØfJnk. ;tkwh d:kBzd dk T[d/P ;h fe Gkos Bz{ Xkofwe, ;wkfie ns/ okPNoh o{g ft~u fJ~e eo fd~skikt/.UjBK dh fJ~Sk ;h fe nkfonk Xow jh d/P dk ;wkB Xow jØt/. UjBK Bz{ ;wekbhB fjzd{ Xow ns/ ;wkift~u nB/e ewhnK t/yD Bz{ fwbhnK.UjBK B/ fJBK dØj/ y/soK ft~u ihtB Go nDE~e ezw ehsk.

Xkofwe y/so ft~u Uj w{osh g{ik, pj[d/ttkd, ntskotkd, gP{pbh, PokX, izso^wzso ns/ szso ns/M{m/ eoweKv Bzz{ ;theko BjhA eod/ ;B. Uj t/d Bz{ JhPtoh frnkB wzBd/ ;b. ns/ T[gfBPd ekb s~ed/ ;kfjs Bz{ ;theko eod/ ;B.pkehnK Bz{, ftP/Peo g[okDK Bz{ fiBK ft~u T[Zgo fby/ ftukoK dk toDBfwbdk j? Uj wBxVzs eEktK dk ;w{j wzBd/ ;B.gqzs{ t/d d/ ftP/ ft~u th UjBK dk soe ;h fe t/d dhGkPk pj[s gqkuhB j?. fJ; bJh fJ; d/ GkP: iØ ;w/A ;w/A s/ fby/ rJ/, ;G ;~u BjhA jB. nkgDh p[~Xhdk gq:Ør eo Ø ns/ t?fde wzsoK d/ noEK Bz{ soe dh e; ΩNh s/ goyØ ns/ sK ngDkU.Uj ;z;feqs d/ gqeKvgzfvs ;B ns/ UjBK B/ EK EK s/ ik e/ e~NogzEhnK Bkb Pk;sokoE ehs/ ns/ f;~X ehsk fe T[~go fby/ftPtk;K dk t/d ft~u e ØJh nkXko BjhA.

UjBK B/ ndt?stkd Bz{, fe ;z;ko fJ~e wk:k j?, nkswk gowkswk dk jh Gkr j?, fJ; sØA fJbktk ;G M{mj?, ;z;ko sØA gbk:B jh ihtB dk T[d/P j?, fJ; doPB Bz{ UjBK B/ P[~X t?fde gozgok d/ fto[~X d~f;nk.UjBK d/ nB[;ko e[dos ;~s j?, nkswk ;~s j?, ns/ fu~s j? ns/ gowkswk ;~s fu~s ns/ nkBzd j?. fJjfszB/ jh nBkfd ns/ nBzs jB. UjBK d/ nB[;ko jo ftnesh Bz{ PkPts wkBt Xow d/ nB[;ko nkuoDeoe/ wØeP dh gqkgsh eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJ; soK UjBK B/ ekoDkswe J/es~stkd Bz{ jh BjhA pbfe fB:shBz{ th n;theko eo fd~sk.pb fd~sk wkBt d/ eow eoD s/. UjBK d/ nB[;ko wB[~y Gkr dk fybΩDk Bjhapbfe nkgD/ Gkr dk fBowksk j?. eØJh th eowcb sØA pu BjhA ;edk. jo ftnesh Bz{ ;z;ko dh eowG{whft~u ezw eod/ jØJ/ wØeP t~b tXDk j Øt/rk, noEks j~E s/ j~E o~y e/ Bk p?m, eowPhb pD ihtB pshseoBk jØt/rk.;tkwh ih dh fJ;/ f;~fynk Bz{ UjBK dh wΩs sØA pknd ;kbK T[gozs Pqh noftzd xØP tor/ eqwmftneshnK B/ ngDkfJnk ns/ UjBK dh G{fo G{fo gqPz;k ehsh. UjBK dk Bkok ;h ‘d[pkok t/d t~b u~bØ Ø’Bk fe t?fde ekb t~b u~bΩ.

nkfonk ;wki dh ;EkgBk ed ØA ns/ fe~E/ ehsh rJh<Nk;e


BØN


d:kBzd B/ pqkjwD g[oØfjs tor d/ Xkofwe ns/ ;wkfie g~y ft~u ;ot Ø~usk d/ dkt/ Bz{ th u[BΩsh fd~sh.UjBK B/ pqkjwDK d/ fJ; eEB dh fe Uj pkeh wB[~yK ns/ JhPto d/ ft~u ftuΩb/ jB, fy~bh T[VkJh. UjBKd/ nB[;ko jo ftnesh Bz{ t/d Bz{ gVB ns/ T[;Bz{ nkgD/ soe d/ nB[;ko fBotuB eoB dk nfXekoj?.;wkfie y/so ft~u UjBK B/ S{nkS{s, iBwiks iksh, pkb fttkj ns/ jØo p[okJhnK s/ e[mkoxks ehsk.Gkos d/ ;wkfie fJfsjk; ftu Uj gfjb/ ;[Xkoe ;B fiBK B/ P{do ns/ fJ;soh Bz{ t/d gVB ns/ T[Zuhf;~fynk gqkgs eoB , :~rØgths XkoD eoB ns/ jØo ;ko/ g~yk sØA T[Zuh iksh ns/ g[oPK d/ pok[po nfXekogqkgs eoB d/ bJh nzdØbB ehsk.gqzs{ PkfJd ;G sØA nfXe ezw UjBK B/ fJ;sohnK dh ;fEsh ;[XkoDbJh ehsk. UjBK d/ nB[;ko g{op ns/ fJ;sohnK ;wkB jB. fJ;/ soK pkb^fttkj, PkPts ftXtkgB,ftXtk Bz{ Bht/A wzBDk, godk, dj/I, pj[^fttkj, t/P:k rwB, d/tdk;hnK nkfd nfijh eØJh th ;wkfiep[okJh BjhA ;h fi; Bz{ UjBK B/ ;theko ehsk jØt/.Uj toD^ftt;Ek iBw sØA BjhA eow sØA wzBd/ ;B,noEks f;oc ekoØpko d/ nB[;ko jh eØJh ftnesh pqkjwD, y~soh, t?P iK P{do jØ ;edk j?, gqzs{ fJj uko/toD ;wkB jB.ns/ fJBK ft~u eØJh nS{s BjhA j?.fJ; gqeko ;tkwh d:kBzd B/ fjzd{ ;wki ft~u ;wkBskdh T[; GktBk Bz{ ikfrqs ehsk iØ n~i ;kBz{ nkgD/ ;wki ft~u d/yD Bz{ fwbdh j?.PkfJd Gkos d/ frnksfJfsjk; ft~u fjzd{ Xow ns/ ;wki ft~u J/Bk w{bG{s, d{orkwh, ftnkge ns/ gqGktPkbh ;[Xkoe j[D s~eeØJh BjhA jØfJnk.PkfJd n;goPsk dk fsnkr ns/ fJ;soh Bz{ g[oP d/ pokpo nfXeko iØ ;kv/ ;zftXkBdk nzr j?, UjBK d/ jh T[gd/PK dk Bshik j?.

UjBK d/ ;ko/ ftuko UjBK dh gqf;~X g[;se ‘;fsnkoE gqekP’ ft~u tofDs jB. pqjw ;wki ns/fEU;Øcheb ;Gk g~Swh ft~fdnk gV/ bØeK Bz{ pj[s uzrh brdh ;h.;tkwh d:kBzd dh f;~fynk dh w[~y ftPP/sk fJj ;h fe T[; ft~u UjBK B/ g~Swh doPB, f;~fynk ns/ ;wki ft~uØA e[M th BjhA fbnk.UjBK B/ sKe/tb fJj fejk fe t/d ns/ T[gfBPd sØA go/ e[M BjhA ns/ fiBK fiBK ohsh fotkiK, gozgok, eow eKviK ;wkfie p[okJhnK dh t/d ft~u nB[wsh BjhA, sK Uj ;ko/ fsnkrD:Ør jB.

T[; ;w/A s~e Jh;kjh, w[;fbw, f;~y Xow gqukoe fjzd{ Xow dhnK e[ohshnK ns/ M{m/ ftPtk;K dh fy~bhT[VkUAd/ ;B.;tkwh d:kBzd B/ UjBK d/ XowK ft~u th ewhnK e~YhnK ns/ EKÊK s/ Pk;sokoE eoe/ gqkuhBe~NogzEhnK ns/ jØo Xow gqukoeK Bz{ jokfJnk. cb;o{g fjzd{ Xow d/ nB[:kJhnK ftu fJ~e BtKnksw^ftPtk;, nksw gohyD ns/ nksw^P[~Xh (noEks fjzd{ Xow sØA M{mh gozgotK Bz{ e~YD) dh GktBkikrh.e[M bØeK B/ UjBK d/ ftukoK Bz{ n;fjPD{sk ns/ ss;hfws GktBk dk gqshe d~f;nk j?.gqzs{ n;b ft~ud:kBzd dh ;kotGΩfwesk ns/ T[dkofus GktBk gqkuhB fjzd{ Xow dh T[dkotkdh gozgoktK d/ g{oh soKnB[e{b ;h.ukj/ fJ; nzdØbB dk pkjoh o{g t?fde gozgoktK dh d[pkok ;EkgBk eoBk ;h gzqs{ nkfonk ;wkiB/ nkX[fBe frnkB ns/ soe Bz{ ngDkfJnk.

nkfonk ;wki d/ ezw dk ;G sØA fInkdk gqGkt ft~fdnk ns/ ;wkfie ;[Xko ns/ ;/tk d/ y/so ft~u d/yDBz{ fwfbnk. nkfonk ;wki d/ ;wkfie ftukoK ft~u jØo r~bK sØA fJbktk fiBK T[Zs/ pb fd~sk frnk ;B^fJ~eJhPto dk fgsq~st, ns/ ;ko/ wB[~yK dk Gqksotkd, fJ;soh ns/ g[oP dh ;wkBsk, wB[~yK ns/ ikshnK d/ft~u g{ok fBnkn ns/ fBog~ysk, ns/ gq/w ns/ dkB dh GktBk. nkfonk ;wki B/ f;~fynk ns/ frnkB d/gq;ko d/ pj[s pb fdsk.UjBK d/ nB[:kJhnk B/ ft~fdnk ns/ frnkB d/ gq;ko ns/ jB/o/ Bz{ ysw eoB bJhftP/P ezw ehs/.UjBK dh wØs sØA pknd 1886 ft~u P[o{ ehshnK rJhnK n?ArbØ^t?fde ;z;EktK ibdh jhd/P d/ eØB/ e ØB/ ft~u c?b rJhnK.;tkwh ih d/ nB[:kJh o{Vhtkdh ns/ gqshfeqnktkdh BjhA ;B.UjBK B/nzro/ih GkPk ns/ frnkB Bz{ th ngDkfJnk.noEks gqkuhB ns/ g~Swh frnkB dk ;g sØA tXhnk ;wBt:fJ; ft~u fwbdk j?.fJjBK f;~fynk Bz{ th nkfonk ;wki B/ dØ db ns/ M{m/ ftPtk;K sØA fBebD d/ fJ~e;kXB d/ o{g ft~u gq:Ør ehsk.1892^93 ft~u nkfonk ;wki d/ dØ db jØ rJ/. fJ~e g~Swh f;~fynk dk ftoØXh;h.UjBK B/ 1902 ft~u jfod[nko ft~u fJ~e r[o{e[b ;Ekfgs eo fbnk fi~E/ gqkuhB t?fde f;~fynk gqkuhBg~Xsh Bkb fd~sh iKdh ;h.ns/ U;/ d/ Bw{B/ s/ eJh jØo ;EkBK s/ r[o{e[b pDkJ/.

nkfonk ;wki d/ f;XKs ns/ fB:w ;G sØA gfjbK pzpJh ft~u rfms ehs/ rJ/.d[pkok UjBK Bz{ bkjΩo ftZu1877 ft~u ;zgkfds ehsk frnk ns/ fBPfus o{g fd~sk frnk ns/ Uj n~I s~e gfotofss BjhA jØJ/.fB:wfJj jB ^


BØN


1. ;G ;~u ft~fdnk ns/ iØ gdkoE ft~fdnk Bkb ft~fdnk Bkb ikfDnk iKdk j?, UjBK ;G dk nkfd w{bgow/Pto j?.

2. JhPto ;~fudkBzd ;to{g, fBokeko ;otPeshwkB, fBnknekoh, fdnkb{, nizfwnk, nBzs, fBofteko,nBkfd, nB[gw, ;otkXko, ;ot/Pto, ;otftnkge, ;otKso:kwh, nio, now, fBoG?, fBs:,gft~so mns/ f;qPNheosk j?.T[;h dh g{ik eoBh ukjhdh j?.

3. t/d ;G ;~u ft~fdnktK dh g[;se j?. t/d dk gVBk gVkDk ns/ ;[DBk ;[DkDk ;G nkfonK dk Xow j?.

4. ;~u Bz{ rqjD eoB ns/ M{m Bz{ fsnkrD bJh ;dk fsnko ofjDk ukjhdk j?.

5. ;ko/ ezw XowB[;ko noEks ;~u ns/ M{m Bz{ ftuko e/ eoB/ ukjhd/ jB.

6. ;z;ko dk T[geko eoBk nkfonk ;wki dk w[~Y T[d/P j? noEks ;ohfoe, nkswe ns/ ;wkfie T[~BsheoBk.

7. ;G Bkb gqhsh g{ote, XowkB[;ko :Ek:Ør tosDk ukJhdk j?.

8. nft~fdnk dk BkP ns/ ft~fdnK Bz{ tXkDk ukjhdk j?.

9. jo fJ~e Bz{ nkgDh jh T[ZBsh ft~u ;zs[PN BjhA ofjDk ukjhdk.gqzs{ ;G dh T[~Bsh ft~u nkgDh T[~Bsh;wMDh ukjhdh j?.

10. ;G wB[~yK Bz{ ;wkfie, ;otekoh fB:w gkbDk ft~u goszso ofjDk ukjhdk j?, ns/ jo fjsekoh fB:wftu ;G ;[szso jB.

J/Bk jh BjhA, nkfonk ;wki B/ P[~Xh nzdØbB th P[o{ ehsk.fi;d/ nzsors bØeK Bz{ j Øo XowK s ØA fjzd{ Xowft~u fbnkUD dh eØfPP ehsh rJh.fJ; sØA fJbktk brGr 60,000 wbekD/ okig{sK Bz{ ns/ fjzd{nK Bz{ fiBKBz{ wkfgbk ftdoØj (1923) d/ fdBK iK 1947 ft~u Gkos tzv d/ ;w/A pbg{ote w[;bwkB pDk fd~sk frnk;h, UjBK Bz{ d[pkok fjzd{ Xow ft~u tkgf; nkUD dk wΩek fd~sk frnk.;tkwh d:kBzd d/ nkofEe ftuoKft~u ;td/Ph dk pj[s wj~st ;h. okiBhfse y/so ft~u Uj efjzd/ ;b fe p[ok d/;h oki uzr/ sØA uzr/ ftd/Ph oki sØA uzrk j?.noEks UjBK dh f;~fynk d/ cb;o{g IjBK d/ nB[:kJhnK ft~u ;td/Ph ns/ d/Pgrshdh GktBk e[~N e[~N e/ Goh ;h ns/ Gkosh okPNoh nzdØbB ft~~u fJj bØe n~r/ oj/.t?b/BNkJhB fPoØI B/nkfonk ;wki Bz{ ;~u jh “Gkosh nPKsh dk iBwdksk@ fejk j?. wjkswk jz;oki, gzfvs r[o{d~s, bkbkbkig~s okJ/ ns/ ;tkwh PoXkBzd fJ; d/ ftfPPN ekieosk ;B. nkfonk ;wki dk gquko gzikp, T[Zsogqd/P, oki;EkB ns/ fpjko ft~u ftP/P o{g ft~u jØfJnk.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)

;jh ftebg u[D;jh ftebg u[D;jh ftebg u[D;jh ftebg u[D;jh ftebg u[DØ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ (Choose the correct option)

1H ;tkwh d:kBzd ;o;tsh d/ r[o{ eΩD ;B<

(e) ;tkwh ;fjikBzd (y) ;tkwh pqiG{PD (r) ;tkwh ftoikBzd

(x) ;tkwh nVrVkBzd

2H d:kBzd dk iBw fe; gqd/P ft~u jØfJnk<

(e) wjkokPNo (y) T[Vh;k (r) r[ioks

(x) pzrkb

3H nkfonk ;wki dh ;EkgBk edØA ns/ fe~E/ jØJh<

(e) 871 wjkokPNo (y) 1875 w[zpJh (r) 1873 r[ioks

(x) 1876 T[Vh;k


BØN


4H nkfonk ;wki bkjΩo dh ;EkgBk edØA j ØJh<

(e) 1870 (y) 1875 (r) 1872

(x) 1877

5H r[o{e[b ftdk:b: dh ;EkgBk edØA ns/ fe~E/ ehsh rJh<

(e) jfod[nko 1902 (y) d/jokd{B 1902 (r) jfod[nko 1905

(x) d/jokd{B 1905

3H3 f;zx ;Gk nzd3H3 f;zx ;Gk nzd3H3 f;zx ;Gk nzd3H3 f;zx ;Gk nzd3H3 f;zx ;Gk nzdØbB bB bB bB bB (Singh Sabha Movement)

fBozekoh, okXk;tkwh ns/ BkwXkoh nzdØbBK dk f;~y iB ;w[dk: T[Zs/ e[M yk; n;o BjhA jØfJnk. fBozekohnzdØbB T[Zso g~Swh gzikp d/ Pfjoh ;wki s~e ;hfws fojk.okXk ;tkwh JhPtoh w[~fdnK Bkb ;zpzfXs ;h.BkwXkoh nzdØbB dk skA n;fsst jh wb/oeØNbk d/ w?dkB ft~u n;EkJh sΩo s/ fwNk fd~sk frnk.fJj fszB/jh f;~yK d/ ft~S/d sØA T[ZGohnK wzvbhnk jB, iØ fe;/ ftP/P r[o{ d/ gqsh GrshGkt o~ydhnK jB ns/ nkgD/jh Xkofwe eoweKvK ft~u ftPtk; o~ydhnK jB.fJjBK ;GBK B/ ;wki dhnK fijVhnK p[okJhnK Bz{ ysweoD dh mkDh ;h . Uj n~i th X~Vb/ Bkb ikoh jB. BhthA iks d/ f;~yK Bkb n~i th G/d^Gkt j[zdkj?.nwho Pokp ns/ ftnfGuko d/ nkrØP ft~u ik gJ/.d{i/ gk;/ fjzd{ Xow dk ekoØpko gfjbK soK jh ubdkfojk. Ujh UjBK dk pqkjwDtkd, d/th d/tsktK d/ UjBK d/ wzfdo ns/ d/tkb/, ;z;feqs wzsoK d/ T[ZukoD,i:ØfsPhnK ns/ Gft~ytesktk ft~u nk;Ek, iBwg~sohnK s/ nkXkfos ihtB nkfd.f;~yk ft~u th i Ø bØefJjBK gzEK dh, d; r[o{nK sØA fJbktk r[o{nK dh g{ik dh gkbBk eod/ ;B, Uj th r[o{ BkBe d/t ns/ r[o{rØfpzd f;zx d/ p/dh ns/ ;ØYh tzPiK d/ n~r/ dzvts eoB ft~u r[o/I BjhA eod/ ;B ns/ d{i/ ;kX{ ;zsK gqshth J/;h PoXk iskUAd/ ;B fit/A Uj r[o{ jh jØD.

f;~yK d/ B?fse ;so ft~u froktN d/ Bkb jh Bkb UjBK dh ;zfynk th fro ojh ;h.idØA ykb;k uVst~b ;h, sK fjzd{nK B/ t~vh ;zfynk ftu e/P dkVh tXkUDk, f;~y r[o{nK dk r[DrkB eoBk P[o{ eofd~sk.gzikp T[Zs/ nzro/iK d[nkok epI/ sØA pknd fJj w Ωekgq;s bØe fjzd{ Xow ft~u tkfg; nk rJ/. ;~u/f;~y gfotko th fijBK dk nfijk fjzd{nK Bkb eohph Bksk ;h, Uj th UjBK fjzd{nK d/ Bkb Bkb dkVhw[~SK w[zvtk e/ ;fjiXkoh f;~y pD rJ/.fJBK f;~yK ft~u fInkdkso bØe nfij/ ;B i Ø dØ fJ~e ghVhgfjbK jh f;~y pD/ ;B ns/ UjBK B/ fjzd{nK d/ Bkb ;wkfie ;ztkd sK S~fvnk jh BjhA ;h.j[D UjBKe Øb fJ~e jh o;sk ;h fe Uj fjzd{ Xow ft~u d[pkok iIp j Ø ikD ns/ fJ~e n~br ;w[dk: d/ o{g ft~ufdyD s ØA pkI nkUD.

f;~y okifBekn dh nzsfBofjs d[opbsk sK f;~yK d/ ftxNB dk fJ~e ekoD ;h jh, don;b fJ; d/ fszBjØo ekoD th ;B^ Jh;kJh fwPBohnK dh rshftXhnK, nkfonk ;wki Bkwe fJ~e Bt/A fjzd{ ;zrmB dhBtXowKsoD dh w[fjzw ns/ ftfrnkfBe ftukoXkoktK d/ nkftoGkt sØA T[gfink ‘:[esh;zrseoDØ’ (uhIKdk nΩfusg{oD jØDk).

1835 ft~u b[fXnkDk ft~u nwoheh gq/;hpN/fonB (fJ~e Jh;kJh Xow ftt;Ek) fwPB dh ;EkgBk jØ u[eh;h.nfxrqjD sØA s[ozs pknd fJ; fwPB B/ nkgDh rshftXhnK wkbt/ sØA wkM/ s~e c?bkDhnK P[o{ eofd~shnK. uou fwPBoh ;[;kfJNh B/ nzfwqs;o, bkjΩo ns/ gjkVh fifbnK ft~u nkgD/ e/Ado yØb bJ/.‘;[;kfJNh cΩo dk gqØg/r/PB Uc rΩ;g/bØ, ‘;kbt/PB nkowhØ, ‘w?Ekfv;NØ, ‘n?fg;eØgØfbnB’, ‘wØo?ftnBØ’ ns/nB/e ‘oØwB e?E Øfbe fwPB’ bØeK dk XowKsoD eoB bJh fJ~e d{i/ Bkb jØV brkUD b~r/.fJBK Jh;kJhfwPBohnK Bz{ nzro/I nc;oK dh y{p P?n fwbdh ;h.

Jh;kJh fwPBohnK dh ;G sØA t~vh fi~s ;h, ;zB 1853 ft~u wjkokik dbhg f;zx dk Xow gfotosB eoe/ U;Bz{ Jh;kJh pDkUDk, f;~yK bJh fJj fJ~e n;fjD:Ør MNek ;h.T[;h ;kb nzfwqs;o ft~u fJE feqPfunB ;e{byØfbnk frnk.Bt XowKsfos ftnesh fij/ T[s;kj Bkb d/PfBotkf;s wjkokik B/ fJ; Jh;kJh ftdnkb/ dhwdd dk GoØ;k fd~sk.


BØN


wjkokik dbhg f;zx Bz{ S~v e/ P[o{ P[o{ ft~u Jh;kJh pDB tkb/ f;~yk ft~u fInkdkso nS{s iksh d/f;~y ;B.e[M jh ;w/A pknd Jh;kJh noEks feqPfunB Bz{ fBzdkswe o{g ft~u fbnk ikD b~rk.ns/fJj gzikph d/ Ppd ‘u{jVk’ dk gq:k: pD frnk.T[dØA jh BtXowKsfos b ØeK Bz{ ;wM ft~u nkUD b~rkfe Bk sK gkdoh dk ;zoePD ns/ Bk jh ‘;kb Ø N Øgh’ i[fVnk rfowk dk nfj;k; UjBK Bz{ n;goPskd/ ebze sØ A S[Nekok fdbtk ;edk j?.T[; s Ø A pknd BhthA ikshnK d/ Xow gfotosB dh rsh Xhwhj ØJh. Jh;kJh fwPBohnK B/ j[D nkgDk o[y yKd/ ghAd/ i~NK ns/ y~soh iksh d/ bØeK t~b w ØfVnk.fezB/jh ikD/ wkD/ f;~y gfotkoK B/ Jh;kJh Xow Bz{ ngDk fbnk.gV/ fby/ nwho gfotkoK d/ f;~yk d[nkokJh;kJhs Bz{ ngBkUD Bkb f;~y B/sktK Bz{ X~ek b~rk, UBK nS{s GkJhnK d/ pDB Bkb BjhA b~rk;h.pjojkb Jh;kJh fwPBohnK d/ eki ebKgK sØA fInkdk rzGho sK ;[Xkotkdh fjzd{s~t dhnK u[B ΩshnK;B, yk;eo nkfonk ;wki dh.

nkfonk ;wki nkfonk ;wki nkfonk ;wki nkfonk ;wki nkfonk ;wki (Arya Samaj)nkfonk ;wki d/ gqtose ;B^ ;tkwh d:kBzd ;o;tsh.fiBK dk nkdoP tke ;h^ “t/dK t~b tkg;h.UjBKnB[;ko t/dK sØA fJ~e ;ot ft~fdnkwkB, gqzs{ nfdqP gowkswk ns/ wkBt wkso dh ;wkBsk ft~u ftPtk; g?dkj[zdk j?.fJ;bJh Uj w{osh g{ik ns/ iksh gqEk d/ ftoØXh ;B. d:kBzd ;o;tsh fJ~e nΩi;th ftnesk ;B.e[Mjh ;kbK ft~u UjBK dh nktkI g{o/ fjzd[;skB ft~u r{ziD b~rh.UjBK dk w{oshGzie fJ~e/Ptotkd ns/ G/dGktjhDsk f;~yK Bz{ pV/ ok; nkJ/.

1877 dhnK rowhnK ft~u ;tkwh d:kBzd ;o;tsh gzikp nkJ/, fi~E/ fjzd{nK ns/ f;~yK B/ UjBK dk g{ok;tkrs ehsk.UjBk B/ bkjΩo ft~u nkfonk ;wki dh fJ~e Pkyk yØbh.XowKsoD T[;dh rshftXhnK dk fJ~ewj~stg{oD fj~;k ;h.UjBK fdBK ft~u pj[s ;ko/ fjzd{ ns/ f;~y ‘nkfonk ;wkih’ pD/.

e~No f;~yK Bz{ fJj ;wMd/ d/o BjhA b~rh fe t/dK dh sEkswesk Bz{ b? e/ ;tkwh d:kBzd ;o;tsh dhnKXkoDktK UBhnK jh d[okrqjh ;B fizBhnK e[okD Bz{ b? e/ w[;bwkBK dhnK.

UjBK dh Bio ft~u ‘r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp’ fJ~e rΩD wj~st dh ouBk ;h ns/ f;~y r[o{ nbg frnkBh ;B.UjBK B/ r[o{ BkBe d/t Bz{ ‘dzGh’- efj e/ fBzfdnk ehsh. d:kBzd ;o;tsh f;~y XowkswktK Bz{ ;z;feqsdk frnkB Bk jØD ekoB th fBzdk:Ør wzBd/ ;B. iØ eØJh th UjBK d/ ‘wkDeK’ s/ yok BjhA ;h, T[; Bz{ Ujwjkw{oy efjzd/ ;B. d:kBzd ;o;tsh B/ fdPk fd~sh ;h ns/ UjBK d/ T[s;kjh nB[:kJhnK B/ UjBK Bz{rsh fd~sh.Bshik fJj jØfJnk fe f;~yK B/ d:kBzd ;o;tsh s ØA w[zj wØV fbnk.fJzBk jh BjhA, w[;bwkBKns/ Jh;kJhnK Bkb fwb e/ UjBK dh g[;se ‘;fsnkoE gqekP’ s/ gqshpzX brkUD dh wzr th ehsh feUZfefJ; ft~u fJjBK fszBK XowK d/ r[o{nK s/ nkoØg brkJ/ rJ/ ;B.

Jh;kJh fwPBohnK ns/ nkfonk ;wki dh rshftXhnK sØA fJbktk gqKs ft~u gfotosB dhnK j Øo bfjoKth ub ojhnK ;B. gzikp ft~u pzrkbh p[~XhihthnK dk nkUDk th P[o{ jØ frnk ;h, iØ nkgD/ Bkb okikokw wØjB okJ/ (1771^1833) ns/ pqjw ;wki fij/ T[dkotkdh fjzd[st dk ;zd/P b? e/ nkJ/ ;B. UjBK B/1864 ft~u bkjΩo ft~u fJ;dh fJ~e Pkyk yØbh ns/ fdnkb f;zx wihmhnk fij/ ikD/ wkD/ ftnesh B/ pqjw;wki ft~u dhePk bJh.gzikp ft~u nfXnkswtkdhnK (fEU;Øfc;N) dk th ekch n;o fgnk fiBK ft~uØAeJhnK (vkH n?Bh p/;?AN) B/ fJ~E/ GkPD th fd~s/.w?e;w{bo, ;o n?vftB noBkbv ns/ vkH wØfBnoftbhnwI dh g[;seK d/ gqekPB B/ fjzd{st ns/ fjzd{ Xow d/ pko/ bØeK ft~u o{uh irkJh.T[; sØA pkndgzikp T[Zs/ eJh g[;seK gqekfPs jØJhnK.f;~y nkgD/ rqzE d/ :{ogh o{gKsoD Bz{ b? e/ th y[Pfe;ws BjhA;B. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjpØ Bz{ nzro/Ih ft~u nB[tkfds eoB bJh fJzvhnk nkfc; ft~u fJ~e iowB GkPk ftfrnkBhvkH noB?;N Nqzg Bz{ s?Bks ehsk frnk.Nqzg B/ rqzE d/ e[M gzfBnK dk nB[tkd eoB dh eØfPP ehsh, gonB[tkd ft~u/ jh S~v fd~sk feUAfe fJ;dh GkPk ;z;feqs ftnkeoD d/ fB:wK nB[;ko BjhA ;h ns/ f;~ynfXnkswtkdhnk B/ th T[;dh wdd eoB sØA wBk eo fd~sk. id ØA Nqzg dh fJj wj~stjhD fijh ouBkgqekfPs jØJh, sK f;~yK Bz{ ekch fBokPk jØJh.T[;dh G{fwek ft~u jh ‘r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp’ dh ftP/ t;s{ Bz{ b?e/ pj[s e[o{uhg{oD fN~gDhnK ;B.T[;dk nB[tkd th rbs, fc~ek ns/ nekftnkswe ;h.go f;~y bØenkgD/ f;tkJ/ jØo fe; Bz{ dØP fd~d/.


BØN


;kfjfse ns/ P?efPe nzdØbBK dh fpnko s/ih Bkb tfjD b~rh. 1870 ns/ 1880 d/ dPeK ft~u gzikp ft~ufJ~e Uohn?ANb ekb/i, fJ~e :{Bhtof;Nh bkfJpq/oh, ;e{b Uc nkoNI, ;kfJz; fJz;NhfuT{N ns/ fJ~ew?vheb ekb/i yØb/ rJ/.fjzd{nK ns/ w[;bwkBK B/ gzikp ft~u nkgD/ nkgD/ ;e{b ns/ ekb/i yØbD/ P[o{ eofd~s/, f;oc f;~y bØe jh fg~S/ ofj rJ/ ;B.

nzfwqs;o ns/ bkjnzfwqs;o ns/ bkjnzfwqs;o ns/ bkjnzfwqs;o ns/ bkjnzfwqs;o ns/ bkjΩo dhnK f;zx ;GktKL o dhnK f;zx ;GktKL o dhnK f;zx ;GktKL o dhnK f;zx ;GktKL o dhnK f;zx ;GktKL nkfonk ;wki d/ gqtosB sØA uko ;kb gfjbK, fJ~e fjzd{ teskd/ f;~y r[o{nK bJh ehsh rJh fBzdkswe fN~gDhnK Bz{ b? e/, nzfwqs;o d/ f;~yk B/ fJ~e whfNzr p[bkJh.fJjftoØX gqdoPB eoD tkbhnK ;GktK, fi; ;z;Ek d[nkok nk:Øfis ehshnK iKdhnK ;B, Uj nkgD/ nkgBz{ ‘f;zx ;Gk’ efj e/ p[bkUAdh ;h.f;zx ;Gk Bz{ gzikp d/ nwhoK, fIwhdkoK ns/ o{Vhtkdh f;~yK dk ;fj:Ørfwb fojk ;h.fJ; ;[;kfJNh d/ T[d/PK ft~u ;h^ r[o{nK d/ T[gd/PK dh g[BogqfsPmk, gzikph ft~u Xkofwe ;kfjsdh ouBk ns/ nBgVsk d/ fto~[X nfGnkB. fJ;d/ gqtose fJj th ukj[zd/ ;b fe T[Zu gd;E nzro/iK Bz{nkeofPs ehsk ikt/ ns/ f;zx ;Gk d/ P?efPe gqØrokwK ft~u UjBK dk :ØrdkB fbnk ikt/.;oekoh ;zoePD;[fBPfus eoB tk;s/ f;zx ;Gk B/ s?n ehsk fe fpqfNP okiszso d/ gqsh nkgDh tckdkoh iskJh ikt/. m~eof;zx ;zXktkbhnk fJ;d/ nfXneP ns/ frnkBh frnkB f;zx nfwqs;o ‘;qh r[o{ rØfpzd f;zx ;Gk’ d/ ;fut ;B.;oeko B/ fJ; ;z;Ek d/ P?efPe gqØrokw Bz{ nkgD/ ;zoePD ft~u b? fbnk.

1879 ft~u bkjΩo ft~u fJ~e jØo f;zx ;Gk dk rmB jØfJnk.fJ; f;zx ;Gk d/ B/sk w~X tor d/ e[M gV/fby/ ns/ T{oiktkB BΩitkB ;B.gzikp d/ rtoBo ;o oØpoN fJroNB B/ fJ; dk ;zoePe pDBk ;thekoeo fbnk.ns/ tkfJ;okJ/ bØov b?A;vkT{B Bz{ th fJ; Bz{ wdd d/D bJh fsnko eo fbnk. bkjΩo f;zx ;GkB/ eJh PfjoK ft~u nkgDh PkyktK yØbhnK, fgzvK ft~u fwPBoh G/i/, f;~y r[NK Bkb skbw/b pDkfJnk ns/gzikph ft~u g~so g~sohektK SkgDhnk P[o{ ehshnK.

1883 ft~u bkjΩo ns/ nfwqs;o dh f;zx ;GktK dk nkg; ft~u ftbn jØ frnk. go UjBK dk fJj ;zrmbn;cb fojk. nzfwqs;o f;zx ;Gk dk rmB y/w f;zx p/dh d[nkok fB:zsfos Bow gqftq~sh d/ o{Vhtkdh bØeKsØA j ØfJnk ;h. r[o{ BKBe d/ tzPi j ØD d/ Bks/ y/w f;zx p/dh r[o{ Bz{ fwbD tkb/ uVkt/ Bz{ b?D d/ nfGn;s;B.bkjΩo f;zx ;Gk d/ b Øe gqrshtkdh ftukoXkok d/ ;B ns/ r[o{ gqEk d/ xØo ftoØXh ;B.d Øt/A dbK ft~unS{sK d/ r[o{d[nko/ ft~u nk e/ gqkoEBk eoB d/ wkwb/ ft~u yNgN jØ rJh. gqshfeqnktkdh ns/ o{Vhtkdhdb r[o{ d/ rqzEhnK dh fJ; r~b Bkb ;fjws ;h fe S{s f;~yK Bz{ fJ~e fBPfus ;w/A s/ jh r[od[nko/ ft~unkUD dh nkfrnk jØt/rh ns/ UjBK Bz{ uVkt/ uVkUD dk nfXeko BjhA jØt/rk.dØjk f;zx ;GktK dk nkg;hsoe ftsoe eb/P ft~u pdb frnk.o{Vhtkdh dbk B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fJ; nzdØbB sØA n~br eo fbnk ns/y[~b/ sΩo s/ nkgDh d[PwDh gqrN eoB b~r/.

nkfonk ;wki d/ s/I c?bkt ns/ fJ; d/ nB/e B/sktK dh f;~y ftoØXh ftukoXkok B/ f;zx ;Gk nzdØbB d/;kjwD/ fJ~e u[BΩsh yVh eo fd~sh.fJ; Bkb nkfonk ;wki ns/ fJ; d/ e[M f;~y ;woEeK dk nbrkt thnzfsw uoD ft~u gj[zu frnk.

dØt/A f;zx ;GktK ft~u d[pkok ;[bk jØ rJh. dØjK B/ fwb e/ nkgDk ekb/I y ØbD dh mkDh. bkjΩo ft~u Gkoh;zfynk ft~u i[N/ bØeK dh fJ~e ;Gk ft~u fJ~e :ØiBk pDkJh rJh ns/ ;toDwzfdo t~bØA fJ~e j[ewBkwk ikohehsk frnk.fJ; ft~u f;yK Bz{ fejk frnk fe Uj ;G fJ; ekb/i Bz{ pDkUD bJh nkgDh nkwdBh dkd;tKP dkB ft~u d/D. nzro/I P[GfuzseK B/ fJzrb?Av ft~u XB fJ~emk eoB bJh, bzdB ft~u fJ~e ;fwshdk rmB ehsk.tkfJ;okJ/ ns/ ewKvo fJB uhc d/ gqØs;kjB s/ f;~y oki wjkokfinK B/ Gkoh wksok ft~udkB fd~s/ ns/ ‘n/ArbØ fJzvhnB f;ftb n?Av fwbNoh rIN’ B/ pV/ T[s;kj Bkb fJ; w[fjzw dk ;woEBehsk.gqKs d/ eØB/ e ØB/ ft~u XB dh toyk jØD b~rh. 5 wkou, 1892 Bz{ fJ; w[fjzw ft~u fBih o{g Bkb o{uhb?D tkb/ b?cNhB?AN rtoBo ;o i/w; fbnkb B/ nfwqs;o ft~u ‘ykb;k ekb/i’ dh BhAj o~yh.

fJj sK ;zGt jh ;h fe J/Bh ftftX rshftXhnk tkbh ;z;Ek f;zx ;Gk dh ekbKso ft~u nkgDh eØJh Bk eØJhokiBhsh ftef;s jØt/rh. ;zB 1902 ft~u uhc ykb;k dhtkB’ d/ rmB d/ Bkb fJ; B/ w{os o{g b? fbnk. ‘uhcykb;k dhtkB’ jØo ;w[dk:K d/ ;kg/y f;~yK dh o~fynk, fpqfNP okiszso d/ gqsh tckdkoh g?dk eotkUD ns/;oekoh ;/tktK ftP/Peo ;?Bk ft~u f;~yK dh ;w[fus nrtkJh ft~u bVD d/ bJh nkfd dh w[fjzwK bJh tuBp~X;h.brGr fJ; d/ gqtosB sØA jh, fJ; d/ ;otkfXe gqGkth B/sk ;B^;[zdo f;zx wihmhnk.


BØN


f;zx ;Gk nzdØbB d/ ;G sØA wj~stg{oD g~y P?efPe ns/ ;kyosk ;zpzXh jh ;B. ;zB 1902 s ØA pknd s ØAjo ;kb fJ~e f;~fynk ;zw/bB nk: Øfis ehsk ikD b~rk skfe f;~y ;w[dkn ft~u ;kyosk dh s~oeh dkb/yk iØyk fsnko ehsk ik ;e/.ns/ ;e{b pDkUD bJh XB fJ~emk ehsk ik ;e/. fJBK ykb;k ;e{bK ft~ur[ow[yh ns/ f;~y XowrqzEK dh f;~fynk Io{oh ;h.

f;~fynk Bz{ T[s;kfjs eoB bJh w[fjzw B/ g[;seK, g~sfoektK ns/ nypkoK d/ gqekPB Bz{ tXktk fd~sk.

gzikph g~soekfosk ft~u g{zih fBt/P dk ;G sØA gfjbk T[Zdw ;h^ ‘ykb;k nypko’ Bkwe ;gskfje. 1899 ft~u‘ykb;k ;wkuko’ dh P[o{nks jØJh ns/ ibdh jh fJj f;~y ;w[dkn dk fJ~e nr/sok Xkofwe g~so pDfrnk.GkJh tho f;zx d/ ;zgkdB ekb ft~u fJ; dh gq;ko ;zfynk ekch tX rJh.GkJh tho f;zx T[gzfBnk;eko,eth ns/ Xkofwe rqzEK d/ fN~gDheko d/ o{g ft~u wPj{o jØJ/.GkJh tho f;zx B/ ‘ykb;k g[;se ;[;kfJNh’ dhP[o{nks ehsh ns/ f;~y fJfsjk; ns/ Xow d// ftfGzB g~yK Bkb i[V/ ;kfjs dk gqekPB ehsk.

f;~y Xow s/ nukBe jh r[ow[yh ns/ nzro/Ih ft~u nB/e g[;seK dk gqekPB jØfJnk.r[ow[yh dh feskpK ft~ufrnkBh frnkB f;zx dh g[;seK^ ‘gE gqekP’ ns/ ‘stkohy r[o{ ykb;k’ ns/ ekjB f;zx feqs f;~y ;kfjs dkGkoh Goew frnkB eØP ‘r[o{Ppd osBkeo wjKeØP’ fuo;EkJh w~jst dhnK ouBktK ;B.fJjBK fdBK ft~ujh n?wH J/H w?ekfbc feqs f;~y r[o{nK d/ ihtB ns/ T[gd/PK s/ nkXkfos ftqjd rqzE gqekfPs jJnk.

f;zx ;Gk nzdØbB B/ Bk f;oc f;~yK dh fjzd{ Xow ft~u tkg;h Bz{ oØfenk pbfe fjzd{ y/wK ft~u XowKsoD dhnKrshftXhnK ikoh eo e/ UjBK sØA pdbk th fbnk.g~Swh gzikp ns/ f;zX d/ fjzd{ t~vh ;zfynk ft~u ‘;fjiXkohf;~y’ pD rJ/ ns/ fco ;fjiXkohnK Bz{ ‘ykb;k’ pDkfJnk frnk.

gzikph ft~u nkfonk ;wki d/ T[~EkB ns/ ft;sko dk fjzd{^f;~y ;zpzXK dh fdPk s/ fBoDkfJe gqGkt fgnkns/ fJ;/ B/ gqKs ft~u fpqfNP ftoØXh okiBhfse nzdØbBK dh o{go/yk fsnko ehsh.f;~yK B/ nkfonk ;wkid[nkok ubkJh rJh ‘P[~Xh’ dh w[zfjw dk vN e/ ftoØX ehsk. nkfonk ;wkih fizBK jh dktk eod/ fe f;~yXow th fjzd{ Xow dk jh fJ~e fj~;k j?, UBk jh f;~y bØe nkrqj eod/ fe Uj fJ~e nb~r ns/ ftfPPN;w[dkn ;B.fJ; feqnk ns/ gqshfeqnk B/ d Ø ;fj^ ;w[dk:K d/ ft~u d/ eohph foPs/ Bz{ ueBku{o eofd~sk.fJ; dh nfGftnesh fJ~e g[;fsek ‘n;hA fjzd{ BjhA jK’ d/ gqekPB ft~u jØJh.fJ; Bz{ BkGk d/ssekbhB w[~ywzsoh ftdtkB ekjB f;zx B/ fbfynk ;h.ukj/ ‘f;zx ;Gk’ nzdØbB 1920 d/ djke/ ft~u yswjØ frnk, fJ; B/ f;~yK ft~u fjzd[s~t d/ fybkc fJ~e fuo;EkJh o~fynkswe o~tJhnk Go fd~sk.

;tkwh d:kBzd d/ T[gd/PK ft~u fJ~e s/I okiBhfse nktkI ;h.fjzd[s~t Bz{ t?fde ekb sØA pknd fJ; ft~unk i[V/ r?oIo{oh s~sK sØA P[~X eoB dh nkgDh fJ~Sk dh xØPDK eod/ jØJ/, ;tkwh d:kBzd, don;b fjzd{ ;wkiBz{ r?o fjzd{ bØeK d/ ti{d sØA w[es eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B.fJ;bkw ns/ Jh;kJh Xow dh nkbØuBk eod/ jJ/, Ujtk;st ft~u sK fjzd[;skBh w[;bwkBK ns/ nzro/iK T[Zs/ jh gqjko eo oj/ ;B.Bshi/ tiØA nkfonk ;wkid[nkok fbnKd/ rJ/ fjzd[st d/ g[Bo^T[ZEkB ftu fJ~e s/I w[;fbw ftoØXh ns/ fpqfNP ftoØXh wsKXs ;hiØ ne;o gzikph fjzd{ okPNotkdhnK d/ fpnkBK ft~u ;kc Mbedh ;h.fJBK gzikph fjzd{ okPNotkdhnK ft~ut~vh ;zfynk ft~u nkfonk ;wkih ;B, T[dkjoD bJh bkbk bkigs okJ/, nihs f;zx, bkbk jz;oki ns/nB/e gzikph fjzd{ eqKshekoh. ‘Gkosh okPNoh eKro;’ T[Zs/ nkfonk ;wkihnK d/ fB:zsoD B/ ;[szsosknzdØbB Bz{ fjzd{ g[BoikroD d/ fJ~e g~y dk jh o{g d/ fd~sk ;h ns/ fJjh w[~y o{g ft~u w[;bwkBK ns/ f;~yKd/ fJ; sØA nb~r ofjD dk ekoD ;h.


J fjzd{ Xow ft~u gfjbk ;[Xko nzdØbB pqjw ;wki ;h fi; s/ nkX[fBe g~Swh ftukoXkok dk pj[s gqGktfgnk ;h. okik okw wØjB okJ/ (1774^1833) fJ;d/ gqtose ;B. Uj fJ~e pj[s t~v/ ftdtkB ;B iØ

noph, cko;h, ;z;feqs torhnK gqkun GkPktK ns/ nzro/ih, |qK;h;h, bkshBh, :{BkBh ns/ nophGkPktK ikDd/ ;B.

J fi; ;w/A g~Swh f;fy~nk sØA gqGkfts jØ e/ so[D pzrkbh Jh;kJh Xow t~b fy~u/ ik oj/ ;B, T[; ;w/A okikokw wØjB okJ/ fjzd{ Xow d/ o~fyne d/ o{g ft~u ;kjwD/ nkJ/.fJ~e gk;/ UjBK B/ gqukoeK d/ fto{~X fjzd{


BØN


Xow dh o~fynk ehsh ns/ d{i/ gk;/ fjzd{ Xow ft~u nkJ/ M{m ns/ nzXftPtk;K Bz{ ysw eoD dh eØfPPehsh.

J fJ; ;z;Ek ft~u BtK ihtB c{eD ns/ fJ; Bz{ fJ~e JhPtotkdh nzd ØbB d/ o{g ft~u n~r/ tXkUDdk Pq/n wjkfoPh d/t/z zdo BkE N?rØo (1818^1905) Bz{ j?.Uj fJ; nzd ØbB ft~u 1842 ft~u Pkfwbj ØJ/ ns/ UjBK B/ pqjw Xow ntbzphnK Bz{ w{osh g{ik, shoE :ksok, eoweKv ns/ gqkPfusnkfd sØA o Øfenk.

J e/Pt uzdo ;/B nkfd , pqjw ;wkihnK bJh fBT{Bsw T[wo dk gquko eod/ ;B.gqzs{ 1878 ft~u e/Ptuzdo ;/B nkgDh 13 ;kbk g[~soh dk fttkj e{u ftjko d/ Bkpkfbr okik Bkb g{oD t?fde eow eKvBkb eo fd~sk. fejk fJj frnk fe fJj ;G “JhPto dh nkfrnk@ j?. e/Pt uzdo ;/B d/ nfXesonB[:k:hnK B/ d[yh jØ e/ fJ~e BtK pqjw ;wki ‘;XkoD pqjw ;wki’ pDk fbnk.ibdh jh e/Pt uzdo;/B dk ;wki fJfsjk; d/ jB/fonK dh n;gPNsk ft~u yØ frnk.pqjw ;wki B/ Gkosh g[Bo ikroDft~u fJ~e nfjw G[fwek fBgkJh.

J 1867 ft~u e/Pt uzdo dh gq/oDk Bkb pzpJh ft~u fJ~e gqkoEBk ;wki ;Ekfgs ehsk frnk.gqzs{fJBK b ØeK B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fe;/ BthB Xow dk ik fjzd{ Xow d/ pkjo iK Bkb Bkb fe;/ BthBws d/ nB[:k:h d/ o{g ft~u BjhA wzfBnk pbfe e/tb fJ; Xow d/ nzdo jh fJ~e nzdØbB d/ o{gft~u fJ; Bz{ ;theko ehsk.fJ~e JhPtotkd sØA fJbktk wjkokPNo ft~u ;wki ;[Xko, ‘ezw Bk feftPtk;’ s/ jh pb fd~sk frnk.UjBk dk ftPtk; ;h fe JhPto dk ;~uk fgnko T[; d/ wB[~yK dh;/tk ft~u j?.

J w{b Pzeo (1824^ 83) iØ nkw sΩo s/ d:kBzd d/ BK Bkb ikD/ iKd/ jB dk iBw 1824 ft~u r[ioks dhwΩoth fonk;s d/ fBtk;h fJ~e pqkjwD e[b ft~u jØfJnk. UjBK d/ fgsk iØ nkg t/dK d/ wjkB ftdtkB;B, UjBK B/ UjBK Bz{ t?fde f;~fynk ns/ fBnkn doPB nkfd gVkfJnk.d:kBzd dh fifrnk;k B/UjBK Bz{ :Ør nfGnk; nkfd eoD s/ wip{o ehsk .

J 1875 ft~u UjBK B/ pzpJh ft~u nkfonk ;wki dh ;EkgBk ehsh. Ffi;dk w[~y T[d/P gqkuhB t?fdeXow dh P[~X o{g ft~u g[Bo ;EkgBk ;h.iØ M{m/ Xkofwe ftPtk; nsk ;wkfie e[ohshnK ekbKso ft~ufjzd{ ;wki ft~u nk rJhnK ;B, UjBK Bz{ iVQ sØA e~YD dk fBPuk ehsk. 1877 ft~u nkfonk ;wkibkjΩo dh ;EkgBk jØJh fi; sØA pknd nkfonk ;wki dk fInkdk gquko j ØfJnk. ;tkwh d:kBzd dkT[d/P ;h fe Gkos Bz{ Xkofwe, ;wkfie ns/ okPNoh o{g ft~u fJ~e eo fd~sk ikt/.UjBK dh fJ~Sk ;hfe nkfonk Xow jh d/P dk ;wkB Xow jØt/. UjBK Bz{ ;wekbhB fjzd{ Xow ns/ ;wki ft~u nB/eewhnK t/yD Bz{ fwbhnK.UjBK B/ fJBK d Øj/ y/soK ft~u ihtB Go nDE~e ezw ehsk.

J UjBK B/ ndt?stkd Bz{ , fe ;z;ko fJ~e wk:k j?, nkswk gowkswk dk jh Gkr j?, fJ; sØA fJbktk ;GM{m j?, ;z;ko sØA gbk:B jh ihtB dk T[d/P j?, fJ; doPB Bz{ UjBK B/ P[~X t?fde gozgok d/ fto[~Xd~f;nk. UjBK d/ nB[;ko e[dos ;~s j?, nkswk ;~s j?, ns/ fu~s j? ns/ gowkswk ;~s fu~s ns/ nkBzdj?.

J UjBK dk Bkok ;h ‘d[pkok t/d t~b u~bØ Ø’ Bk fe t?fde ekb t~b u~bØ .

J UjBK d/ ;ko/ ftuko UjBK dh gqf;~X g[;se ‘;fsnkoE gqekP’ ft~u tofDs jB. pqjw ;wkins/ fEU;Øcheb ;Gk g~Swh ft~fdnk gV/ b ØeK Bz{ pj[s uzrh brdh ;h.;tkwh d:kBzd dh f;~fynkdh w[~y ftPP/sk fJj ;h fe T[; ft~u UjBK B/ g~Swh doPB, f;~fynk ns/ ;wki ft~uØ A e[M thBjhA fbnk.UjBK B/ sK e/tb fJj fejk fe t/d ns/ T[gfBPd s ØA go/ e[M BjhA ns/ fiBK fiBKohsh fotkiK, gozgok, eow eKv iK ;wkfie p[okJhnK dh t/d ft~u nB[wsh BjhA, sK Uj ;ko/fsnkrD:Ør jB.

J UjBK dh wØs s ØA pknd 1886 ft~u P[o{ ehshnK rJhnK n?Arb Ø t?fde ;z;EktK ibdh jh d/P d/ e ØB/eØB/ ft~u c?b rJhnK.;tkwh ih d/ nB[:kJh o{Vhtkdh ns/ gqshfeqnktkdh BjhA ;B.UjBK B/ nzro/ihGkPk ns/ frnkB Bz{ th ngDkfJnk.noEks gqkuhB ns/ g~Swh frnkB dk ;g sØA tXhnk ;wBt:


BØN


fJ; ft~u fwbdk j?.fJjBK f;~fynk Bz{ th nkfonk ;wki B/ dØ db ns/ M{m/ ftPtk;K s Ø A fBebDd/ fJ~e ;kXB d/ o{g ft~u gq: Ør ehsk.1892^93 ft~u nkfonk ;wki d/ d Ø db jØ rJ/.fJ~e g~Swhf;~fynk dk fto ØXh ;h.UjBK B/ 1902 ft~u jfod[nko ft~u fJ~e r[o{e[b ;Ekfgs eo fbnk fi~E/gqkuhB t?fde f;~fynk gqkuhB g~Xsh Bkb fd~sh iKdh ;h.ns/ U;/ d/ Bw{B/ s/ eJh jØo ;EkBK s/r[o{e[b pDkJ/.

J nzfwqs;o ft~u f;zx ;Gk nzdØbB P[o{ j ØfJnk.fJ; Bkb ;zpzfXs fJ~e jØo ;z;Ek ;h w[~y ykb;kdhtkB.fJBK ;z;EktK B/ gzikp ft~u pj[s ;ko/ r[odtko/ ;ekfgs ehs/ ns/ ;e{b ns/ ekb/I yØb/.f;zx;Gk dk jh fJ~e SØNk nzdØbB @nekbh bfjo@ ;h.

J 1921 ft~u nekbhnK B/ r[od[nfonK d/ T[Zdko bJh fJBk wjzsK d/ fto[ZX nfjz;kswe n;fj:Ør;~fsnkrqfj nzdØbB P[o{ ehsk.

3H53H53H53H53H5 Ppde Ppde Ppde Ppde PpdeØP P P P P (Keywords)

J nksw^gohyFD L ;t? w[~bKeD

J n;fjPD{sk L nB[dko, o{V

J e[mkoxks L s/I gqjko, emØo t?ukfoe gqjko


1H pqjw ;wki dh ;EkgBk fe; B/ ehsh ns/ feUAeh fJj ;zrmB nkgD/ ;wkfie ;[XkoK d/ T[d/PK ft~u;|b fojk< w[~bKeD eoØ.

2. nkfonk ;wki d/ T[d/PK Bz{ ;gPN eod/ jØJ/ ;[szsosk nzdØbB ft~u fJ; ;zrmB dh G{fwek Bz{ o/yKfeseoØ.

3. f;zx ;Gk nzdØbB dk ;zy/g toDB fdU.

4H nkfonk ;wki d/ ;z;Ekge ;tkwh d:kBzd ;o;tsh Bz{ gkos dk wkofNB b{Eo fejk iKdk j?, feUA<;gPN eoØ.

T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)(1) (y) (2) (y) (3) (r) (4) (x)

(5) (e)


p[e; 1H nkX[fBe Gkos, n?;H e/H gKv/, gq:kr nekdwh fJbkjkpkd




BØN


fJekJh^4L ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[XkofJekJh^4L ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[XkofJekJh^4L ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[XkofJekJh^4L ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[XkofJekJh^4L ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[Xko(Reforms of Cornwallis)


T[d/P (Objectives) ikDekoh (Introduction)

4H1 ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[XkoL bØe ;/tktK, fBnkfJe ns/ g[fb; ;[Xko (Reforms of Cornwallis: PublicServices, Judicial and Police Reforms)







J ekoBtkfb; d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ ;[XkoK Bz{ ;wMD ft~u,


1786 ft~u ezgBh d/ fJ~e T[Zu tzP ns/ e[bhB ftq~sh d/ ftnesh Bz{ fgN; fJzvhnk n?eN d/ nXhB o/yKfesPKsh;EkgBk ns/ gqPk;B d/ g[BormB j/s{ rtoBo IBob f:[es eoe/ gkos G/fink frnk.T[;Bz{ ftP/Peo fJ~e ;zsØPiBe G{wheo ftt;Ek ;Ekfgs eoDk, fJ~e JhwkBdko ns/ e[Pb fBnkn ftt;Ek pDkUDkns/ ezgBh d/ tgko ftGkr dk g[BormB eoBk ;h.T[;B/ tko/B j/;fNzrI d/ ;Ekfgs ehs/ j/ YKu/ T[Zs/jh nfsfoes Pk;B ftt;Ek dk rmB ehsk iØ 1858 s~e ubdk fojk.

4H1 ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[XkoL b4H1 ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[XkoL b4H1 ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[XkoL b4H1 ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[XkoL b4H1 ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[XkoL bØe ;/tktK, fBnkfJe ns/ g[fb; ;[Xkoe ;/tktK, fBnkfJe ns/ g[fb; ;[Xkoe ;/tktK, fBnkfJe ns/ g[fb; ;[Xkoe ;/tktK, fBnkfJe ns/ g[fb; ;[Xkoe ;/tktK, fBnkfJe ns/ g[fb; ;[Xko(Reforms of Cornwallis: Public Services, Judicial andPolice Reforms)

f;ftb ;/tk iK bf;ftb ;/tk iK bf;ftb ;/tk iK bf;ftb ;/tk iK bf;ftb ;/tk iK bØe ;/tkLe ;/tkLe ;/tkLe ;/tkLe ;/tkL ekoBtkfb; Gkops ft~u f;ftb ;/tk dk iBw dksk ;h. fJ; ;/tk ft~u 1853JhH sØA gqsh:Ørskwe gqhfynk jØD b~rh.P[o{ ft~u fJj fJzrb?Av ft~u j[zdh ;h go 1923 s ØA fJj Gkos ft~unk:Øfis eoh ikD b~rh.;[o/Ado BkE p?Boih idØA n;w d/ ebeNo ;B, sK UjBK Bz{ fBbzfps eo fd~skfrnk ;h idØA fe ;[GkP uzdo pØ; B/ gqhfynk gk; eoD d/ pkti{d fsnkrg~so d/ fd~sk ;h.P[o{ ft~u fJ;gqhfynk dh T[wo 23 ;kb ;h, fi;Bz{ fbNB B/ xNk e/ 19 ;kb eo fd~sk.

f;ftb ;oft; dk rmB f;ftb ;oft; dk rmB f;ftb ;oft; dk rmB f;ftb ;oft; dk rmB f;ftb ;oft; dk rmB (Organkzation of the Civil Services)fJ~e e[Pb gqPk;fBe ;/tk dk rmB, iØ Uj fBPfus fB:wK nB[;ko ezw eodh ;h, nzro/ih Jh;NfJzvhnk ezgBh dk fJ~e j Øo wj~stg{oD ezw ;h.fJj nzro/iK dh g{ot gfo;fEsh s Ø A g{oh soK t~y ;hfi; ft~u ;EkBh: ns/ ftnesh ftP/P dh ftneshrs nfGo{uh d/ nB[;ko gqPk;e ezw eod/ ;B.

fJekJh^4L ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[XkofJekJh^4L ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[XkofJekJh^4L ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[XkofJekJh^4L ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[XkofJekJh^4L ekoBtkfb; d/ ;[Xko

BØN


ezgBh d/ nkozfGe fdBK ft~u ezgBh d/ nfXekoh iK fbgheko fiBK Bz{ gqto iK efBPm tgkoh nfGeosk ns/fbgheko efjzd/ ;B, fwb e/ ;ko/ tgkoe ns/ gqPk;fBe ezw eod/ ;B.fBd/PeK d/ nfXeoD nkgD/ gq?Po: dkgq:r eod/ ;B ns/ nkgD/ fw~soK, ed/ ed/ g[~soK Bz{ jh Gkos ft~u gqPk;fBe ;/tk bJh Gkos G/i fdzd/ ;B.ed/ ed/ fJj fB:[eshnK w[~b th t/uhnK iKdhnK ;B. nkwdB pj[s x~N j[zdh ;h.fJ; bJh fJj bØe foPtsb?Ad/ ;B. tko/B j/;fNzrI B/ gdK d/ t/sB pj[s fInkdk tXk fd~s/ sK fe fwfEnkuko x~N jØ ;e/. gqPk;B dkyou pj[s fInkdk jØ frnk gqzs{ T[; Bkb Bk sK e[Pbsk nkJh ns/ Bk jh fGqPNsk x~N jØJh. ekoBtkfb; B/t~v/ t~v/ gdK dk :{ogheoD ehsk ns/ gqPk;fBe ;/tktK ft~u t/sB jØo th fInkdk eo fd~s/ gqzs{ T[;B/ Bk sK fJBKfB:[eshnK bJh u:B ehs/ ns/ Bk jh T[BK d/ gqfPePD dk mhe mke gqpzX ehsk. bkov t?bibh B/ gfjbh tko gqPk;fBe;/teK d/ gqfPePD bJh Btzpo 1800 ft~u ebe~sk ft~u cØoN ftbhnw ekb/i yØfbnk. fJ~E/ ezgBh d/ gdkfXekohnKBz{ ;kfjs, ftfrnkB ns/ Gkosh GkPktK dk frnkB fd~sk iKdk ;h.fBd/PeK d/ gqkXheoD Bz{ fJj BjhA ifunkidØA fe ekb/i gdkfXekohnK Bz{ Gkosh GkPktK dk frnkB d/D bJh 1854 s~e ezw eodk fojk.gqzs{ fBd/PeK B/fJj mhe ;wfMnk fe fJzrb?Av ft~u jh Gkosh gqPk;eK d/ gqfPePD bJh fJ~e ekb/I yØfbnk ikt/ ns/ j/bhpoh d/;EkB s/ fJ~e Jh;N fJzvhnk ekb/I 1806 ft~u yØfbnk frnk.fJ~E/ Gkos ft~u fB:[esh sØA gfjbK fJBK so[DgdkfXekohnK Bz{ 2 ;kb s~e gqfPePD b?Dk j[dk ;h.

ezgBh d/ gdkfXekohnK dh fB:[esh bJh GkoshnK bJh dotki/ g{oh soK pzd ;B.fJj mhe j? fe 1833d/ ukoNo n?eN dh Xkok 87 d/ nB[;ko fJj gqktXkB ;h fe ezgBh dh gqPk;fBe ;/tk bJh ozr dk G/dGkt BjhA jØt/rk. go fJj efjD dh r~b jh ;h.T[Zu gqPk;fBe ;/tk ft~u fe;/ Gkosh dh fB:[eshBjhA jØJh.fJE ØA s~e fe e[JhB fteN Øohnk dh 1858 dh x ØPDk ft~u th fJj nkPtk;B fdsk frnk ;hfe “;kvh gqik ukj/ fe;/ th Xow iK iksh dh j Øt/ w[es ns/ G/dGkt ofjs o{g Bkb fe;/ th gd d/bJh fi; d/ T[j :Ør j Øt/, u[Dh ik ;edh j?.@ gqzs{ fJ; eEB dk e ØJh th gqGkt BjhA j ØfJnk ns/ T[Zu/gqPk;fBe gd e/tb rØo/ b ØeK bJh jh ;[o~fyns oj/. Gkosh iBsk Bz{ pjbkUD bJh ns/ iksh ;wkBskfdykUD bJh UjBK Bz{ fvgNh ebeNo ns/ fvgNh w?fi;Nq/N d/ gd rfms ehs/ rJ/ ns/ e[M GkoshnKBz{ b~frnk fe Uj fJBK gdK s~e gj[zu ;ed/ jB.

fBnkfJe ;[XkoL fBnkfJe ;[XkoL fBnkfJe ;[XkoL fBnkfJe ;[XkoL fBnkfJe ;[XkoL ekoBtkfb; dk gfjbk ezw fIb/ dh ;koh Pesh Bz{ ebeNoK d/ j~EK ft~u e/Afdqs eoBk;h.ns/ fJj UjBK nkd/PK d/ nB[e{b ;h iØ vkfJo?eNoK B/ T[; Bz{ fd~s/ ;B.ns/ fi; d/ w[~y s~s fwsft::skns/ ;obsk ;B. 1787 ft~u fifbnK ft~u ekotkj ebeNoK Bz{ dhtkBh ndkbsK d/ dhtkBh fBnknXhPth fB:[es ehsk frnk ns/ fJ; sØA fJbktk UjBK Bz{ cΩidkoh PeshnK ns/ ;hfws wkwfbnK ft~u cΩidkohfBnkn eoD dk th nfXeko fd~sk frnk.

1790 ns/ 1792 d/ ft~u cΩidkoh fBnkn ft~u e[M gfotosB th ehs/ rJ/. Gkosh fBnknXhPK tkbhcΩidkoh ndkbsK ysw eoe/ UjBK d/ ;EkB s/ 4 GqwD ndkbsK, 3 pzrkb bJh ns/ 1 fpjko bJh fB:[esehshnK rJhnK. fJBK ndkbsK d/ nfXneP nB[p~X :{ogh j[zd/ ;B ns/ ekIh ns/ w[csh UjBK dh wddeod/ ;B.fJj ndkbsK fIb/ dk dΩok eoD ns/ Bro dzvBkfJeK d[nkok fBod/fPs cΩidkoh wkwfbnK dkth fBgNkok eodhnK ;B.fJ;/ gqeko w[ofPdkpkd ft~u ;fEs ;do fBikws ndkbs d/ ;EkB s/ fJ~enfijh ndkbs ebe~s/ ft~u ;Ekfgs ehsh rJh fi; ft~u rtoBo iBob ns/ T[;dh gfoPd d/ w?ApoPkfwb ;B ns/ fi;dh wdd bJh w[~y ekIh ns/ w[~y w[|sh j[zd/ ;B.

ekoBtkfb; ;zfjsk ekoBtkfb; ;zfjsk ekoBtkfb; ;zfjsk ekoBtkfb; ;zfjsk ekoBtkfb; ;zfjsk (Cornwallis code): T[;B/ nkgD/ fBnkfJe ;[XkoK Bz{ 1793 ft~u nzzfsw o{g d/ e/ekoBtkfb; ;zfjsk d/ o{g ft~u gq;s[s ehsk.fJj ;[Xko gqf;~X “PeshnK dk gqEeheoD@ s/ nkXkfos;h.T[;B/ eo ns/ fBnkn gqPk;BK Bz{ nb~r eo fd~sk.T[; ;w/A s~e fIb/ ft~u ebeNoK d/ eØ+ G{wh eoftGkr, ns/ ft;fsqs fBnkfJe ns/ dzvBkfJe PeshnK j[zdhnK ;B. ekoBtkfb; B/ nB[Gt ehsk feebeNo d/ o{g ft~u ehs/ rJ/ nfBnkn dk fBoDk eØJh ;t? fBnknXhP d/ o{g ft~u fet/A eo ;edkj?.fIwhAdko ns/ fe;kB Bz{ fJ; fBnkn s/ ftPtk; BjhA jØt/rk.fJ; bJh ekoBtkfb; ;zfjsk d[nkokebeNo dh fBnkfJe ns/ cΩidkoh PeshnK b? bJhnK rJhnK ns/ T[;d/ e Ø+ e/tb fJ~e ;zpzXh PeshnKofj rJhnK.fIbk dhtkBh ndkbsK ft~u ezw d/ bJh Bt/A nfXekohnK dh Pq/Dh fIbk fBnknXhPK dh rfmsehsh rJh. fJBK Bz{ cΩidkoh ns/ g[fb; d/ ezw th fd~s/ rJ/.


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dhtkBh ndkbsK dh fJ~e eqfwe bVh ;Ekfgs ehsh rJh. eo ns/ dhtkBh wkwfbnK dk G/d ysw eoe/fJBK ndkbsK Bz{ ;ko/ dhtkBh wkwfbnK Bz{ ;[DB dk nfXeko fd~sk frnk. fJ; soK w[zf;c dh ndkbs Bz{50 o[gJ/ s~e d/ wkwb/ ;[DB dk nfXeko ;h fi;dk nfXneP fJ~e Gkosh nfXekoh j[zdk ;h.T[;d/ TZgoofi;Nqko dh ndkbs ;h fi; Bz{ 200 o[gJ/ s~e d/ wkwb/ ;[DB dk nfXeko ;h. fJj fBnknXhP :{oghj[zdk ;h.fJBK dØjK ndkbsK sØA nghb Bro iK fibk ndkbs ft~u jØ ;edh ;h.fibk ndkbs d/ TZgo 4gqKshn ndkbsK ;B fi~E/ fibk ndkbs sØA nghb jØ ;edh ;h. fJj ndkbsK ebe~sk, w[ofPdkpkd, Ykekns/ gNBk ft~u ;fEs ;B.fJBK Bz{ fibk ndkbsK d/ ezwk dk fBohyD th eoBk j[zdk ;h ns/ UjBK d/ efjDs/ ;do dhtkBh ndkbs fe;/ fibk fBnknXhP Bz{ fBbzfps th eo ;edh ;h.e[M wkwfbnK ft~u fJjndkbsK gqEw nfXeko^y/so ndkbs d/ o{g ft~u th ezw ;[D ;ed/ ;B.fJ; sØA T[Zgo ebe~sk ft~u ;fEs;do dhtkBh ndkbs ;h.fi;d/ w?Apo rtoBo iBob ns/ T[;d/ gkoPd j[zd/ ;B.fJj ndkbs 1000 o[gJ/sØA nfXe d/ wkwb/ ;[D ;edh ;h. 5000 sØA nfXe w[~b d/ wkwb/ dh nghb ;gfoPd ;wokN eØb jØ ;edh;h.fJBK ndkbsK ft~u ekiftXh d/ fB:w pDk fd~s/ Rj/ ns/ iØ Gkosh nfXekoh fJBK ndkbsK Bkb ;zpzfXsj[zd/ ;B UjBK dh :Ørsk th fBoXkfos eo fd~sh rJh.fjzd{nK s/ fjzd{ ns/ w[;fbwK s/ w[;fbw ftXh bkr{j[zdh ;h.

fJBK fifbnK ft~u ofjD tkb/ :{ogh bØe th fJBK dhtkBh ndkbsK d/ nXhB eo fd~s/ rJ/.ebe~sk sØA d{oofjD tkb/ :{oghnK Bz{ T[ZE/ ofjD dh nkfrnk sK jh fwbdh i/eo T[j fJjBK ndkbsK dh nXhBsk ;thekoeod/. fJ;/ sok ;oekoh nfXekohnK Bz{ th nkgD/ ;oekoh ezwK bJh fJBK ndkbsK d/ ;kjwD/ T[ZsodkJhjØDk g?Adk ;h.fJ; soK ekoBtkfb; B/ ekBz{B dh ftfpPNsk dk fB:w, i Ø fJ; sØA gfjbK BjhA ;h, Gkosft~u bkr{ eo fd~sk.

cΩidkoh fBnkn ftt;Ek ft~u th nB/e gfotosB ehs/ rJ/. Gkosh nfXekohnK d/ nXhB ezw eoDtk+hnK fibk cΩidkoh ndkbsK ysw eo fd~shnK rJhnK.fibk fBnknXhP Bz{ ngokXhnK iK ftt;Ek GzreoD tkfbnK Bz{ pzdh pDkUD dh nkfrnk dk nfXeko fd~sk frnk.SØN/ SØN/ wkwfbnk dk Uj nkg c?;bkeodk ;h ns/ nfXe rzGho wkwb/ T[; Bz{ GqwD ndkbs d/ ;kjwD/ g/P eoB/ j[zd/ ;B.

fBnkfJe ;zrmB fBnkfJe ;zrmB fBnkfJe ;zrmB fBnkfJe ;zrmB fBnkfJe ;zrmB (Judicial Organization)nzro/ih Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh B/ Gkosh gqd/P fGzB^fGzB gqfeqnk Bkb gqkgs ehs/.pzpJh Bz{ g[osrkb d/ okikB/ nkgDh p/Nh d/ dj/I ft~u ukobI d{i/ Bz{ g{oD ;~sk ;w/s d/ fd~sk.ns/ T[;B/ ezgBh Bz{ 1668 ft~u EØVkfijk feokfJnk b? e/ d/ fd~sk.noEks ezgBh g{oD o{g ft~u ;tkwh ;h.uØbwzvb sN T[Zs/ wdok; ns/ T[;d/nk;^gk; dk y/so eoBkNe d/ Btkp B/ ;EkJh ns/ nNb o{g ft~u ezgBh Bz{ d/ fd~sk.pzrkb ft~u ;fEshnfBPfus ;h.feUAfe T[ZE/ ezgBh Bz{ ;~sk d[joh gqDkbh Bkb gqkgs jØJh ;h. 1765 ft~u w[rb ;wokN Pkjnkbw d{i/ B/ nkgDh jko sØA pknd ezgBh Bz{ pzrkb, fpjko ns/ T[Vh;k dh dhtkBh d/ fd~sh.fJ; bJh j[DezgBh pzrkb d/ ;ko/ dhtkBh ezw bJh T[ZsodkJh ;h fi; ft~u dhtkBh fBnkn th Pkfwb ;h. d{i/ gk;/fBikws noEks eKBz{B ns/ ftt;Ek pzrkb d/ Btkp eØb jh ojh.fJj ezw w[jzwd oIk \K Bk:p BtkpB/ ;zGkbDk ;h feUAfe w[rb gqPk;B ft~u gqKsK dk Gko dØ ftneshnK d/ w ØY/ s/ j[zdk ;h, ;{p/dko ns/Btkp.ekBz{B ns/ ftt;Ek ns/ c Ωidkoh fBnkn nkfd dk ezw Btkp d/ydk ;h ns/ G{wh ns/ j Øo eofi; ft~u dhtkBh w[~edw/ th Pkfwb j[zd/ ;B, fJBK dk ezw dhtkB d/ydk ;h.

gqKshn GqwD ndkbsK iØ dhtkBh nghbK th ;[DdhnK ;B, cΩidkoh GqwDndkbsK d/ o{g ft~u th ezw eodhnK ;B.fJBK ft~u ekIh ns/ w[csh j[zd/;B.fJBK Bz{ wΩs dzv dh nkfrnk ;h gqzs{ T[;dh g[PNh ;do fBIkws ndkbsd[nkok Io{oh ;h iØ fe cΩidkoh wkwfbnK ft~u T[Zusw ndkbs dk ezw eodh;h.rtoBo iBob Bz{ w[nkch^dkB iK bx{eoD dh nkfrnk ;h.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ jØ


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pzpJh ft~u 1668 ft~u ;~sk gqkgs eoD sØA pknd ezgBh T[ZE/ dhtkBh ns/ cΩidkoh fBnkn th fdzdh ;h.iB;zfynk x~N ;h fJ; bJh fJj dØt/A ;w~f;ntK th x~N ;B.ezgBh B/ cΩidkoh fBnkn ft~u Xkofwe ;fjPD{skns/ fiT{oh d[nkok c?;bk eoB dh g~Xsh ngDkJh fit/A fe fJzrb?Av ft~u gqEk ;h.fJ~e fBnkn dk gqkXheoD;Ekfgs ehsk frnk. 1781 ft~u fiT{oh gqEk ysw eo fd~sh rJh ns/ ndkbsK Bz{ nghb dh ftt;Ek ;Ekfgsehsh rJh. rtoBo ns/ T[;dh gfoPd fJj nghb ;[Dd/ ;B.fJ; ft~u fJ~e fjzd{, fJ~e w[;bwkB, fJ~e gko;hfBnknXhP, fJ~e g[osrkbh ns/ fJ~e ezgBh dk gqshfBXh th j[zdk ;h.1726 ft~u ezgBh d/ fBd/PeK B/ nzro/ih ;wokN sØA nkfrnk wzrh fe Bro ft~u fJ~e wjkgΩo dh ndkbs pDkUD dh nkfrnk fd~sh ikt/.fJ;d/ cb;o{gebe~sk, wdok; ns/ pzpJh ft~u 9 ftqXK tkbh wjkgΩo dh ndkbsK ;Ekfgs ehshnK rJhnK fiBK dk w[~y ezwfJBK fszBK BroK ft~u ofjD tkb/ :{ogh bØeK ft~u fBnkn eoBk ;h.

gqkozfGe fdBK ft~u ezgBh B/ d/fynk fe d/P d/ fGzB^fGzB GkrK ft~u fGzB^fGzB fBnkn gqDkbh gqu~fbs j?.Bk e/tb fjzd{ ns/ w[;bwkB fBnkn gqDkbhnK fGzB^fGzB fBnkn fdzdhnK jB pbfe jØo gqd/PK ft~u fjzd{ns/ w[;fbw fBnkn th fGzB^fGzB j?.wØN/ sΩo s/ n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe nzro/iK s ØA gfjbK d/ fdBK ft~ufBnkfJe g~Xsh fjzd{, w[;fbw, ;EkBhn ohsh^fotkiK ns/ gqPk;eK dh nkgDh nfGo{uh dk fwPoFD;h.:{ogh tgkoe ezgBhnK fiBK B/ fJj p;shnK t;kJhnK ;B, ;obsk Bkb fJ; fBnkn Bz{ ;theko eoDbJh T[s;[e BjhA ;B.ftP/Peo w[;fbw e[okD d/ ekBz{B Bz{ fi; ft~u nzr ft~S/d eoBk, iK ngokXh Bz{ g~EoKBkb wkoB dk, iK fJ~e ekfco dh rtkjh Bz{ w[;bwkB dh rtkjh sØA r ΩD ;wfMnk ikdk ;h.fJj th ;thekoBjhA ;h fe pqkjwD d/ bJh fGzB ekBz{B jØt/ ns/ P{do d/ bJh fGzB.:{og ft~u okPNoh okiK d/ T[ZEkB BkbokPNoh ekBz{BK dk th T[d? jØfJnk.ns/ fJBK ftd/Ph ezgBhnK B/ nkgD/ nXhB GkoshnK s/ fJ~eØ tork ekBz{Bbkr{ eoD dh eØfPP ehsh.

fJj tko/B j/;fNzrI ;h fi;B/ ;G sØA gfjbK ndkbsK dk fJ~e YKuk fsnko ehsk ns/ fibk dhtkBh ns/cΩidkoh ndkbsK rfms ehshnK fiE ØA nghb ebe~sk ;fEs ;do dhtkBh ns/ ;do cΩidkoh ndkbs ft~uehsh ik ;edh ;h.gqzs{ n;b ft~u fJj bØov ekoBtkfb; jh ;h fi;B/ ftXhTs dhtkBh ns/ c ΩidkohndkbsK dh bVhp~X o{g ft~u ;EkgBk ehsh.fifbnK ft~u ;G sØA Bhu/ ;so dh w[Bf;c dh ndkbs j[zdh;h fi; ft~u fBnknXhP Gkosh j[zd/ ;B ns/ fiBK Bz{ 50 o[gJ/ s~e d/ wkwb/ dh ;[DtkJh dk nfXeko;h.fJ; sØA T[Zgo ofi;Nqko dh ndkbs j[zdh ;h fi; ft~u :{ogh fBnknXhP j[zd/ ;B ns/ UjBK Bz{ 200o[gJ/ s~e d/ wkwb/ ;[DB dk nfXeko ;h.fJ; sØA nghb fibk iK Bro ndkbs ft~u j[zdh ;h. fibk ndkbssØA nghb 4 gqKshn ndkbs ft~u jØ ;edh ;h.fJ; ;G sØA T[Zgo ;do dhtkBh ns/ ;do fBikws ndkbsj[zdh ;h iØ ebe~sk ft~u ;fEs ;h.e[M wkwfbnK ft~u nghb fJzrb?Av ft~u ;fEs fgqth eKT{;b ft~u thjØ ;edh ;h.1793 dh ekoBtkfb; ;z;Ek B/ fJ; ;koh fBnkfJe ftt;Ek Bz{ ;[uko{ o{g fd~sk ns/ fJjftt;Ek ngfotofss o{g ft~u pj[s d/o s~e ubdh ojh.

cccccΩidkoh ekBz{B ft~u ;[XkoL idkoh ekBz{B ft~u ;[XkoL idkoh ekBz{B ft~u ;[XkoL idkoh ekBz{B ft~u ;[XkoL idkoh ekBz{B ft~u ;[XkoL tko/B j/;fNzrI B/ sK f;oc ;oeko d/ ekBz{Bh wkwfbnK ft~u j;sy/g eoDd/ nfXeko s/ jh IØo fd~sk ;h gqzs{ ekoBtkfb; B/ fJj th fejk fe ;oeko Bz{ c Ωidkoh ekBz{B ft~u ;[XkoeoD dk nfXeko j?.w[;bwkBK dk efjDk ;h fe cΩidkoh ekBz{B d?t fBofdPN j? .

1790^93 d/ ft~u ekoBtkfb; B/ cΩidkoh ekBz{B ft~u e[M gfotosB ehs/ fiBK Bz{ nzro/ih ;z;d B/ fJ~enfXfB:w d[nkok 1797 ft~u gqwkfDs eo fd~sk.fd;zpo 1790 ft~u w[;bwkB fBnknfXekohnK d/ wkordoPBd/ bJh fJ~e fB:w pDkfJnk frnk fi; d/ nB[;ko jfsnk d/ wkwfbnK ft~u jfsnko/ dh GktBk s/ nfXe pbfd~sk frnk Bk fe jfsnk d/ n;so iK Yzr s/.fJ;/ soK wkwb/ dh rzGhosk d/ nB[;ko nzr ftS/dD dhEK eVh e?d dh ;Ik dh nkfrnk fd~sh rJh. fJ;/ soK 1793 ft~u fJj fBPfus ehsk frnk fe rtkj d/

fibk fBnknXhP ;ko/ dhtkBh wkwb/ ;[D ;ed/ ;B ns/ UjBK dh wdd bJh GkoshftXht/sk j[zd/ ;B.

BØN;


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“Xow ftP/P@ dk wkwb/ s/ eØJh gqGkt BjhA jØt/rk.w[;fbw ekBz{B d/ nB[;ko w[;fbwK dh j~fsnk d/ wkwb/ft~u jØo Xow tkb/ rtkjh BjhA d/ ;ed/.

fBnkfJe ;[XkoK T[~s/ f;zjktbfBnkfJe ;[XkoK T[~s/ f;zjktbfBnkfJe ;[XkoK T[~s/ f;zjktbfBnkfJe ;[XkoK T[~s/ f;zjktbfBnkfJe ;[XkoK T[~s/ f;zjktbØeDL eDL eDL eDL eDL ekoBtkfb; dh fBnkn gqDkbh g~Sw d/ fBnkfJe XkoBktK ns/fBog~ysks/ nkXkfos ;h.okik iK T[;d/ ekieosk d/ fBih ekBz{B iK Xkofwe ekBz{B dh EK fJ~e XowfBog~yekBz{B B/ b? bJh.ftXh dh ftfPPNsk ;Ekfgs jØ rJh.gqzs{ fJ; ekoBtkfb; ;zfjsk d/ Bshi/ uzr/ BjhA;B.fJj BtK ekBz{B fJzBk ifNb, BthB ns/ ngfofus ;h fe iB;kXkoD fJ; sØA bkG BjhA T[mk ;edk;h.fJj fBnkn fJzBk wfjzrk ns/ Xhwh rsh Bkb u~bD tkbk ;h fe fJ~e nwho ftnesh fJ~e nf;fynsns/ rohp ftnesh Bz{ nk;kBh Bkb jok ns/ Eek ;edk ;h.M{m/ rtkj pDk bJ/ iKd/ ;B. M{m ns/p/JhwkBh dk pØbpkbk ;h.w[~edw/pkIh tX rJh.ndkbsK ft~u ezw fInkdk j ØD d/ ekoD c?;b/ ft~u d/o j ØDb~rh.gqzs{ w[~y r~b fJj ;h fe gozgokrs fBnkn gqDkbh, gzukfJs, fIwhAdko, ekIh, cΩidko ns/ Bkfiwnkfd dh EK s/ :{ogh fBnknXhP nk rJ/ iØ Gkosh ohs fotkiK ns/ gozgoktK sØA nDikD ;B.1817 ft~uwBoØ B/ th fJBK :{ogh fBnknXhPK dh nDfG~rsk dh fy~bh T[VkJh ;h.

g[fb; ;[XkoL g[fb; ;[XkoL g[fb; ;[XkoL g[fb; ;[XkoL g[fb; ;[XkoL fBnkfJe ;[XkoK Bz{ bkr{ eoD ns/ nB[g{oD eoD ft~u g[fb; gqPk;B ft~u w~jstg{oDgfotosB ehs/ rJ/.ebe~sk ft~u r[zfvnK ns/ d[Pufo~so bØeK dk jh oki pD frnk ;h.e[M pIkoK sØA sKbØe ;{oi fSgD sØA pknd r[Iod/ jh BjhA ;B.g[fb; nXhePe th fGqPN jh ;B. g[fb; d/ eowukohnKft~u ssgosk ns/ JhwkBdkoh fbnkUD bJh ekoBtkfb; B/ UjBK d/ t/sB tXk fd~s/ ns/ uØoK ns/j~fsnfonK Bz{ geVD Bjh g[o;eko d/D gq;skt ehs/.

rqkwhD y/soK ft~u fIwhAdkoK d/ g[fb; nfXeko ysw eo fd~s/ rJ/.ns/ Uj nkgD/ ft~u ve?sh ns/ j~fsnkbJh T[ZsodkJh bJhA oj/.nzro/I dzvBkfJeK Bz{ fIb/ dh g[fb; dk Gko fdsk frnk.fIb/ Bz{ 400 tor whbd/ y/soK ft~u tzv fd~sk frnk.ns/ jo y/so ft~u fJ~e doØrk ns/ T[;dh wdd bJh g[fb; eowukoh fB:[esehs/ rJ/.

g[Bot/yD g[Bot/yD g[Bot/yD g[Bot/yD g[Bot/yD (Overview)ftXh dk Pk;BL ftXh dk Pk;BL ftXh dk Pk;BL ftXh dk Pk;BL ftXh dk Pk;BL nzzro/iK dh fJ; r~b bJh gqPz;k eoBh jØt/rh fe UjBK B/ Gkos ft~u gfjbh tko ftXhd/ Pk;B torh nkX[fBe gfoebgBk ;Ekfgs ehsh.fJ; dk wsbp fJj ;h fe Gkos ft~u fJ; sØA gfjbKub ojh wBwkB/ Yzr dh ftt;Ek ysw jØ rJh.j[D jo ftnesh Bz{ nkgD/ nfXeko ns/ ftP/PkfXeko dkfrnkB fwb ;edk ;h.fB:w fbghp~X jØ rJ/.ukj/ fJj mhe j? fe ftnesh d/ nfXekoK dk nfseqwD jØ

iKdk ;h ns/ T[;Bz{ fBnkn BjhA fwbdk ;h gqzs{ fco th fJj wzBDk jØt/rk fe x~N s ØA x~N nfijk w Ωek sKfwbdk ;h fe dØPh gdkfXekohnK Bz{ ndkbsK ft~u fbnk yVk ehsk iKdk ;h.

ekB{zB d/ ;w[~y pokpohL ekB{zB d/ ;w[~y pokpohL ekB{zB d/ ;w[~y pokpohL ekB{zB d/ ;w[~y pokpohL ekB{zB d/ ;w[~y pokpohL ekB{zB d/ ;w[~y ;ko/ bØe ukj/ UjBK dk Xow, toD, iksh iK tor eØJh thfeUA Bk jØt/, ;G Bz{ pokpo wzfBnk iKdk ;h.fJ;dk noE fJj j ØfJnk fe fJ; s ØA gfjbK dh fBnkfJegqEk fi; ft~u pqkjwD ns/ P{do, fIwhAdko ns/ fe;kB d/ bJh fGzB^fGzB ekBz{B j[zd/ ;B, ysw jØ rJh.w[;fbw ekBz{B th iØ fJ;soh ns/ g[o[P Bkb G/d Gkt eodk ;h, ysw j Ø frnk.fJj fJ~e nb~r rb j?fe n;bhns EØVh fGzB ;h.rohp fe;kBK ns/ ;kXkoD iBsk Bz{ tehb fB:[es eoB/ g?Ad/ ;B i Ø wØNh wØNhokPhnK ch;K d/ o{g ft~u b?Ad/ ;B ns/ XBtkB bØe g[fb; ns/ fBnkngkfbek Bz{ fGqPN BhshnK ngDk e/rohp bØeK Bz{ fBnkn sØA tzfus eo fdzd/ ;B.

ftneshrs dhtkBh ekBz{b ;thfeqsL ftneshrs dhtkBh ekBz{b ;thfeqsL ftneshrs dhtkBh ekBz{b ;thfeqsL ftneshrs dhtkBh ekBz{b ;thfeqsL ftneshrs dhtkBh ekBz{b ;thfeqsL nzro/iK s ØA gfjbk fe;/ th Pk;e B/ Gkos ft~u fGzB fGzBXowktbzGhnK s/ ns/ fGzB fGzB ;w[dk:K s/ fJ~e jh dhtkBh ekBz{B b~dD dk gq:k; BjhA ehsk ;h.Uj gqEk

ekoBtkfb; ;zfjsk sØA s[;hA eh ;wMd/ jØ<Nk;e


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j[D th nzro/iK B/ ;theko eo bJh noEks fGzB fGzB ;zgodk:K ns/ ;w[dk:K d/ bØeK s/ UjBK d/ nkgD/nkgD/ ekBz{B bkr{ oj/ ns/ Uj UjBK d/ jh nXhB pD/ oj/, ftP/Peo ftnkj, ;z:[es gfotko gqEk, rØdb?Dk ns/ T[ZsokfXeko d/ ekBz{B nkfd d/ wkwb/ ft~u.

gqfPefPs fBnkfJe gdkfXekohnK ns/ ekogqfPefPs fBnkfJe gdkfXekohnK ns/ ekogqfPefPs fBnkfJe gdkfXekohnK ns/ ekogqfPefPs fBnkfJe gdkfXekohnK ns/ ekogqfPefPs fBnkfJe gdkfXekohnK ns/ ekoØpkoh tehbK dk ftek;L pkoh tehbK dk ftek;L pkoh tehbK dk ftek;L pkoh tehbK dk ftek;L pkoh tehbK dk ftek;L nzro/iK sØA gfjbK G{whgshns/ gqPk;e fBnkfJe wkwfbnK d/ fBoD/ ft~u wj~stg{oD G{fwek fBGkUAd/ ;B.ezgBh d/ nXhb j[D ekB{zBfbfys ns/ fInkdk ;zfjskp~X pD frnk ;h.fi; d/ cb;o{g gV/ fby/ nfij/ bØeK dk tor ;kjwD/ nkfJnkiØ fJjBK ekBz{BK dh GkPk Bz{ ;wM ;eD ns/ fBnkngkfbek d/ ;kjwD/ o~y ;eD.fJj ;h ekoØpkoh tehbKdk tor iØ nkgD/ w[t~febK d/ nfXekoK dh o~fynk ns/ UjBK dk g~y gq;s[s eoD ft~u ;ePw ;B.fJj;h nkX[fBe fBnkfJe gqDkbh dk T[ZEkB ns/ ftek;. fJj mhe j? fe fJ; g~dsh dhnK e[M ;hwKtK jBns/ fJ; ft~u e[M ewhnk th jB, ftP/Peo fBnkn gqkgs eoD ft~u d/oh. gqzs{ fJ; ft~u BkfJB;kch dh;zGktBk x~N j[zdh ;h.

ezgBh dh fJj fBnkfJe gqDkbh gqPz;k:Ør ;h feUAfe fJ; ft~u ekBz{B dh ;otØusk ns/ gqG{;~sk ;thekojØ rJh ;h, ekBz{B Bz{ ;zfjskp~X ehsk frnk ;h ns/ fJj g~Swh fBnkn gqDkbh ns/ wkBtsk d/ nB[o{g;h.fJj mhe j? fe fJ; d/ e[M Bshi/ ntKSBh: ;B.fJj BthA ngfofus , ft;fsqs ns/ wfjzrh gqDkbhiBsk Bz{ uzrh BjhA b~rh.w[~edw/ fJzB/ bzp/ jØ iKd/ ;B fe bØe fBokP jØ ikd/ ;B.bØe ;;sk ns/ ibdh fwbDtkbk fBnkn ukj[zd/ ;B. fJ; gqDkbh ft~u M{m, ukbkeh, XØykXVh ns/ g?;? dk pØbpkbk ;h. w[~edw/pkIhtXh ns/ ekoØpkoh tehbK B/ iBsk Bz{ y{p b[~fNnk ns/ fJjh bØe ;wki d/ w[yhnk pD rJ/.fJ; ft~u t~vhw[;hps fJj ;h fe fBnknXhP nkw sΩo s/ nzro/I j[zzd/ ;B iØ ;EkBe ohsh fotkiK, goh;fEshnK ns/GkPk d/ ;{yw G/dK sØA nDikD ;B.fJ; sØA fJbktk fJj ftd/Ph fBnknXhP fijBK Bz{ ftd/Phnk d/ gqshg{otkrqj th j[zdk ;h, Uj ftd/PhnK ns/ GkoshnK d/ ft~u d/ fttkdK ft~u Gkoshnk Bz{ fBnkn BjhA d/Ad/;B.fJ;/ soK fJj Jh;kJhnK d/ gqsh fInkdk ;jkB{G{s j[zd/ ;B.fjzd{ w[;fbw MrfVnK ft~u th UjBk B/g~ygks g{oD o{g ngDkfJnk.

gqzs{ iØ th jØt/ fJ; Bkb ezgBh dk wsbp g{ok jØ frnk. fJj G{wh dh ns/ jØo eoK d/ ;zrqfjD ft~u bkGekohf;~X jØJh ns/ ekBz{B ns/ ftt;Ek ft~u ;[Xko nkfJnk.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self-Assessment)ykbh ;EkB Goykbh ;EkB Goykbh ;EkB Goykbh ;EkB Goykbh ;EkB GoØ (Fill in the Blanks)

1H ekoBtkfb; d[nkok 1790 ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ ft~u cΩidkoh ekBz{B ft~u e[M gfotosB ehs/ rJ/.

2H ekoBtkfb; B/ 1793 ft~u nkgD/ fBnkfJe ;[XkoK Bz{ nzfsw o{g d/ e/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ o{g ft~ugq;s[s ehsk.

3H ekoBtkfb; Bz{ Gkos ft~u HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dk iBwdksk fejk iKdk j?.

4H P[o{ ft~u f;ftb ;/tk gqhfynk dh T[wo 23 ;kb ;h fi; Bz{ fbNB B/ xNk e/ HHHHHHHHHHHHH eo fd~sk.

5H HHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u fJj fBPfus ehsk frnk fe rtkj d/ “Xow ftP/P@ wkwb/ s/ eØJh gqGkt BjhA jØt/rk.


J 1790 ns/ 1792 d/ ft~u cΩidkoh fBnkn ft~u e[M gfotosB th ehs/ rJ/. Gkosh fBnknXhPK tkbhcΩidkoh ndkbsK ysw eoe/ UjBK d/ ;EkB s/ 4 GqwD ndkbsK, 3 pzrkb bJh ns/ 1 fpjko bJhfB:[es ehshnK rJhnK.

J T[;B/ nkgD/ fBnkfJe ;[XkoK Bz{ 1793 ft~u nzzfsw o{g d/ e/ ekoBtkfb; ;zfjsk d/ o{g ft~u gq;s[sehsk.fJj ;[Xko gqf;~X “PeshnK dk gqEeheoD@ s/ nkXkfos ;h.

J fJ; soK w[zf;c dh ndkbs Bz{ 50 o[gJ/ s~e d/ wkwb/ ;[DB dk nfXeko ;h fi;dk nfXneP fJ~eGkosh nfXekoh j[zdk ;h.T[;d/ TZgo ofi;Nqko dh ndkbs ;h fi; Bz{ 200 o[gJ/ s~e d/ wkwb/ ;[DB


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dk nfXeko ;h. fJj fBnknXhP :{ogh j[zdk ;h.fJBK dØjK ndkbsK sØA nghb Bro iK fibk ndkbsft~u jØ ;edh ;h.

J 1790^93 d/ ft~u ekoBtkfb; B/ cΩidkoh ekBz{B ft~u e[M gfotosB ehs/ fiBK Bz{ nzro/ih ;z;d B/ fJ~enfXfb:w d[nkok 1797 ft~u gqwkfDs eo fd~sk.fd;zpo 1790 ft~u w[;bwkB fBnknfXekohnK d/wkordoPB d/ bJh fJ~e fB:w pDkfJnk frnk fi; d/ nB[;ko jfsnk d/ wkwfbnK ft~u jfsnko/ dhGktBk s/ nfXe pb fd~sk frnk Bk fe jfsnk d/ n;so iK Yzr s/.fJ;/ soK wkwb/ dh rzGhosk d/ nB[;konzr ftS/dD dh EK eVh e?d dh ;Ik dh nkfrnk fd~sh rJh.

J fB;zd/j p?AfNze B/ ;sh ns/ fPP{tX fijhnK ;wkfie e[ohshnK Bz{ ysw eoD bJh gqGktekoh gq:sBehs/, d/P ft~u mrh Bz{ ysw eo PKsh ns/ ftt;Ek ;Ekfgs ehsh, GkoshnK Bz{ SØN/ S ØN/ gdK ft~unfXe Gkr fd~sk, nypkoK dh ;[szsosk d/ ftP/ ft~u Pq/Pm GktBktK gqeN ehshnK, ns/ Gkoshft~fdnk g~Xsh d/ bJh wj~stg{oD fBoD/ ehs/ gqzs{ T[;B/ Pk;B Bz{ T[dkotkdh pDkUD dk iK Gkos ft~uokiBhfse ;[szsosk Bz{ tXktk d/D dh nfijh eØJh eØfPP BjhA ehsh fi; Bk+ w?ekb/ d[nkok ej/ PpdKdk Uj ;~uk nfXekoh pD ;e/.ezgBh dk Pk;B gfjbK dh soK jh fBoez[P fojk.ghH JhH okpoNI dkfJj eEB ;~u j? fe “w?ekb/ dk gqf;~X eEB rtoBoîBob dh gft~so wBØekwBktK ns/ T[;dh Bhshdh nzfsw wBØftqsh Bz{ do;kUAdk j? Bk fe T[;dh ;cbsk dh nrtkJh eodk j?.@

J ekoBtkfb;, fwzNØ ns/ bkov j/;fNzrI fij/ nkozfGe rtoBo iBobK B/ pb^gq:Ør, wkde t;s{nK dkgq:Ør, Bkpkfbr ftXtktK ns/ roGtsh fJ;sohnK d/ ;sh jØD s/ o Øe brkJh ;h gqzs{ pj[s ;cb BjhAjØJ/.


• g{otkrqfj L d[okrqfj, egNg{oD fttjko eoBk

• XowktbzfpnK L fe;/ th Xow ftP/P Bz{ wzBD tk+/ bØe


1. ekoBtkfb; Bz{ bØe;/tktk dk iBwdksk fejk iKdk j?, feUA< T[;d/ d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ fBnkfJe ns/g[fb; ;[XkoK dh ftnkfynk eoØ.

2. ekoBtkfb; d[nkok bØe;/tktK ft~u ehs/ rJ/ ;[XkoK dk toDB eoØ.

3. ekoBtkfb; d/ fBnkfJe ;[XkoK dh ftnkfynk eoØ.

4. ekoBtkfb; d[nkok g[fb; ftt;Ek ft~u eh ;[Xko ehs/ rJ/<

T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment) (1) 1792 (2) ekoBtkfb; ;zfjsk (3) f;ftb ;/tk (4) 19 ;kb

(5) 1793





fJekJh^5L ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[XkofJekJh^5L ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[XkofJekJh^5L ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[XkofJekJh^5L ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[XkofJekJh^5L ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[Xko

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fJekJh^5L ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[XkofJekJh^5L ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[XkofJekJh^5L ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[XkofJekJh^5L ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[XkofJekJh^5L ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[Xko(Reforms of William Bentick)

ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)

T[d/P (Objectives)


5H1 ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[XkoL ft~sh, fBnkfJe, gqPk;fBe ns/ P?efPe ;[Xko (Reforms of WilliamBentick: Financial, Judicial, Administrative, Educational Reforms)


5H3 PpdeØP (Keywords)5H4 nfGnk;^gqPB (Review Questions)




J ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ft~sh, fBnkfJe, gqPk;fBe ns/ P?efPe ;[XkoK Bz{ ;wMD ns/ftnkfynk eoD ft~u.


bkov n?wjo;N sØA pknd ftbhnw e/t/ofvP p?AfNAe Gkos ft~u rtoBo iBob pD e/ nkfJnk ns/ i[bkJh1828 ft~u T[;B/ ekoiGko ;zGkfbnk.T[;B/ nkgDk ihtB ;?Bk d/ fJ~e n?B;kJhB sØA P[o{ ehsk ns/ ibdhjh b?|NhB?AN eoBb s~e gj[zu frnk.1796 ft~u Uj ;z;d dk w?Apo pD frnk.Uj B?gØbhnB d/ fto[~XT[Zsoh fJNbh ft~~u bfVnk.;?fBe nB[Gt d/ ekoD T[;Bz{ 1803 ft~u wdok; dk rtoBo fB:[es ehskfrnk. 1806 ft~u t[;B/ Bz{ w~E/ T/Zs/ iksh fuzB brkUD ns/ ezBK ft~u tk+hnK gkUD sØA wBQk eo fd~sk.fi;Bk+ t?bΩo ft~u ;?fBe ftdoØj jØ frnk.ftdo Øj sK dpk fd~sk frnk go eØoN Uc vkfJo?NoI B/ nukBejh T[;Bz{ tfkg; p[bk fbnk.

1828 ft~u T[;Bz{ n?wjo;N dk T[ZsokfXekoh fB:[es ehsk frnk. ftbhnw p?AfNAe fJ~e e~No T[dkotkdh;h.ns/ Uj UjBK jh nkdoPK sØA gq/fos j ØfJnk ;h fiBK Bkb fJzrb?Av ft~u ;[XkoK d/ :[r dk ;{sogksjØfJnk ;h.idØA Uj 1812 ft~u f;;bh ft~u nzro/ih ;?Bk dh ewkB eo fojk ;h, sK T[;B/ f;;bh fBtk;hnKBz{ nzro/ih Bw{B/ T[Zs/ ;zftXkfBe ;oeko pDkUD dh gq/oDk fd~sh. Bkov w?ekb/ d/ gqPz;kswe PpdK ft~uîØ

ebe~s/ ft~u T[;dh gqfswk s/ y[d/ ;BL p?AfNAe B/ gqku ;t/Skfosk ft~u nzro/ih ;[szsosk dh GktBk Bz{ Gofd~sk. Uj fJj BjhA G[~fbnk fe ;oeko dk T[d/P Pkf;sK dk efbnkD j?.T[;B/ eo{o ohsh fotkiK Bz{ pzdehsk, ngwkBiBe G/dGktK Bz{ ysw ehsk, iBsk Bz{ nkgD/ ftuko gqrN eoD dh nkIkdh fd~sh.T[;dhfBozso GktBk fJj ;h fe T[;Bz{ ;ΩAg/ rJ/ bØeK d/ B?fse ns/ pΩfXe ufo~so dk ftek; j Øt/.


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5H1 ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[XkoL ft~sh, fBnkfJe, gqPk;fBe ns/ P?efPe5H1 ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[XkoL ft~sh, fBnkfJe, gqPk;fBe ns/ P?efPe5H1 ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[XkoL ft~sh, fBnkfJe, gqPk;fBe ns/ P?efPe5H1 ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[XkoL ft~sh, fBnkfJe, gqPk;fBe ns/ P?efPe5H1 ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ;[XkoL ft~sh, fBnkfJe, gqPk;fBe ns/ P?efPe;[Xko ;[Xko ;[Xko ;[Xko ;[Xko (Reforms of William Bentick: Financial, Judicial,Administrative, Educational Reforms)

gqPk;fBe ;[XkoL gqPk;fBe ;[XkoL gqPk;fBe ;[XkoL gqPk;fBe ;[XkoL gqPk;fBe ;[XkoL fbo;zd/j p?AfNAe B/ ;sh ns/ fPP{tX torhnK ;wkfie e[o{shnK Bz{ ysw eoD bJhgqGktekoh eØfPPK ehshnK, d/P ft~u mrh ysw eoe/ PKsh ns/ ftt;Ek ;Ekfgs ehsh, GkoshnK Bz{ SØN/SØN/ gdK ft~u fInkdk Gkr fd~sk, nypkoK dh nkIkdh d/ pko/ ft~u Po/Pm GktBktK gqeN ehshnK ns/ Gkoshft~fdnk g~Xsh d/ bJh Io{oh |?;b/ ehs/ gqzs{ T[;B/ Pk;B Bz{ T[dkotkdh pDkUD dk iK Gkos ft~u okiBhfse;[szsosk Bz{ tXktk d/D dh eØJh e ØfPP BjhA ehsh fi; Bk+ w?ekb/ d/ ej/ PpdK dk Uj ;~uk nfXekoh pD;e/. ezgBh dk Pk;B gjfbK dh soK fBoze[P fojk.

;sh ns/ j;sh ns/ j;sh ns/ j;sh ns/ j;sh ns/ jØo o o o o eo{oeo{oeo{oeo{oeo{o gqEktK Bz{ pzd eoBkL gqEktK Bz{ pzd eoBkL gqEktK Bz{ pzd eoBkL gqEktK Bz{ pzd eoBkL gqEktK Bz{ pzd eoBkL fJ; sØA gjfbK fe;/ jØo rtoBo iBob B/ ;kwkfie gqPBK Bz{fJzB/ ;kj;g{oD Yzr Bk+ fBpNkUD dh eØfPP BjhA ehsh ;h. fJ;B/ fjzd{ ;wki ft~u ;sh ns/ fPP{tX torhnK;wkfie e[o{shnK Bz{ ysw eoD bJh gqGktekoh eØfPPK ehshnK, d/P ft~u mrh ysw eoe/ PKsh ns/ ftt;Ek;Ekfgs ehsh.

;sh Ppd dk wsbp j? fJ~e “gft~so ns/ ;ufo~so Bkoh@. fjzd{ gozgok ft~u fttkj fJ~e ;z;eko wzfBnkiKdk j? noEks nkswktK dk ;zpzX.fJ;soh ns/ g[o{P dk pzXB PkPts ns/ iBw iBwKso s~e ofjD tk+kj? noEks fJj wzfBnk ikD bfrnk fe fJ;soh Bz{ nkgD/ gsh d/ Bk+ jh wo ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[;d/;oho d/ Bk+ jh nkgD/ ;oho Bz{ G;w eo d/Dk ukjhdk j?.pj[s ;koh gqkuhB iBîkshnK ft~u g[oy d/ Bk+ykD dk ;kwkB, Pokp dk fgnkbk, e[~s/ ns/ ;otfgq: fJ;sohnK th d|BkJ/ iKd/ ;B.fJj ftPtk; ehskiKdk ;h fe Gkos ft~u fJj gozgok Pe bØe fbnkJ/.owkfJD ns/ wjkGkos sØA fJbktk fJ; dk toDB jØofe;/ ;kfjs ft~u BjhA fwbdk.18thA Pskpdh s~e pqkjwDK B/ fJj efjDk P[o{ eo fd~sk ;h fe fJ;soh d/;sh jØD Bk+ T[;d/ gsh d/ e[b dh ;~s ghVQhnK s~e bØe ;tor gqkgs eod/ jB.t[Zu/ e[b d/ pqkjwDK,y~sohnK ns/ okig{sK ft~u fJj gqEk pj[s gqu~fbs ;h.gqzs{ fJ; dk xqfDs g~y fJj ;h fe ftXtk Bz{ ;shjØD bJh wip{o ehsk iKdk ;h. eJh tko t[;Bz{ BPhb/ dqt fgbk e/ nu/s eo fd~sk iKdk ;h ns/ pbg{otegsh dh fusk ft~u ;[~N fd~sk iKdk ;h.

E[M gqp[~X okfinK B/ fJ; eq{o gozgok Bz{ pzd eoD dh eØfPP ehsh ;h. nepo B/ th fJ; eo{o gozgokBz{ pzd eoD dh eØfPP ehsh ;h.wokfmnK B/ nkgD/ gqd/P ft~u fJ; Bz{ pzd eo fd~sk ;h.rØnk ft~ug[osrkbhnK B/ ns/ uzdoBro ft~u |qK;h;hnK B/ fJ; Bz{ pzd eoD bJh e[M T[gkn ehs/ ;B.brGr 1800JhH sØA pknd ezgBh B/ Gkosh Xkofwe ns/ ;wkfie ohsh^fotkiK ft~u j;sy/g Bk eoD dh BhshngDkJh.ekoBtkfb;, fwzNØ ns/ j/;fNzrI fij/ nkozfGe rtoBo iBobK B/ pb^ gq: Ør , BkpkfbrftXtktK ns/ roGtsh fJ;sohnK d/ ;sh jØD s/ o Øe brkJh ;h gqzs{ pj[s ;|b Bjh jØJ/.

okik okw wØjB fij/ gqp[~X Gkosh ;[XkoeK B/ ftbhnw p?AfNAe Bz{ fJ; ohsh Bz{ nt?X xØfPs eod dh gq/oDkfd~sh. nkgDh Gkph d/ ;sh jØD d/ d[~y sØA UjBK Bz{ gq/oDk fwbh.UjBK B/ eJh b/y ns/ g[;seK fbyhnK.pj[s ;ko/ ;wekbhB gqrshPhb nypkoK B/ fJ; dk ;woEB ehsk ns/ ftbhnw p?AfNAe B/ Io{oh ekB{zB pDkfd~sk.T[;B/ ;sh Bkb ;zpzzfXs gqk;zfre s~EK Bz{ fJ~emk ehsk, ;?fBe nfXekohnK d/, fBnkfJXhPK d/, g[fb;nXhePeK nkfd d/ ftuko bJ/ ns/ fJ; fBoD/ s/ gj[zu/ fe ftdoØj dh eØJh ;zGktBk Bjh j?.fd;zpo 1829d/ fB:w 17 d[nkok ftXtktK Bz{ ibkDk nt?X xØfPs eo fd~sk frnk.gq/oDk d/Dtkb/ bØe wkBt^j~fsnk d/

ghH JhH oØpNI dk fJj eEb ;~u j? fe “w?ekb/ dk gqf;~X eEB rtoBo IBob dhgft~so wB ØekwBktK ns/ T[;dh Bhsh dh nzfsw wBØftq~sh Bz{ do;kUAdk j? bk fe T[;dh;|bsk dh nrtkJh eodk j?@.

BØN;


BØN


ngokXh wzB/ ikDr/.P[o{ ft~u fJj ekB{zB e/tB pzrkb gq/Ihv?A;h ft~u jh bkr{ ehsk frnk ns/ 1830 ft~ufJj fB:w pzpJh ns/ wdok; gq/Ihv?A;h ft~u th bkr{ eo fd~sk frnk.

fJ; ekB{zB d/ pDB Bkb eØJh nftt;Ek BjhA c?bh. e[M o{VhtkdhnK B/ fJ;d/ fto[~X fgqth eΩAf;b ft~u nghbehsh. d{i/ gk;/ okik okw wØjB okJ/ ns/ dftzdqBkE N?rØo fij/ bØeK B/ ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ gqsh nkGko gqrNehsk ns/ nzro/I ;wokN Bz{ g~so fbfynk.

fJ;/ soK d/th d/tsKtK d/ ;kjwD/ Bo pbh Bz{ pzd eo fd~sk frnk ns/ okig{sK ft~u bVehnK dh fPP{ j~fsnkBz{ th pzd eo fd~sk frnk.

mrh Bz{ ysw eoBkL mrh Bz{ ysw eoBkL mrh Bz{ ysw eoBkL mrh Bz{ ysw eoBkL mrh Bz{ ysw eoBkL mr Ppd dk gq:Ør n~I T[jBK ftneshnK bJh ehsk iKdk j? iØ XØy/ Bkb o[gJ/yØj b?Ad/ jB go T[; ;w/A ft~u mr, vke{nK ns/ j~fsnfonK dk fJ~e ;w{j ;h iØ fBod ØP ns/ nofynsftneshnK Bz{ b[~N e/ fBotkj eod/ ;B. PkfJd UjBK bJh fInkdk T[fusro Ppd ‘cK;hro’ ;h.fJ;Ppd dh T[sgsh o[wkb d/ czd/ fi; Bkb Uj nkgD/ fPeko dk rbk xØN fdzd/ ;B, sØA jØJh.

n;b ft~u w[rb ;kwoki d/ gsB d/ ;w/A idØ A g[fb; ftt;Ek fSzB fGzB j Ø rJh sK T[; ;w/A fJjBKBz{ nkgDk ekoiy/so tXkUD dk nt;o fwb frnk. o;s/ n;[o~fyns j Ø rJ/.mr bØe dbK ft~u rfmsj Ø rJ/ ns/ fJBK dh ;zfynk tX rJh. S ØNh S ØNh fonk;sK d/ gdkfXekoh fJBK Bkb fBgND ft~u n;cboj/ ns/ fJBK Bkb jh fwb rJ/.fJj bØe ftP/Peo ntX sØA j?dokpkd s~e, okig{skBk ns/ p[zd/byzv d/ ;ko/ y/so ft~u ;feqn ;B.

mrK ft~u fjzd{ ns/ w[;fbw dØjK XowK d/ nB[:k:h Pkfwb ;B.gqzs{ n;b ft~u fJj bØe ekbh, d[ork iKGtkBh dh g{ik eod/ ;B ns/ nkgD/ fPeko dk f;o e~N e/ d/th d/ g?oK ft~u pbh d/ o{g ft~u uVkUAd/;B.UjBK Bz{ ftPtk; ;h fe fJj XZdk ftXh dk ftXkB j? ns/ UjBK d/ fPeko dh wØs UjBK d/ Gkr ft~ufJ;/ soK fbyh j[zdh ;h.

mrK d/ db g{oh soK ;zrfms ;h. e[M bØe G/dh dk ezw eod/ ;B.e[M bØe rbk xØND ft~u fBg[zB ;B.e[MepoK yØd e/ fwqseK Bz{ s[ozs fmekD/ brkUAd/ ;B. UjBK d/ nkgD/ gfoGkfPe Ppd ns/ ;ze/s j[zd/;B.BΩf;fynK bJh fB:wp~X f;~fynk j[zdh ;h.ns/ gfonkgs nB[Gt sØA pknd gqthD jØD s/ fJe fBPfuseoweKv d[nkok UjBK Bz{ f;~fynk fd~sh iKdh ;h. mrK dk nB[Pk;B J/Bk ;cb ns/ emØo ;h fe n;cbeØfPP dk fJe th wkwbk ed/ th ;oeko d/ ;kjwD/ BjhA nkfJnk.

mrK d/ dbK dh frDsh eJh tko 400 s~e gj[zu iKdh ;h ns/ jfsnko/ fJ~e fJ~e doiB ftneshnK dhfJ~e jh ;w/A j~fsnk eo fdzd/ ;h.;sh d/ gqPB s/ sK e[M wsG/d ;h gqzs{ mrh d/ wkwb/ ft~u ;koh iBskB/ ;oeko Bz{ ;woEB fd~sk. eoBb ;bhwb Bz{ mrK d/ fto[~X ekotkJh eoD bJh fB:[es ehsk frnk.;EkBhfonk;sK Bz{ th fJ; ft~u Pkfwb jØD bJh nkwzsfos ehsk frnk.T[;B/ 1500 d/ brGr mrK Bz{ pzdh pDkfbnk.nB/e mrK Bz{ cK;h fd~sh rJh.pkehnK Bz{ nkihtB fBotkf;s eo fd~sk frnk. 1837 sØA pknd;zrfms o{g ft~u mrK dk nzs jØ frnk id ØA fe fJ~e/ d[~e/ d[Pufo~so bØe fJj ezw eod/ oj/.

;oekoh ;/tktK ft~u G/dGkt dk nzsL ;oekoh ;/tktK ft~u G/dGkt dk nzsL ;oekoh ;/tktK ft~u G/dGkt dk nzsL ;oekoh ;/tktK ft~u G/dGkt dk nzsL ;oekoh ;/tktK ft~u G/dGkt dk nzsL ;oekoh ;/tktK ft~u bkov ekoBtkfb; d/ ;w/A sØA ubh nk ojh G/dGkt dh Bhsh Bz{ fJ;B/ ysw eo fd~sk.1833 d/ ukoNo n?eN dh Xkok 87 d/ nB[;ko : Ørsk jh ;/tk dknkXko ;theko ehsh rJh ns/ ezgBh d/ nXhb fe;/ th Gkosh Bkrfoe Bz{ “T[;d/ Xow, iBw ;EkB, ikshiK ozr@ d/ nkXko s/ fe;/ gd sØA tzfus BjhA o~fynk ik ;e/rk.ftPtk; ehsk iKdk j? fe fJj Xkok p?AfNAed/ nkrqfj s/ jh fJ; ukoNo ft~u Pkfwb ehsh rJh ;h.ukj/ fJ; dk ssekfbe gqGkt pj[s x~N jØfJnkgqzs{ f;XKse o{g ft~u fJ; dk pj[s wj~st j?.

;sh gqEk s ØA s[;hA eh ;wMd/ jØ<Nk;e


BØN


nypkoK d/ gqsh T[dko BhshL nypkoK d/ gqsh T[dko BhshL nypkoK d/ gqsh T[dko BhshL nypkoK d/ gqsh T[dko BhshL nypkoK d/ gqsh T[dko BhshL nypkoK d/ gqsh p?AfNAe dh Bhsh T[dko ;h.T[j fJ; Bz{ n;zsØP sØA o~fynkdk nGfd[nko wzBdk ;h.T[;d/ G~sk pzd eoD ns/ T[;d/ jØo ft~sh ;[XkoK T[Zs/ nypkoK ft~u eVh gqshfeqnk j ØJh.sK th Uj UjBK dh nkIkdh d/ g~y ft~u jh fojk.fJ; ftP/ ft~u fJ~e g~so T[;B/ bzdB Bz{ fbfynkfi; ft~u T[;B/ wdok; ft~u jØJ/ ;?fBe ftdoØj dk T[b/y eod/ jØJ/ d~f;nk fe ebe~sk ns/ wdok; dØjK;EkBK s/ ;fEsh fJ~e Ø fijh ;h gqzs{ wdok; ft~u ftdo Øj fJ; bJh j ØfJnk feUAfe UE/ nypkoK dhnkIkdh BjhA ;h.T[; Bz{ g{ok ftPtk; ;h fe ;?Bk Bz{ GktBktK ;kotifBe o{g Bkb ftnes eoD dkbkG fInkdk jØfJnk ns/ jkBh x~N.iBsk dh GktBktK gqrN jØJhnK ns/ s~E ;kjwD/ nkJ/.;oeko d/ftukoK dh g[PNh j ØJh ns/ e ØJh nfgq: xNBk BjhA j ØJh.

gqzs{ Uj tkd fttkd ns/ nzfsw fBoD/ ft~u G/d ;theko eodk ;h fJ; bJh T[;B/ G~sk pzd eoD s ØApknd T[;dh nkb ØuBk eoD s/ o Øe brk fd~sh.id ØA Gkosh ns/ :{ogh g~soekoK B/ g{oD nkIkdh dhwzr ehsh sK T[;B/ nkPtk;B fd~sk fe fJ; ftP/ ft~u ;zs ØPiBe ekB{zB pDkUD dk gq;skt gfjbK jhftukoXhB j? ns/ nkPk j? fe ibdh jh eØJh nfijh g~dsh pD ikJ/rh fi; Bkb jo ftnesh iØ fBog~y;kotifBe ftt/uBk ft~u b~rk j?, ;zoePD fwb/rk.fJ; s ØA fJbktk ;oeko okidq Øj ns/ iBsk M{m/nkoØgK s ØA puh oj/rh.wkou 1835 ft~u ftbhnw p?AfNAe Bz{ n;t;Esk d/ ekoD fsnkrg~so d/Dk fgnkns/ nypkoK sØA ;ko/ fB:zsoD jNkUD dk f;jok T[;d/ T[ZsokfXekoh ;o ukobI w?Nek| Bz{ jh gqkgsjØfJnk.

B?fse ns/ pB?fse ns/ pB?fse ns/ pB?fse ns/ pB?fse ns/ pΩfXe ftek; bJh P?efPe ;[XkoL fXe ftek; bJh P?efPe ;[XkoL fXe ftek; bJh P?efPe ;[XkoL fXe ftek; bJh P?efPe ;[XkoL fXe ftek; bJh P?efPe ;[XkoL PkfJd ftbhnw p?AfNAe dk ;G sØA wj~stg{oD c?;bkf;fy~nk Bkb ;zpzfXs ;h.n?fbzc;NB B/ 1825 ft~u fejk ;h fe ;wkfie ;[Xko dk ;G sØA gqGktPkbh wkorf;fy~nk j??. w?ekb/ dh P?efPe g~Xsh B/ Gkos d/ B?fse ns/ pΩfXe ihtB Bz{ wj~stg{oD Yzr Bkb gqGkfts ehsk.

p?AfNAe B/ f;~fynk dk T[[d/P ns/ wkfXnw dØjK s/ ftuko ehsk.f;~fynk d/ bJh nB[dkB dk gq:Ør fe; soK ehskikt/, fJj th fJ~e gqPB ;h.eh fJj nB[dkB g{oph GkPktK ns/ Gkosh ;kfjs d/ gq;ko bJh fd~sk ikt/ iK g~SwhftfrnkB ns/ ;kfjs d/ nzro/ih d/ wkfXnw d[nkok gq;ko bJh.;kotifBe f;~fynk ;fwsh d/ w?Apo pokpopokpo ;zfynk ft~u tzv/ jØJ/ ;B.gqku ft~fdnk d/ ;woEeK d/ B/sk ftb;B ns/ fgqz;hgb pzX{ ;B.g~Swh iK nKrbft~fdnk d/ ;woEeK d/ B/sk Nq/ftfbnB ;B.ns/ UjBK Bz{ okik okw wØjB okJ/ fij/ T[dkotkdhnK dk ;woEBgqkgs ;h. ftbhnw p?AfNAe B/ w?ekb/ Bz{ fJ; ;fwsh dk nfXneP fB:[es eo fd~sk.T[;B/ nkgD/ ftukoK Bz{2 |otoh, 1835 d/ nkgD/ ;[gqf;~X ;woDg~so ft~u gqshgkfds ehsk.T[[; ft~u T[;B/ Gkos d/ nk:[ot?fdeftfrnkB, rfDs, i:ØfsP, fJfsjk; ns/ G{rØb dh fy~bh T[VkJh ns/ fejk fe “eh ;kBz{ fJj fwfEnk XowBkb ;zpzfXs nk:[ot?d, rfDs, i:ØfsP, fJfsjk; ns/ G{rØb gVQkDk j?<@ T[;dk soe fJj ;h fe Gkosh GkPktKft~u Bk sK eØJh ;kfjfse s~s j? ns/ Bk jh ftfrnkfBe ikDekoh j?.fJ~e uzr/ g~Swh g[;sekb/ dh nbwkoh Gkosns/ nop d/ ;ko/ ;kfjs d/ pokpo j?.T[;B/ nkgD/ fgsk Bz{ fJ~e g~so ft~u fJj nkPk th d~;h fe “i/eo ;kvhf;~fynk :ØiBktK dk nB[;oD ehsk frnk sK pzrkb d/ gqfsPfms tor ft~u nkUD tkb/ 30 ;kbK ft~u fJ~e thw{osh g{ie BjhA oj/rk.@

w?ekb/ d/ ftuko 7 wkou, 1835 Bz{ fJ~e gq;skt d[nkopk nB[wØfds eo fd~s/ rJ/ fi; ft~u fJj fBPukjØfJnk fe T[Zu ;soh: gqPk;B dh GkPk nzro/ih j Øt/rh. T[; ;w/A sØA nzro/ih GkPk, ;kfjs, okiBhfseftuko ns/ gqkfeqfse ftfrnkB ;kvh T[~u f;~fynk Bhsh dk nkXko oj/ jB. 1835 ft~u p?AfNAe B/ ebe~skekb/I dh BhAj o~yh.

Gkos Bz{ fJ; fBoD/ Bkb iØ bkG jØJ/ T[;dk toDB eoBk w[Pfeb j?.fJj n~i th ;kvh ;oekoh GkPk j?ns/ fJ;B/ okPNoh J/esk ft~u th ftP/P :ØrdkB fd~sk j?.

w?ekb/ dh :ØiBk fJj ;h fe “fJ~e nfijk tor pDkFJnk ikt/ iØ ozr ns/ oes sØAsK Gkosh jØt/, gqzs{ gqftq~sh, ftuko, B?fsesk ns/ p[~Xh sØA nzro/I jØt/.@

eh s[;hA ikDd/ jØ


BØN


ft~sh ;[XkoL ft~sh ;[XkoL ft~sh ;[XkoL ft~sh ;[XkoL ft~sh ;[XkoL powk :[~X B/ ezgBh dk \ikBk ykbh eo fd~sk ;h. 1828 ft~u you nkwdBh sØA fInkdk;h.w?Nekc d/ nB[;ko PKsh ekb ft~u iØ ;oeko fJ; soK eodh j? T[;Bz{ ;Ik fwbDh ukjhdh j?.rqfj ;oekoB/ p?AfNAe Bz{ Pksh ns/ ;kotifBe you/ ft~u fwst::h d/ nkd/P fd~s/.

p?AfNAe B/ dØ ;fwshnK fB:[es ehshnK, fJ~e ;?fBe, d{ih n;?fBe skfe T[j pus d/ ;[MkU d/D. e ØoNUc vkfJo?eNoI dh ftP/P nkfrnk Bkb T[;B/ ;?fBe G~sk x~N eo fd~sk. j[D sØA ebe~s/ d/ 400 whb d/x/o/ ft~u fB:[es jØD s/ G~sk n~Xk eo fd~sk frnk.fJ; Bkb 1,20,000 gΩAv ;kbkBk dh pus jØJh.fJ;/soK n;?fBe G~s/ th x~N eo fd~s/ rJ/.

pzrkb ft~u G{wh eo ;zrqjD bJh gqGktPkbh :sB ehs/ rJ/.g~SwØso gqKs (nkX[fBe T[Zso gqd/P) ft~~uokpoN wofNzI dh d/yo/y ft~u ehsh rJh G{wh dh ftt;Ek sØA nfXe eo T[gbGd jØD b~rk.fJ;/ soK wb~ekibvwo{ T[gfBt/P dk youk th x~N ehsk frnk.T[;B/ :Ek;zGt GkoshnK Bz{ uzrk t/sB gkD tk+/ nzro/iK d/pdb/ fB:[es eo e/ th you Bz{ x~N ehsk.

nchw d/ tgko Bz{ fB:fws ns/ nB[g~sfos eoe/ e/tb pzpJh pzdorkj sØA jh fBo:ks eoD dh nkfrnkfd~sh rJh fi; Bkb ezgBh Bz{ fBo:ks eo dk Gkr th fwbD b~rk.

fJBK pus :ØiBktK d/ cb;o{g ezgBh dk 1 eoØV ;kbkBk dk xkNk, 2 eoØV ;kbkBk bkG ft~u pdbfrnk.T[;B/ bØj/ ns/ eØfJb/ d/ T[sgkdB Bz{, ukj ns/ eØch d/ prhfunK ns/ BfjoK dhnK gfo: ØiBktK Bz{th gqØs;kjB fd~sk.

fBnkfJe ;[XkoL fBnkfJe ;[XkoL fBnkfJe ;[XkoL fBnkfJe ;[XkoL fBnkfJe ;[XkoL ekoBtkfb; d[nkok fBofws gqKsh, nghbh ns/ ;ofeN fBnknkb:K dk ezw tX ikDeo e/ pkeh pj[s ezw fJ~emk jØ frnk ;h. fJ~E/ ekoiftXh mhe Bk jØD d/ ekoD fBnkn ft~u nkw s Ωos/ ftbzp jØ iKdk ;h. p?AfNAe B/ fJj fBnknkb: pzd eo fd~s/. ns/ fJBK dk ezw dzvBk:eK ns/ ebeNoKBz{ d/ fd~sk iØ fe oki;t ns/ GqwDekoh nk:[esK md/ nXhB j[zd/ ;B.fd~bh ns/ nkX[fBe T[Zso gqd/P d/bJh n~br ;do dhtkBh ns/ ;do fBikws ndkbs fJbkjkpkd ft~u ;Ekfgs eo fd~sh rJh. j[D fJE ØAd/ fBtk;hnK Bz{ nghb bJh ebe~s/ BjhA ikDk g?Adk ;h.

fJ; ;w/A s~e fBnkn:kb:K dh GkPk |ko;h ;h gqzs{ j[D fJ~E/ ;EkfBe GkPktK |ko;h d/ ftebg d/ o{g ft~utosD dh fJIkIs d/ fd~sh rJh ns/ T[Zu/ fBnkn:kb:K ft~u nzro/ih dk gq:Ør ehsk ikD b~rk. :Ørskgqkgs GkoshnK Bz{ w[zf;| fB:[es ehsk frnk ns/ fJj bØe ;do nwhB gd s~e gj[zu ;ed/ ;B.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self-Assessment)

ykbh ;EkB Goykbh ;EkB Goykbh ;EkB Goykbh ;EkB Goykbh ;EkB GoØ (Fill in the Blanks)(e) ;sh gqEk ns/ fPP{ tX fijhnK ;wkfie e[ohshnK Bz{ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH B/ ysw ehsk.

(y) fd;zpo 1829 d/ HHHHHHHHHHHHH d[nkok ftXtktK Bz{ ibkDk nt?X xØfPs eo fd~sk frnk.(r) PkfJd mrK d/ gq:�r ft~u nkUD tk+k fInkdk T[fus Ppd HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;h.

(x) mrK d/ fto[~X ekotkJh eoD bJh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Bz{ fB:[es ehsk frnk.

(v) ;oekoh ;/tktK ft~u G/dGkt Bz{ 1833 d/ ukoNo n?eN dh Xkok HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Bk+ ysw ehskfrnk.


J okik okw w ØjB fij/ gqp[~X Gkosh ;[XkoeK B/ ftbhnw p?AfNAe Bz{ fJ; ohsh Bz{ nt?X x ØfPs eoddh gq/oDk fd~sh.

J fd;zpo 1829 d/ fB:w 17 d[nkok ftXtktK Bz{ ibkDk nt?X x ØfPs eo fd~sk frnk.gq/oDk d/Dtkb/b Øe wkBt^j~fsnk d/ ngokXh wzB/ ikDr/.P[o{ ft~u fJj ekB{zB e/tB pzrkb gq/Ihv?A;h ft~u jh bkr{ehsk frnk ns/ 1830 ft~u fJj fB:w pzpJh ns/ wdok; gq/Ihv?A;h ft~u th bkr{ eo fd~skfrnk.


BØN


J mr Ppd dk gq: Ør n~I T[jBK ftneshnK bJh ehsk iKdk j? i Ø X Øy/ Bkb o[gJ/ y Øj b?Ad/ jB goT[; ;w/A ft~u mr, vke{nK ns/ j~fsnfonK dk fJ~e ;w{j ;h iØ fBodØP ns/ nofyns ftneshnK Bz{b[~N e/ fBotkj eod/ ;B. PkfJd UjBK bJh fInkdk T[fusro Ppd ‘cK;hro’ ;h.

J mrK d/ dbK dh frDsh eJh tko 400 s~e gj[zu iKdh ;h ns/ jfsnko/ fJ~e fJ~e doiB ftneshnK dhfJ~e jh ;w/A j~fsnk eo fdzd/ ;h.;sh d/ gqPB s/ sK e[M wsG/d ;h gqzs{ mrh d/ wkwb/ ft~u ;koh iBsk B/;oeko Bz{ ;woEB fd~sk. eoBb ;bhwb Bz{ mrK d/ fto[~X ekotkJh eoD bJh fB:[es ehsk frnk.

J ;oekoh ;/tktK ft~u bkov ekoBtkfb; d/ ;w/A sØA ubh nk ojh G/dGkt dh Bhsh Bz{ fJ;B/ ysw eofd~sk.1833 d/ ukoNo n?eN dh Xkok 87 d/ nB[;ko :Ørsk jh ;/tk dk nkXko ;theko ehsh rJh ns/ezgBh d/ nXhb fe;/ th Gkosh Bkrfoe Bz{ “T[;d/ Xow, iBw;EkB, iksh iK ozr@ d/ nkXko s/ fe;/ gdsØA tzfus BjhA o~fynk ik ;e/rk.

J T[;dk soe fJj ;h fe Gkosh GkPktK ft~u Bk sK eØJh ;kfjfse s~s j? ns/ Bk jh ftfrnkfBe ikDekohj?.fJ~e uzr/ g~Swh g[;sekb/ dh nbwkoh Gkos ns/ nop d/ ;ko/ ;kfjs d/ pokpo j?.


J fwst::sk L x~N you eoBk

J ;sh L fJ~e “gft~so ns/ ;ufo~so Bkoh@


1. ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ ft~sh ;[XkoK dh ftt/uBk eoØ.

2. ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ fBnkfJe ;[XkoK dh ftt/uBk eoØ.

3. ftbhnw p?AfNAe d/ gqPk;fBe ns/ P?efPe ;[XkoK dh ftnkfynk eoØ.

T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)(1) ftbhnw p?AfNAe (2) fB:w 17 (3) cK;hro (4) eoBb ;bhw?B(5) 87





fJekJh^6L fJekJh^6L fJekJh^6L fJekJh^6L fJekJh^6L bkov vbj ΩIh d/ ;[Xko

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fJekJh^6L bkov vbjfJekJh^6L bkov vbjfJekJh^6L bkov vbjfJekJh^6L bkov vbjfJekJh^6L bkov vbj ΩIh d/ ;[XkoIh d/ ;[XkoIh d/ ;[XkoIh d/ ;[XkoIh d/ ;[Xko(Reforms of Lord Dalhousie)


T[d/P (Objectives)


6H1 bkov vbjΩIh d/ ;[XkoL ftngrs dk f;XKs, gqPk;fBe ;[Xko, ftdo Øj ft~u fJ; dh fIzw/dkoh(Reforms of Lord Dalhousie: Doctrine of Lapse, Administrative Reforms, hisresponsibility in the mutiny)







J bkov vbjΩIh d/ ftngrs d/ f;XKs ns/ gqPk;fBe ;[XkoK dh ftnkfynk eoB ft~u.

J ftdoØj d/ bJh bkov vbjΩIh dh fIzw/dkoh dk ftPb/PD eoB ft~u,


Gkosh fJfsjk; ft~u bkov vbjΩIh Bz{ wjkB rtoBo iBobK ft~uØA fJ~e wzfBnk iKdk j?.Gkos ft~u nzro/ih ;kwoki d/ pDkUD ft~u T[;dk pj[s :ØrdkB ;h.Gkos dh fe;/ th fonk;s Bz{ ftb: eoB d/ w Ωe/ Bz{T[;B/ ikD BjhA fd~sk.fJzBI d/ nB[;ko, “T[; sØA gfjbK d/ rtoBo iBob nkw sΩo s/ fe;/ fonk;s d/ftb: Bz{ i/eo Nkb ;ed/ sK Nkb iKd/, gqzs{ bkov vbjΩIh fpbe[b ftgohs nkds dk ftnesh ;h. noEksi/eo T[;Bz{ eØJh T[fus pjkBk fwbdk sK Uj oki Bz{ nzro/ih ;kwoki ft~u ftb: eo b?Adk.” T[; d/ ftb:Pesh d[nkok ns PKsh g{ote dØt/A soK d/ ;B.:[~X ft~u T[;B/ gzikp ns/ ghr{ (powk) dØjK Bz{ fi~fsnkns/ PKsh d/ gq:Ør Bkb T[;B/ ftngrs d/ f;XKs d[nkok ntX, ;skok, Bkrg[o ns/ MK;h gqkgs eo bJ/.;wkfie ns/ iB;kXkoD d/ fjs ft~u ehs/ rJ/ :ØrdkBK ft~u th T[;dk pj[s j~E ;h ns/ n;hA fJj efj;ed/ jK fe nkX[fBe Gkos d/ GtB dh nkXkofPbk U;/ B/ o~yh ;h.

6H16H16H16H16H1 bkov vbj bkov vbj bkov vbj bkov vbj bkov vbjΩIh d/ ;[XkoL ftngrs dk f;XKs, gqPk;fBe ;[Xko,Ih d/ ;[XkoL ftngrs dk f;XKs, gqPk;fBe ;[Xko,Ih d/ ;[XkoL ftngrs dk f;XKs, gqPk;fBe ;[Xko,Ih d/ ;[XkoL ftngrs dk f;XKs, gqPk;fBe ;[Xko,Ih d/ ;[XkoL ftngrs dk f;XKs, gqPk;fBe ;[Xko,ftdoftdoftdoftdoftdoØj ft~u fJ; dh fIzw/dkoh j ft~u fJ; dh fIzw/dkoh j ft~u fJ; dh fIzw/dkoh j ft~u fJ; dh fIzw/dkoh j ft~u fJ; dh fIzw/dkoh (Reforms of Lord Dalhousie:Doctrine of Lapse, Administrative Reforms, his responsibilityin the mutiny)

ftngrs dk f;XKs ftngrs dk f;XKs ftngrs dk f;XKs ftngrs dk f;XKs ftngrs dk f;XKs (Doctrine of Lapse)- vbjΩih d/ ezwK dk fttoD ftngrs dk f;XKs dhftnkfynk sØA fpBK nX{ok ofj iKdk j?. fJ; f;XKs d[nkok e[M wj~stg{oD fonk;sK ftb: eo bJhnKrJhnK. vbjΩih d/ fJ; ftPtk; dh fe “M{m/ oitkfVnK” ns/ “feqfsqw w~X PeshnK” d[nkok gqPk;B


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dh g[okDh g~Xsh Bkb gqik dh w[;hpsK tXdhnk jB ns/ fJj ;G rbs j?, fXnkB ft~u o~y e/ jh, T[;d/ ftngrs dk f;XKs Bz{ uzrh soK ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. tk;st ft~u T[;dh ;gPN ns/ f;~Xh ;ekfNPwBØftq~sh fJj ukj[zdh ;h fe “w[rb ;ot Pesh d/ w[yΩN/ Bz{ sØV fd~sk ikt/ ns/ i Ø Gkosh oki/ w[rbK d/T[ZsokfXekoh jØD dk dktk eod/ jB UjBK Bz{ ysw eo fd~sk ikt/.”

T[; d/ nB[;ko Gkos ft~u fszB gqeko dhnK fonk;sK ;B^

1. Uj fonk;sK iØ ed/ th T[~uso Pesh d/ nXhB BjhA ;B ns/ Bk jh eo fdzdhnK ;B.

2. Uj fonk;sK iØ w[rb ;wokN iK g/Ptk d/ nXhB ;B ns/ UjBK Bz{ eo fdzdhnK ;B gqzs{ j[D nzro/iKd/ nXhB ;B.

3. Uj fonk;sK iØ nzro/iK B/ ;BdK d[nkok ;Ekfgs ehshnK ;B g[Boihfts jØ rJhnK ;B.

w[rb ;kwoki d/ gsB ns/ wokmk ;zx dh jko sØA pknd ezgBh jh Gkos ft~u ;otPo/Pm pD rJh.vbjΩIhdk ftuko ;h fe “;t;E ns/ p[~Xhwskg{ote Bhsh d/ nB[;ko ezgBh dk eos~t j? fe Uj fInkdk oki;tBz{ nfXe gqd/PK Bz{ gqkgs eoD dk eØJh th w Øek, iØ ;w/A ;w/A s/ T[; Bz{ fwb/ j~E sØA Bk ikD d/t/, ukj/ UjwØek ;[Gkfte T[ZsokfXekoh dh wΩs sØA gqkgs jØt/ iK fe;/ jØo gqeko d/ ekoBK d[nkok T[ZsokfXekoh Bk jØDsØA gqkgs jØt/ fi~E/ fe fjzd{ ekBz{B d/ nB[;ko r Ød b?D dh gqEk ft~u ;oeko dh nkfrnk b?Dh Io{oh j?.

vbjΩIh fJj ;theko eodk ;h fe okfinK dh fBih ;zgsh d/ T[ZsokfXeko d/ bJh TjBK d/ d~se g[~so Bz{nkfrnk j? gqzs{ r~dh T[Zs/ nfXeko bJh T[; Bz{ nkfrnk BjhA j?.T[; d/ bJh ;oeko dh nkfrnk ;G sØAIo{oh j?. ;oeko d{ih ns/ shih Pq/Dh d/ bJh g[~so Bz{ r~dh T[Zs/ p?mD dh nkfrnk BjhA d/t/rh ns/ Ujfonk;skA ftngrs jØ ikDrhnK.

T[; jkbs ft~u rØd b?D d/ nfXeko d/ ;EkB s/ ;otPq/Pm Pesh d[nkok ftngrs dk nfXeko ;Ekfgsehsk frnk feUAfe iØ Pesh nfXeko fdzdh j? Uj b? th ;edh j?.

vbjΩIh B/ fJj f;XKs BtK BjhA pfDnk ;h. 1834 ft~u th eØoN Uc vkfJo?eNoI B/ fJj fejk ;h fe g[~sod/ Bk jØD s/ d~se g[~so b?D dk nfXeko ;kv/ t~bØA fJ~e nB[rqfj j? ns/ fJ~e ftP/P nB[ezgk ns/ ;thfeqsh j?iØ fJ~e ngtkd d/ o{g ft~u d/Dh ukjhdh j?.rqfj ;oeko B/ 1841 ft~u jh fbfynk ;h fe ;G d/ bJh fJe torhBhsh ngBkUDh ukjhdh j? ns/ rtoBoîBob Bz{ nkfrnk fd~sh ;h fe “eØJh th f;~Xk ns/ ;gPN wkDg{otewΩek, Bt/A eoK Bz{ iK Bt/A gqd/PK Bz{ gqkgs eoB dk wΩek yØDk BjhA ukjhdk ns/ fJ; sØA fJbktk ;ko/ ;EkJh nfXekokdh ;kBz{ n;zfXrd o{g ft~u gkbDk eoBh ukjhdh j?.” fJBK nkfrnk dk gkbD eod/ jØJ/ 1839 ft~u wKvth oki,1840 ft~u eØbkpk ns/ ikbΩo oki ns/ 1842 ft~u ;{os dh Btkph ysw eo fd~sh rJh.

vbjΩIh dk wsbp ;h fe fJ; nkfrnk dh g{oh soK gkbDk ehsh ikt/ ns/ ezgBh Bz{ Bt/A gqd/PK Bz{ gqkgseoD dk eØJh wΩek yØDk BjhA ukjhdk. fJzBi d/ nB[;ko “T[;d/ g{ot nfXekoh :Ek;zGt ftb: BjhA eod/;B ns/ vbjΩih dh fJj Bhsh ;h fe Bt/A gqd/PK Bz{ gqkgs eoD dk wΩek y ØDk BjhA ukjhdk.” gqzs{ n;hAfJj efj ;ed/ jK fe fJ; nfsnkfXe T[s;kjh rtoBo iBob B/ e[M nfijh fonk;sK Bz{ th iØ ‘;zo~fynsfw~so’ ;B, fJ~e nkPfos oki iK nXhB oki wzB fbnk ns/ fJ;/ bJh okig{s oki eoΩbh d/ wkwb/ ft~uvbjΩIh d/ fBoD/ Bz{ vkfJo?eNoK B/ n;theko eo fd~sk.

iØ oki ftngrs f;XKs d/ nB[;ko ftb: ft~u bJ/ rJ/ ;B Uj ;B^ ;skok (1848), i?sg[o ns/ ;zGbg[o(1849), pxkN (1850), T[d/g[o (1852), MK;h (1853) ns/ Bkrg[o (1854).

nkgDh Bhsh dk 1854 ft~u g[BoktbØeB eod/ jØJ/ vbjΩih B/ fejk ;h, “gqEw Pq/Dh dh fonk;sKd/ rØd b/D d/ wkwb/ ft~u ;kBz{ j;sy/g dk nfXeko BjhA j?.d{ih Pq/Dh d/ rØd b?D bJh fonk;sKB{z ;kvh nkfrnk b?Dh Io{oh j?. n;hA wBk eo ;ed/ jK. gqzs{ nkw sØo s/ n;hA nkfrnk d/d/tKr/. gqzs{ shih Pq/Dh dh fonk;sK pko/ w/ok ftPtk; j? fe T[ZsokfXeko ft~u rØd b?D dhnkfrnk BjhA fd~sh ikDh ukjhdh.”

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;skok^;skok^;skok^;skok^;skok^ fJj fJ; f;XKs d/ nB[;ko ftb: ehsk frnk gfjbk oki ;h. okik n~gk ;kfjp dk eØJh g[~soBjhA ;h.UjBK B/ wΩs sØA e[M fdB gfjbK ezgBh dh nkfrnk sØA fpBK fJ~e ‘d~se g[~so’ pDk fbnk. bkovj/;fNzrI B/ 1818 ft~u wokmk Pesh Bz{ ysw eoe/ fPtkih d/ tzPi gqskg f;zx Bz{ ;skok dk oki “T[;Bz{,T[; d/ g[~soK ns/ T[; d/ T[ZsokfXekohnK Bz{ d/ fd~sk ;h.” 1839 ft~u okik gqskg f;zx Bz{ r~dh sØA T[skoe/ oki T[;d/ Gok n~gk ;kfjp Bz{ d/ fd~sk frnk ;h. pzpJh gfoPd d/ gqw[y ;o ikoi ebkoe B/ fJ; ftb:d/ fto[~X ;bkj fd~sh ;h. vbjΩih B/ fJ; Bz{ “nkPfos oki” xØfPs eo e/ fJ; dk ftb: eofbnk.vkfJo?eNoK B/ fJ; dk ;woEB ehsk ns/ fejk fe “n;hA g{oh soK ;fjws jK fe Gkosh ekBz{B ns/gqEk d/ nB[;ko ;skok fij/ ‘nXfB;E okiK’ Bz{ ezgBh dh nkfrnk sØA fpBK d~se g[~so b?D dk nfXekoBjhA j?.” ekwBI ;Gk ft~u i/c fjT{I B/ th fJ; ftb: dh “fi;dh bkmh T[;dh G?A;” Bjb s[bBk ehshgqzs{ ;Gk B/ nkfrnk d/ fd~sh.

;zGbg[o^;zGbg[o^;zGbg[o^;zGbg[o^;zGbg[o^ oki d/ okik BkokfjD f;zx d/ e ØJh g[~so BjhA ;h ns/ T[j e ØJh d~se g[~so th BjhA pDk;e/. oki 1849 ft~u ftb: eo fbnk frnk.

MK;h^MK;h^MK;h^MK;h^MK;h^ MK;h dk okik g/Ptk d/ nXhB j[zdk ;h.pkIhokU d{i/ dh jko s ØA pknd bkov j/;fNzrI B/ okU okwuzdoBkb fJ~e ;zXh ehsh fi;d/ nB[;ko “T[; Bz{, T[;d/ g[~so ns/ T[~sokfXekohnk” Bz{ fJj oki “nXhB;E ;fj;Ør”dhnK PosK s/ fd~sk frnk.okik dh 1835 ft~u wØs jØ rJh gqzs{ ezgBh B/ okik d/ tzPi rzrkXo okU Bz{ t[~sokfXekoh;theko eo fbnk.Btzpo 1853 ft~u fJj okik th g[~so sØA fpBK jh ;tor f;Xko frnk.oki Bz{ ezgBh B/ ftb:eo fbnk.d~se g[~so dk nfXeko ;theko BjhA ehsk frnk.

Bkrg[o^ Bkrg[o^ Bkrg[o^ Bkrg[o^ Bkrg[o^ fJ; wokmk oki dk x/ok 80,000 tor whb ;h. 1817 ft~u bkov j/;fNzri B/ GΩA;b/ gfotko sØAfJ~e fPP{ okx{ih shi/ Bz{ T[ZsokfXekoh ;theko eo fbnk ;h. ;o fouov i?fez; B/ 1830 s~e t[; d/ ;zo~fyned/ o{g ft~u ezw ehsk ns/ pkfbr jØD sØA pknd Pk;b T[;Bz{ ;ØAg fd~sk.1853 ft~u okik dk fpBK d~se g[~sorØd bJ/ jh ;tortk; jØ frnk.gqzs{ T[; B/ okDh Bz{ g[Zso rØd b?D Bz{ efj fd~sk ;h.idØA okDh B/ g[~so rØd b?Ddk gq;skt ehsk sK ezgBh b/ ;theko BjhA ehsk ns/ oki ftb: eo fbnk.;G sØA wj~stg{oD r~b fJj ;hfe okik dh fBih ;zgsh th ezgBh B/ fJj efj e/ b? bJh fe fJj sK oki dh nkwdBh sØA jh w[~b bJh rJhj?. GΩA;b/ d/ wfjb Bz{ fJ~e soK Bkb b[~fNnk frnk. okDhnK d/ rfjD/ ns/ oki gq;kd dk ;kwkB t/u e/ brGr2 b~y gΩAv gqkgs ehs/ rJ/.

ftngrs d/ f;XKs dh ;whfynk^ftngrs d/ f;XKs dh ;whfynk^ftngrs d/ f;XKs dh ;whfynk^ftngrs d/ f;XKs dh ;whfynk^ftngrs d/ f;XKs dh ;whfynk^ idØA ezgBh B/ Gkos ft~u oki ft;sko eoBk P[o{ ehsk ;h sK ezgbhB/ pko pko gkoshnK d/ nfXekoK ns/ ftP/PkfXekoK dh jh BjhA pbfe UjBK d/ iksh ekBz{B ns/ Xkofwens/ ;wkfie gqEktK ns/ g{otkrqjK nkfd dh o~fynk eoD ns/ UjBK dh fJ~Is eoD dk nkPtk;B fd~sk;h. fjzd{nK f~t~u g[~so rØd b?D dh gqEk gqkuhB ;h.ns/ Uj pVh X{wXkw Bkb ns/ Xkofwe eoweKv d/nB[;ko jh wBkJh iKdh ;h. w[rbK ns/ g/PtktK d/ nXhB T[~sokfXekoh dh ;thfeqsh bJh e/tb BIokBkjh d/Dk j[zdk ;h. bkov vbjΩIh B/ fj~e fwqs fotkI Bz{ g[Boihfts ehsk ns/ T[;dk ;kwokih T[d/PK bJhgq:Ør ehsk. “ftngrs dk f;XKs@ ukob; gfjb/ d/ ftneshrs Pk;B fdBK ftu ;kwzsPkjh d/ eoK Bz{d[pkok bkr{ eoD d/ ;wkB fBnkn d/ BK s/ b[~Nwko dk fJ~e ;kXB wkso ;h.

nkPfos fon;sK ns/ ;zo~fyns fw~so fonk;sK dk G/d fJ~e ebgBk wkso ;h ns/ f;oc tkb dh ykbT[skoD tkbh r~b ;h. MrV/ tkb/ wkwfbnK ft~u ezgBh iK eØoN Uc vkfJo?eNoI d[nkok noE jhfBoDkfJe wzB/ iKd/ ;B. eØJh T[Zusw fBnkbk sK ;h i Ø fJBK gqPBK d/ fBog~y fBoDk d/ ;e/.

bkov vbjΩIh B/ fJBK gozgoktK Bz{ sØfVnk ns/ pj[s ;ko/ wΩfenK T[~s/ ;kwokitkdh GktBk Bz{ jh T[;B/ nkgDkgEgqdoPe wzfBnk.bh tkoBo fij/ ftnesh th fJj ;theko eod/ jB fe ;skok ns/ Bkrg[o d/ wkwb/ft~u ;kwokitkdh GktBk d[nkok jh gq/fos jØfJnk, feUAfe fJj dØt/A fonk;sK pzpJh^wdok;, ns/ wdok;ebe~sk d/ ft~u ;zuko ftt;Ek d/ ft~u o[ektN gkUAdhnK ;B.

eØoN Uc vkfJo?eNoI B/ eoΩbh d/ ftb: dh nkfrnk BjhA fd~sh ns/ fJ; soK bkov e?fBAr B/ pxkN ns/T[d?g[o oki tkfg; eo fd~s/.

1856 ft~u ntX dk e[Pk;B d/ dØP ft~u ftb: eo fd~sk frnk.


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bkov vbjΩIh d/ ftb: sØA brGr 3 r[Dk gqd/P ezgBh d/ ;kwoki ft~u Pkfwb jØJ/.T[Zso g~Swh gqd/P ft~unzro/I d~fonK d/ ;zo~fyne pD rJ/.T[~so ft~u nzro/I ;kwoki dhnK ;hwktK fs~ps ns/ uhBh ;kwoki Bz{ S{Db~rhnK ns/ d~yD g{op ft~u nzro/iK B/ pzrkb dh ykVh d/ sNK s/ nkgDk nfXeko pDk fbnk.Gkosh T[gwjKdhg ft~u nzro/ih ;kwoki e[dosh ;hwktK Bz{ S{D b~rk ns/ ;w[zdo ns/ gjkV T[; dhnK ;hwktK pD rJhnK.

vbjΩIh ftb:tkdh ;h. T[;B/ ftngrs d/ f;XKs dk fJ;s/wkb nkeokwe T[d/PK bJh ehsk.i/eo ntXgad/PK ft~u ftngrs dk f;XKs bkr{ BjhA jØ ;fenk sK T[;B/ uzr/ gqPk;B dh nkV b? e/ gqd/P dk ftb:eo fd~sk.d/;h okfinK dk ftuko ;h fe T[jBK d/ gqd/P ftngrs d/ f;XKs ekoD ftb: eo fd~s/ rJ/ nfgs{“B?fse ftngrs@ d/ ekoD. ghH JhH okpNI d/ eEkB[;ko “ekoD e[M th oj/ jØD, ;EkBh oki/ s~e ftPtk;eoD b~r/ ;B fe ;ko/ okiK dk n;fss~t yso/ ft~u j?.@ ns/ UjBK dk ftb: jØ ikDk e/tb ;w/A dk jhgqPB j?. vbjΩIh d/ ezwK Bkb T[;dh Bhsh dk nkGk; jh Bjh fwfbnk pbfe fJj th f;~X jØ frnk ;h feftngrs d/ f;XKs vbjΩIh d/ ;kwokitkd Bz{ ns/ @fi;dh bkmh T[;dh G?A;@ d/ eEB Bz{ f;~X eodk ;h.

T[gkXhnK ns/ g?APBK Bz{ pzd eoBk^ T[gkXhnK ns/ g?APBK Bz{ pzd eoBk^ T[gkXhnK ns/ g?APBK Bz{ pzd eoBk^ T[gkXhnK ns/ g?APBK Bz{ pzd eoBk^ T[gkXhnK ns/ g?APBK Bz{ pzd eoBk^ 1801 sØA jh eoBkNe dk Btkp fJ~e BKwkso fijk ftnesh ;h.1853 ft~u eoBkNe d/ Btkp dh wΩs s/ wdok; ;oeko d/ ;[Mkt Bkb ;fjws jØ e/ T[;d/ T[ZsokfXekohnKBz{ wkBsk BjhA fd~sh rJh ns/ fJ;/ soK fJ; gqgzu Bz{ ysw eo fd~sk frnk. gqzs{ 1867 ft~u rtoBo iBobdk fJj fBoDk e[M j~d s~e pdb frnk.1855 ft~u sziØo d/ okik dh wΩs jØ rJh . T[; sØA pknd T[; dhnK16 ftXtktK ns/ 2 e[VhnK ofj rJhnK. fJ; T[gkXh Bz{ th ysw eo fd~sk frnk. fJ;/ soK vbjΩih dhfJj :ØiBk ;h fe w[rb ;wokN dh T[gkXh th ysw eo fd~sh ikt/.gqzs{ vkfJo?eNoI B/ fJ; ;[Mkn Bz{;theko BjhA ehsk. g/Ptk pkIhokU d{i/ Bz{ 8 b~y o[gJ/ ;kbkBk dh g?APB fwbdh ;h. 1853 ft~u t[;dhwΩs sØA pknd fJj g?APB T[;d/ d~se g[~so BkBk ;kfjp Bz{ BjhA fd~sh rJh feUAfe fJj g?APB fBih o{gft~u pkihokU Bz{ fd~sh rJh ;h Bk fe g/Ptk Bz{.

pokV dk ftb:, 1853^pokV dk ftb:, 1853^pokV dk ftb:, 1853^pokV dk ftb:, 1853^pokV dk ftb:, 1853^ j?dokpkd d/ fBikw t~b pj[s ;koh XBokPh iØ T[;Bz{ ;jkfJe ;?Bk d/ GoD GØPDbJh d/Dh ;h, pkeh ;h. T[;Bz{ 1853 T[; XB pdb/ pokV gqd/P d/D bJh wip{o ehsk frnk.fJj nB[wkBbrkfJnk frnk fe fJj ;kok T[oto gqd/P iØ ftb: ehsk frnk, brGr 50 b~y o[gJ/ ;kbkBk fdzdk ;h.

ntX dk ftb:, 1856^ ntX dk ftb:, 1856^ ntX dk ftb:, 1856^ ntX dk ftb:, 1856^ ntX dk ftb:, 1856^ ukj/ pe;o d/ :[~X (1764) ft~u ntX dk Btkp jko frnk ;h ns/ nzro/Iukj[zd/ sK ntX Bz{ T[;/ ;w/A nkgD/ nXhB eo b?Ad/, gqzs{ UjBK B/ fJjh T[fus ;wfMnk fe ntX dk Btkpe/tb ekok ns/ fJbkjkpkd d/ fib/ nzro/iK Bz{ d/ d/t/. 1801 ft~u t?bibh B/ Btkp Bz{ fJ~e jØo ;zXh s/j;skyo eoD bJh wip{o ehsk. ns/ bØno d[nkp ns/ o[j/byzv d/ fib/ b? bJ/.fJ; sØA pknd ntX dkBtkp nkgD/ d/P dh nzdo{Bh PKsh ns/ pkjoh ;[o~fynk bJh ezgBh T[~s/ fdB gqshfdB fBoGo eoD b~rk.d/P d/ efbnkD t~bØA n~yK w{zd bJhnK ns/ gqik ezgBh ns/ Btkp d/ e[gqPk;B ns/ ft~sh pØM j/mK dpD b~rh.

ftbhnw p?AfNAe B/ Btkp Ba{z ;ys u/sktBh fd~sh.fJ~e ;w/A ezgBh d/ vkfJo?eNoK B/ ftbhnw p?AfNAe Bz{ fJju/sktBh d/ fd~sh fe Uj ntX dk ftb: eo bt/ gqzs{ fco th ftbhnw p?AfNAe B/ nfijk BjhA ehsk.

19thA Pskpdh d/ w~X s~e nzro/I ntX d/ ftb: d/ g~y ft~u jØ rJ/ ;B. n;b ft~u w~X fteNØohnk :[~r d/;kwokitkdh fJj ftPtk; eoD b~r/ ;B fe nzro/I jh uzrk gqPk;B d/D :Ør jB, GkoshnK dk UBK d/ Pk;Bd/ nXhB ofjDk ns/ ntX dk ftb: pj[s Io{oh j?. bzdB NkJhwI B/ fJ;/ gqeko dh GktBk d/ nXhB fejk;h fe, “Gkosh iks pj[s s[~S fijh iks j? ns/ fgqEth d/ d{i/ SØo s~e fJ~e wjkB iks UjBK T[Zs/ oki eoDbJh gj[zu rJh j?.@ fJ; bJh ftb: d/ ezw ft~u vbjΩIh Bz{ Bk sK fe;/ ;zXh dh bØV ;h ns/ Bk jh Uj fe;/Gkt[esk Bkb gq/fos jØfJnk.

ntX d/ ftb: dk w[~y ekoD f;oc T[~E/ dk e[Pk;B jh ;h.fJ; r~b s/ fXnkB BjhA fd~sk frnk fe fJ; e[Pk;Bdk w[~y ekoD nzro/I nkg jh ;B. ;wekbhB nB/e b/yeK B/ pko pko fJj fejk j? fe T[; d/P ft~u nzro/Ij;sy/g B/ T[EØA dh okiftt;Ek Bz{ nfijk pDk fd~sk ;h fe fJj nzro/iK d/ BK s/ fJ~e pVk Gkoh ebze ;h.e[Pk;Bftb: dk fJ~e pVk ;[rw fijk ekoD ;h. gqØc?;o e/H e/H d~sk d/ nB[;ko, “Gkos ft~u ibdh ibdh c?bd/ jØJ/nzro/ih ;kwoki d/ w~X ft~u ntX tor/ e[gqPk;B tor/ oki dk jØDk, nzro/ih ;kwoki d/ fBowksktK bJh fJ~epVk Gkoh ns/ ekch j~d s~e r?oio{oh s~s ;h ns/ fizBh ibdh fJ; Bz{ ysw ehsk ikt/ UBK jh uzrk ;h.@


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vbjΩih B/ fJ; gqd/P d/ ftb: dh :ØiBk pj[s d~yskg{oD pDkJh.T[; B/ nkgD/ nfXekoh T[~EØA d/ Pk;Bdh iKu eoD bJh G/i/ fiBK B/ fj~e ft;fsqs fttoD T[ZEØA d/ e[Pk;B d/ ftP/ ft~u UjBK Bz{ G/fink, fi;Bz{ bzdB G/i e/ T[; B/ rqfj ;oeko sØA ntX d/ ftb: bJh nkfrnk gqkgs eo bJh. rqfj ;oeko ns/ fpqfNPiBws fsnko eoD sØA pknd vbj Øih B/ pj[s ssgosk Bkb ezw ehsk.

1848 ft~u eoBb ;bhwB Bz{ byBT{ ft~u o?Ihv?AN d/ o{g ft~u G/fink.;bhwB B/ e[Pk;B d/ ft;fsqs fttoDG/i/. gqzs{ ;bhwB ftb: d/ g~y ft~u BjhA ;h.Uj ukj[zdk ;h fe gqPk;B dk fInkdk sØA fInkdk ezzw nzro/iKd[nkok ubkfJnk ikt/.T[; dk ftuko ;h fe, “i/eo n;hA ntX dk ftb: eo b?Ad/ jK sK ;kv/ BK s/ ebzeb~r ikt/rk ns/ ;kvk BK ;kB{z fJ~e doiB ntXK sØA fInkdk fgnkok j?. n;hA fJ~e d/t d/ ;wkB jK ns/ i/eo n;hA nkgDh Pesh dk gq:Ør fJ~e d/t d/ o{g ft~u eoKr/ sK ;ko/ Gkos dh fdqPNh ft~u fro iKtKr/.@ 1854ft~u ;bhwB dh EK s/ nkT{Nqw nkfJnk. T[;B/ fJj th fejk fe ntX dk gqPk;B pj[s d{fPs j? ns/ bØeK dhjkbs pj[s yokp j?.

rtoBo iBob dh gfoPd ft~u fszB s~sK s/ pfj; jØJhL

1. Btkp Bz{ r~dh S~vD bJh wip{o ehsk ikt/ ns/ ntX dk ftb: ehsk ikt/.

2. Btkp BKwkso jh oj/ ns/ Pk;B nzro/iK d/ j~E ft~u jØt/.3. byBT{ dk o?Ihv?AN e[M ;hfws ekb bJh ekoiGko ;zGkb bt/.

gfoPd dh ;kXkoD sK ftb: d/ g~y ft~u jh ;h. ;ko/ ezw Bz{ vbjΩih B/ fJ; soK nk:Øfis ehsk fe eØoNUc vkfJo?eNoI B/ ftb: d/ g~y ft~u nkgDk fBoDk d/ fd~sk ns/ fejk fe nkgDk ekoiGko S~vD sØA gfjbKUj fJ; ezw Bz{ g{ok eo d/t/.gqzs{ vbjΩih B/ Btkp tkfid nbh Pkj Bz{ f;zxk;B S~vD bJh fejk.idØA T[;B/fJBeko ehsk sK 13 cotoh, 1856 dh xØPDk d/ nB[;ko fonk;s dk ftb: eo fd~sk frnk. vbjΩih B/fJ; Bz{ fJBK PpdK ft~u T[fus mfjokfJnk, “i/eo nzro/I ;oeko fJ; gqeko d/ e[Pk;B Bz{ fi; ft~u eoØVKbØe fg; oj/ jB, fInkdk d/o s~e u~bD ft~u ;jkfJsk eodh j? sK wkBt ns/ JhPto d ØjK dh fdqPNh ft~udØPh jØt/rh.@ ezgBh d/ e[M o{Vhtkdh vkfJo?eNo fJ; d/ g~y ft~u BjhA ;B. Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh dh fJ~e;kXkoD ;Gk ft~u fJ; ezw Bz{ nB[fus mfjokUD bJh fJ~e fBzdk gq;skt th o~fynk frnk fe fJj ftb:nzro/iK d/ Gkosh oki d/ fJfsjk; ft~u ;G sØA fxDkg{ote ezw j?. ezgBh d/ fJ~e vkfJo?eNo iØB P/govB/ fN~gDh ehsh fe, “fJj ftb: Gkos dh ;[szsosk Bz{ tXkUD ft~u UBk jh ;cb jØt/rk fizBk UBK d/nfXekoK ns/ fjsK dh o~fynk eoD ft~u.@ GkoshnK d/ nB[;ko ntX dk ftb: fJ~e “tk;sfte ftPtk;dh wjkB ntj/bDk j?,@ fi;dh nzsookPNoh ekBz{B nkfrnk BjhA fdzdk. e[M b/yeK B/ fJ; Bz{ fJ~e “wjkBve?sh@ d~f;nk.

gqPk;fBe ;[Xko^ gqPk;fBe ;[Xko^ gqPk;fBe ;[Xko^ gqPk;fBe ;[Xko^ gqPk;fBe ;[Xko^ bkov vbjΩih B/ gqPk;B d/ brGr ;ko/ ftGkrK ft~u ;[Xko ehs/. fJ; wjkB;kwokitkdh B/ ezgBh dh gqkgshnK Bz{ ;zrfms ehsk. rtoBo iBob d/ ekoiGko Bz{ x~N eoD d/ T[d/PBkb pzrkb ft~u fJ~e b?cNhB?AN rtoBo fB:[es ehsk frnk. iØ BthB gqd/P ezgBh d/ nXhB nKT[d/ ;BUjBK bJh f;~Xk gqPk;B nkozG ehsk frnk.fJ; Bz{ “BØB o?r{b/PB g~Xsh@ fejk iKdk j?.fJ; d/ nB[;kojo Bt/A gqd/P d/ bJh fJ~e efwPBo fB:[es ehsk iKdk ;h iØ f;~X/ rtoBo iBob d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh ;h.

;?fBe ;[Xko^;?fBe ;[Xko^;?fBe ;[Xko^;?fBe ;[Xko^;?fBe ;[Xko^ vbjΩih d/ ;kwoki ft;sko d/ ekoD nzro/ih oki dhnK ;hwktK g{op ft~u pzrkb sØA g~Swft~u f;zX ns/ gzikp s~e c?b rJhnK. J/Phnk d/ ;kwoki dk ;[gBk g{ok jØ frnk. fJzB/ ft;fsqs gqd/P T[Zs/nfXeko d/ ekoD fJj Io{oh ;h fe ;/BktK dh fInkdk uzrh tzv ehsh ikt/.pzrkb sØgykB/ d/ w[~y dcsoebe~sk dh EK w/om ft~u fbnKd/ rJ/ ns/ ;?Bk d/ w[~y dcso fPwbk ft~u pDkJ/ rJ/ ns/ fJj ezw 1865s~e g{ok jØ frnk. fPwbk dk wj~st tX frnk ns/ ;kb d/ n~X/ sØA finkdk Gkr bJh fJj ;EkB ;oekodk w[~y dcso pD frnk.

ftngrs d/ f;XKs sØA s[;hA eh ;wMd/ jØ<Nk;e


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vbjΩih B/ fJj nB[Gt ehsk fe Gkosh ;?Bk ft~u GkoshnK dh ;zfynk iØ T[; ;w/A (1856 ft~u) 2,38,000;h, 45,000 nzro/iK d/ w[ekpb/ fInkdk ;h.fJ; bJh T[; B/ fJj :ØiBk pDkJh fe fJj ;zfynk x~N ehshikt/.sK fe nzro/I ns/ Gkosh ;?fBeK dk nB[gks pj[s fInkdk Bk oj/. T[;d/ nB[;ko Gkos ft~unzro/I ;?Bk “;kvh Pesh dk fJ~e Io{oh nzr j?.@ ;?Bk ft~u fszzB o?ihw?ANK jØo pDkJhnK rJhnK.T[;B/dØ nzro/ih o?ihw?ANK Bz{ uhB ns/ |qK; G/iD dk ftoØX ehsk.

gzikp ft~u fJ~e BthA nfB:fws ;?Bk dk rmB ehsk frnk iØ f;~X/ gzikp gqPk;B d/ nXhB ;h ns/ fi;dhgfogkNh ns/ nB[Pk;B t~yok ;h. rØoyk o?ihw?ANK dh frDsh tXkJh rJh ns/ UjBK d/ ;?fBeK dh frDshth tXkJh rJh. fJjBK BthnK o?ihw?ANK B/ 1857^58 d/ ftdoØj ft~u pj[s wj~stg{oD G{fwek fBGkJh.

f;~fynk ;zpzXh ;[Xko^ f;~fynk ;zpzXh ;[Xko^ f;~fynk ;zpzXh ;[Xko^ f;~fynk ;zpzXh ;[Xko^ f;~fynk ;zpzXh ;[Xko^ vbjΩih B/ ekoiekb ft~u f;~fynk ft~u wj~stg{oD ;[Xko ehs/ rJ/.1853 ft~uNkw;B dh ftt;Ek d/ nB[;ko ;ko/ T[Zso g~Swh gqKs (nkX[fBe T[Zso gqd/P), bØno pzrkb ns/ gzikp ft~u;EkBh gfo;fEshnK d/ nB[;ko Gkosh GkPktK ft~u f;~fynk dk gq;skt ;theko eo fbnk frnk. nfijhjh nkfrnk pzpJh ns/ wdok; ft~u th d/ fd~sh rJh.

i[bkJh 1854 ft~u ;o ukob; t[~v iØ pØov Uc ezNoØb d/ gqXkB ;B, B/ Gkosh ;oeko Bz{ fJ~e BthA :ØiBkG/ih fi; Bz{ t[~v dk fBod/P g~so fejk iKdk j?. fJ;d/ nB[;ko “gqkoEfwe f;~fynk sØA b? e/ ftPtftfdnkb/;so s~e dh f;~fynk d/ bJh fJ~e ftnkge :ØiBk@ pDkJh rJh. fJj : ØiBk pj[s ft;fsqs ns/ ftnkge;h ns/ “fJ; ft~u e[M th pkeh BjhA ofj frnk ;h.” nkX[fBe f;~fynk gqDkbh dh fJj nkXkofPbkj?.fJ;d/ nB[;ko fifbnK ft~u n?ArbØ toB/e{bo ;e{bK, gqw~y BroK ft~u ;oekoh ekbiK ns/ fszB gq?Ihv?A;hBroK ft~u fJ~e fJ~e ftPtftfdnkb/ dh ;EkgBk dk gq;skt ;h. “nzsL gqt/P dk f;XKs@ Bz{ fsnkr fd~skfrnk.ft~fdnk d/ gq;ko ft~u ;t?;/th ;z;EktK Bz{ nB[dkB ;jkfJsk fd~sh ikDh ;h. fJBK bJh e[M fB:w pDkJ/rJ/ ns/ ;oekoh fBohyD d/ nXhB jh fJj okPh fd~sh ikDh ;h. jo gqKs ft~u fJ~e ;kotifBe f;~fynkfBd/Pe fB:[es j[zdk ;h fi;dh wdd bJh fBohye j[zd/ ;B ns/ fJjBK dk ezw gqkoEfwe ;so sØAftPtftfdnkb/ ;so s~e f;~fynk gqDkbh dk rmB ns/ fB:zsoD eoBk ;h.

bzdB ftPtftfdnkb/ dh bhe s/ gqhfynk b?D tkb/ ftPtftfdnkb/ fszB gq?Ihv?A;h BroK ebe~sk, wdok;ns/ pzpJh ft~u fB:[es ehs/ ikD/ ;B.fJBK ftPtftfdnkfbnK Bz{ gqhfynk b/ e/ gqwkD g~so d/D dk nfXekod/ fd~sk frnk ;h. ekBz{B ns/ f;ftb fJzihfBnfozr dh f;~fynk dh th ftt;Ek ehsh rJh. ;EkBe GkPktKns/ nzro/ih Bz{ gVkUD Bz{ T[s;kjB d/Dk ;h gqzs{ fJj nB[Gt ehsk frnk fe g~Swh doPB ns/ ftfrnkBdh gVkJh bJh nzro/ih jh ;G sØA uzrk wkfXnw j?.

o/bt/ ftGkr^ o/bt/ ftGkr^ o/bt/ ftGkr^ o/bt/ ftGkr^ o/bt/ ftGkr^ fJzrb?Av ft~u o/bt/ bkJhB 1825 s ØA pknd ftSkJh ik ojh ;h. vbj Ωih d/ ekb ft~u Gkosft~u 1853 ft~u gfjbh o/bt/ bkJhB pzpJh sØA EkBk s~e ftSkJh rJh ns/ ibdh jh ;kok Gkosh ;kwokio/bt/ bkJhBK d/ ;{so ft~u pzB e/ fJ~e eo fd~sk frnk.Gkosh ;[o~fynk d/ bJh ns/ nzdo{Bh ;zuko ftt;EkBz{ tXkUD bJh ;kwfoe wj~st dhnK bkJhBK pDkJhnK rJhnK. fJ; gfo:ØiBk dh ft;fsqs o{go/yk vbjΩihd[nkok nkgD/ gqf;~X “o/bt/ g~so@ ft~u fd~sh rJh j? ns/ Gkos ft~u o/bK d/ Gkth gq;ko dk fJjh nkXkopfDnk fojk.nrb/ jh ;kb ebe~sk ft~u okDhrzi eØfJbk y/so s~e fJ~e bkJhB ftSk fd~sh rJh.fJ;/ soKwdok; gq?Ihv?A;h ftu th e[M bkJhBK ftSkJhnK rJhnK.1856 s~e eJh bkJhBK dk ;ot/yD jØ u[ek ;h ns/eJh ftSkJhnK ik ojhnK ;B.

fJj o/bt/ bkJhBK Gkosh ;oeko d/ yIkB/ Bkb BjhA pDkJhnK ik ojhnK ;B pbfe fBih eØfPPK Bkb pDkJhnKik ojhnK ;B. fJ; Bkb ;oekoh yIkB/ s/ fInkdk Gko BjhA fgnk ns/ nzro/ih iBsk Bz{ Gkos ft~u g{zih brkUDdk wΩek fwfbnk.ekbKso ft~u Gkos ft~u o/bt/ bkJhBK fBih ezgBhnK d[nkok ‘;oekoh gqfsnkG{sh* d/ nXhBfBPfus :ØiBktK d/ nB[;ko, fiBK Bz{ vbjΩih B/ fBd/fPs ehsk ;h, jh pDkJhnK rJhnk.

fJ; o/bt/ gqDkbh B/ tgko Bz{ bkG gj[zzzukfJnk, d{oh ysw jØJh, ns/ Gkos d/P Bz{ J/esk gqdkB jØJh. 1865ft~u th ;o n?vftB noBkbv B/ fbfynk ;h fe “o/bt/ Gkos ft~u Uj ezw eoD ft~u ;woE jØt/rh iØ

t~v/ t~v/ tzPK B/ BjhA ehsk, Bk jh Nhg{ nkgD/ n~fsnkuko d[nkok eoD ft~u ;cb jØfJnk^fJj Gkos Bz{fJ~e okPNo pDkt/rh.@


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ftd:[s sko ftd:[s sko ftd:[s sko ftd:[s sko ftd:[s sko (Electric telegraph)^ vbj Ωih Bz{ Gkos ft~u ftd:[s sko dk nkozGeosk fejk ik ;edkj?. 1852 ft~u nΩP?xB/;h Bz{ ftd:[s sko ftGkr dk nXhePe fB:[es ehsk frnk.ukj/ o[ektNK pj[s ;Bfco th T[; dh nDE~e fwjBs Bkb brGr 4000 whb bzph sko bkJhBK ftSkJhnk rJhnK.fi; Bkbebe~sk sØA g/Pkto, pzpJh ns/ wdok; s~e d/P d/ fGzB fGzB GkrK Bz{ sko d[nkok IØV fd~sk frnk.powkft~u th ozr{B sØA wKvb/ s~e fJj bkJhB ftSk fd~sh rjh. 1857^58 ft~u ftdoØj d/ fdBK ft~u fJ; ftGkrB/ nzro/iK dh pj[s wdd ehsh.fJ~e ftdoØjh B/ wod/ jØJ/ fejk ;h fe, “fJ; sko B/ ;kvk rbk xØN fd~skj?.”

vke ;[Xko^vke ;[Xko^vke ;[Xko^vke ;[Xko^vke ;[Xko^ fJ~e nk:Ør dh nBt/PDktK s/ nkXkfos 1854 ft~u fJ~e BtK gØ;N nkfc; n?eN gkfos ehskfrnk.fJ; d/ nXhB fszBK gq?Ihv?A;hnK ft~u ;fEs vkexoK dh d/yo/y bJh fJ~e wjkfBd/Pe fB:[es ehskfrnk.;ko/ d/P ft~u d{oh Bkb n;zpzfXs fes/ th 2 g?;/ dh do s/ g~so G/fink ik ;edk ;h.d/P ft~u gfjbhtko vke fNeNK dk gqubB P[o{ jØfJnk.fJBK ;[XkoK d/ ekoD vke ftGkr iØ fe j[D s~e ;oeko s/ pØM pfDnkjØfJnk ;h, j[D t/sB dk fJ~e ;kXB pD frnk.fJ; gqDkbh d/ ;[Xko d/ cb;o{g Gkos ft~u ;wkfie,gqPk;fBe, ft~sh ns/ f;~fynk d/ y/soK ft~u IØ ftek; j ØfJnk j? Uj ;G vbjΩIh dh f;oiDkswe gqfsGkdk d{ik BK j? ns/ Gkos dh ;koG{s T[ZBsh bJh T[;dh fJ~Sk Bz{ gqdofPs eodk j?.

;kotifBe fBowkD ftGkr^;kotifBe fBowkD ftGkr^;kotifBe fBowkD ftGkr^;kotifBe fBowkD ftGkr^;kotifBe fBowkD ftGkr^ vbjΩih sØA gfjbK ;kotifBe fBowkD ftGkr dk ezw fJ~e ;?fBe pØovs/ ;h.gfjbh tko fJ~e nb~r ;kotifBe fBowkD ftGkr pDkfJnk frnk. ns/ ;kotifBe T[:Ør d/ ezwKbJh pj[s ;kok XB you ehsk ikD b~rk.f;zukJh ezwK dh ft;fsqs : ØiBk pDkJh rJh. rzrk Bfjo dkezw g{ok ehsk frnk ns/ 8 ngq?b, 1854 ft~u fJj yØb fd~sh rJh.rzrk Bfjo d/ fBowkD Bz{ ‘;fGn ikshnKdhnK eØfPPK ft~u nd[~sh ns/ wj~stg{oD ezw* wzfBnk frnk. gzikp ft~u pkok d[nkp Bfjo dk fBowkDezw nkozG ehsk frnk. pj[s ;ko/ g[bK dk fBowkD ehsk frnk ns/ rq?v Nqze oØv dk fBowkD ezw thpVh s/ih Bkb ns/ T[s;kjg{ote nkozG eo fd~sk frnk.

tkfDi ;zpzXh ;[Xko^tkfDi ;zpzXh ;[Xko^tkfDi ;zpzXh ;[Xko^tkfDi ;zpzXh ;[Xko^tkfDi ;zpzXh ;[Xko^ Gkos dhnK pzdorkjK bz{ nzsookPNoh tkfDi bJh yØb fd~sk frnk.19thA Pskpdhd/ w~X s~e nzro/I bØe *w[es tgko dh gqDkbh d/ gqPz;e pD u[e/ ;B. eokuh, pzpJh ns ebe~sk dhnKpzdorkjK dk ftek; ehsk frnk ns/ pj[s ;ko/ gqekP ;szGK dk fBowkD ehsk frnk.

Gkosh y/sh t~b th ftP/P fXnkB fd~sk frnk. BfjoK dk pDBk, o/bt/ dk ftek; ns/ fGzB fGzB ;kotifBefjs d/ ezwK Bkb Gkosh tkfDi ft~u fJ~e BthB :[r dk ;{sogks jØfJnk. bzekPkfJo ns/ wkBu?;No d/ekoykB/ d/ bJh Gkosh e~uk wkb yk; sΩo s/ egkj, gN[nk ns/ ukj nkfd t~vh wksok ft~u G/fink ikDb~rk ns/ T[;d/ pdb/ T[EØA ;;sk fBofws wkb nk e/ Gkos ft~u nfXe fteD b~rk.

1857 d/ ftdo1857 d/ ftdo1857 d/ ftdo1857 d/ ftdo1857 d/ ftdoØj d/ bJh vbjj d/ bJh vbjj d/ bJh vbjj d/ bJh vbjj d/ bJh vbj ΩIh dh fIzw/dkohÎh dh fIzw/dkohÎh dh fIzw/dkohÎh dh fIzw/dkohÎh dh fIzw/dkoh^ Gkos ft~u e[M ;w/A sØA fJ~e T[ckB fJ~emk j Ø fojk;h.vbjΩIh d/ ikD sΩA fJ~e ;kb pknd jh Uj c[~N fgnk. vbjΩIh dh Bhsh ukj/ fezBh th fBnKg{oD ns/T[fus feUA Bk jØt/, T[; dk gqGkt pj[s uzrk BjhA ;h. Gkosh okfinK ft~u n;zsØP c?b frnk. fit/A fethH J/H ;fwE B/ fejk j? fe “Gkosh okik ‘nXhB;E* ns/ ‘nkPfos* fonk;sK d/ ;{yw G/d Bz{ BjhA ;wM;ed/ ;B. UjBK B/ e/tb fJj t/fynk fe fJ~e oki sΩA pknd d{ik oki, ;kwoki fe;/ Bk fe;/ ekoD sΩAftb: jØ fojk j? ns/ j[D e ØJh th oki ;[o~fyns BjhA j?HHHH rsh pj[s s/I ;h ns/ fJ; d/ ;zfus gqGktB/ nfsnzs n;fEosk dh ;fEsh T[sgzB eo fd~sh.@ ftngrs d/ f;XKs B/ Gkosh bØeK d/ gkozgfoe ohshfotkiK dh ntj/bDk ehsh ns/ gqkuhB ns/ ngqu~fbs f;XKsK d/ Bt/A wsbp e~Y/.

;fwE, vbjΩIh dh nd{odofPsk Bz{ dØPh wzBdk ;h.Uj fbydk j? fe “rtoBo iBob B/ T[; s[ckB bJhiØ nrb/ ;kb wJh wjhB/ ft~u c[~ND tkbk ;h, eØJh ftt;Ek BjhA ehsh ;h. ns/ Bk jh T[;Bz{ x[~ND bJh

nkX[fBe ekb dh vke ftt;Ek dk nkXko th vbjΩih d/ ekb ft~u jh fBPfusehsk frnk.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ jØ


BØN


eØJh ;kXB i[NkJ/ ;B. Uj nkgD/ g{otiK d/ Bkb T[; fBzdk dk ;KMhdko j? iØ fe UjBK B/ nfijh fGnkBejkbs Bz{ pD/ ofjD dh nkfrnk fd~sh. T[; B/ fd~bh ft~u fJzB/ t~v/ rØb/ pko{d dh o~fynk dh T[fus ftt;EkBjhA ehsh iØ Gkosh ;?Bk d/ j~EK ft~u ofj frnk iK fJbkjkpkd d/ ;kwfoe wj~stg{oD ;EkB Bz{ th gqkgseoD dh eØJh eØfPP BjhA ehsh . Gkos ft~u i Ø th ;?fBe fsnkoh ehsh rJh Uj f;oc gzikp ft~u jh;h. pkeh ;G ;EkBK s/ ftsoD nfB:fws o{g Bkb ubdk fojk ns/ fe;/ th ;?fBe iK n;?fBe gdkfXekohB/ ;gPN vo dh rfowk Bz{ BjhA ;wfMnk.@ d{i/ gk;/ NhH nkoH jØwI dk ftPtk; j? fe “ntX ft~u ftdo Øjc[~fNnk fJ; bjh BjhA fe T[; gqd/P dk ftb: ehsk frnk pbfe fJ; bJh fe skb[edkoK d/ Bkb pj[s emØofe;w dk fttjko ehsk frnk.@ fJ;/ soK Uj vbjΩIh Bz{ ;?fBe ewIØoh d/ bJh T[ZsodkJh BjhA wzBdkpbfe ;wekbhB ewKvo fJB uhc Bz{ ;?Bk dh nB[Pk;BjhDsk Bz{ ysw eoD ns/ fd~bh ns/ fJbkjpkd dho~fynk dh T[bzxDk eoD bJh T[ZsodkJh wzBdk j?.fJ;/ soK Uj ;wMdk j? fe MK;h ft~u jØJ/ n~fsnkukoKbJh j/t/bke d/ o?Ihv?A;h dh o~fynk d/ bJh nkozfGe :sBK dk ftcb jØDk pj[s t~vk ekoD ;h. T[; d/nB[;ko “fJj e/tb vbjΩIh d/ fBowkD ezw jh ;B iK T[;B/ gzikp ft~u gqPk;B ;Ekfgs ehsk ;h, UjBKekoD jh ftdoØj PKs jØ ;fenk.@

gqzs{ fJj ;theko eoBk gt/rk fe vbjΩIh d/ gqd/PK d/ ftb: eoD Bkb jkbs ftrV rJh. T[;dh rshpj[s s/I ;h ns/ Uj ;hwk sØA e[M fInkdk n~r/ ubk frnk. T[;dh ftt/e ns/ d:kjhD Bhsh d/ ekoD jhMK;h dh okDh, BkBk ;kfjp ns/ sKfsnk NØg/ fij/ B/sktK B/ fJ; ;wekbhB n;zsØP dh GktBk Bz{ fJ~e fdPkfd~sh ns/ 1857 d/ nzdØbB ft~u ftdoØj P[o{ jØD sØA pknd fJ~e fdwkr dk ezw ehsk. 1857^58 d/ ftdoØjdh fIzw/dkoh vbjΩIh dh jh j?.

vbjvbjvbjvbjvbjΩIh dk w[~bKeDÎh dk w[~bKeDÎh dk w[~bKeDÎh dk w[~bKeDÎh dk w[~bKeD^;o fouov N?Agb dk eEB j?, “fJ~e ;kwokitkdh gqPk;e d/ o{g ft~u i Ø : Ørftnesh fJzrb?Av B/ Gkos G/i/, UjBK ft~u ØA fe;/ B/ jh PkfJd T[;dh pokpoh ehsh j Øt/, T[; s ØA n~r/sK eØJh th BjhA tfXnk.@ wkoPw?B fbydk j/, “nkX[fBe ns/ gqkuhB fJfsjk; ft~u Uj ;G s ØA tXhnkT[dkjoD g/P eodk j? fe fJ~e gqp[~X fBoqze[P gqPk;e, fJ~e t~v/ y/so ft~u wkBtsk d/ efbnkD bJheh e[M eo ;edk j/.@

;o ftbhnw ftb;B jzzNo B/ vbj ΩIh d/ ezwK dk fBu ØV fszB PpdK ft~u d~f;nk j?^ fi~s, ;zrmB ns/ftek;. T[;d/ ftb: B/ toswkB Gkos d/ wkBfu~so Bz{ pDkfJnk. gzikp Bz{ nzro/ih oki ft~u PkfwbeoD Bkb ezgBh dk oki g~Sw T[Zso ;hwk d/ gjkVK s~e gj[zu frnk ns/ nzro/ih nfXekoh T[E ØA d/d~fonK d/ gqjoh pD rJ/.f;~few d/ ftb: Bkb Gkosh ;hwktK fs~ps ns/ uhB dhnK ;hwktK Bz{ S{jDb~rhnk ns/ bØno powk d/ ftb: Bkb g{op uNrKt sØA ozr{B s~e ;w[zdoh s~NK T[Zs/ nzro/iK dk nfXeko jØ

frnk.pj[s ;koh Gkosh fonk;sK d/ ftb: Bkb nzdo{Bh ;zrmB dk ezw g{ok j ØfJnk. vbjΩIh dhnK fi~sKns/ ftb: Bkb brGr ;tk dØ b~y tor whb dk y/so nzro/ih ezgBh d/ nXhB nk frnk . T[; d/;[XkoK B/ gqPk;B d/ jo ftGkr Bz{ gqGkfts ehsk. T[;dh o/bt/ wkorK, BfjoK ns/ ;kotifBe fBowkDdh d{oftnkgh : ØiBktK d[nkok T[;B/ Gkos Bz{ fJ~e nfij/ o;s/ T[Zs/ ubk fd~sk, fi; Bkb Uj fJ~efBowksk ns/ tgkoe Gkos pD frnk. Uj nkX[fBeheoD ft~u ftPtk; eodk ;h ns/ T[; B/ Uj BhjKo~yhnK fiBK T[Zs/ Gkos dk fBowkD j ØfJnk.

vbj ΩIh ft~u ewhnK th ;B. Uj B?fse w[~bK iK gqfs~frnk d/ PpdK Bz{ pj[s wj~st BjhA fdzzdk ;h.gzikp d/ wkwb/ ft~u T[;B/ ;kXe T[~s/ fInkdk ns/ ;kXB T[Zs/ x~N I Øo fd~sk.Gkosh fonk;sK Bkbfttjko ft~u T[;B/ GkoshnK dhnK GktBktK t~b eØJh fXnkB BjhA fd~sk.fJ; soK vbj ΩIh fJ~e fBodJh;kwokitkdh f;~X j ØfJnk, ns/ 1857 d/ ftdo Øj ns/ n;fEosk bJh pj[s j~d s~e Uj fIzw/tko ;h.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment);jh ftebg u[D;jh ftebg u[D;jh ftebg u[D;jh ftebg u[D;jh ftebg u[DØ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ (Choose the correct option)

1H ekwBI ;Gk ft~u IØ;/c fjT{w B/ fe; oki d/ ftb: T[s/ “fi;dh bkmh T[;dh G?A;@ Bkb s[bBk ehsh;h<

(e) ;skok (y) ;zGbg[o (r) MK;h (x) Bkrg[o


BØN


2H pzzrkb ft~u b?cNhB?AN rtoBo iBob dh fB;[esh fe; B/ ehsh ;h<

(e) tko/B j/;fNzrI (y) ekoBtkfb; (r) vbjΩIh (x) e?fBzr

3H BkB o?r{b/PB g~Xsh (Non-Regulation system) dh P[o{nks ehsh

(e) vbjΩIh (y) ftbhnw p?AfNAe (r) ekoBtkfb; (x) tko/B j/;fNzrI

4H Gkos ft~u gfjbh o/bt/ bkJhB pzpJh sØA EkBk s~e pDkJh rJh ^

(e) 1950 (y) 1952 (r) 1953 (x) 1954

5H ;kotifBe fBowkD ftGkr ns/ vke sko ftGkr dh ;EkgBk dk Pq/n fd~sk iKdk j?

(e) w?ekb (y) vbjΩIh (r) ekoBtkfb; (x) ftbhnw p?AfNAe


• vbjΩih d/ ezwK dk fttoD ftngrs dk f;XKs dh ftnkfynk sØA fpBK nX{ok ofj iKdk j?. fJ; f;XKsd[nkok e[M wj~stg{oD fonk;sK ftb: eo bJhnK rJhnK.vbjΩih d/ fJ; ftPtk; dh fe “M{m/oitkfVnK” ns/ “feqfsqw w~X PeshnK” d[nkok gqPk;B dh g[okDh g~Xsh Bkb gqik dh w[;hpsKtXdhnk jB ns/ fJj ;G rbs j?, fXnkB ft~u o~y e/ jh, T[; d/ ftngrs dk f;XKs Bz{ uzrh soK;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. tk;st ft~u T[;dh ;gPN ns/ f;~Xh ;ekfNP wBØftq~sh fJj ukj[zdh ;h fe“w[rb ;ot Pesh d/ w[yΩN/ Bz{ sØV fd~sk ikt/ ns/ iØ Gkosh oki/ w[rbK d/ T[ZsokfXekoh jØD dk dktkeod/ jB UjBK Bz{ ysw eo fd~sk ikt/.”

• w[rb ;kwoki d/ gsB ns/ wokmk ;zx dh jko sØA pknd ezgBh jh Gkos ft~u ;otPo/Pm pDrJh.vbjΩIh dk ftuko ;h fe “;t;E ns/ p[~Xhwskg{ote Bhsh d/ nB[;ko ezgBh dk eos~t j? fe UjfInkdk oki;t Bz{ nfXe gqd/PK Bz{ gqkgs eoD dk eØJh th wØek, iØ ;w/A ;w/A s/ T[; Bz{ fwb/ j~E sØA BkikD d/t/, ukj/ Uj wØek ;[Gkfte T[ZsokfXekoh dh wΩs sØA gqkgs jØt/ iK fe;/ jØo gqeko d/ ekoBK d[nkokT[ZsokfXekoh Bk jØD sØA gqkgs jØt/ fi~E/ fe fjzd{ ekBz{B d/ nB[;ko rØd b?D dh gqEk ft~u ;oeko dhnkfrnk b?Dh Io{oh j?.”

• vbjΩIh fJj ;theko eodk ;h fe okfinK dh fBih ;zgsh d/ T[ZsokfXeko d/ bJh TjBK d/ d~se g[~soBz{ nkfrnk j? gqzs{ r~dh T[Zs/ nfXeko bJh T[; Bz{ nkfrnk BjhA j?.T[; d/ bJh ;oeko dh nkfrnk ;GsØA Io{oh j?.

• rqfj ;oeko B/ 1841 ft~u jh fbfynk ;h fe ;G d/ bJh fJe torh Bhsh ngBkUDh ukjhdh j? ns/rtoBoîBob Bz{ nkfrnk fd~sh ;h fe “eØJh th f;~Xk ns/ ;gPN wkDg{ote wΩek, Bt/A eoK Bz{ iKBt/A gqd/PK Bz{ gqkgs eoB dk wΩek yØDk BjhA ukjhdk ns/ fJ; sØA fJbktk ;ko/ ;EkJh nfXekok dh ;kBz{n;zfXrd o{g ft~u gkbDk eoBh ukjhdh j?.” fJBK nkfrnk dk gkbD eod/ jØJ/ 1839 ft~u wKvthoki, 1840 ft~u eØbkpk ns/ ikb Ωo oki ns/ 1842 ft~u ;{os dh Btkph ysw eo fd~sh rJh.vbjΩIhdk wsbp ;h fe fJ; nkfrnk dh g{oh soK gkbDk ehsh ikt/ ns/ ezgBh Bz{ Bt/A gqd/PK Bz{ gqkgs eoD dkeØJh wΩek yØDk BjhA ukjhdk.

• fJj fJ; f;XKs d/ nB[;ko ftb: ehsk frnk gfjbk oki ;h. okik n~gk ;kfjp dk eØJh g[~so BjhA;h. UjBK B/ wΩs sØA e[M fdB gfjbK ezgBh dh nkfrnk sØA fpBK fJ~e ‘d~se g[~so’ pDk fbnk. bkovj/;fNzrI B/ 1818 ft~u wokmk Pesh Bz{ ysw eoe/ fPtkih d/ tzPi gqskg f;zx Bz{ ;skok dk oki“T[;Bz{, T[; d/ g[~soK ns/ T[; d/ T[ZsokfXekohnK Bz{ d/ fd~sk ;h.” 1839 ft~u okik gqskg f;zx Bz{ r~dhsØA T[sko e/ oki T[;d/ Gok n~gk ;kfjp Bz{ d/ fd~sk frnk ;h. pzpJh gfoPd d/ gqw[y ;o ikoi ebkoeB/ fJ; ftb: d/ fto[~X ;bkj fd~sh ;h. vbjΩih B/ fJ; Bz{ “nkPfos oki” xØfPs eo e/ fJ; dk ftb:eo fbnk.


BØN


• MK;h dk okik g/Ptk d/ nXhB j[zdk ;h. okik dh 1835 ft~u wΩs jØ rJh gqzs{ ezgBh B/ okik d/ tzPi rzrkXookU Bz{ T[~sokfXekoh ;theko eo fbnk.Btzpo 1853 ft~u fJj okik th g[~so sØA fpBK jh ;tor f;Xkofrnk.oki Bz{ ezgBh B/ ftb: eo fbnk.d~se g[~so dk nfXeko ;theko BjhA ehsk frnk.

• fJ; wokmk oki dk x/ok 80,000 tor whb ;h. 1853 ft~u okik dk fpBK d~se g[~so rØd bJ/ jh;tortk; jØ frnk.gqzs{ T[; B/ okDh Bz{ g[Zso rØd b?D Bz{ efj fd~sk ;h.idØA okDh B/ g[~so rØd b?D dkgq;skt ehsk sK ezgBh b/ ;theko BjhA ehsk ns/ oki ftb: eo fbnk.

• bkov vbjΩIh d/ ftb: sØA brGr 3 r[Dk gqd/P ezgBh d/ ;kwoki ft~u Pkfwb jØJ/. T[Zso g~Swh gqd/Pft~u nzro/I d~fonK d/ ;zo~fyne pD rJ/.T[~so ft~u nzro/I ;kwoki dhnK ;hwktK fs~ps ns/ uhBh;kwoki Bz{ S{D b~rhnK ns/ d~yD g{op ft~u nzro/iK B/ pzrkb dh ykVh d/ sNK s/ nkgDk nfXeko pDkfbnk.Gkosh T[gwjK dhg ft~u nzro/ih ;kwoki e[dosh ;hwktK Bz{ S{D b~rk ns/ ;w[zdo ns/ gjkV T[;dhnK ;hwktK pD rJhnK .

• vbjΩIh ftb:tkdh ;h. T[;B/ ftngrs d/ f;XKs dk fJ;s/wkb nkeokwe T[d/PK bJh ehsk.i/eontX gad/PK ft~u ftngrs dk f;XKs bkr{ BjhA jØ ;fenk sK T[;B/ uzr/ gqPk;B dh nkV b? e/ gqd/P dkftb: eo fd~sk.

• 1801 sØA jh eoBkNe dk Btkp fJ~e BKwkso fijk ftnesh ;h. 1853 ft~u eoBkNe d/ Btkp dh wΩss/ wdok; ;oeko d/ ;[Mkt Bkb ;fjws jØ e/ T[;d/ T[ZsokfXekohnK Bz{ wkBsk BjhA fd~sh rJh ns/ fJ;/soK fJ; gqgzu Bz{ ysw eo fd~sk frnk. gqzs{ 1867 ft~u rtoBo iBob dk fJj fBoDk e[M j~d s~epdb frnk.1855 ft~u sziØo d/ okik dh wΩs jØ rJh . T[; sØA pknd T[; dhnK 16 ftXtktK ns/ 2e[VhnK ofj rJhnK. fJ; T[gkXh Bz{ th ysw eo fd~sk frnk. fJ;/ soK vbjΩih dh fJj :ØiBk ;h few[rb ;wokN dh T[gkXh th ysw eo fd~sh ikt/.gqzs{ vkfJo?eNoI B/ fJ; ;[Mkn Bz{ ;theko BjhAehsk. g/Ptk pkIhokU d{i/ Bz{ 8 b~y o[gJ/ ;kbkBk dh g?APB fwbdh ;h. 1853 ft~u t[;dh wΩs sØA pkndfJj g?APB T[;d/ d~se g[~so BkBk ;kfjp Bz{ BjhA fd~sh rJh feUAfe fJj g?APB fBih o{g ft~u pkihokUBz{ fd~sh rJh ;h Bk fe g/Ptk Bz{.

• 19thA Pskpdh d/ w~X s~e nzro/I ntX d/ ftb: d/ g~y ft~u jØ rJ/ ;B. n;b ft~u w~X fteNØohnk:[~r d/ ;kwokitkdh fJj ftPtk; eoD b~r/ ;B fe nzro/I jh uzrk gqPk;B d/D :Ør jB, GkoshnK dkUBK d/ Pk;B d/ nXhB ofjDk ns/ ntX dk ftb: pj[s Io{oh j?. bzdB NkJhwI B/ fJ;/ gqeko dhGktBk d/ nXhB fejk ;h fe, “Gkosh iks pj[s s[~S fijh iks j? ns/ fgqEth d/ d{i/ SØo s~e fJ~e wjkBiks UjBK T[Zs/ oki eoD bJh gj[zu rJh j?.@ fJ; bJh ftb: d/ ezw ft~u vbj�Ih Bz{ Bk sK fe;/;zXh dh bØV ;h ns/ Bk jh Uj fe;/ Gkt[esk Bkb gq/fos jØfJnk.

• ntX d/ ftb: dk w[~y ekoD f;oc T[~E/ dk e[Pk;B jh ;h.fJ; r~b s/ fXnkB BjhA fd~sk frnk fe fJ;e[Pk;B dk w[~y ekoD nzro/I nkg jh ;B. ;wekbhB nB/e b/yeK B/ pko pko fJj fejk j? feT[; d/P ft~u nzro/I j;sy/g B/ T[EØA dh okiftt;Ek Bz{ nfijk pDk fd~sk ;h fe fJj nzro/iK d/BK s/ fJ~e pVk Gkoh ebze ;h. e[Pk;B ftb: dk fJ~e pVk ;[rw fijk ekoD ;h.

• vbjΩih B/ fJ; gqd/P d/ ftb: dh :ØiBk pj[s d~yskg{oD pDkJh.T[; B/ nkgD/ nfXekoh T[~EØA d/ Pk;Bdh iKu eoD bJh G/i/ fiBK B/ fj~e ft;fsqs fttoD T[ZEØA d/ e[Pk;B d/ ftP/ ft~u UjBK Bz{ G/fink,fi; Bz{ bzdB G/i e/ T[; B/ rqfj ;oeko sØA ntX d/ ftb: bJh nkfrnk gqkgs eo bJh. rqfj ;oekons/ fpqfNP iBws fsnko eoD sØA pknd vbjΩih B/ pj[s ssgosk Bkb ezw ehsk.

• bkov vbjΩih B/ gqPk;B d/ brGr ;ko/ ftGkrK ft~u ;[Xko ehs/. fJ; wjkB ;kwokitkdh B/ ezgBh dhgqkgshnK Bz{ ;zrfms ehsk. rtoBo iBob d/ ekoiGko Bz{ x~N eoD d/ T[d/P Bkb pzrkb ft~u fJ~eb?cNhB?AN rtoBo fB:[es ehsk frnk. iØ BthB gqd/P ezgBh d/ nXhB nKT[d/ ;B UjBK bJh f;~XkgqPk;B nkozG ehsk frnk.fJ; Bz{ “BØB o?r{b/PB g~Xsh@ fejk iKdk j?.

• vbjΩih d/ ;kwoki ft;sko d/ ekoD nzro/ih oki dhnK ;hwktK g{op ft~u pzrkb sØA g~Sw ft~u f;zX ns/gzikp s~e c?b rJhnK. J/Phnk d/ ;kwoki dk ;[gBk g{ok jØ frnk. fJzB/ ft;fsqs gqd/P T[Zs/ nfXeko d/


BØN


ekoD fJj Io{oh ;h fe ;/BktK dh fInkdk uzrh tzv ehsh ikt/.pzrkb sØgykB/ d/ w[~y dcso ebe~sk dh EKw/om ft~u fbnKd/ rJ/ ns/ ;?Bk d/ w[~y dcso fPwbk ft~u pDkJ/ rJ/ ns/ fJj ezw 1865 s~e g{ok jØ frnk.

• bkov vbj Ωih B/ ekoiekb ft~u f;~fynk ft~u wj~stg{oD ;[Xko ehs/ rJ/.1853 ft~u Nkw;B dhftt;Ek d/ nB[;ko ;ko/ T[Zso g~Swh gqKs (nkX[fBe T[Zso gqd/P), bØno pzrkb ns/ gzikp ft~u ;EkBhgfo;fEshnK d/ nB[;ko Gkosh GkPktK ft~u f;~fynk dk gq;skt ;theko eo fbnk frnk. nfijh jhnkfrnk pzpJh ns/ wdok; ft~u th d/ fd~sh rJh.

• i[bkJh 1854 ft~u ;o ukob; t[~v iØ pØov Uc ezNoØb d/ gqXkB ;B, B/ Gkosh ;oeko Bz{ fJ~e BthA:ØiBk G/ih fi; Bz{ t[~v dk fBod/P g~so fejk iKdk j?. fJ;d/ nB[;ko “gqkoEfwe f;~fynk s ØA b? e/ftPtftfdnkb/ ;so s~e dh f;~fynk d/ bJh fJ~e ftnkge :ØiBk@ pDkJh rJh.

• fJzrb?Av ft~u o/bt/ bkJhB 1825 sØA pknd ftSkJh ik ojh ;h. vbjΩih d/ ekb ft~u Gkos ft~u 1853ft~u gfjbh o/bt/ bkJhB pzpJh sØA EkBk s~e ftSkJh rJh ns/ ibdh jh ;kok Gkosh ;kwoki o/bt/bkJhBK d/ ;{so ft~u pzB e/ fJ~e eo fd~sk frnk.

• Gkos ft~u e[M ;w/A sØA fJ~e T[ckB fJ~emk jØ fojk ;h.vbjΩIh d/ ikD s�A fJ~e ;kb pknd jh Uj c[~Nfgnk. vbjΩIh dh Bhsh ukj/ fezBh th fBnKg{oD ns/ T[fus feUA Bk jØt/, T[; dk gqGkt pj[s uzrk BjhA;h. Gkosh okfinK ft~u n;zsØP c?b frnk. fit/A fe thH J/H ;fwE B/ fejk j? fe “Gkosh okik‘nXhB;E* ns/ ‘nkPfos* fonk;sK d/ ;{yw G/d Bz{ BjhA ;wM ;ed/ ;B. UjBK B/ e/tb fJj t/fynk fefJ~e oki sØA pknd d{ik oki, ;kwoki fe;/ Bk fe;/ ekoD sØA ftb: jØ fojk j? ns/ j[D eØJh th oki;[o~fyns BjhA j?HHHH rsh pj[s s/I ;h ns/ fJ; d/ ;zfus gqGkt B/ nfsnzs n;fEosk dh ;fEsh T[sgzBeo fd~sh.@ ftngrs d/ f;XKs B/ Gkosh bØeK d/ gkozgfoe ohsh fotkiK dh ntj/bDk ehsh ns/ gqkuhBns/ ngqu~fbs f;XKsK d/ Bt/A wsbp e~Y/.


• ftngrs L jV~gDk, Ipod;sh nfXeko b?Dk

• d~se g[~so L rØd gqEk d/ sfjs fbnk frnk g[~so


1. bkov vbjΩIh d/ ftngrs f;XKs dh ftnkfynk eoØ.2. 1857 JhH d/ ftdoØj bJh bkov vbjΩIh fe~EØA s~e T[~sodkJh ;h< ftPb/PDkswe toDB eoØ.

3. bkov vbj ΩIh d/ gqPk;fBe ;[XkoK dk w[~bKeD eoØ.

T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)

(1) (e) (2) (r) (3) (e) (4) (r)(5) (y)




3H ;[szsosk dk fJfsjk;, phH n?bH rqØto ns/ :Pgkb, n?; uzd n?Av ezgBh fbH, okwBro fd~bh


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fJekJh^7L gfjbh wj~stg{oD u[B"shLfJekJh^7L gfjbh wj~stg{oD u[B"shLfJekJh^7L gfjbh wj~stg{oD u[B"shLfJekJh^7L gfjbh wj~stg{oD u[B"shLfJekJh^7L gfjbh wj~stg{oD u[B"shL(The First Major Challenge)


T[d/P (Objectives)ikDekoh (Introduction)

7H1 1857 d/ ftdo'j d/ ekoD (Causes of the Revolt of 1857)

7H2 nkozG, gq;ko ns/ gsB (Beginning,Spread and Suppression)

7H3 ftdo'j n;cb feUA< (Why the Revolt Failed)

7H4 ftdo'j dk gfoDkw (Aftermath of the revolt)

7H5 1857 d/ ftdo'j s/ u[D/ j'J/ ftuko (Select Options of the Revolt of 1857)7H6 ;ko nzP (Summary)

7H7 Ppde'P (Keywords)





J 1857 d/ ftdo'j d/ ekoDK dk ftPb/PD eoB ft~u.

J ftdo'j d/ nkozG gq;ko ns/ gsB dk ftt/uB eoB ft~u.

J ftdo'j dk w[~bkeD eoB ft~u.


19thA Pskpdh d/ w~X s~e Gkos ft~u okPNotkd dh u//sBk, i/eo okPNotkd Bz{ n;hA nkX[fBe ;zt/dBK d/ noEft~u bJhJ/, sK ;kv/ ft~u e/tb Gq{D nt;Ek d/ o{g ft~u jh ft~fdnkwkB ;h.;/B dk eEB j? fe 1857 ft~u “Gkose/tb fJ~e G[r'fbe eEB@ d/ o{g ft~u jh ft~fdnkwkB ;h. pzrkbh, gzikph, fjzd{;skBh, wjkokPNoh nkfd b'eKB/ ed/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fJ~e Gkos dk tk;h iK fJ~e okPNo dk w?Apo BjhA ;wfMnk ;h.

eh fJj ;?fBe ftdo'j iK ftdo'j fJ~e ;[szsosk ;zrokw ;h< gzfvs itkjo Bfjo{ d/ eEkB[;ko fJj sKtk;st ft~u ;kwzstkdh b'eK dk ftdo'j ;h, fi; ft~u ftd/P fto'Xh GktBktK s'A gq/fos b'e th Pkfwb j'J/.fJBK ;kwzs b'eK ft~u e'Jh th ;kwzi; BjhA ;h, ns/ Bk jh fJj fe;/ fJ~e GktBk iK T[d/P s"A gq/fos j'J/ ;B.t~vhfonk;sK d/ b'e gqw[~y o{g ft~u nb~r jh oj/ ns/ fJjBK B/ nzro/iK dh wdd ehsh, feUAfe UjBK Bz{ vo;h fe UjBK e'+ i' th e[M pfunk ;h, Uj nzro/iK dh feqgk d/ cb;o{g jh ;h.vkH nkoH ;hH wi{wdkodk soe j? fe Gkosh ;wki d/ e[M s~s ftneshrsa o{g iK ;zrfms o{g Bkb, Gkos d/ e[M GkrK ft~u nzro/iK fto[~X Io{o bV/ gqzs{ T[BK dk T[d/P, ;wekbhB ikDekoh d/ nkXko s/ fJjh ;gPN j[zdk j? fe ;tkoEGktiK Xkofwe GktBk Bkb jh bV/, Bk fe ;ko/ d/P d/ fjs ft~u, iK Gkos Bz{ ftd/PhnK s'A w[esh d[nkUD bJh.wi{wdko wj'd: fJ; fBoD/ s/ gj[zud/ jB fe “sEkefEs 1857 dk okPNoh ;[szsosk dk gfjbk ;zrokw Bk sKfJj gqEw, Bk okPNoh ns/ Bk jh ;[szsosk ;zrokw ;h.@

fJekJh^7L gfjbh wj~stg{oD u[B"shfJekJh^7L gfjbh wj~stg{oD u[B"shfJekJh^7L gfjbh wj~stg{oD u[B"shfJekJh^7L gfjbh wj~stg{oD u[B"shfJekJh^7L gfjbh wj~stg{oD u[B"sh

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gq'c?;o ;/B 1857 dhnK xNBktK Bz{ pV/ gfog~y ft~u d/yd/ j'J/ fJj soe fdzd/ jB fe ftdo'j ns/ eqKshnKw[~y o{g ft~u fJ~e nbg;zfyne tor dk jh ezw j[zdk j?, fi; ft~u iBsk dh ;jkB{G{sh j[zdh th j? ns/ BjhAth j[zdh, fit/A fe nwoheh ;[szsosk ;zrokw iK |qK;h;h eqKsh ft~u j'fJnk. fJ; soe Bz{ n~r/ tXkUAd/ j'J/Uj fJ; Bshi/ s/ gj[zud/ jB fe “fi; ftdo'j dk Xkofwe ;zxoP d/ o{g ft~u nkozG j'fJnk j't/, T[;dknzs ;[szsosk ;zrokw d/ o{g ft~u j'fJnk. T[;d/ wB ft~u th Iok th ;zd/j BjhA j? fe ftdo'jhnK B/ fJ~eftd/Ph ;oeko Bz{ e~Y e/ g[okDh ftt;Ek B{z d[pkok ;Ekfgs eoD dh e'fPP ehsh, fi; dk fd~bh dk ;wokNfBnKUfus gqshfBXh ;h.@

7H1 1857 d/ ftdo'j d/ ekoD 7H1 1857 d/ ftdo'j d/ ekoD 7H1 1857 d/ ftdo'j d/ ekoD 7H1 1857 d/ ftdo'j d/ ekoD 7H1 1857 d/ ftdo'j d/ ekoD (Causes of Revolt of 1857)

n?Arb' fJzvhnB fJfsjk;ekoK B/ ;?fBe n;zs'PK ns/ uoph tkb/ ekos{;K Bz{ jh 1857 d/ wjkB ftdo'j dk;G s'A w[~y ns/ wj~stg{oD ekoD d~f;nk j?.gqzs{ nkX[fBe Gkosh fJfsjk;ekoK B/ fJj f;~X ehsk j/ feuoph tkb/ ekos{; jh fJ; ftdo'j dk fJ~e wkso ekoD iK ;G s'A gqw[~y ekoD BjhA ;B.uoph tkb/ ekos{;ns/ ;?fBeK dk ftdo'j sK e/tb fJ~e fuzrkoh ;h fi;B/ UjBK ;ko/ ft;c'Ne gdkoEK Bz{ i' okiBhfse,;wkfie, Xkofwe ns/ nkofEe ekoDK s'A fJ~em/ j'J/ ;B, n~r brk fd~sh ns/ Uj dktkBb o{g XkoD eofrnk.

okiBhfse ekoD ^ ezgBh dh Gkosh fonk;sK T[~s/ ywskPkbh fB:zsoD (Effective Control) j"bh j"bhyksw/ (gradual extinction) dh Bhsh B/ bkov t?bibh d/ nXhB ;jkfJe ;zXh gqDkbh d/ o{g ft~u fJ~efBPfus o{g XkoD eo fbnk.fJ; soe dk nzfsw o{g vbj"ih d/ ekb ft~u ;kjwD/ nkfJnk fi;B/ B?fsens/ okiBhfse nkuko dhnK ;kohnK j~dK Bz{ fSzB fGzB eo e/ ftngrs d/ f;XKs (Doctrine of Lapse)Bz{ rfVnk. vbj"ih dh ftb: Bhsh B/ ;ko/ okfinK Bz{ ftnke[b eo fd~sk. fjzd{ okfinK s'A d~se g[~so b?Ddk nfXeko y'j fbnk frnk.T[ZsokfXeko dk nfXeko “UjBK Bz{ BjhA fojk fijBK dhnK XwDhnK ft~u tzPd/ gqtose dk y{B BjhA tfj fojk j[zdk.” nkPfos oki (Dependent States) ns/ o~fyns ;jkfJeK(protected allies) dk G/d pj[s ;{yw ;h ns/ tkb dh ykb T[skoD tkbh r~b ;h.fttkdGo/ wkwfbnKft~u ezgBh dk fBoDk Io{oh j[zdk ;h ns/ e'oN Uc vkfJo?eNoI dk fBoDk nzfsw ;h.g~ygks ofjs, P[~Xns/ nP[~X dk fBoDk eoD bJh ;otT[~u fBnkbk sK ;h jh BjhA.gzikp, ghr{ ns/ f;~few fi~s dk nfXekod[nkok ftb: eo bJ/ rJ/. ;skok, i?sg[o, ;zGbg[o, pxkN, T[d?g[o, MK;h ns/ Bkrg[o ftngrs d/ f;XKsd[nkok ftb: eo bJ/ rJ/ ;B.ntX Bz{ Pkf;sK d/ fjs ft~u ftb: eo fbnk frnk. szi"o ns? eoBkNed/ BtkpK dhnK okieh T[gkXhnK ysw eo fd~shnK rJhnK.Gkosh oki/ fJj wzBD b~r/ ;B fe ;kohnKfonk;sK dk n;fs~st yso/ ft~u j? ns/ fJBK ;G dk ftb: j'Dk e/tb ;w/A dk fJ~e gqPB j?.;XkoD ftPtk;;h fe fJj ftb: “ftngrs d/ f;XKs d/ ekoD BjhA pbfe ;koh “B?fsesktK d/ ftngrs” j'D d/ ekoDj'fJnk j?.fJBK fonk;sK d/ vo fBokXko BjhA ;B, fpqfNP ;kwoki d/ fJ~e fBowksk ;o ukob; B/fgnod/ g~so fttjko s'A ;gPN j?.T[;B/ fbfynk ;h, “i/eo w?A 12 ;kb bJh Gkos dk ;wokN j[zdk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHsK e'Jh Gkosh okik pfunk Bk ofjzdkHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHfBIkw dk BK th ;[DkJh Bk fdzdkHHHHHH B/gkb ;kvkj[zdkHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH@ wkb/;B B/ mhe jh fejk j? fe vbj"ih dh Bhsh B/ j'o T[Zu/ gdkfXekohnK d/ eEBK ns/ b/yK B/ fJ~e gqeko dk ‘nftPtk;* dk tksktoD T[sgzB eo fd~sk ;h ns/ GkoshnK Bz{ fJj gqshs j'D b~rk ;hfe nzro/I “w/wD/ d/ o{g ft~u G/fVJ/@ dh G{fwek fBGk oj/ jB.

ftdo'j d/ ekoD fInkdk r{V ;B ns/ Uj ;G i{B 1757 d/ gbk;h d/ :[~X s'A 29 wkou,1857 Bz{ wzrb gKv/ d[nkok nzro/I n?i{N?AN dh j~fsnk se d/ nzro/ih gqPk;B d/ 100 ;kbd/ fJfsjk; ft~u fBfjs j?.

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w[;bwkBK dhnK GktBktK th rzGho o[g Bkb nkjs j'JhnK ;B. vbj"ih i' ;kwoki ft~u ;kwoki(imperium in imperio) ihfts o~yD d/ g~y ft~u BjhA ;h, B/ Pkjikidk ceho{dhB d/ T[ZsokfXeko Bz{wkBsk sK d/ fd~sh ;h gqzs{ T[; s/ pj[s gqshpzX brk fd~s/ ;B.1856 ft~u ceho{dhB dh w"s s'A pknd bkove?fBzr B/ x'PDk ehsh fe ceho{dhB d[nkok fsbKibh fd~s/ j'J/ wkwfbnk s'A fJbktk Bt/A T[~sokfXekohPfjIkd/ Bz{ okieh: T[gkXhnK ns/ w[rb wfjb d't/A jh S~v d/D/ j'Dr/.fJ; x'PDk Bkb w[;bwkb pj[s fuzfssj' rJ/.Uj ;wMd/ ;B fe nzro/I s?w{o d/ tzP Bz{ Bhuk fdykDk ukj[Zd/ ;B. fit/A fe nb?eI?Avo vc B/fbfynk j? “fgSb/ 100 ;kbK s'A g{o/ Gkos ft~u b'e fBih xoK iK w;fidK ft~u s?w{o d/ tzP, fi;dk gqsheUj fd~bh d/ ;wokN Bz{ wzBd/ ;B, dh ;fwqXh bJh gqkoEBk eod/ oj/ jB. fJ; s?w{o tzP dh ;fwqXh dknoE e/tb nzro/ih ;kwoki dk gsB ns/ gqkuhB tzP dk g[Bo;EkgB jh j?.fJ;bJh UjBK d/ wkwfbnKft~u nzro/ih ;oeko d/ gqsh fto'X ns/ fJ; d/ BPN j'FD bJh shtq fJ~Sk fJ~e gqeko dk Xkofwe eos~tj? i' Uj nkgD/ fjod/ ft~u ;zi'Jh o~yd/ ;B, feUAfe fJj UjBK Bz{ Xkofwe ftPtk; ns/ nkgD/ g{otikdh ;fwqXh d/ o{g ft~u fwfbnk j?.

fJj th soe g/P ehsk frnk j? fe fJ~e j'o okiBhfse ekoD Gkos ft~u fpqfNP Pk;B dk ;o{g “nB[g;fEsgqG{;~sk@ (absentee sovereigntyship) d/ o{g ft~u ;h ns/ nzro/ik d/ fto'X bJh fJ; dk Gkosh wBT[~s/ pj[s gqGkt fgnk.gmkB ns/ w[rb fiBK B/ Gkos Bz{ fi~fsnk, ekbKso ft~u Gkos ft~u jh p; rJ/ns/ Gkosh pD rJ/. fJE'A fJ~emk ehsk frnk eo fJ~E/ jh you j[zdk ;h. nzro/iK d/ ftP/ ft~u Gkosh fJjnB[Gt eod/ ;B fe fJjBK s/ jIkoK whb d{oh s'A oki ehsk iKdk j? ns/ d/P d/ XB dk j"bh j"bh fBek;j' fojk j?.

fJ; s'A fJbktk fgSb/ 40 ;kbK s'A nB[;oD ehsh j'Jh nzro/ih oki dh ;Ekfgs PKsh (Pax Britannkca)dh Bhsh d/ ekoD fgzvkoh, mr ns/ j'o fB:fws ;?/fBe i' Gkosh fonk;sK dhnK fB:fws ;?BktK d/ nzrj[zd/ ;B, Uj ;G j[D ysw j' u[e/ ;B ns/ UjBK dbK s'A fBftqs ;?fBe j[D fJ; ftdo'j ft~u Pkfwb j'rJ/, ftP/Peo ;wki fto'Xh s~sK Bz{ ftdo'j d/ fdBK ft~u ;toD nt;o fwfbnk ns/ UjBK B/ ftdo'jhnKdh ;zfynk ft~u tkXk eo fd~sk.

gqPk;fBe ns/ nkofEe ekoD Gkosh fonk;sK d/ ftb: d/ pj[s ;ko/ ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe gqGkt j'J/. GkoshnfGiks tor Pesh ns/ gdth s'A tzfus j' frnk.BthB gqPk;fBe ftt;Ek ft~u UjBK Bz{ Ujh gqkuhB fJ~Isgqkgs eoD d/ nt;o pj[s x~N ;B feUAfe fJ; ftt;Ek d/ T[Zu/ T[Zu/ gd e/tb nzro/iK bJh ;[o~fyns ;B.

;?Bk ft~u T[Zu/ s'A T[Zuk gd i' fe;/ Gkosh Bz{ fwb ;edk ;h Uj ;{p/dko dk ;h fi; ft~u 60 iK 70 o[gJ/ wkf;et/sB fwbdk ;h ns/ n;?fBe gqPk;B ft~u ;do nwhB dk gd ;h fi;dk t/sB e/tb 500 o[gJ/ wkf;e ;h.gdftq~Xh d/ nt;o pj[s x~N ;B. GkoshnK dh fJj XkoDk pD rJh fe nzzro/I UjBK Bz{ “b~eVjko/ iK ejko@pDkUDk ukj[zd/ jB.

fJ; ftP/ ft~u ;o Nkw; B/ fbfynk j/ fe,@ ftd/Ph fti/sktK B/ GkoshnK T[Zs/ pj[s n~fsnkuko ehs/ jBgqzs{ UjBK ft~u'A fe;/ B/ th fJjBK Bz{ fJzBk BhtK BjhA wzfBnk fizBk n;hA wzBd/ jK.fe;/ B/ th ;koh iksBz{ nftPtk;:'r ns/ JhwkBdkoh d/ n:'r BjhA wzfBnk ;h ns/ Bk jh e/tb T[; ;w/A ;/tk eoD d/ :'rwzfBnk id'A T[; fpBK r[Ikok Bk j' ;e/.fJj Bk e/tb nB[dkosk jh BjhA pbfe fttjko e[Pbsk th BjhAj? fe n;hA UjBK b'eK d/ ufo~so Bz{ i' ;kv/ nXhB j' rJ/ jB^ g{oh soK nX'rsh Bz{ gj[zuk dJhJ/.@ 1833d/ ukoNo n?eN dh f;ckoPK d/ j[zd/ j'J/ th Bhsh brGr Ujh ojh.

Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh dh gqPk;fBe ekoi gqDkbh “n:'r ns/ ngfonkgs “;h. G{wh eo ftt;Ek sK pj[sjh nfgq: ;h. Bt/A gqkgs fifbnK ft~u fe;kB brGr ;dk ftdo'j eod/ ofjzd/ ;B ns/ G[wh eo fJ~emkeoD bJh ;?Bk G/iDh g/Adh ;h.T[dkjoD bJh gkDhgs d/ fIb/ ft~u g[fb; ezw d/ bJh sK e/tb 22 x[V;tko;B gqzs{ G{wh eo fJ~emk eoD bJh 136 ftnesh ezw eod/ ;B. ftdo'j d/ nkozG ft~u jh ;o j/Bohbko/A; B/ fJ~e tko fejk ;h fe “fJj ;G i?e;BK, bko?A;K, Nkw;BK ns/ n?vwB;N'BK dh feqgk j?.@ fJBKgqkgs fifbnK ft~u ;oeko B/ fe;kBK d/ Bkb ;zgoe pDk fbnk ;h ns/ w~XiB BjhA oj/ ;B. T[Zso g~SwhgqKs dh G{wh eo ftt;Ek d/ ftP/ ft~u fJj fejk frnk ;h fe, “fJj fGnkBe gq:'r j?HHHHHH fi;dkT[d/P ;wki d/ ;ko/ sb Bz{ ;wsb eoBk j?.@pj[s ;ko/ skb[edko ns/ tzPkB[rs G{whgsh (i' ;oeko dk


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G{wh eo fJ~emk eod/ ;B) nkgD/ nkgD/ gdK ns/ nfXekoK s'A tzfus eo fd~s/ rJ/.e[M eo w[es G{whgshnKBz{ fejk frnk fe Uj nkgDk nfXeko fgq~Sk (Quo Warranto) noEks Uj d;skt/I fdykUD fi;d/ d[nkokUjBK Bz{ eo w[es ehsk frnk ;h.@fJj nkw s"o s/ ;zGt BjhA ;h ns/ cb;o{g pj[s ;koh nfijh G{whIps eo bJh rJh.nfijh G{wh d[pkok Bhbkw eo fd~sh rJh.eJh tko fJj G{wh Uj b'e b? b?Ad/ ;B i'fIwhAdkoh dk ezw Iok th BjhA ;wMd/ ;B ns/ Uj b'eK dk P'PD eod/ ;B.fJj i?e;B dh Bhsh ;h fentX d/ skb[edkoK dh G{wh d/ ;t~skfXekoK (titles) dh iKu ehsh ikt/ ns/ ;EkfBe ;?fBeK dh SzNDh eofd~sh ikt/ ns/ fJjh ;?fBe ns/ sk~b[edko fJ; gqd/P ft~u ftdo'j dk e/Ado pD/.pzpJh d/ gqf;~X fJBkwefwPB B/ 20,000 ikrhoK Ips eo bJhnK.fJ; soK pj[s ;ko/ G{whgsh rohp j' rJ/.d{i/ gk;/ fe;kBKBz{ th e'Jh ftP/P bkG BjhA gj[zfunk feUAfe Uj b'e fco th pj[s ;ko/ eoK d/ Bhu/ dp/ oj/.fe;kBK Bz{fJj ;G uzrk BjhA b~rk.j[D fJj b'e f;XKsjhD ;kj{ekoK d/ uzr[b ft~u c; rJ/.fit/A fe nP'e w/jsk B/fbfynk j? fe “ntX d/ ftb: d/ ;w/A 25,543 fgzv skb[e~dkoK dh irhoK ft~u ;B.T[; ft~u'A 13,640 sKskb[~edkoK e'b oj/ ns/ pkeh 11,903 fgzv UjBK b'ek Bz{ fwb rJ/ i' skb[~edko BjhA ;B.noEks skb[~edkoKd/ brGr n~X/ fgzv y'j bJ/ rJ/.e[M sK nkgDk ;G e[M jh y' p?m/ ;B.@ fJ; ftt;Ek dk eh Bshik j'fJnkfJ; dk nB[wkB n;hA fJ; r~b s'A brk ;ed/ jK fe MK;h ft~u bePwh wzfdo d/ eo w[es fgzv th Ipseo bJ/ rJ/.

nzro/iK dhnk nkofEe BhshnK th Gkosh tgko d/ fto[~X ;B.Jh;N fJZvhnk ezgBh d/ okiBhfsePesh d/ gq:'r Bkb Gkosh j;sfPbg ns/ tgko dk ;otBkP j' frnk ns/ fJ; Bz{ e/tb nzro/ih P'PDgqDkbh d/ gfofPPN d/ o{g ft~u jh ihfts ofjD fd~sk frnk.

;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ekoD ^ ;ko/ fti/sk ikshnK dh soK nzro/I Pk;e ftfis b'eK d/ gqsh pj[s o[~y/ns/ ewhB/ (arrogant) ;B. fJ; s'A fJbktk Uj ikshGkt dh GktBk Bkb th gq/fos ;B.Uj GkoshnKBz{ fxqDk dh fdqPNh Bkb d/yd/ ;B ns/ fjzd{nK Bz{ popo ns/ w[;bwkBK Bz{ e~NogzEh, fBodJh ns/ p/JhwkB;wMd/ ;B.

:{ogh nfXekoh tor GkoshnK d/ gqsh pj[s em'o ns/ n;fjD:'r ;h.Uj GkoshnK Bz{ ek+/ iK ;{o dkBK fdzd/ ;B.UjBK ft~u'A T[~sw s'A T[~sw b'e th pov ns/ Nkw;B (Bird and Thomason) dh soK w"ekgkUD s/ GkoshnK dk ngwkB eoD s'A BjhA u{ed/ ;B.

fPeko s/ iKd/ ;w/A nzro/I gdkfXZekoh ns/ :{ogh ;?fBe GkoshnK s/ pbkseko eod/ ;B. :{ogh fiT{ohnK(juries) i' fJjBK wkwfbnK dh ;[DtkJh eo ;edhnK ;B nkw s"o s/ fJBK Bz{ E'Vh pj[s ;Ik d/ e/ S~v fdzdhnK;B ns/ GkoshnK Bz{ fJj pj[s u[Gdk ;h.

;ohfoe ns/ okiBhfse nfBnK ;fjD eoBk eJh tko ;zGt j' ;edk ;h gqzs{ Xkofewe T[sghVB ;fjDkpj[s w[Pfeb ;h. nzro/iK dk fJ~e T[d/P GkoshnK Bz{ Jh;kJh pDkUDk th ;h.fJj ezgBh d/ nfXnePw?ArbI (Mangles) d/ jkT{; Uc ekwBI ft~u fd~s/ rJ/ fJ~e GkPD s'A ;gPN j[zdk j?. T[;B/ fejk ;h fe,@d?t:'r Bkb Gkos dk ft;fsqs ;kwoki fpqN/B Bz{ fwfbnk j? skfe Jh;kJh Xow dh gskek Gkos d/ fJ;S'o s'A d{i/ S'o s~e cfjok ;e/.jo ftnesh Bz{ ibdh s'A ibdh GkoshnK Bz{ Jh;kJh pDkUD d/ wj~stg{oDezw Bz{ g{oh soK ysw eoD ft~u nkgDh ;koh Pesh brk d/Dh ukjhdh j?.@ w/io n/vtovI (Major

ekob wkoe; B/ i' fJ~e pj[s us[o gq/ye ;h,1853 ft~u fbfynk ;h fe,@fJjnzro/ih x[;g?mhnk ;h fi;B/ Gkosh y~vh (loom) Bz{ s'V fd~sk ns/ uoy/ dkBk; eo fd~sk.nzro/iK B/ Gkosh ;{sh e~gV/ Bz{ nzro/ih wzvhnK s'A tzfus eoBknkozG eo fd~sk ns/ fco Gkos ft~u fJ~e nfijk w'V nkfJnk fe ;{sh e~gV/dh wksG{wh Bz{ ;{sh e~gV/ Bkb Go fd~sk.;{sh e~gVk T[d:'r d/ Bk; j'D Bkby/sh T[Zs/ p'M tX frnk ns/ nzs ft~u d/P nfezuB j' frnk.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ jØ


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Edwards) B/ th fJj ;gPN o{g ft~u fejk ;h fe “Gkos ft~u ;kv/ nfXeko dk nzfsw T[d/P d/P Bz{Jh;kJh pDkUDk j?@ tho ;ktoeo B/ fJj do;kfJnk j/ fe n;?fBe ns/ ;?/fBe T[Zu/ gdkfXekoh okw ns/w[jzwd Bzz{ rk+K e~Yd/ ;B ns/ ;?fBeK Bz{ Jh;kJh pDB dh gq/oDk fdzd/ ;B. ;?fBeK Bz{ i/eo Uj ‘;~uk Xow*ngDk b?D sK gd T[~Bsh dk tuB fd~sk iKdk ;h.Jh;kJh Xow gqukoeK Bz{ gfonkgs ;[ftXktK fd~shnKiKdhnK ;B. nwoheB fwPBoh ;[;kfJNh (American Missionary Society) B/ nkro/ ft~u fJ~e pj[sGkoh w[doDkbk (Printing press) brkfJnk. w{osh g{ik Bz{ p[ok fejk iKdk ;h. fjzd{ d/th d/tsktK dkT[gjk; ehsk iKdk ;h. ;o ;?:d nfjwd \K B/ th fbfynk j? fe “nfijk ftPtk; ehsk iKdk j? fe ;oekoB/ Xow gqukoe fB:[es eo o~y/ jB ns/ UjBK d/ GoD^g'PD s/ youk eodh j?.@ bkov P?cN;poh (LordShaftesbury) B/ sK fJ~E'A s~e fejk ;h fe “Gkos Bz{ Jh;kJh pDkUD ft~u n;woEsk jh fJ; MrV/ dkw{b ekoD j?.@

1850 ft~u gk; ehs/ rJ/ Xkofwe n:'rsk nfXfB:w (Religlous Disabilities Act) d[nkok fjzd{ ohshfotiK ft~u gfotosB fbnKdk frnk.noEks Xow gfotosB Bkb g[~so nkgD/ fgsk dh ;zgsh s'A tzfusBjhA ehsk ik ;edk ;h. fJ; ekBz{B dk w[~y bkG Jh;kJh pDB tkfbnK Bz{ ;h. b'eK B/ fJj th nctkjc?bk fd~sh fe bkov e?fBzr Bz{ ftP/P nkfrnk fd~sh rJh j? fe Uj Gkos Bz{ Jh;kJh pDk d/t/. nfij/tksktoD ft~u fJj ftPtk; ehsk ikD b~rk fe o/bt/ ns/ tkPgg's (steamships) Gkosh Xow gfotosBdk fJ~e ngqs~y ;kXB jB. p?AikfwB fvio/bh d/ PpdK ft~u,@ Bt/A f;XksK d/ nXhB Gkosh ftXkB gfoPd;EkfBe b'eK d/ Xkofwe ftPtk; Bz{ j"bh j"bh e[sodh ik ojh j/.fJ; dh okPNoh ft~fdnk dh f;XKsegqDkbh d/ nB[;ko Xow g[;seK (pkJhpb nkfd ) gkmPkbKtK ft~u nukBe jh gj[zu rJhnK jB.@ GkoshnKBz{ fJj ftPtk; j[zdk ik fojk ;h fe nzro/I UjBK Bz{ Jh;kJh pDkUD dh :'iBk pDk oj/ jB.Jh;kJhgkdohnK ns/ vbj"Ih ns/ p/NB (Bethune) dhnK fJ;soh f;~fynk bJh ehshnK rJhnK e'fPPK d[nkokGkoshnK Bz{ fJj ftPtk; j[zdk ik fojk ;h fe nzro/I ft~fdnk d[nkok UjBK dh ;~fGnsk Bz{ fi~sDk ukj[zd/jB.@ ft~fdnk dcsoK Bz{ “P?skBh dcsoK@ dk BK fd~sk ikD b~rk ;h.

;?fBe ekoD ^bkov nkeb?av d/ ncrkB :[~X s'A pknd nB[Pk;B Bz{ pj[s X~ek b~rk ;h.bkov vbj'Ih B/rqfj nfXekohnK (home authorities) Bz{ fbfynk ;h fe, “;?Bk dk nB[Pk;B T[Zu s'A fBwB nfXekohnKs~e fBzdk:'r j' frnk ;h.@ pzrkb ;?Bk “fJ~e wjkB GkJhukok ;h fi; ft~u ;ko/ w?Apo J/esk Bkb ezw eod/;B.@ ns/ ;/Bk dh ;/tk tzPkB[rks ;h.pzrkb ;/Bk dk 60# Gkr ntX ns/ T[Zso g~Swh GkrK s'A nkUAdk;h ns/ T[; ft~u fInkdkso T[Zu iksh d/ pqkjwD ns/ okig{s e[b d/ w?Apo j[zd/ ;B i' nkw s"o s/ T[;nB[Pk;B Bz{ ;theko eoD d/ T[s;[e BjhA ;B. fi; d/ nB[;ko UjBK ns/ fBwB iksh d/ ;?fBeK Bz{ pokpowzfBnk ikt/.;o ukob; B/fgno Bz{ fJjBK “T[Zu iksh@ feokJ/ d/ ;?fBeK s/ ftPtk; BjhA ;h.bkov vbj"ihd/ rtoBo iBob j'D d/ ;w/A s'A fszB ;?fBe ftdo'j j' u[e/ ;B, 1849 ft~u 22t/A n?~BH nkJhH dk ftdo'j,1850 ft~u 66t/A n?~BH nkJhH dk ftdo'j ns/ 1852 ft~u 38t/A n?~BH nkJhH dk ftdo'j.

“pzrkb ;/Bk d/ ;?fBe ntX dh ;koh n;?fBe iBsk dhnK GktBktK Bz{ gqrN eod/ ;B. w"bkBk nkIkd d/nB[;ko ntX d/ ftb: B/ ;/Bk ft~u ns/ yk; s"o s/ pzrkb ;?Bk ft~u ftdo'jh GktBk dk nkozG ehskHHHUjBK B/ nukBe fJj nB[Gt ehsk fe fJj Pesh i' ezgBh B/ UjBK dh ;/tk ns/ pfbdkB d[nkok gqkgsehsh j?, n~i UjBK d/ okik Bzz{ ysw eoD bJh gq:'r ehsh ik ojh j?.@

Gkos ft~u nzro/ih ;kwoki d/ gq;ko Bkb ;?fBeK dh ;/tk PosK s/ gqshe{b gqGkt fgnk .j[D UjBK Bz{ nkgD/d/P s'A d{o ;/tk eoBh g?Adh ;h ns/ tkX{ G~sk th BjhA fwbdk ;h.;?fBe UjBK fdBK Bz{ :kd eod/ ;B id'A Gkoshokik UjBK dh ;/tk s'A gq;zB j' e/ UjBk Bz{ ikrhoK ns/ g[o;eko fdzd/ ;B. j[D nzro/iK d/ f;zX ns/ gzikp dh

GkoshnK d[nkok ft~fdnk dcsoK Bz{ “P?skBh dcsoK@ dk BK feUA fd~sk ikD b~rk ;h<Nk;e


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fi~s Bkb UjBK dh ;fEsh ftrV rJh ;h. 1824 ft~u p?eog[o ft~u ;?fBeK B/ ;w[zdo gko powk ft~u ;/tk eoDs'A wBk eo fd~sk ns/ fJ; d/ cb;o{g 47thA o?Ihw?AN Gzr eo fd~sh rJh. 1844 ft~u 4 pzrkb o?Ihw?ANK B/ UjBKBz{ tkX{ G~sk Bk fwbD s/ f;zX ikD s'A wBk eo fd~sk.

1856 ft~u e?fBzr dh ;oeko B/ nkw ;?Bk Gosh nfXfB:w (General Service Enlistment Act) gkfoseo fd~sk fi;d/ nB[;ko pzrkb ;?Bk d/ ;ko/ Gkth ;?fBeK Bz{ fJj ;theko eoBk j[zdk ;h fe fi~E/ fes/ th;oeko Bz{ b'V j't/rh Uj ezw eoDr/.fJ; nfXfB:w dk gqGkt g[okD/ ;?fBeK s/ BjhA ;h gqzs{ ;?fBe ;/tknkw s"o s/ tzPkB[rs j[zdh ;h fJ; bJh fJj nfXfB:w pj[s nfgq: ;h. fJ; s'A fJbktk i' ;?fBe1839^42 s~e ncrkfB;skB s'A ;/tk eoe/ nkJ/ ;B UjBK Bz{ UjBK d/ ;wki B/ nkgDh iksh ft~u tkfg;BjhA fbnk ;h. fiBK ;/fBeK Bz{ ftd/P ;/tk bJh n:'r x'fPs eo fd~sk frnk ;h UjBK Bz{ g?APB ;fjsfBtfo~s j'D dh nkfrnk BjhA ;h pbfe UjBK Bz{ SktDhnK ft~u fB:[es eo fd~sk iKdk ;h.

1854 ft~u vke xo nfXfB:w d/ gkfos j'D s/ ;?fBeK dh fBP[be vke ;[ftXk ysw eo fd~sh rJh .fJ; s'AfJbktk :{ogh ns/ Gkosh ;?fBeK dk nB[gks fdB gqshfdB tXdk ik fojk ;h. 1856 ft~u Gkosh ;?Bk ft~u2,38,000 Gkosh ;?fBe ns/ 45,322 :{ogh ;?fBe ;B. ;?Bk ft~u e[Pb nfXekohnK d/ nGkt d/ ekoD fJjn;wkBsk j'o th rzGho j' rJh ;h feUAfe pj[s ;ko/ ;?fBe nfXekoh Btftfis gqd/PK ft~u gqPk;fBe ezwKft~u b~r/ j'J/ ;B.;?fBeK dk ftsoD th d'Pg{oD ;h.fJ; s'A fJbktk eqhwhnB :[~X (Crimean War) ft~u ftBkPd/ ekoD ;?fBeK dk ;kXkoD wkBf;e pb th x~N j' frnk ;h.fJjBK ;ko/ ekoDK ti'A Gkosh ;?fBeK Bz{ ftPtk;j' frnk ;h fe i/eo Uj T[; ;w/A jwbk eoD sK UjBK dh ;cbsk dh ;zGktBk ;h.fJ; bJh Uj w"e/ dh sbkPft~u ;B i' uoph tkb/ ekos{;K B/ UjBK Bz{ d/ fd~sk. fJjBK ekos{;K B/ e'Jh BtK ekoD g/P BjhA ehsk pbfefJ~e nfijk w"ek gqdkB ehsk fi; Bkb UjBK d/ G{whrs n;zs'P gqrN j'J/.

1856 ft~u ;oeko B/ g[okDh b'j/ tkbh pzd{e pqkT{B p?; (Brown Bess) dh EK s/ BthB n?Bchbv okJhcb(New Enfield Rifle) i' fInkdk uzzrh ;h, Bz{ gq:'r eoD dk c?;bk ehsk. fJ; BthB okJhcb d/ gq:'rdk gqfPePD vw^vw, nzpkbk ns/ f;nkbe'N ft~u fd~sk ikDk ;h. fJ; bJh okJhcb ft~u ekos{; d/ T[~gohGkr Bz{ w{zj Bkb e~NDk g?Adk ;h.iBtoh 1857 ftu pzrkb ;?Bk ft~u fJj nctkj c?b rJh fe uoph tkb/ekos{; ft~u rK ns/ ;{o dh uoph j/.;?fBe nfXekohnK B/ fJ; nctkj dh iKu ehs/ fpBK s[ozs fJ; dkyzvB eo fd~sk.ekbKso ft~u g[~SskS B/ fJj f;~X eo fd~sk fe@ rK ns/ p?b dh uoph n;b ft~u jh t{fbuP;sqkrko (Woolwich arsenal) ft~u gq:'r ehsh iKdh ;h.@ (V.A. Smith) b'eK B/ efjDk P[o{ eo fd~skfe ezgBh n"ozrI/p dh G{fwek ft~u j? ns/ ;?fBeK B/ fPtkih pDBk j?.

;t^w~bKeD ;t^w~bKeD ;t^w~bKeD ;t^w~bKeD ;t^w~bKeD (Self-Assessment)1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the Blanks)

(i) wkb/;B B/ mhe jh fejk ;h fe GkoshnK Bz{ fJj gqshs j'D b~rk ;h fe nzro/I “HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH@dh G{fwek fBGk oj/ jB.

(ii) 1856 ft~u ceho{dhB dh w"s s'A pknd HHHHHHHHHHHHH B/ x'PDk ehsh fe PfjIkd/ Bz{ oki;h T[gkXhns/ w[rb wfjb d't/A S~vD/ g?Dr/.

(iii) ftdo'j dk fJ~e j'o okiBhfse ekoD Gkos ft~u fpqfNP Pk;B dk ;o{g HHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ o{g ft~u;h.

(iv) ;?Bk ft~u T[Zu/ s'A T[Zuk gd i' fe;/ Gkosh Bz{ fwb ;edk ;h Uj HHHHHHHHHHH dk ;h fi; dk wkf;et/sB 60 iK 70 o[gJ/ ;h.

(v) n;?fBe gqPk;B ft~u T[Zuk gd fi; s/ Gkosh ezw eo ;edk ;h ;do nwhB dk ;h fi;dk t/sBHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;h.

7H27H27H27H27H2 nkozG, gq;ko ns/ gsB nkozG, gq;ko ns/ gsB nkozG, gq;ko ns/ gsB nkozG, gq;ko ns/ gsB nkozG, gq;ko ns/ gsB (Beginning, Spread, Suppresion)

;?fBeK d/ uoph tkb/ ekos{;K d/ gq:'r eoBk ;theko Bk eoB s/ UjBK T[Zs/ nB[Pk;BjhDsk dk nko'gbrk e/ UjBK Bz{ ;Ik fd~sh rJh.29 wkou, 1857 Bz{ p?eog[o ft~u ;?fBeK B/ fJjBK ekos{;K Bz{ gq:'r


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eoD s'A wBk eo fd~sk ns/ fJ~e ;?fBe wzrb gKv/ B/ nkgD/ n/i[N?AN (adjutant) T[Zs/ jwbk eoe/ T[;dh j~fsnkeo fd~sh .34thA n?BH nkJhH o?Ihw?AN s'V fd~sh rJh ns/ ngokXhnK Bz{ ;Ik fd~sh rJh. wJh 1857 ftAu w/om ft~u 85 ;?fBeK B/ fJBK ekos{;K Bz{ gq:'r eoD s'A fJBeko eo fd~sk. UjBK Bz{ ;?fBe fBnkb/ B/ dhoxekbhBekoktk; dh ;Ik ;[DkJh.10 wJh Bz{ ;?fBeK B/ y[~bk fto'X eo fd~sk.ns/ nkgD/ nfXekohnK T[~s/ r'bhubkJh.nkgD/ ;kEhnK Bz{ w[es eotk e/ Uj b'e fd~bh t~b u~b gJ/. iBob j/ftN (General Hewitt) d/ e'+2200 :{ogh ;?fBe ;B gqzs{ T[;B/ fJ; s{ckB Bz{ o'eD dh e'Jh e'fPP BjhA ehsh.

B'NLB'NLB'NLB'NLB'NL

ftdo'jhnK B/ 12 wJh Bz{ fd~bh s/ nfXeko eo fbnk. b?cNhB?AN ftb'ph B/ i' fd~bh ft~u P;sqkrko dkekotkje ;h, e[M gqsho'X ehsk gqzs{ gokfis j'fJnk.wfjb ns/ Bro T[~s/ nfXeko eo fbnk frnk.fd~bhd/ e[M :{ogh r'+h Bk+ T[Vk fd~s/ rJ/ . pjkd[oPkj d{i/ Bz{ Gkos dk ;wokN x'fPs eo fd~sk frnk. fd~bhBro dk j~E s'A fBebDk nzro/iK bJh fJ~e Gkoh jkBh ;h

ftdo'j ibdh jh ;ko/ T[Zsoh ns/ w~X Gkos ft~u c?b frnk. byBT{, fJbkjkpkd,ekBg[o, po/bh, pBko;, fpjkod/ e[M Gkr, MK;h ns/ e[M j'o gqd/P, ;kfonK ft~u ftdo'j j' frnk. nzro/iK d/ ;[Gkr Bkb eJh Gkosh Pk;e

1857^58 ft~u ;?fBe ftgbt ns/ n;?fBe ftdo'j s/ fN~gDh1857^58 ft~u ;?fBe ftgbt ns/ n;?fBe ftdo'j s/ fN~gDh1857^58 ft~u ;?fBe ftgbt ns/ n;?fBe ftdo'j s/ fN~gDh1857^58 ft~u ;?fBe ftgbt ns/ n;?fBe ftdo'j s/ fN~gDh1857^58 ft~u ;?fBe ftgbt ns/ n;?fBe ftdo'j s/ fN~gDh

2 cotoh, 1857 L 9thA ;EkfBe g?db ;?Bk dk pfjokwg[o ft~u ftgbt.10 wJh, 1857 L w/om ft~u ;?fBeK dk ftgbt.11^30 wJh, 1857 L fd~bh, fco'Ig[o, pzpJh, nbhrV, nNktk,

p[bzdPfjo, B;hokpkd, po/bh, w[okdkpkd, PkjijKg[o ns/ j'o T[Zso gqd/P d/ BroK ft~u ftdo'j dk c[~NDk.w[rb ;wokN Bz{ Gkos dk ;wokN x'fPs eoBk.

i{B 1857 L rtkbhno, Gosg[o, MK;h, fJbkjkpkd, c?Ikpkd, ;[bskBg[o, byBT{ nkkfd ft~u ftgbt.

L rzrk ns/ f;zX d/ w?dkBK ft~u, okig{skB/ ft~u, w~X Gkos ns/ pzrkb d/ e[M GkrK ft~u n;?fBe ftdo'j

i[bkJh 1857 L fJzd"o, wj{, ;kro ns/ fijbw ns/ f;nkbe'N fij gzikp d/ e[M ;EkBK s/ ftgbt

nr;s 1857 L ;kro ns/ Bowdk xkNh d/ ;ko/ gqd/PK ft~u n;?fBe ftdo'j.

f;szpo 1857 L fd~bh T[Zs/ nzro/iK dk d[pkok nfXeko. w~X Gkos ft~u ftdo'j.

nes{po 1857 L e'Nk oki ft~u ftdo'j c?bDk.

Btzpo 1857 L ftdo'jhnK B/ iBob ftzvjw Bz{ ekBg[o d/ e'+ jokfJnk.

fd;zpo 1857 L ekBg[o dk :[~X ;o ekfbB e?Apb B/ fi~fsnk. sKfsnk N'g/ G~i frnk.

wkou 1858 L byBT{ T[Zs/ d[pkok nzro/ih nfXeko, fpjko ft~u irdhPg[o d/ e[tzo d[nkok ftdo'j.

ngq?b 1858 L MK;h T[~s/ nzro/ih nfXeko, fpjko ft~u irdhPg[o d/ e[tzo d[nkok ftdo'j.


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okiGrs pD/ oj/ ns/ ftdo'j d/ dwB ft~u UjBK B/ pj[w[Zbk :'rdkB fd~sk.Bowdk Bdh d/ d~yDh Gkr brGrPKs jh oj/.

fd~bh T[Zs/ d[pkok nfXeko wkBf;e fdqPNh Bkb pj[s wj~stg{oD ;h fJ;bJh nzro/iK B/ fJ; fdPk ft~ugq:sB ehsk. gzikp s'A ;?BktK fd~bh t~b p[bkJhnK rJhnK ns/ T[Zso t~b'A jwbk ehsk frnk. Gkosh ;?fBeKb/ x'o :[~X ehsk ns/ nzs ft~u f;szpo 1857 ft~u nzro/iK dk fd~bh T[Zs/ d[pkok nfXeko j' frnk.gqzs{ fJ;ft~u ikB fBeb;B (John Nicholson) Iywh j'J/ ns/ tho rsh Bz{ gqkgs j'J/.;wokN Bz{ pzdh pDk fbnkfrnk. fd~bh d/ fBtk;hnK s'A pdbk fbnk frnk. b?cNhB?AN j"v;B B/ ;wokN d/ d' g[~soK Bz{ ns/ fJ~e g's/Bz{ fJj tuB d/ e/ fe UjBK Bz{ e'Jh jkBh BjhA gj[zukJh ikt/rh, r'bh Bkb T[Vk fd~sk.

byBT{ ft~u ftdo'j 4 i{B Bz{ P[o{ j'fJnk. fpqfNP o/Ihv?AN j?Boh bko/z; B/ :{og fBtk;hnK ns/ brGr 2000Gkosh ;?fBek Bkb o?Ihv?A;h ft~u PoD bJh. Gkosh ;?fBek B/ o?Ihv?A;h Bz{ x/o fbnk. fJ; x/o/ ft~u j?Bohbko/A; dh w"s j' rJh.fJ; s'A pknd fpqr/fvno fJzrfb; (Brigadier Ingliss) B/ x/oD tkfbnK dk thoskBkb gqsho'X ehsk.j?tbke (Havelock) ns/ nkT{Nqw (Outram) d/ byBT{ Bz{ d[pkok fi~sD d/ nkozfGe :sBfB;cb oj/ gqzs{ Btzpo 1857 ft~u Bt/A w[~y ;?Bkgsh ;o ekfbB e?Apb (Sir Colin Campbell) i' fJzrb?av s'AG/i/ rJ/ ;B, B/ r'oyk o?ihw?AN dh ;jkfJsk Bkb Bro ft~u gqt/P ehsk .ns/ :{ogh b'ek dh o~fynk ehsh.wkou1858 ft~u Bro T[Zs/ nzro/iK dk nfXeko j' frnk, ukj/ fJ~ek d[~ek jwb/ f;szpo 1858 s~e ubd/ oj/.

ekBg[o nzro/iK d/ j~EK ft~u'A 5 i{B 857 Bz{ fBeb frnk. BkBk ;kfjp Bz{ g/Ptk x'fPs eo fd~sk frnk. iBob;o fjT{ tjhbo (General Sir Hugh Wheeler) i' SktDh d/ ewKvo ;B, UjBK B/ 27 i{B Bz{ nksw ;wogDeo fd~sk.e[M :{ogh g[oP, n"osK ns/ pkbeK dh j~fsnk eo fd~sh rJh. UE/ g/Ptk BkBK ;kfjp Bz{ nkgD/ fBg[zB;jkfJe sKfsnk N'g/ dh wdd th gqgs j' rJh. ekBg[o T[Zs/ d[pkok nfXeko dh e'fPP byBT{ T[Zs/ d[pkoknfXeko Bkb pj[s fBeN s'A ;zpzfXs ;h. ;o e?Apb B/ ekBg[o T[Zs/ 6 fd;zpo Bz{ d[pkok nFfXeko eo fbnk.sKfsnk N'g/ G~i frnk ns/ MK;h dh okDh Bkb ik fwfbnk.

I{B 1857 d/ nkozG ft~u MK;h B/ th ftdo'j eo fd~sk. okDh bePwh pkJh, okik rzrkXo okU dh ftXtkBz{ fonk;s dh Pk;e x'fPs eo fd~sk frnk. ekBg[o d/ gsB s'A pknd sKfsnk N'g/ th gj[zu rJ/.;o fjt{o'I B/ MK;h T[Zs/ jwbk eoe/ 3 ngq?b, 1858 Bz{ T[;s/ fco nfXeko eo fbnk.

MK;h dh okDh ns/ sKfsnk N'g/ B/ rtkfbno t~b o[y ehsk, fi~E/ Gkosh ;?fBeK B/ T[;dk ;tkrs ehsk.gqzs{ f;zXhnk B/ okiGrs ofjD dk fBPuk ehsk ns/ nkrok ft~u PoD bJh.BkBk ;kfjp Bz{ g/Ptk x'fPsehsk frnk ns/ d~yD t~b uVkJh eoD dh :'iBk pDkJh rJh. rtkfbno T[Zs/ i{B 1858 ft~u nzro/iKB/ d[pkok nfXeko eo fbnk. MK;h dh okDh t/PG{Pk ft~u bVdh j'Jh d[or dhnK ezXK e'b tho rsh Bz{gqkgs j'Jh. sKfsnk N'g/ fco pu fbeb/ gqzs{ ngq?b 1859 ft~u UjBK Bz{ f;zXhnk d/ fJ~e ;kwzs B/ geVfbnk ns/ nzro/iK B/ UjBK Bz{ cK;h s/ bNek fd~sk.

po/bh ft~u \kB pjkd[o B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ Btkp BkfIw x'fPs eo fd~sk.fpjko ft~u fJ~e ;EkfBe fIwhdkoirdhPg[o d/ e[tzo f;zx B/ ftdo'j dh gskek cfjok fd~sh.pBko; ft~u th ftdo'j j'fJnk gqzs{ eoBb BhbB/ T[;Ba{ fdqVskg{ote dpk fd~sk.ns/ ;ko/ ftdo'jhnK, ;zd/jh ftneshnK ns/ Pokosh bVfenK Bz{ th cK;hs/ bNek fd~sk. i[bkJh 1858 s~e ftdo'j g{oh soK PKs j' frnk.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)

2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H ;jh ftebg u[D'^ ;jh ftebg u[D'^ ;jh ftebg u[D'^ ;jh ftebg u[D'^ ;jh ftebg u[D'^ (Choose the correct option) (i) nzro/I ;oeko B/ n?bchbv okJhcb dk gq:'r ed'A P[o{ ehsk<

(e) 1855 (y) 1856 (r) 1857 (x) 1858

(ii) p?eog[o SktDh ft~u ;?fBeK B/ uoph:[es ekos{;K d/ gq:'r eoD s'A ed'A wBk ehsk<

(e) 20 wkou, 1857 (y) 27 wkou, 1857 (r) 24 wkou, 1857

(x) 29 wkou, 1857


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(iii) e; fsEh Bz{ ftdo'jh ;?fBe fd~bh t~b u~b gJ/<

(e) 8 wJh, 1857 (y) 9 wJh, 1857 (r) 10 wJh, 1857

(x) 11 wJh, 1857

(iv) byBT{ ns/ ekBg[o ft~u ftdo'j ed'A P[o{ j'fJnk<

(e) 4 ns/ 5 i{B (y) 10 ns/ 11 i{B (r) 8 ns/ 10 i{B

(x) 14 ns/ 15 i{B

(v) fpjko d/ fIwhdko ezto f;zx B/ ftdo'j dh gskek cfjokJh. Uj ;zpzfXs ;h ^

(e) nkok Bkb (y) pfbnk Bkb (r) Sgok Bkb

(x) irdhPg[o Bkb

7H3 ftdo'j n;cb feUA j'fJnk< 7H3 ftdo'j n;cb feUA j'fJnk< 7H3 ftdo'j n;cb feUA j'fJnk< 7H3 ftdo'j n;cb feUA j'fJnk< 7H3 ftdo'j n;cb feUA j'fJnk< (Why the Revolt Failed)

1857 dk ftdo'j ;EkfBe ;hfws ns/ n;zrfms ;h.pzpJh ns/ wdok; dhnK ;?BktK okiGrs ojhnK.Bowdk Bdh d/ d~yD d/ gqd/P ft~u E'Vh pj[s nPKsh c?bh. f;zX ns/ oki;EkB PKs oj/ ns/ B/gkb dhwdd pj[s bkGekoh f;~X j'Jh. ncrkfB;skB dk Pk;e d';s w[jzwd th fw~so pfDnk fojk. ikB bko/A; B/gzikp Bz{ ;cbskg{ote fB:zsoD ft~u o~fynk.g~Swh fpjko, ntX, o[j/byzv,fd~bh ns/ Bowdk ns/ uzpbd/ w~X d/ gqd/P jh ;G s'A nfXe gqGkfts j'J/.

J nzro/ih ;kwoki d/ ;kXB ftdo'jhnK d/ ;kXBK d/ w[ekpb/ pj[s fInkdk ;B. nzro/iK d/ ;[Gkr Bkbeqhfwnw ns/ uhBh :[~X 1856 s~e ysw j' u[e/ ;B. 1,12,000 :{ogh ;?fBe ;z;ko d/ fGzB fGzB GkrKs'A Gkos ft~u T[g;fEs j' rJ/.3,10,000 nfsfoes Gkosh ;/Bk dk fJ~E' jh rmB ehsk frnk.Gkoshftdo'jhnK d/ e'b pzd{eK pj[s E'VhnK ;B. ns/ Uj fInkdkso sbtkoK ns/ GkfbnK Bkb bV/.d{i/ gk;/nzro/ih ;/Bk nkX[fBesw jfEnko fit/A fe n?Bchbv okJhcb nkfd Bkb b?; ;h.BkBk ;kfjp B/ sKfJ~e tko fejk ;h,@ fJj Bhbh N'gh tkbh okJhcb sK r'bh u~bD s'A gfjbK jh wko fdzdh j?.ftd:[ssko ftt;Ek d[nkok w[~y ;?Bkgsh ftdo'jhnK dhnK rshftXhnK s'A ntrs oj/.ftdo'j dk ykswk eoDbJh fJ~e ;w{fje :'iBk pDkJh rJh. NkJhwI Uc bzdB d/ ;ztkddksk B/ ftd:[s sko d/ bkG Bz{ fJBKPpdK ft~u g/P ehsk, “ftd:[s ;zzukfbs sko ftt;Ek dh y'i B/ n~i s~e J/Bh wj~stg{oD G{fwek ed/BjhA fBGkJh fijh fe n~ieb Gkos ft~u fBGk ojh j?. fJ; s'A fpBK w[~y ;?Bkgsh nkgDh ;/Bk dh n~XhPesh y' p?mDr/. fJ;B/ sK ;?Bkgsh d/ ;~i/ j~E s'A th fInkdk ;/tk ehsh j?.i/eo n;hA nzro/ih;kwoki d/ ftPkb ;kXBK ns/ T[;dh ;w[zdoh Pesh dh tfoPmsk t~b t/fyJ/ sK fJj th fejk ik ;edkj/ fe i/eo ftdo'jh nzro/iK Bz{ ;w[zdo iK sNh gqd/PK ft~u th yd/V fdzd/ sK th ibd jh Gkos Bz{nkgDh tfoPm Pesh Bkb d[pkok fi~s b?Ad/.@

J 1857 d/ ftdo'j dk ;o{g w[~y s"o s/ ;kwzstkdh ;h, fi; ft~u e[M okPNotkdh d/ s~s ftfdnkwkB ;B.ntX ns/ o[j/byzv d/ ns/ j'o T[Zsoh Gkos d/ ;kwzstkdh s~sK B/ ftdo'j dh nrtkJh ehsh. ns/ d{i/ gk;/;kwzstkdh s~sK B/ gfNnkbk, ihAd, rtkfbno ns/ j?dokpkd d/ okfinK B/ fJ; ftdo'j d/ dwB ft~u wddehsh.:{ogh fJfsjk;ekoK B/ rtkfbno d/ wzsoh ;o fdBeo okU ns/ j?dokpkd d/ wzsoh ;kbko izr dhokiGrsh dh pj[s gqPz;k ehsh j/. ;zeN d/ ;w/A e?fBzr B/ fejk ;h fe, “i/eo f;zXhnk th ftdo'j ft~uPkfwb j' ikt/ sK w?Bz{ e~b jh fp;sok r'b eobk gt/rk . “e?fBzr B/ pj[s p[XhwkBh s'A ezw fbnk id'A T[;b/Gkosh okfinK s'A fBPfus gqfs~frnk eo UjBK dk ;woEB gqkgs eo fbnk. ftdo'j PwB s'A pkndGkosh okfinK Bz{ ftP/P o{g ft~u g[o;feqs ehsk frnk. fBIkw Bz{ pokV dk gqKs tkfg; eo fd~sk frnkns/ T[;d/ eoI/ w[nkc eo fd~s/ rJ/. f;zXhnk, rkfJetkV ns/ okig{s okfinK Bz{ th e[M g[o;eko fwb/.

J ftdo'j dk rmB mhe BjhA ;h. ftdo'j d/ B/sktK ft~u thosk dh ewh BjhA ;h gqzs{ nB[Gt, ;zrmBywsk ns/ fwb e/ ezw eoD dh Pesh dh ewh ;h. Skgk wkoD iK nukBe jwbk eo e/ b[gs j'D Bkb;[szsosk BjhA tkfg; nk ;edh ;h. ftdo'j ysw j'D d/ pknd nB/e nk:'r ns/ iKu ;fwshnK


BØN


fB:[es ehshnK rJhnK UjBK ft~u'A fe;/ Bz{ th ftdo'j d/ fg~S/ :'iBkp~X ezw d/ gqwkD BjhA fwb/.pjkd[oPkj d{i/ d/ nko'g B/ sK fJj th f;~X eo fd~sk fe fJj ftdo'j T[; bJh UBk jh nukBe ;h fizBkfe nzro/iK bJh.

J ftdo'jhnK d/ ;kjwD/ ftd/P fto'Xh GktBk s'A fJbktk e'Jh j'o T[d/P BjhA ;h. fd~bh ft~u pjkd[oPkj d{i/Bz{ ;wokN x'fPs eo fd~sk frnk ns/ rtkfbno ft~u BkBk ;kfjp Bz{ g/Ptk. fjzd{ w[;fbw wsG/d fJ~ed[PwD d/ n~r/ fBPfeqnk j' rJ/ gqzs{ ysw BjhA j'J/.

J ;[Gkr t~b'A ezgBh Bz{ bKo/A; pzX{, fBeb;B, nkT{Nqw, j?tbke, n?vtovI fij/ ftP/P :'r ftneshnK dh;/tktK gqkgs ;B. fJj ;G gqfsPfms ns/ nB[Gth ;?fBe ;B.UjBK B/ nkozfGe ekb ft~u efmBsw :[~XbV/ ns/ ftd/P s'A wdd nkUD s~e ;fEsh Bz{ ;zGkb e/ o~fynk.

7H4 ftdo'j dk gfoDkw 7H4 ftdo'j dk gfoDkw 7H4 ftdo'j dk gfoDkw 7H4 ftdo'j dk gfoDkw 7H4 ftdo'j dk gfoDkw (Aftermath of Revolt)

1857 dk ftdo'j id fe g{oh soK dwB j' frnk fco th fJ; B/ Gkos ft~u nzro/ih ;kwoki Bz{ w{bs'A fjbk fd~sk.bkov eq'wo B/ fejk j/,@ ekP fe nzro/I dh :[tk ghVh Gkosh ftdo'j d/ fJfsjk; Bz{gV/, fXnkB d/t/, f;~y/ ns/ fJ; dk wBB eo/. fJ; ftu pj[s ;ko/ gkm ns/ u/sktBhnK fBfjs jB.@Gkos ft~u fB:zsoD dhnK ftXhnk (techniques) id fe gfog~e j' u[ehnK ;B, T[BK Bz{ d[pkok;Ekfgs ehsk frnk ns/ T[; s'A pknd ;wkB o{g ft~u jo Ek s/ brkJhnK rJhnK .gqshfeqnktkdhns/ fBfjs ;tkoEK Bz{ uzrh soK ;[o~fyns ehsk frnk ns/ UjBK Bz[ gq's;kfjs ehsk frnk ns/ UjGkos ft~u nzro/ih ;kwoki d/ ;szG pD/. “c[~N gkU ns/ oki eo'@ dh Bhsh dk ikDp[~M e/ nB[;oDehsk frnk ns/ fJj nzro/ih fB:zsoD dk w[~y nkXko pDh ns/ ;?fBe ns/ n;?fBe gqPk;B ft~u w[~ygdK s/ :{ogh fB:zsoD ;ys eo fdsk frnk.

1858 d/ Gkos ;oeko nfXfB:w d[nkok Gkosh gqPk;B dk fB:zsoD ezgBh s'A y'j e/ fpqfNP okiw[e[N(Crown) Bz{ ;"Ag fd~sk frnk. gqzs{ fit/A efBzxw B/ fejk ;h fe fJj gfotosB “n"gukfoe ;h tk;sfteBjhA “;o j/Boh okfbB;B (Sir Henry Rawlinson) i' ezgBh d/ fJ~e vkfJo?eNo ;B ns/ ezgBh d/ yksw/d/ g~y ft~u ;B B/ mhe jh fejk ;h,@ n;hA gfotosB dk fJ~e t~vk Bshik Bkw dk gfotosB j't/rk fi;ft~u nkozG eoe/ ;kwoki d/ fJ~e BthB d"o t~b tX ;eKr/.@ Gkos ft~u Ujh gfjbk rtoBo iBob, Ujhgfjb/ tork ;?fBe ns/ n;?fBe gqPk;B ubdk fojk. fJzrb/Av ft~u fJ; nfXfB:w d/ d[nkok fJ~e Gkoshoki ;fut (Secretary of State for India) dk gqktXkB ehsk frnk ns/ T[;dh wdd bJh 15 w?ApoK dhwzsoDk gfoPd (Advisory council) j'Dh ;h fi; ft~u'A 8 ;oeko d[nkok wB[Bhs j'D/ ;B ns/ pkeh 7e'oN Uc vkfJo?eNoI d[nkok u[D/ ikD/ ;B. fJ; soK g[okD/ vkfJo?eNoI jh Gkos gfoPd ft~u fB:[esj' rJ/.e'Jh Bhsh gfotosB BjhA j'fJnk pbfe fJ; x'PDk s'A ezgBh dh g[okDh BhshnK d/ nB[;oD dkjh gq;skt ;h.

1724 s'A jh ;oeko B/ p'ov uc ezNo'b d[nkok Gkosh wkwfbnK ft~u ekch gqGkt pDk o~fynk ;h ns/ tk;stft~u ;ko/ gqw[~y w[~fdnK T[Zs/ fBoDk:e eEB UjBk dk jh j[zdk ;h.1858 dh x'PDk s'A d[jok fB:zsoD yswj' frnk ns/ ;oeko jh f;~X/ Gkosh wkwfbnK bJh T[ZsodkJh j' rJh.

wjkokDh dh x'PDk d/ nB[;ko,@ y/soK dk ;hwk ft;sko (extension of territorial possessions) “dh Bhshysw eo fd~sh rJh ns/ “;EkfBe okfinK d/ nfXeko, wkB ns/ ;~wkB “Bz{ nkgD/ jh ;wkB ;zo~fynD dkftPtk; d[nkfJnk frnk. nzro/ih gqik dh j~fsnk d/ d'PhnK Bz{ S~v e/ pkeh ;G Bz{ w[nkc eo fd~sk frnk.Gkosh fonk;sK B/ T[; s[ckB Bz{ “i' i/eo Bk o'Ffenk iKdk sK PkfJd ;kBz{ (nzro/iK) Bz{ fJ~e bfjo ftu pjkb? iKdk o'eD bJh fJ~e pzB dk ezw ehsk.@ UjBK Bz{ ;kwoki dh gqkuho o{g d/ pDkJ/ o~yD d/ f;XKs Bz{ nzro/ih ;kwoki dk fJ~e w[~y w{b s~s pDk fbnk frnk. fiBK skb[edkoK B/ t~vh ;zfynk ft~u ftdo'j ft~u Gkr fbnk;h, UjBK B/ okiGrsh dk gqD b?e/ nkgDh nkgDh fonk;sK ft~u d[pkok ;Ekfgs eo fd~sk frnk.fit/A fe gzfvsBfjo{ B/ fejk j? fe fJj b'e i' nkgD/ nkg Bz{ “ntX d/ Btkp (barons of Oudh)@ efjbkUD ft~u wkD nB[Gteod/ ;B, Ujh fpqfNP ;kwoki d/ ;szG pD rJ/. fJ; soK ;kwzstkdh ns/ gqshfeqnktkdh s~s ;kwokitkd d/ftP/P feqgkgkso pD rJ/.


BØN


1858 dh x'PDk ft~u fJj ftPtk; fdbkfJnk frnk ;h fe “;kvh gqik fe;/ th iks iK Xow dh feUA Bkj't/, ;[szso o{g ft~u ns/ fpBK G/dGkt d/ UjBK ezwK bJh fiBK bJh Uj nkgDh ft~fdnk, :'rsk ns/JhwkBdkoh Bkb eoD d/ :'r j't/, ;kvh ;/tk ns/ gdK s/ fB:[es ehsh ikt/rh.@ fJ; gqfs~frnk Bz{ g{oDeoD bJh 1861 ft~u Gkosh iBgd ;/tk nfXfB:w (Indian Civil Service Act) pDkfJnk frnk fi;d/nB[;ko jo ;kb bzdB ft~u fJ~e gqsh:'rsk gqhfynk j'fJnk eo/rh skfe ;zPokfts iBgd ;/tk (CovenantedCivil Service) ft~u Gosh ehsh ik ;e/.d[oGkr Bkb I' ft;fsqs fB:w fJ; gqhfynk bJh pDkJ/ rJ/ UjBKBkb fJj e/tb nzro/iK dh gfoo~fyns pDh j?.

fJ; ftdo'j bJh w[~y o{g Bkb Gkosh ;/Bk jh T[ZsodkJh ;h.fJ;dk g{oh soK g[BormB ehsk frnk ns/fJ;dk rmB “ftGkiB ns/ gqshs'bD (division and counterpoise)@ dh Bhsh s/ ehsk frnk.1861dh “;?Bk ;zfwPoD :'iBk (Army amalgamation Scheme)@ d/ nB[;ko ezgBh dh :{ogh ;?Bk ;oekoBz{ j;sKsfos eo fd~sh rJh. :{ogh ;?fBeK Bz{ ;w/A ;w/A s/ fJzrb?Av G/i e/ UjBk dk BthAeoD(renovation) ehsk iKdk ;h. :{ogh ;?fBeK dh 1857 s'A gfjbK dh ;zfynk i' gfjbK 2,38, 000 ;h, j[D1,40,000 fBPfus eo fd~sh rJh ns/ fJ~e ;kXkoD ;{so (formula) fJj pD frnk fe pzrkb gq?Ihv?A;hft~u :{ogh ns/ Gkosh ;?fBeK dk nB[gks 1L2 j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ wdok; ns/ pzpJh gq?Ihv?A;hnK ft~u 1L3dk . fJ; s'A fJbktk Gkosh ;?fBeK s'A gqshs'bD (counterpoise) ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.fJ; GktBk dk;?Bk d/ g[BormB d/ bJh gzikp ;fwsh dh fog'oN ft~u fJBK PpdK ft~u toDB ehsk frnk j?,@ftfPPNsk(distinction) i' fJ~e pj[s w{btkB t;s{ j? ns/ i' j[D s~e fJ; soK ubdh ojh j? fe d/P d/ w[;bwkBKBz{ d{i/ d/P d/ w[;bwkBK s'A G?Ghs ns/ fxqDk eokUAdh j?^ Bz{ pDkJ/ o~yD bJh Gft~y ft~u ;?fBe fBek;(corps) gqKsh j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ UjBK y/soK ft~u, fi~E/ w[ekpbk ftP/P o{g ft~u j?, T[; Bz{ G[r'fbe ;hwks~e ;hfws o~yDk ukjhdk j?.@ ;?Bk ns/ s'gykB/ ft~u T[~u/ gd e/tb :{ogh b'eK bJh jh o~y/ rJ/. 1857d/ ftdo'j s'A pknd 50 ;kbK ft~u fJ~e th Gkosh “oki nk:[es (Viceroy's Commission) “d/ GkoshgdkfXekohnK s'A nfXe T[~sw wzB/ iKd/ oj/.

fJ; s~E Bz{ fInkdk s'A fInkdk o{g ft~u nB[Gt ehsk frnk fe fJ; ftdo'j dk fJ~e w{bG{s ekoD, Pkf;sK ns/Pk;eK d/ ft~u ;zgoe dk Bk j'Dk ;h.;o pkoNb cq/no (Sir Bartle Frere) B/ nkgDh 1860 dh gqf;~X fN~gDhft~u ftXkB gfoPdK ft~u “;EkfBe s~sK (native elements)@ Bz{ Pkfwb eoD dh fpBsh ehsh ;h. nfijkftPtk; ehsk frnk fe GkoshnK Bz{ ftXkB ezwK ft~u ;fjekoh pDkUD Bkb Pk;e GkoshnK dhnK GktBktK Bkbgfofus j' ;eDr/ ns/ tfjw d{o eoD d/ nt;o fwb ;eDr/.fJ;/ fdPk ft~u fJ~e S'Nh fijh e'fPP GkoshgfoPd nfXfB:w (Indian Council Act) d[nkok ehsh rJh.

PkfJd fJ; ftdo'j d/ GktBkswe gqGkt ;G s'A d[oGkrg{oD ;B. iksh eN[sk fJ; ;zxoP dh ;Gs'A d[PNsw foeE (legacy) ;h. gzu B/ nkgD/ ftnzr fu~soK ft~u Gkoshnk Bz{ T[gwkBt iht (sub-human creature) i' n~Xk r[fo~bk ns/ n~Xk fBro' ;h, d/ o{g ft~u gqdofPs ehsk i' e/tb tfoPmPesh d[nkok jh fB:zsfos ehsk ik ;edk ;h.Gkos ft~u ;kwokitkd d/ J/izNK B/ ;ko/ Gkosh b'eKBz{ nftPtk;:'r mfjok fd~sk ns/ UjBk Bz{ ngwkB, fso;eko ns/ fBzdk fttjko dk Gkrh pDBkfgnk. itkjo bkb Bfjo{ d/ PpdK ft~u,@;kwokitkd ns/ fJ~e iksh dk d{ih iksh s/ nfXeko p[oksK j? jh ns/ ikshtkd j'o th p[ok j?. gqzs{ ;kwokitkd ns/ ikshtkd d't/A fwbe/ e/tb vo (horror)t~b tXd/ jB ns/ Uj fJjBK ;G b'eK Bz{ i' fJ; Bkb ;zpzfXs jB, gsB t~b b? iKd/ jB.@ Gkosft~u nzro/iK B/ fJ~e ‘;tkwh iksh* (master race) dh gozzgok pDk fd~sh.fJj BthB ;kwokitkd dkwsbp ‘r'o/ dk p'M* (White man's burden) d/ doPB ns/ nzro/iK dh Gkos Bz{ ;~fGn pDkUD dhG{fwek d[nkok f;~X ehsk frnk.d't/A ikshnK ft~u ykJh u"Vh j[zdh ubh rJh ns/ fJj ed/ ed/okiBhfse fttkdK, gqdoPBK ns/ fjz;k d/ ezwK ft~u gfotofss j' iKdh ;h.

1857 d/ ftdo'j B/ fJ~e :[r dk nzs eo fd~sk ns/ fJ~e BthB :[r d/ phi p'J/.gqkd/fPe ft;sko dh EK s/ nkofEeP'PD dk :[r nkozG j;fJnk.nzro/ih ;kwoki d/ bJh ;kwzstkdh :[r dk vo ;dk bJh ysw j' frnk ns/ nzro/ih;kwoki d/ bJh BthA u[B"sh T[; gqrshPhb Gkos s'A jh nkJh i' 19thA Pskpdh d/ T[dkotkdh nzro/iK ns/ ikB ;N{noNfw~b (John Stuart Mill) d/ doPB s/ gf+nk ;h.


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7H5 1857 d/ ftdo'j s/ u[D/ j'J/ ftuko 7H5 1857 d/ ftdo'j s/ u[D/ j'J/ ftuko 7H5 1857 d/ ftdo'j s/ u[D/ j'J/ ftuko 7H5 1857 d/ ftdo'j s/ u[D/ j'J/ ftuko 7H5 1857 d/ ftdo'j s/ u[D/ j'J/ ftuko (Selected opinions of Revolt 1857)

nkoH ;hH wi{wdko nkoH ;hH wi{wdko nkoH ;hH wi{wdko nkoH ;hH wi{wdko nkoH ;hH wi{wdko (R.C Majumdar)^ fJ; s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe 1857 d/ n;?fBe ftdo'j Bz{ ;[szsosk;zrokw sK jh efj ;ed/ jK i/eo n;hA fJ; dk noE nzro/iK d/ fto[~X fJ~e S'Nk fijk ;zxoP wzBhJ/. gqzs{T[; nt;Ek ft~u sK fgzvkohnK d/ nzro/iK d/ fto[~X ;zxoP iK tjkphnK d/ f;~yK d/ fto[~X ;zxoP Bz{ thnfijk jh ;theko eoBk gt/rk. I' fJ; Bz{ fJ; o{g ft~u wzBd/ jB UjBk Bz{ fJj d/yDk j't/rk fe 1857d/ ftdo'jh fe; ;hwk s~e nkofEe iK Xkofwe T[d/PK s'A gq/fos ;B fiBK gq/oDktK s'A fgzvkoh ik tjkphgq/fos ;B ns/ fe; ;hwk s~e Uj fBofbgs GktBk ns/ d/PGrsh s'A gq/fos j' e/ d/P Bz{ ftd/Ph pzXB s'Aw[es eokUDk ukj[zd/ ;B.fJ~ek d[~ek T[dkjoDK Bz{ S~v e/ j[D s~e e'Jh nfij/ s~E ;kjwD/ BjhA nkJ/ fi;Bkb fJj f;~X j' ;e/ fe b'eK d/ ftdo'j dk w[~y T[d/P ftd/Ph pzXB s'A w[esh gkUDk ;h.nzs ft~u fJj f;~Xj[zdk j? fe fJj sEkefEs gqEw okPNoh ;[szsosk ;zrokw, Bk sK fJj gqEw, Bk jh okPNoh ns/ Bk jh;[szsosk ;zrokw ;h/HHHHHH ("It is difficult to avoid the conclusion than the so called FirstNational War of Independence of 1857 is neither First, not National, nor a War ofIndependence.") (British Paramountcy and Indian Renaissance, Part 1) p 624-25.

n?;H n?BH ;/B n?;H n?BH ;/B n?;H n?BH ;/B n?;H n?BH ;/B n?;H n?BH ;/B (S.M. Sen) ^ ;?fBe ftdo’j Io{oh ;h.e’Jh th fti/sk okPNo ;dk bJh dk;sk ft~uBjhA ofj ;edk.fJ~e skBkPkjh Pesh Bz{ nzs ft~u sbtko dh Pesh Bkb jh oki eoBk g?Adk j?, ukj/ UjT[; Bz{ wywb dh fwnkB ft~u jh feUA Bk o~y/. Gkos ft~u fJj sbtko f;gkjhnK dh ;?Bk (sepoy army)d/ ;zo~fynD ft~u ;h.f;gkjhnK ns/ UjBK d/ ftd/Ph ;tkwhnK d/ ft~u iksh, GkPk iK Xow dk e ØJh pzXBBjhA ;hHHHHHHH. ;?fBe ftdoØj 1857 ft~u sK Io{oh BjhA ;h, gqzs{ fJj ;kwoki d/ ;zftXkB ft~u nzsoG{s(inherent) ;h. (The Mutiny was not invevitable in (1857), but it as inherent in the constitutionof the Empire.) (Eighteen Fifty-Seven p. 417.)

n?;H phH un?;H phH un?;H phH un?;H phH un?;H phH uΩXohXohXohXohXoh (((((S.B Choudhuri)^ ;[szsosk dk gqEw :[~X sK fJj ;h feUAfe Gkosh fJfsjk; d/ ;ko/ fbfysgN sØA n;hA ftPkb fto[~X ;z:ØiB (gigantic anti-foreign combine) Bz{ yØiDk n;zGt j?, fi; ft~u pj[s ;ko/bØe ns/ gqKs i[N/ jØD (First War of Independence is certainly was, as in the whole canava of therecorded history of India it would be difficult to find a parallel to this gigantic anti-foreigncombine of all classes of people and of many provinces of India). (Theories of the Indian Mutiny):Gkos ft~u brksko fJ~e ;kb s~~e fBozso ubdk ofjD tkbk :[~X iØ ;ko/ gqd/PK ft~u fJ~e jh ;w/A s/ ubdk oj/ns/ fi; dk T[d/P ftd/Ph Pk;e Pesh Bz{ ngwkfBs eoBk ns/ d/P sØA e~YDk j Øt/, nfijk fJ; s ØA gfjbKed/ th Gkos ft~u BjhA jØfJnk ;h.

wwwwwΩbkBk np[b ebkw nkIkdbkBk np[b ebkw nkIkdbkBk np[b ebkw nkIkdbkBk np[b ebkw nkIkdbkBk np[b ebkw nkIkd ^ gqPB fJj T[~mdk j? fe eh fJj ftdoØj f;oc okPNoh GktBk Bkb gq/fos ;h.i/eo n;hA okPNoh GktBk d/ noE nkX[fBe noEK ft~u bJhJ/ sK T[~so j? fe nfijk BjhA ;hHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fJ;sØA gfjbK fe bØe ftdoØj eoD, d/P gq/w Bz{ Xkofwe GktBk Bkb th iØVBk g?Adk ;hHHHHHHHHHH gqzs{ jko dk ;G sØAw[~y ekoD iØ ;kjwD/ nkUAdk j?, Uj ;h ftdoØjh B/sktK dh nkg;h fxqDk, ns/ fJ~e d{i/ d/ fto[~X ;kfIPK ouDk.(;/B dh feskp dk gqekPB p.xiv-xv)


J ;/B dk eEB j? fe 1857 ft~u “Gkos e/tb fJ~e G[r'fbe eEB@ d/ o{g ft~u jh ft~fdnkwkB ;h.pzrkbh, gzikph, fjzd{;skBh, wjkokPNoh nkfd b'eK B/ ed/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fJ~e Gkos dk tk;h iK fJ~eokPNo dk w?Apo BjhA ;wfMnk ;h.

J eh fJj ;?fBe ftdo'j iK ftdo'j fJ~e ;[szsosk ;zrokw ;h< gzfvs itkjo Bfjo{ d/ eEkB[;ko fJj sK tk;stft~u ;kwzstkdh b'eK dk ftdo'j ;h, fi; ft~u ftd/P fto'Xh GktBktK s'A gq/fos b'e th Pkfwb j'J/.

J wi{wdko wj'd: fJ; fBoD/ s/ gj[zud/ jB fe “sEkefEs 1857 dk okPNoh ;[szsosk dk gfjbk ;zrokwBk sK fJj gqEw, Bk okPNoh ns/ Bk jh ;[szsosk ;zrokw ;h.@


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J uoph tkb/ ekos{; ns/ ;?fBeK dk ftdo'j sK e/tb fJ~e fuzrkoh ;h fi;B/ UjBK ;ko/ ft;c'Ne gdkoEKBz{ i' okiBhfse, ;wkfie, Xkofwe ns/ nkofEe ekoDK s'A fJ~em/ j'J/ ;B, n~r brk fd~sh ns/ UjdktkBb o{g XkoD eo frnk.

J vbj"ih dh ftb: Bhsh B/ ;ko/ okfinK Bz{ ftnke[b eo fd~sk. fjzd{ okfinK s'A d~se g[~so b?D dknfXeko y'j fbnk frnk.T[ZsokfXeko dk nfXeko “UjBK Bz{ BjhA fojk fijBK dhnK XwDhnK ft~utzP d/ gqtose dk y{B BjhA tfj fojk j[zdk.”

J gzikp, ghr{ ns/ f;~few fi~s dk nfXeko d[nkok ftb: eo bJ/ rJ/. ;skok, i?sg[o, ;zGbg[o,pxkN, T[d?g[o, MK;h ns/ Bkrg[o ftngrs d/ f;XKs d[nkok ftb: eo bJ/ rJ/ ;B.ntX Bz{ Pkf;sKd/ fjs ft~u ftb: eo fbnk frnk. szi"o ns/ eoBkNe d/ BtkpK dhnK okieh T[gkXhnK ysw eofd~shnK rJhnK.

J ;XkoD ftPtk; ;h fe fJj ftb: “ftngrs d/ f;XKs d/ ekoD BjhA pbfe ;koh “B?fsesktK d/ftngrs” j'D d/ ekoD j'fJnk j?.fJBK fonk;sK d/ vo fBokXko BjhA ;B, fpqfNP ;kwoki d/ fJ~efBowksk ;o ukob; B/fgno d/ g~so fttjko s'A ;gPN j?.T[;B/ fbfynk ;h, “i/eo w?A 12 ;kb bJhGkos dk ;wokN j[zdk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH sK e'Jh Gkosh okik pfunk Bk ofjzdkHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHfBIkw dkBK th ;[DkJh Bk fdzdkHHHHHH B/gkb ;kvk j[zdkHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.@

J 1856 ft~u ceho{dhB dh w"s s'A pknd bkov e?fBzr B/ x'PDk ehsh fe ceho{dhB d[nkok fsbKibh fd~s/j'J/ wkwfbnk s'A fJbktk Bt/A T[~sokfXekoh PfjIkd/ Bz{ okieh: T[gkXhnK ns/ w[rb wfjb d't/A jh S~vd/D/ j'Dr/.fJ; x'PDk Bkb w[;bwkb pj[s fuzfss j' rJ/.

J fJj th soe g/P ehsk frnk j? fe fJ~e j'o okiBhfse ekoD Gkos ft~u fpqfNP Pk;B dk ;o{g“nB[g;fEs gqG{;~sk@ (absentee sovereigntyship) d/ o{g ft~u ;h ns/ nzro/ik d/ fto'X bJh fJ;dk Gkosh wB T[~s/ pj[s gqGkt fgnk.

J ;?Bk ft~u T[Zu/ s'A T[Zuk gd i' fe;/ Gkosh Bz{ fwb ;edk ;h Uj ;{p/dko dk ;h fi; ft~u 60 iK 70o[gJ/ wkf;e t/sB fwbdk ;h ns/ n;?fBe gqPk;B ft~u ;do nwhB dk gd ;h fi;dk t/sB e/tb 500o[gJ/ wkf;e ;h.gd ftq~Xh d/ nt;o pj[s x~N ;B. GkoshnK dh fJj XkoDk pD rJh fe nzzro/IUjBK Bz{ “b~eVjko/ iK ejko@ (hewers of wood and drawers of water) pDkUDk ukj[zd/ jB.

J Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh dh gqPk;fBe ekoi gqDkbh “n:'r ns/ ngfonkgs” (inefficient and insufficient);h. G{wh eo ftt;Ek sK pj[s jh nfgq: ;h. Bt/A gqkgs fifbnK ft~u fe;kB brGr ;dk ftdo'j eod/ofjzd/ ;B ns/ G[wh eo fJ~emk eoD bJh ;?Bk G/iDh g/Adh ;h.T[dkjoD bJh gkDhgs d/ fIb/ ft~u g[fb;ezw d/ bJh sK e/tb 22 x[V;tko ;B gqzs{ G{wh eo fJ~emk eoD bJh 136 ftnesh ezw eod/ ;B.

J pzpJh d/ gqf;~X fJBkw efwPB B/ 20,000 ikrhoK Ips eo bJhnK.fJ; soK pj[s ;ko/ G{whgshrohp j' rJ/.d{i/ gk;/ fe;kBK Bz{ th e'Jh ftP/P bkG BjhA gj[zfunk feUAfe Uj b'e fco th pj[s ;ko/eoK d/ Bhu/ dp/ oj/.

J nzro/iK dhnk nkofEe BhshnK th Gkosh tgko d/ fto[~X ;B.Jh;N fJZvhnk ezgBh d/ okiBhfsePesh d/ gq:'r Bkb Gkosh j;sfPbg ns/ tgko dk ;otBkP j' frnk ns/ fJ; Bz{ e/tb nzro/ih P'PDgqDkbh d/ gfofPPN d/ o{g ft~u jh ihfts ofjD fd~sk frnk.

J ;ohfoe ns/ okiBhfse nfBnK ;fjD eoBk eJh tko ;zGt j' ;edk ;h gqzs{ Xkofewe T[sghVB;fjDk pj[s w[Pfeb ;h. nzro/iK dk fJ~e T[d/P GkoshnK Bz{ Jh;kJh pDkUDk th ;h.fJj ezgBh d/nfXneP w?ArbI (Mangles) d/ jkT{; Uc ekwBI ft~u fd~s/ rJ/ fJ~e GkPD s'A ;gPN j[zdk j?. T[;B/fejk ;h fe,@ d?t:'r Bkb Gkos dk ft;fsqs ;kwoki fpqN/B Bz{ fwfbnk j? skfe Jh;kJh Xow dhgskek Gkos d/ fJ; S'o s'A d{i/ S'o s~e cfjok ;e/.jo ftnesh Bz{ ibdh s'A ibdh GkoshnK Bz{ Jh;kJhpDkUD d/ wj~stg{oD ezw Bz{ g{oh soK ysw eoD ft~u nkgDh ;koh Pesh brk d/Dh ukjhdh j?.@ w/ion/vtovI (Major Edwards) B/ th fJj ;gPN o{g ft~u fejk ;h fe “Gkos ft~u ;kv/ nfXeko dknzfsw T[d/P d/P Bz{ Jh;kJh pDkUDk j?@.


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J Jh;kJh gkdohnK ns/ vbj"Ih ns/ p/NB (Bethune) dhnK fJ;soh f;~fynk bJh ehshnK rJhnKe'fPPK d[nkok GkoshnK Bz{ fJj ftPtk; j[zdk ik fojk ;h fe nzro/I ft~fdnk d[nkok UjBK dh ;~fGnskBz{ fi~sDk ukj[zd/ jB.@ ft~fdnk dcsoK Bz{ “P?skBh dcsoK@ dk BK fd~sk ikD b~rk ;h.

J bkov vbj"ih d/ rtoBo iBob j'D d/ ;w/A s'A fszB ;?fBe ftdo'j j' u[e/ ;B, 1849 ft~u 22t/A n?~BH nkJhHdk ftdo'j, 1850 ft~u 66t/A n?~BH nkJhH dk ftdo'j ns/ 1852 ft~u 38t/A n?~BH nkJhH dk ftdo'j.

J ‘pzrkb ;/Bk d/ ;?fBe ntX dh ;koh n;?fBe iBsk dhnK GktBktK Bz{ gqrN eod/ ;B. w"bkBk nkIkdd/ nB[;ko ntX d/ ftb: B/ ;/Bk ft~u ns/ yk; s"o s/ pzrkb ;?Bk ft~u ftdo'jh GktBk dk nkozGehskHHH UjBK B/ nukBe fJj nB[Gt ehsk fe fJj Pesh i' ezgBh B/ UjBK dh ;/tk ns/ pfbdkBd[nkok gqkgs ehsh j?, n~i UjBK d/ okik Bzz{ ysw eoD bJh gq:'r ehsh ik ojh j?.@

J 1856 ft~u Gkosh ;?Bk ft~u 2,38,000 Gkosh ;?fBe ns/ 45,322 :{ogh ;?fBe ;B.

J 29 wkou, 1857 Bz{ p?eog[o ft~u ;?fBeK B/ fJjBK ekos{;K Bz{ gq:'r eoD s'A wBk eo fd~sk ns/ fJ~e;?fBe wzrb gKv/ B/ nkgD/ n/i[N?AN (adjutant) T[Zs/ jwbk eoe/ T[;dh j~fsnk eo fd~sh .34thA n?BHnkJhH o?Ihw?AN s'V fd~sh rJh ns/ ngokXhnK Bz{ ;Ik fd~sh rJh. wJh 1857 ftAu w/om ft~u 85;?fBeK B/ fJBK ekos{;K Bz{ gq:'r eoD s'A fJBeko eo fd~sk. UjBK Bz{ ;?fBe fBnkb/ B/ dhoxekbhBekoktk; dh ;Ik ;[DkJh.10 wJh Bz{ ;?fBeK B/ y[~bk fto'X eo fd~sk.ns/ nkgD/ nfXekohnK T[~s/ r'bhubkJh.nkgD/ ;kEhnK Bz{ w[es eotk e/ Uj b'e fd~bh t~b u~b gJ/.

J ftdo'jhnK B/ 12 wJh Bz{ fd~bh s/ nfXeko eo fbnk. b?cNhB?AN ftb'ph B/ i' fd~bh ft~u P;sqkrko dkekotkje ;h, e[M gqsho'X ehsk gqzs{ gokfis j'fJnk.wfjb ns/ Bro T[~s/ nfXeko eo fbnk frnk.

J byBT{ ft~u ftdo'j 4 i{B Bz{ P[o{ j'fJnk. fpqfNP o/Ihv?AN j?Boh bko/z; B/ :{og fBtk;hnK ns/ brGr2000 Gkosh ;?fBek Bkb o?Ihv?A;h ft~u PoD bJh. Gkosh ;?fBek B/ o?Ihv?A;h Bz{ x/o fbnk. fJ; x/o/ft~u j?Boh bko/A; dh w"s j' rJh.

J ekBg[o nzro/iK d/ j~EK ft~u'A 5 i{B `857 Bz{ fBeb frnk. BkBk ;kfjp Bz{ g/Ptk x'fPs eo fd~skfrnk. iBob ;o fjT{ tjhbo (General Sir Hugh Wheeler) i' SktDh d/ ewKvo ;B, UjBK B/ 27i{B Bz{ nksw ;wogD eo fd~sk.

J I{B 1857 d/ nkozG ft~u MK;h B/ th ftdo'j eo fd~sk. okDh bePwh pkJh, okik rzrkXo okU dhftXtk Bz{ fonk;s dh Pk;e x'fPs eo fd~sk frnk. ekBg[o d/ gsB s'A pknd sKfsnk N'g/ th gj[zurJ/.;o fjt{ o'I B/ MK;h T[Zs/ jwbk eoe/ 3 ngq?b, 1858 Bz{ T[;s/ fco nfXeko eo fbnk.

J 1857 dk ftdo'j ;EkfBe ;hfws ns/ n;zrfms ;h.pzpJh ns/ wdok; dhnK ;?BktK okiGrsojhnK. Bowdk Bdh d/ d~yD d/ gqd/P ft~u E'Vh pj[s nPKsh c?bh. f;zX ns/ oki;EkB PKs oj/ ns/B/gkb dh wdd pj[s bkGekoh f;~X j'Jh. ncrkfB;skB dk Pk;e d';s w[jzwd th fw~so pfDnkfojk. ikB bko/A; B/ gzikp Bz{ ;cbskg{ote fB:zsoD ft~u o~fynk.

J Gkosh ftdo'jhnK d/ e'b pzd{eK pj[s E'VhnK ;B. ns/ Uj fInkdkso sbtkoK ns/ GkfbnK BkbbV/.d{i/ gk;/ nzro/ih ;/Bk nkX[fBesw jfEnko fit/A fe n?Bchbv okJhcb nkfd Bkb b?; ;h.

J 1857 d/ ftdo'j dk ;o{g w[~y s"o s/ ;kwzstkdh ;h, fi; ft~u e[M okPNotkdh d/ s~s ftfdnkwkB ;B.ntX ns/ o[j/byzv d/ ns/ j'o T[Zsoh Gkos d/ ;kwzstkdh s~sK B/ ftdo'j dh nrtkJh ehsh. ns/ d{i/ gk;/;kwzstkdh s~sK B/ gfNnkbk, ihAd, rtkfbno ns/ j?dokpkd d/ okfinK B/ fJ; ftdo'j d/ dwB ft~u wddehsh.:{ogh fJfsjk;ekoK B/ rtkfbno d/ wzsoh ;o fdBeo okU ns/ j?dokpkd d/ wzsoh ;kbko izr dhokiGrsh dh pj[s gqPz;k ehsh j/. ;zeN d/ ;w/A e?fBzr B/ fejk ;h fe, “i/eo f;zXhnk th ftdo'j ft~uPkfwb j' ikt/ sK w?Bz{ e~b jh fp;sok r'b eobk gt/rk .”

J ftdo'j dk rmB mhe BjhA ;h. ftdo'j d/ B/sktK ft~u thosk dh ewh BjhA ;h gqzs{ nB[Gt, ;zrmBywsk ns/ fwb e/ ezw eoD dh Pesh dh ewh ;h.

J ftdo'jhnK d/ ;kjwD/ ftd/P fto'Xh GktBk s'A fJbktk e'Jh j'o T[d/P BjhA ;h.


BØN


J 1858 d/ Gkos ;oeko nfXfB:w d[nkok Gkosh gqPk;B dk fB:zsoD ezgBh s'A y'j e/ fpqfNP okiw[e[N(Crown) Bz{ ;"Ag fd~sk frnk.

J wjkokDh dh x'PDk d/ nB[;ko,@ y/soK dk ;hwk ft;sko (extension of territorial possessions)@dh Bhsh ysw eo fd~sh rJh ns/ “;EkfBe okfinK d/ nfXeko, wkB ns/ ;ZwkB@ Bz{ nkgD/ jh ;wkB;zo~fynD dk ftPtk; d[nkfJnk frnk. nzro/ih gqik dh j~fsnk d/ d'PhnK Bz{ S~v e/ pkeh ;G Bz{ w[nkceo fd~sk frnk.

J :{ogh ;?fBeK Bz{ ;w/A ;w/A s/ fJzrb?Av G/i e/ UjBk dk BthAeoD (renovation) ehsk iKdk ;h.:{ogh ;?fBeK dh 1857 s'A gfjbK dh ;zfynk i' gfjbK 2,38, 000 ;h, j[D 1,40,000 fBPfuseo fd~sh rJh ns/ fJ~e ;kXkoD ;{so (formula) fJj pD frnk fe pzrkb gq?Ihv?A;h ft~u :{oghns/ Gkosh ;?fBeK dk nB[gks 1L2 j'Dk ukjhdk j?

J fJ; s~E Bz{ fInkdk s'A fInkdk o{g ft~u nB[Gt ehsk frnk fe fJ; ftdo'j dk fJ~e w{bG{s ekoD,Pkf;sK ns/ Pk;eK d/ ft~u ;zgoe dk Bk j'Dk ;h.

J 1857 d/ ftdo'j B/ fJ~e :[r dk nzs eo fd~sk ns/ fJ~e BthB :[r d/ phi p'J/.gqkd/fPe ft;sko dh EK s/nkofEe P'PD dk :[r nkozG j;fJnk.nzro/ih ;kwoki d/ bJh ;kwzstkdh :[r dk vo ;dk bJh ysw j'frnk ns/ nzro/ih ;kwoki d/ bJh BthA u[B"sh T[; gqrshPhb Gkos s'A jh nkJh i' 19thA Pskpdh d/T[dkotkdh nzro/iK ns/ ikB ;N{noN fw~b (John Stuart Mill) d/ doPB s/ gfbnk ;h.

7H7 Ppde'P 7H7 Ppde'P 7H7 Ppde'P 7H7 Ppde'P 7H7 Ppde'P (Keywords)

J ;t~stkfXeko L ;t~st o{g ft~u j'D tkbk nfXeko

J nfeAuB L pj[s rohp, dfo~do


1. 1857 d/ ftdo'j d/ okiBhfse ekoDK dk toDB eo'.

2. 1857 JhH d/ ftdo'j d/ ssekfbe ekoDK dh ;whfynkswe ftt/uBk eo'.

3. ftdo'j d/ nkozG ns/ gq;ko dh ftnkfynk eo'.

4. ftdo'j dh n;cbsk d/ ekoDK T[Zs/ gqekP gkU.

5. 1857 d/ ftdo'j d/ Bshi/ dk ftPb/PDkswe ftt/uB eo'.

T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD T[ZsoL ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)

1H (i) “w/wD/ d/ o{g ft~u G/VhJ/@ (ii) bkov e?fBzr

(iii) nB[g;fEs gqG{;~sk (Absente Sovereigntyship) (iv) ;{p/dko (v) 500 o[gJ/

2H (i) y (ii) x (iii) r (iv) e (v) x


p[e; 1H ;[szsosk dk fJfsjk;, phH n?bH rqØto ns/ :Pgkb, n?; uzd n?Av ezgBh fbH, okwBro fd~bh



fJekJh^8L fe;kBh nzd'bBfJekJh^8L fe;kBh nzd'bBfJekJh^8L fe;kBh nzd'bBfJekJh^8L fe;kBh nzd'bBfJekJh^8L fe;kBh nzd'bB

BØN


fJekJh^8L fe;kBh nzd'bB fJekJh^8L fe;kBh nzd'bB fJekJh^8L fe;kBh nzd'bB fJekJh^8L fe;kBh nzd'bB fJekJh^8L fe;kBh nzd'bB (Peasant Movement)



8H1 20thA Pskpdh d/ g{otkoX ft~u fe;kBh nzd'bB (Peasant Movement in the first half of the 20th century)

8H2 1930 s'A 1940 d/ d"okB fe;kBh nzd'bB (Peasant Movement in the 1930's and 1940's)







• 20thA Pskpdh d/ g{otkoX d/ fe;kBh nzd'bBK dh ftnkfynk eoD ft~u,

• 1930 JhH s'A 1940 JhH d/ d"okB j'D tkb/ fe;kBh nzd'bB dk ftPb/PD eoD ft~u.


ftd/Ph j[e{ws ns/ Gkosh P'PeK d/ fybkc 19thA ;dh ft~u jh fe;kB e;w;kUD b~r/ ;B ns/ eJh tko UjBKB/ ftdo'j ns/ nzd'bB dk o;sk th gefVnk.20thA ;dh ft~u fe;kBK d/ n;zs'P Bz{ nzd'bB dh Peb d/D bJhG{fwek fBGkJhôkPNoh ;[szsosk ;zxoP B/ ns/ fe;kB nzd'bB B/ th okPNoh ;[szsosk ;zxoP Bz{ pj[s gqGkftsehsk.noEks fJj d't/A nzd'bBK B/ fJ~e d{i/ Bz{ gqGkfts ehsk. fJ; nzso^;zpzX Bz{ ;wMD bJh ;kBz{ 20thA ;dhd/ d{i/ ns/ shi/ dPe d/ fszB wj~stg{oD fe;kB ;zxoPK d/ fJfsjk; s/ Bio gkUDh gt/rh.fJj jBL ntXft~u fe;kB ;Gk nzd'bB, wkbkpko dk wkfgbk ftdo'j ns/ r[ioks ft~u pkod'bh ;~fsnkrqfj.

Gkosh okPNoh eKro; xZN s'A xZN nkgD/ nkozfGe ekb ft~u ;kwokitkdhnK ns/ Gkosh p[oitk tordk ;hfws gq:'iB ;h. fJ; bJh UjBK s'A fJj nkPk BjhA ;h fe Uj T[sghfVs fe;kBK dk g~y b?Dr/.eKro; fJj sK efjzdh ;h fe Gkos fJ~e rohp d/P j?, gqzs{ rohph Bz{ ysw eoD dk i' ;[Mkt fJjfdzdh ojh, fi; ft~u pzrkb torh ;EkJh G{wh eo ftt;Ek Bz{ ;ko/ d/P ft~u bkr{ eoBk, ns/ fi~E/Bk fd~sk ik ;e/ UE/ G{wh eo Bz{ xZN eoBk, ;/tktK dk GkosheoD,T[d:'freheoD d/ bJh ;oekoh;jkfJsk, Bwe eo jNkUDk nkfd Pkfwb ;B. gqzs{ eKro; B/ ed/ th Gkos d/ fGzB fGzB gqKsK ft~uw[ikfonK d/ fjsK dh o~fynk d/ bJh ekBz{B BjhA wzr/.Pqh nkoH ;hH d~s B/ i' y[~b/ g~so bkov eoIBd/ BK Gkosh nekb d/ ftP/ ft~u fby/ ;B, UjBk Bz{ gVD Bkb fJj ;gPN j? fe fJj ikD^p[~M e/ iKnDikD/ ft~u Uj G{whgshnK d/ fjs dh r~b eod/ ;B, fe;kBK dh BjhA. id'A bkov eoIB B/ UjBKBz{ d~f;nk fe ;oeko B/ w[ikfonK d/ fjsK dh eKro; s'A fInkdk ;/tk ehsh j? sK d~s ;kfjp s'A e'JhT[Zso BjhA pD gkfJnk.


BØN


8H18H18H18H18H1 20thA Pskpdh d/ g{ot^n~X ft~u fe;kBh nzd'bB 20thA Pskpdh d/ g{ot^n~X ft~u fe;kBh nzd'bB 20thA Pskpdh d/ g{ot^n~X ft~u fe;kBh nzd'bB 20thA Pskpdh d/ g{ot^n~X ft~u fe;kBh nzd'bB 20thA Pskpdh d/ g{ot^n~X ft~u fe;kBh nzd'bB (PeasantMovement in the First-half of 20th Century)

ntX ft~u fe;kB ;GkntX ft~u fe;kB ;GkntX ft~u fe;kB ;GkntX ft~u fe;kB ;GkntX ft~u fe;kB ;Gk

1856 ft~u ntX s/ nzro/ih j[e{ws d/ epI/ Bkb g{o/ gqKs ft~u skb[edkoK ns/ fIwhdkoK B/ fe;kBK s/ nkgDhgeV wIp{s pFDk bJh ns/ fe;kBK dk p[oh soK P'PD eoD br/. gfjbK skb[edkoK Bz{ brkB dk fJ~e fj~;kjh fwbdk ;h, go j[D Uj IwhB d/ nkbk wkfbe j' rJ/. wBwkBk brkB t;{bD b~r/. id'A ukj[zd/ BIokB/dh oew tXk fdzd/, id'A fi; Bz{ ukj[zd/ p/d\b eo fdzd/. fJ; soK ekPseko j[D skb[edkoK dh woIh s/ihD b~r/. fJBK dh fIzdrh fIwhdkoK ns/ fJBK d/ bm?sK d/ ofjw' eow s/ r[IoD b~rh.

gfjb/ ftPt :[ZX s'A pknd wfjzrkJh dh wko M/b oj/ ekPsekoK dh j[D sK ohV dh j~vh jh N[ZN rJh. P'PDns/ I[bw dh fJzsjk B/ ekPsekoK Bz{ T[; wzfIb s~e m/b fd~sk, fi~E/ Uj prkts dh g[eko dk fJzsIko eoDb~r/.

ntX ft~u j'w o{b bhr nzd'bB d/ ekoieosk ekch ;feqn ;B. fJBk B/ fe;kBK Bz{ ;zrfms eoBk P[o{ ehsk.;zrmB Bz{ Bkw fd~sk frnk ‘fe;kB ;Gk*. r"ohPzeo fwPo, fJzdoBkok:D fdqt/dh ns/ wdB w'jB wkbthnkd/ gq:k;K Bkb 1918 ft~u T[Zso gqd/P fe;kB ;Gk dk rmB j'fJnk. fJ; ;zrmb B/ fe;kBK Bz{ t~v/ g?wkB/s/ ;zrfms ehsk. fJ; s'A gfjbK th fJzdoBkok:D fdqt/dh B/ fe;kBK t~b'A ;oeko Bz{ fJ~e :kfuek fd~sh ;h,fi; ft~u fJj wzr ehsh rJh ;h fe ;zftXkBe ftt;Ek ft~u fe;kBK d/ fjsK dk th fynkb o~fynkikt/. T[; ;w/A Bt/A ;zftXkB dh r~b I'oK s/ ;h.

T[Zso gqd/P ftXkB ;Gk B/ E'V/ jh ;w/A ft~u nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ;Ekfgs eo fbnk. i{B 1919 se ;{p/ dhnK 173sfj;hbK ft~u fJ; dhnK 450 Pkyktk rfms eo bJhnK rJhnk.cfsjg[o, fJbkjkpkd, w?Bg[oh, pBko;,ekBg[o, ikb"B, pbhnk, okJ/po/bh, J/Nk ns/ r'oyg[o fifbnK ft~u ‘fe;kB ;Gk* dhnK nB/e p?meK j'JhnK.

‘fe;kB ;Gk* B/ fe;kBK Bz{ fe; j~d ikro{e pDkfJnk, fJ; dk nzdkIk fJ; s'A brk ;ed/ jK fe fd;zpo1918 ft~u fd~bh ft~u eKro; nfXt/PB ft~u pVh ;zfynk ft~u T[H gqH d/ fe;kBK B/ Gkr fbnk. nrb/ ;kbnzfwqs;o eKro; nfXt/PB ft~u th fJjBK dh ;zfynk ekch fInkdk ;h. fJ; nfzXt/PB ft~u fe;kBK dkfttjko ekch T[~ro ;h.UjBK B/ e[o;hnK ns/ w/I s'V fd~s/. nfXt/PB d/ nfXneP w'sh bkb Bfjo{ fJ;xNBk s'A ekch fBokP j'J/ ns/ fJ; dh fBzdk ehsh.

1919 d/ nzfsw fdBK ft~u fe;kBK dk ;zrfms ftdo'j y[Zb e/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk. gqskgrV fIb/ dh fJ~eikrho ft~u ‘BkJh^X'ph pzd* ;wkfie pfjPeko ;zrfms ekotkJh dh gfjbh xNBk ;h. 1920 dh rowhnKft~u fJ~e gk;/ fiE/ okPNoh ;so s/ okiBhfse rshftXhnK I'o geVB b~rhnK, T[ZE/ ntX dh skb[edkohft~u rqkw gzukfJsK dh nrtkJh ft~u fe;kB p?meK dk f;bf;bK P[o{ j' frnk. fMr[oh f;zx ns/ d[orgkbf;zx B/ fJ; ft~u wj~stg{oD G{fwek fBGkJh. gqzs{ ibd jh nzd'bB ft~u fJ~e BtK fujok T[ZGfonk^pkpkokwuzdo, fiBK B/ nzd'bB dh tkrv'o jh BjhA ;zGk+h pbfe T[; Bz{ j'o wIp{s ns/ th pDkfJnk.

pkpk okwuzdo wjkokPNo d/ fJ~e pqkjwD gfotko d/ ;B. 13 ;kb dh T[wo ft~u xo^pko SZv e/ fBebgJ/ ;B. x[wzeV gqfeqsh d/ ;B, fcIh ub/ rJ/. T[~E/ fwjBs wId{oh ehsh ns/ T[~E'A 1919 ft~u tkfg;nkJ/ ns c?Ikpkd/ ub/ rJ/. 1920 s~e Uj ;kX{ ihtB ihAd/ oj/. s[b;hdk; dk okwufos wkB; b? e/ fgzvfgzv x[zwd/ ns/ fgzv tkfbnK Bz{ wkB; dhnK u"gkJhnK ;[DkUAd/. 1920 d/ wZX ft~u Uj fJ~e fe;kB B/skd/ o{g ft~u T[ZGo/. ntX d/ fe;kBK Bz{ ;zrfms eoBk P[o{ ehsk. UjBK ft~u ;zrmB dh ndG[s ywsk ;h.

i{B 1920 ft~u pkpk okwuzdo i"Bg[o ns/ gqskgrV d/ fe;kBK d/ fJ~e i~E/ dh nrtkJh eod/ j'J/ fJbkjkpkdgj[zu/. T[~E/ UjBK B/ r"ohPzeo fwPo ns/ itkjo bkb Bfjo{ Bkb w[bkeks ehsh ns/ UjBK Bz{ fgzv ft~unk e/ fe;kBK dh jkbs d/yD dk nB[o'X ehsk. i{B ns/ nr;s d/ ft~u itkjo bkb Bfjo{ B/ eJh tkorqkwhD fJbkfenK dk d"ok ehsk ns/ ‘fe;kB ;Gk* Bkb ;zgoe ;Ekfgs ehsk.

fJ;/ ft~u gaskgrV d/ fe;BK Bz{ fJ~e jwdod nfXekoh fwb frnk. gqskgrV d/ fvgNh efwPBo w/jskB/ fe;kBK Bz{ UjBK dhnK fPekfJsK ;[DB ns/ UjBK Bz{ d{o eoD dk nkPtk;B fd~sk. gqskgrV fib/ dk


BØN


o{o fgzv ‘fe;kB ;Gk* dhnK rshftXhnK dk w[~y e/Ado pD frnk ns/ brGr fJ~e b~y fe;kBK B/ ‘fe;kB;Gk* d/ e'b nkgDhnK fPekfJsK doi eokJhnK. jo fe;kB s'A fJ~e nkBk ch; bJh rJh. fJ; ntXhft~u r"ohPzeo fwPo th gqskgrV ft~u ekch ;feqn ;B. ns/ fe;kBK dh p/dybh ns/ BIokB/ dhnKfPekfJsK pko/ w/jsk Bk+ e'Jh ;wM"sk eoD jh tkb/ ;B.

gqzs{ nr;s 1920 ft~u w/jsk S[~Nh s/ ub/ rJ/. skb[edkoK bJh fJj ;[nt;o ;h. UjBk B/ T[ZGod/ fe;kBhnzd'bB Bz{ e[ubD dh e'fPP ehsh. 28 nr;s, 1920 Bz{ u'oh d/ M{m/ nko'g ft~u pkpk okwuzdo ns/ 32fe;kB frqcsko eo bJ/ rJ/. gqskgrV d/ fe;kB fJ; s'A pj[s fBokP j'J/ ns/ brGr uko^gzi jIkofe;kB pkpk okwuzdo Bkb i/b ft~u w[bkeks eoD bJh gqskgrV ft~u fJ~em/ j' rJ/. pj[s ;wMkUD^p[MkUDs'A pknd fJj b'e tkfg; rJ/.10 fdB pknd fJj nctkj c?bh fe pkpk okwuzdo Bz{ S[vkUD bJh rKXhihgqskgrV nk oj/ jB. fJ; tko brGr 10,000 fe;kB pkpk Bz{ d/yD bJh gqskgrV ft~u fJ~em/ j'J/. fJ;tko fe;kB sK jh wzB/, id'A UjBk Bz{ nkPtk;B fd~sk frnk fe pkpk okwuzdo Bz{ nrb/ fdB S~v fd~skikt/rk. fe;kB Bro d/ e'b Bdh d/ feBko/ nrb/ fdB fJzsiko eoD b~r/. Uj sK jh xo tkfg; rJ/ id"Apkpk B/ UjBK Bz{ fJ~e rzB/ d/ y/s ft~u fJ~e o[~y s/ uV e/ doPB fd~s/. fJ; w"e/ s/ brGr 60,000 fe;kB fJ~emkj'J/ ;B. ;oeko B/ ;fEsh ;zGkbD bJh w/jsk Bzz{ S[~Nh s'A tkfg; p[bk fbnk. w/jsk B/ u'oh dk M{mk wkwbk ock dckeo fd~sk. ns/ fIwhdkoK s/ dpkU gkUD b~r/ fe Uj nkgD/ o~tJhJ/ ft~u gfotosB fbnkUD.fe;kBK dh fJ; S'Nhfijh fi~s B/ UjBK Bz{ j'o T[s;kfjs ehsk.

J/Xo ebe~sk nfXt/PB ft~u eKro; B/ n;fj:'r nzd'bB P[o{ eoD dk fBoDk ehsk ;h. ns/ T[H gqH d/nB/e okPNotkdh B/sktk B/ fJ; ft~u Pkfwb j'D dk tkfJdk ehsk ;h. gqzs{ wdB w'jB wkbthnk tor/ eJhB/sk fJ; d/ fybkc ;B. fJj B/sk ;zftXkfBe ;zxoP d/ g~yXo ;B. T[H gqH fe;kB ft~u fJj wsG/d ;kc fdykJhgJ/ ns/ n;fj:'r nzd'bBekohnK B/ ibd jh 17 nes{po, 1920 Bz{ gqskgrV ft~u fJ~e ;wKso ;zrmB ‘ntXfe;kB ;Gk* dk rmB eo fbnk. fJ; Bt/A fe;kB ;zrmB B/ g{o/ ntX gqKs dh brGr UjBK ;kohnK fe;kB;GktK Bz{ nkgD/ ft~u fwbk fbnk, i' jkb ft~u jh rfms j'JhnK ;B.

r"ohPzeo fwPo, itkjo bkb Bfjo{, wkskpdb gKv/ ,pkpk okwuzdo, d/tBkok:D gKv/ ns/ e/dkoBkE d/ gq:k;Kd/ ubd/ nes{po d/ nzs s~e 330 fe;kB ;GktK fJ; Bt/A ;zrmB ft~u Pkfwb j' rJhnK. ntX fe;kB ;GkB/ fe;kBK Bz{ p/dybh iwhB Bk i'sD ns/ p/rko Bk eoD dh nghb ehsh. fJ; Bz{ Bk wzBD tkfbnK dk pfjPekoeoD dh nghb ehsh rJh. fe;kBK Bz{ fejk frnk fe Uj nkgD/ wkwfbnK dk fBpNkok gzukfJsK d/ wkfXnwBkb eo/. 20 ns/ 21 fd;zpo Bz{ ntX fe;kB ;Gk dh n:'fXnk ft~u fJ~e ftPkb o?bh j'Jh, fi; ft~u brGrfJ~e b~y fe;kBK B/ Gkr fbnk. fJ; o?bh ft~u pkpk okwuzd o~;h ft~u pzB/ j'J/ nkJ/ fJj do;kUD bJh fe fe;kBKdh jkbs fJjh j?, UjBK s/ n~fsnkuko j' oj/ jB. fe;kB ;Gk nzd'bB dh ;G s'A t~vh ftP/Psk fJj ;h fefJ; ft~u T[Zuh ns/ BhthA ikshnK, d'tK d/ jh fe;kB w"i{d ;B. iBtoh d/ nkozG ft~u fe;kB ;zxoP ft~updbkt nkfJnk. fe;kBK dhnK rshftXhnK d/ gqw[~y e/Ado ;BôkJ/po/bh, c?Ikpkd ns/ ;[bskBg[o. pIkoK, wekBK,y/s^yfbjkBK dh b[~N^gkN ns/ g[fb; Bkb id^sd ;zxoP jh fe;kBk dhnK rshftXhnK ;B. fJ; ft~u e[M tkodksKnctkjK d/ ekoFD j'Jhnk fit/A w[zPhrzi ns/ yojhnk pIko (okJ/po/bh) ft~u fe;kB B/sktK dh frqcskoh dhnctkj c?bd/ jh b[~Nwko wu rJh.pkeh tkodksK iK ;zxoP skb[edkoK d/ P'PD d/ fybkc fe;kBK d/ S[Ng[N;zxoP ;B. fJBK ft~u pj[s ;kohnK xNBktK ft~u fe;kB ;Gk d/ fe;/ t~v/ B/sk B/ BjhA pbfe ;EkfBe b'eKB/ gfjb ehsh ;h fi; ft~u ;kX{, Xkofwe j;shnK ns/ okJ/tzfus G{ ;tkwh Pkfwb ;B.

fJ; soK d/ S[Ng[N ;zxoP Bz{ dpkUDk ;oeko d/ bJh e'Jh w[Pfeb ezw BjhA ;h. eJh tko ;zxoP s/ T[sko{ fe;kBKs/ r'bhnK ubkJhnK rJhnK. B/sktK ns/ ekoi eosktK Bz{ frqcsko eo fbnk frnk. w[~edw/ ubkJ/ rJ/ ns/cotoh^wkou ft~u fJ~e d' tkodksK Bz{ S~v e/ iBtoh ftu jh fJj nzd'bB ysw j' frnk. wkou ft~u ;ko/ fifbnKft~u ‘d/Pdq'jh p?me nfXfB:w* bkr{ eo fdsk frnk, fi; ft~u okiBhfse rshftXhnK m~g g? rJhnK. okPNotkdhB/sk ndkbs ft~u fe;kBK t~b'A bVd/ oj/, gqzs{ fJ; s'A fInkdk e[M Bk eo ;e/.

fJ~Xo ;oeko B/ ntX wkbr[Ikoh (o?AN) (;zP'XB) nfXfB:w gkfos eo fd~sk. fJ; Bkb fe;kBK Bz{e'Jh yk; okjs sk BjhA fwbh, gqzs{ UjBK d/ wBK ft~u T[whd ikrh. fJ; Bt/A ekBz{B B/ th nzd'bBBz{ s'VB dk ezw ehsk.


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gqzs{ ;kb d/ nzs ft~u fe;kBK dk n;zs'P fJ~e tko fco T[Goe/ ;kjwD/ nkUD b~rk. fJ; tko rsh d/ e/Ado ;B^ jod'Jh,pfjokJhu ns/ ;hskg[o (gqKs d/ T[Zsoh y/so). fe;kBK d/ n;zs'P Bz{ nzd'bB dh Peb fd~sh eKro; ns/ fybkcs d/B/sktK B/. Bkw fd~sk ‘J/ek nzd/bB*. fe;kBK dhnK w[~y fPekfJsK brkB ft~u tkXk ns/ T[gi d/ o{g ft~u brkB t;{beoD dh gqEk Bz{ b? e/ ;h. fe;kBK s'A 50 ch;dh fInkdk brkB t;{fbnk ik fojk ;h. fIwhdkoK d/ r[or/ m/e/dko (i'brkB t;{bd/ ;B) fe;kBK s/ soK soK d/ I[bw Yk oj/ ;B.

J/ek p?meK P[o{ j'D s'A gfjbK ;Gk;Eb s/ fJ~e y~vk y'd e/ T[; ft~u gkDh Go fd~sk iKdk ;h. fJ; Bz{ rzrk wzfBnkiKdk ns/ fJ~e g[ikoh T[ZE/ fJ~em/ fe;kBk Bz{ rzrk dh ;zj[ y[nkUAdk fe Uj fBoXkfos brkB jh d/Dr/, T[; s'AfJ~e g?;k fInkdk BjhA d/Dr/, gqzs{ brkB ;w/A s/ d/Dr/. p/dyb ehs/ ikD s/ th IwhB BjhA S~vDr/ ns/ IpohnkwId{oh BjhA eoDr/. ngokXhnK Bz{ wdd bjhA d/Dr/ ns/ gzukfJs d/ c?;b/ wzBDr/.

J/ek nzd'bB B/ E'V/ jh ;w/A ft~u nkgDhnK nb~r iVK iwk bJhnK, nzd'bB dh nrtkJh fgSVh ikshnKd/ wdkoh gk;h ns/ j'o B/sktK d/ j~EK ft~u ubk frnk^nfij/ b'eK d/ j~EK ft~u, eKro; ns/ fybkcsB/sktK d/ nB[Pkf;s ns/ nfjz;e nzd'bB d/ f;XKs d/ gqsh g{oh soK gqshpZX BjhA ;B. fJ; dk BshikfJj j'fJnk fe okPNotkdh B/sk nzd'bB s'A E'V/ nb~rÊb~r g? rJ/. nzd'bB B/ fJ~e d{ih okj geV bJh.u"ohu"ok eKv s'A pknd, id'AA rKXh ih B/ n;fj:'r nzd'bB tkfg; fbnk, sK th fe;kBK dk fJj nzd'bBubdk fojk. fJj nzd'bB w{b o{g ft~u ekPsekoK dk nzd'bB ;h. fJ; ft~u fIwhdko BjhA ;B, go J/eknzd'bB ft~u S'N/^w'N/ fIwhdko th Pkfwb ;B, nfij/ fIwhdko i' tX/ j'J/ brkB d/ p'M s"A go/PkB ns/;oeko s'A BkokI ;B. gqzs{ ;oeko B/ dwB d/ pb s/ wkou 1922 d/ nkUAd/ nkUAd/ fJ; nzd'bB Bz{ th ysweo fd~sk.

Gkosh okiBhsh ft~u rKXh ih d/ nkrwB Bkb d/P Bz{ BthA nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse fdPk fwbh. feUAfeUj nkgD/ nzd'bB d/ nkXko Bz{ t~vk pDkUDk ukj[zd/ ;B, fJ; bJh UjBK B/ rqkwhD iBsk ns/ fe;kBK Bz{th fJ; nzd'bB ft~u Pkfwb eoD dk gq:sB ehsk.

uzgkoB ns/ e/ok ;~fsnkrqfjûzgkoB ns/ e/ok ;~fsnkrqfjûzgkoB ns/ e/ok ;~fsnkrqfjûzgkoB ns/ e/ok ;~fsnkrqfjûzgkoB ns/ e/ok ;~fsnkrqfj^T[Zso fpjko d/ uzgkoB fib/ d/ :{ogh Bhb d/ T[sgkde fpjkoh fe;kBKdk nB/e soK Bkb T[sghVB eod/ ;B, i' brGr T[;/ gqeko dk ;h fit/A pzrkb ft~u ;h. rKXh ih B/ pkp{oki/Ado gq;kd dh wdd Bkb fe;kBK dh tk;sfte ;fEsh dh iKu ehsh.UjBK B/ fe;kBK Bz{ nfjz;kswen;fj:'r nzd'bB dh f;fynk fd~sh. fpjko ;oeko pj[s eq'fXs j'Jh ns/ rKXh ih Bz{ frqcsko eo fbnkns/ iKu ;fwsh fB:[es eo fd~sh (i{B 1917) fi; ft~u rKXh ih nkg th fJ~e w?Apo ;B.fJ; d/ cb;o{guzgkoB y/sh nfXfB:w gkfos ehsk frnk fi; ft~u Bhb T[sgkdeK d[nkok ftP/P gqkgsh pzd eo fd~shrJh. d[oGkrtP eKro;h B/sktK B/ fJ; ;cbsk Bz{ fJ; d/ nzs s~e BjhA gj[zukfJnk noEks brkBK dht;{bh pzd BjhA j'Jh ns/ ;kj{ekoK d[nkok ftnki dh do ft~u th ewh BjhA j'Jh.

e/ok nzd'bB sK w[~y s"o s/ pzpJh ;oeko d/ fto[~X ;h. 1918 dh p;zs o[~s ft~u c;bK BPN j' rJhnK ns/ ;{y/d/ ekoD fJ; gqd/P d/ fe;kBK Bz{ pj[s ePN j'fJnk. pzpJh ;oeko B/ G{wh eo wzfrnk. id'A fe G{wh eo fB:wKft~u fJj ;gPN fejk frnk ;h fe i/eo c;b ;kXkoD s'A 25# x~N j't/ sK G{wh eo ft~u g{oh soK S{Nfwb/rh, ;oeko S{N d/D Bz{ fsnko BjhA ;h. ;oekoh nc;oK Bz{ fJj ;theko BjhA ;h fe c;b 25# xZNj?. rKXh ih B/ fe;kBK Bz{ ;rfms ehsk ns/ ;ko/ torK d/ b'eK dk ;woEB gqkgs ehsk. fe;kBK dh pj[s t~vh;zfynk B/ ;~fsnkrqfj ehsk ns/ i/b rJ/. i{B 1918 s~e fJj nzd'bB ubdk fojk ns/ nzs ft~u ;oeko Bz{ rKXhih dh wzr ;theko eoBh gJh, gqzs{ i{fvE pqkT{B fij/ b'eK B/ fJj fejk fe ;oeko B/ eo dk brGr 93#fco th t;{b eo fbnk.

uzgkoB ns/ e/ok d/ nzd'bBK B/ Bk e/tb rKXh ih Bzzzz{ iBsk dk B/sk pDk fd~skpbfe fe;kBK ft~u nksw ftPtk; th irkfJnk fe i/eo Uj fwbe/ ezw eoDsK Io{o ;cb j/Dr/.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ jØ


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wkfgbk ftdo'jwkfgbk ftdo'jwkfgbk ftdo'jwkfgbk ftdo'jwkfgbk ftdo'j: nr;s 1921 ft~u d/P d/ fpbe[b d{i/ S'o s/ wkbkpko fib/ (e/ob) ft~u ekPs ekoK dkftdo'j eJh j'o fe;kB ;zxoPK d/ w[ekpb/ fes/ fInkdk ftnkge ns/ i[Mko{ ;h.fJBK dhnK th ;w~f;ntKntX gqKs d/ fe;kBK torhnK ;B. fIwhdko id'A ukj[zd/ UjBK Bz{ p/dyb eo fdzd/. wBwkBk brkB t;{bd/ns/ soK soK d/ n~fsnkuko eod/. 19thA ;dh ft~u th wkfgbk fe;kBK B/ fIwhdkoK d/ fybc ;zxoP ehsk;h, go i' ftdo'j 1921 ft~u c[~fNnk, Uj gfjbK s'A fJ~e nb~r g?wkB/ dk ;h.

fe;kBK d/ n;zs'P Bz{ jtk fd~sh, ngq?b 1920 ft~u wzi/oh ft~u j'J/ wkbkpko fIbk eKro; ;zw/bB B/. fJj;zw/bB d' r~bK ekoD wj~stg{oD fojk. ;zw/bB ft~u gq;skt gk; eo e/ fybkcs nzd'bB dk ;woEB ehskfrnk.fe;kBK dhnK tkfip wzrK dk ;woEB eod/ j'J/ fJ~e nfijk ekBz{B pDkUD dh wzr ehsh rJh I'fIwhdkoêkPseko ;zpzXK Bz{ s?n eo/.fJj xNBk pj[s wj~stg{oD ;h, feUAfe fJ; s'A gfjbK fIwhdkoeKro; Bz{ ekPsekoK dh wzr T[mkUD s'A o'eD ft~u ;cb j' u[e/ ;B. wzi/oh ;zw/bB s'A pknd e'Mhe'V ft~uekPsekoK dk fJ~e ;zrmB pDkfJnk frnk. fJ; s'A c"oB pknd, fib/ d/ j'o GkrK ft~u th ekPseko ;zrmBrfms ehs/ rJ/.fJj ;zrmb ekPsekoK dhnK p?meK nk:'fis eod/, fiBK ft~u ekPsekoK dhnK tkfip wzrKT[mkJhnK iKdhnK. fJj f;bf;bk j"bh j"bh I'o geVB b~rk.

fJ;/ ft~u fybkcs nzd'bB th nkgDhnK iVK iwKUAdk ik fojk ;h. jkbjs fJj j' rJ/ fe fybkcsnzd'bBekohnK ns/ ekPsekoK dhnK p?meK ft~u coe eoBk w[Pfeb j' frnk. d't/A p/meK ft~u Pq'sk ns/B/sk Ujh ofjzd/ fJ; soK d't/A nzd'bB fJ~e d{i/ ft~u ;wK rJ/. fJ; nzd'bB dk ;wkfie wkfgbk ekPsekoKft~u ;h. nzd'bB ft~u nB/e fjzd{ th ;B, go nzd'bB ft~u fjzd{nK dh ;feqn Gkrhdkoh BjhA ;h.

fybkcs ns/ ekPsekoK d/ fJBK nzd'bBK d/ fdB^p^fdB I'o geVB Bkb nzro/ih j[e{ws p"ybk rJh. rKXhih, P"es nbh ns/ w"bkBk nkIkd B/ fJBK fJbkfenK dk d"ok ehsk ns/ fJBK nzd'bBK dk ;woEB ehsk ;h,fi; Bkb ;oeko xpok rJh ;h.15 cotoh, 1921 Bz{ ;oeko B/ ftP/Xsk bkr{ eo e/ fybkcs nzd'bB Bkb;zpzfXs fe;/ th soK dh wkfgbktK Bz{ ;oeko ns/ fjzd{ fIwhdkoK d/ fybkc GVekfJnk ikt/rk. 18 cotoh B{zw'JhdhB e'fJnk ns/ e/H wkXtB BkfJo Bz{ frqcsko eo fbnk frnk. fJ;dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe nzd'bB dhnrtkJh ;EkfBe wkfgbk B/sktK d/ j~EK ft~u ubh rJh.

;oekoh dwB s'A eq'fXs ns/ fJ; nctkj s'A T[s;kfjs fe gqEw ftPt :[ZX B/ nzro/ih j[e{ws dh ewo s'V fd~sh j?,wkfgbk b'e j[e{ws d/ fybkc ;zxoP eoD s/ T[sko{ j' rJ/. nfXekohnK d/ nkd/P dh ntj/bDk ehsh ikD b~rh. n/oBkv skb[e/ d/ w?fi;Nq/N B/ fJ~e fIwhdko d/ T[e;kUD s/ id'A fpBK tkozN fybkcs nzd'bB d/ fJ~e ;EkfBe B/sk Bz{frqcsko eo fbnk, sK wkfgbktK B/ fJ; dk fto'X ehsk. fJ; fto'X s'A w/fi;Nq/N xpok frnk ns/ T[; Bz{ ftPtk;j' frnk fe wkfgbktK B/ ftnkge ftdo'j dh fsnkoh eo bJh j?.

20 nr;s 1921 Bz{ fJ;/ w?fi;Nq/N B/ ;?Bk ns/ g[fb; itkBK Bz{ b? e/ nbh w[;fbnko Bz{ frqcsko eoD bJhfBo{oKrVh dh w;fid s/ Skgk wkfonk. nbh w[;fbnko fybkcs nzd'bB d/ gqw[~y B/sk ns/ ;EkfBew[;bwkBK d/ Xowr[o{ ;B. Nkw; dh e'fPP Bkekw ojh, nbh w[;fbnko BjhA fwb/ sK T[;B/ fybkcs nzd'bBd/ fszB ekoieosktK Bz{ frqcsko eo fbnk.fJ; xNBk s'A pknd uko/ gk;/ ypo c?b rJh fe nzro/ih ;?BkB/ gft~so w;fid T[Zs/ Skgk wkfonk ns/ T[;Bz{ BPN eo fd~sk. ypo ;[Dd/ jh e'Nkekb, gko~gkBkrVh ns/j'o ;EkBK s'A wkfgbk fso{oKrVh ekoieosk fJ~em/ j'D b~r/. fJBK d/ B/sk nfXekohnK Bz{ fwb/ ns/ frqcskoekoieosktK dh fojkJh dh wzr eoD b~r/. ;ko/ b'e PKs ;B ns/ id'A nfXekohnK B/ UjBK Bz{ p?mD bJhfejk sK Uj IwhB s/ p?m rJ/ gqzs{ fJj b'e fit/A jh p?m/, g[fb; B/ fBj~Eh GhV T[Zs/ r'bhnK po;kUDhnKP[o{ eo fd~~shnK.nB/eK b'e wko/ rJ/. wkfgbk th fjz;k s/ T[so nkJ/. ;zxoP fSV frnk. ;oekohekonkfbnK Bz{ sfj; Bfj; eo fd~sk frnk. d;skt/I ibk fd~s/ rJ/.\IkB/ Bz{ b[~N fbnk frnk.fibknfXekoh vo e/ e'Mhe'V G~i frnk ns/ ftdo'j dh n~r g{o/ n/oBkv ft~u c?b rJh.

ftdo'j d/ gfjb/ uoD ft~u ftdo'jhnK B/ pdBkw fIwhdkoK ns/ ftd/Ph j[e{ws d/ gqfsPmkBK fit/A eufjoh,EkDk, \IkBK, j'o ;oekoh ekonkfbnK, ftd/Ph pkrkB wkfbeK Bz{ nkgDk fBPkBk pDkfJnk. T[dko fIwhdkoKns/ rohp fjzd{nK Bz{ PkfJd jh go/PkB ehsk frnk j't/. ftdo'jh fgzv fgzv x[zwd/ oj/ ns/ fIwhdkoK d/xoK Bz{ n~r brkUAd/ oj/ ns/ b[~N gkN eod/. e[M ftdo'jh B/sk fit/A e[Bjzwd jkIh fJ; r~b dk g{ok fXnkBo~yd/ fe fjzd{nK Bz{ Bk ;skfJnk ikt/. i/eo e'Jh ftdo'jh fjzd{nK s/ j~E T[mkUAdk sK T[;Bz{ ;Ik fd~sh iKdh.


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e[Bjd jkIh B/ w[;bwkB ns/ fjzd{ ft~u coe BjhA ehsk. ;oeko ;woEe nB/e wkfgbktK Bz{ ;Ik d/D dknkd/P fd~sk.

gqzs{ fit/A jh nzro/ih j[e{ws B/ ;?fBe Pk;B (wkoPb bk) dh x'PDk ehsh ns/ dwB dk u~eo s/I j'fJnk,ftdo'j dk ufo~so pdb frnk. nzro/ih j[e{ws B/ swkw fjzd{nK Bz{ ipod;sh nkgDk ;kE d/D Bz{ fejkns/ e[M fjzd{ nkgD/ nkg y[~b/ s"o s/ j[e{ws dk ;kE d/D br/.fJ; dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe wkgfbktK ft~ugfjbK s'A jh GVedh fjzd{ fto'Xh GktBk j[D GVe T[Zmh.fInkdkso wkfgbk ftdo'jh nf;fy~ns ;B ns/e~NogzEh Xkofwe GktBktK d/ tPhG{s ;B. fit/A fit/A ;~sk dk dwB tXdk frnk, fjzd{nK s/ jwbk, UjBKdh j~fsnk ns/ ipoB Xow gfotosB dhnK xNBktK tXD b~rhnK. i' ;zxoP ;~sk ns/ fIwhdkoK d/ fybkcP[o{ j'fJnk ;h, T[; ft~u j[D ;kgzqdkfJe ozr th x[+ frnk.

wkfgbktK d[nkok fjz;k dk o;sk ngBkUD Bkb nfjz;e n;fj:'r nzd'bBekoh UjBK s'A gfjbK jh n~br j' rJ/;B. j[D ;kgzqdkfJesktK B/ wkfgbktK Bz{ ;G s'A nbrÊbr eo fd~sk. i' e[M pfunk ;h, Uj nzro/ih j[e{wsd/ dwB B/ g{ok eo fd~sk. fd;zpo 1921 d/ nkUAd/ nkUAd/ ftdo'j g{oh soK e[ub fd~sk frnk. 2337 wkfgbkwko/ rJ/ ns/ 1652 xkfJb j'J/. fJj ;oekoh nKeV/ jB. r?o^;oekoh nzefVnK d/ w[skfpe fJj ;zfynk 10jIko s'A th fInkdk ;h. 45404 ftdo'jh iK sK geV/ rJ/ iK UjBK B/ nksw^;wogD eo fd~sk. fJ; xNBks'A pknd wkfgbktK dk ftdo'j g{oh soK N[~N frnk. fJ; s'A pknd nkIkdh dh bVkJh ft~u fe;/ th ;so s/fJj Pohe BjhA j'J/. fe;/ th soK dh okiBhsh Bkb fJBK dk e'Jh ;o'eko BjhA fojk. pknd d/ ;kbK ft~ue/ob ft~u tkwgzEh nrtkJh ft~u fe;kB nzd'bB B/ I'o gefVnk, gqzs{ fJ; ft~u wkfgbk Pkfwb BjhA j'J/.

T[Zso gqd/P ns/ wkbkpko d/ fe;kB nzd'bB Gkosh okPNoh nzd'bB dh okiBhsh Bkb fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ft~ui[V/ j'J/ ;B. T[H gqH ft~u P[o{ ft~u fJ; nzd'bB B{z j'w o{b bhr nzd'bB B/ jtk fd~sh ns/ pknd ft~un;fj:'r ns/ fybkcs nzd'bB B/. ntX ft~u 1921 d/ P[o{ d/ wjhB/ ft~u, id'A fe;kBK dk ;zxoP I'oKs/ ;h, fe;kBK dhnK p?meK ns/ n;fj:'r nzd'bB dhnK p?meK ft~u G/d eoBk ekch w[Pfeb ;h. wkbkpkoft~u th fJjh ;fEsh ;h.fybkcs nzd'bB ns/ fe;kB nzd'bB fJ~e d{i/ Bkb fJ; soK fwb rJ/ ;B feUjBK ft~u G/d eo gkUDk w[Pfeb ;h. gqzs{ d'jK EktK s/ fe;kBK d[nkok fjz;k dk o;sk nyfsnko eoDBkb fe;kB nzd'bB okPNoh nzd'bB s'A nbr j' frnk. okPNoh B/sktK B/ fe;kBK Bz{ pko pko nghbKehshnK fe fjz;k dk o;sk nyfsnko Bk eoD. nB/e okPNoh B/sktK ftP/Peo rKXh ih, B/ pko^pko UjBKBz{ nghb ehsh fe Uj e'Jh th row gzEh dk o;sk Bk ngBkUD, fit/A fIwhdko Bz{ brkB d/Dk nkfd.

fe;kB nzd'bB ns/ okPNoh nzd'bB ft~u gJh fJ; doko Bz{ gkND dh okPNotkdh B/sktK d[nkok ehsh fJ;e'fPP dk eJh tko fJj noE brkfJnk frnk fe UjBK Bz{ vo j? fe fes/ nrtkJh dh tkrv'o UjBK d/j~EK s'A fBeb e/ ;EkfBe i[Mko{ ns/ fInkdk bVke/ b'eK d/ j~EK ft~u Bk ubh ikt/. fJ; dk noE fJj thbrkfJnk frnk fe okPNoh nzd'bB d/ B/sktK d[nkok fe;kBK Bz{ fjz;k dk o;sk S~vD ns/ brkB fdzd/ ofjDdh ;bkj d/D dk we;d fIwhdkoK ns/ nwho spfenK d/ fjsK dh o~fynk eoBk ;h. gqzs{ nkb'ue fJjG[~b iKd/ jB fe fe;kBK s'A fInkdk PkfJd okPNoh nzd'bB d/ B/sk ikDd/ ;B fe fjz;k dh okj geVD dknzikw eh j't/rk (T[H gqH ns/ wkbkpko ft~u ;oeko B/ fjz;kswe fe;kB nzd'bB Bz{ fi; soK e[ufbnk ;h,Uj fJ; r~b dk ;p{s ;B fe okPNoh B/sktk dh nkPzek ;jh ;h.fJ; bJh B/sk pko pko fe;kBK Bz{PKshg{oD gqsho'X dh nghb eod/ ;B.

fe;kBK Bz{ brkB ndkfJrh pzd Bk eoD dh ;bkj d/D d/ j'o th ekoD ;B. gfjbh r~b sK fJj ;hfe fe;kBK B/ brkB iK fIwhdkoh gqEk Bz{ ysw eoD dh wzr BjhA T[mkJh ;h. Uj f;oc p/dybh o'eD,

eJh wkfgbk b'e fJj ftPtk; eod/ ;B fe fJBK T[sghVB eoD tkb/ fIwhdkoK Bz{ ikB s'Ajh wko d/Dk T[fus j? feUAfe fJBK ekfcoK Bz{ wko d/D Bkb s[;hA ‘rkIh* pD iKd/ j' iK UBKBkb bVd/ j'J/ woD s/ ‘Pjhd* j' iKd/ j'. d'tK jkbsK ft~u s[jkBz{ f;~Xk ;tor fwbdk j?.

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wBwkBh eo t;{bh pzd eoD dh wzr eo oj/ ;B. d{ih r~b fJj ;h fe brkB ndkfJrh pzd eoDdk wsbp fIwhdko Bz{ ;oeko d/ eohp b? ikDk ;h.fJ; Bkb fIwhdko, fiBK dh okPNoh nzd'bB ns/;~sk d/ ft~u sN;Esk dh G{fwek fBGkUD dh ;zGktBk j' ;edh ;h, fBPfus o{g Bkb okPNoh nzd'bBd/ fybkc j' iKd/. fe;/ th nzd'bB dh ;cbsk dh gfjbh Pos j[zdh j/ T[;d/ d[PwDK dh ;zfynk x~No~yDk, Uj th T[d'A, id'A nzd'bB ewI'o j't/ iK nIwkfJnk Bk frnk j't/. fJ; r~b dk fynkb o~yDkpj[s Io{oh j[zdk j?.

pkod"bh ;~fsnkrqfjpkod"bh ;~fsnkrqfjpkod"bh ;~fsnkrqfjpkod"bh ;~fsnkrqfjpkod"bh ;~fsnkrqfj

;{os fib/ (r[ioks) d/ pkod"bh skb[e/ ft~u 1928 ft~u brkB Bk d/D dk nzd'bB th e[M fdqPNhe'D Bkbn;fj:'r nzd'bB dh jh d/D j?. 1922 ft~u fJ;/ pkod"bh skb[e/ s'A rKXh ih n;fj:'r nzd'bB dkPqhrD/P eoD tkb/ ;B, gqzs{ u"ohu"ok eKv d/ ubd/ nfijk ;zGt Bk j' ;fenk. 1922 ft~u fJE'A sK e'Jhnzd'bB Bk fSfVnk, gqzs{ ;ftB: nt~frnk nzd'bB dhnK fsnkohnK P[o{ j' rJhnK. fJj skb[ek 1922 ft~ujh I'odko okiBhfse rshftXhnK dk e/Ado pd frnk. ;EkfBe B/sk fit/A efbnkD ih ns/ e[zto ih w/jsk (d't/A GkJh) ns/ fdnkb ih d/;kJh B/ n;fj:'r nzd'bB d/ bJh iBws fsnko eoD ft~u ekch ezwehsk ;h. fJBK b'eK d/ gq:k; Bkb rKXh ih B/ y/Vk dh pikfJ pkod"bh Bz{ n;fj:'r nzd'bB bJh u[fDnk;h. fJj b'e fJ; y/so ft~u n;fj:'r nzd'bB P[o{ j'D s'A brGr 10 ;kb gfjbK s'A jh ;wki;/th ns/okiBhfse B/sk d/ o{g ft~u ekch ;feqn ;B. eJh okPNoh ;e{bK dh ;EkgBk th ehsh ;h. ftfdnkoEhnKBz{ ;oekoh ;e{b S~vD bJh gq/fos ehsk frnk ;h, ftd/Ph e~gfVnK ns/ Pokp d/ pfjPeko dk gqGkth nzd'bBS/V o~fynk ;h ns/ ;{os Brogkfbek T[Zs/ nkgDk nfXeko ;Ekfgs eoD ft~u ;cb oj/ ;B.fJ; y/sodhnK ;G s'A w~jstg{oD fpokdohnK ;B nBkftpb pqkjwD ns/ g~Nhdko. nBkftb nkPow dh ;EkgBkehsh ;h, I' fJ~e soK Bkb Sksoktk; dk ezw eod/ ;B. nkgD/ swkw ;[Xkotkdh edwK d/ ekoD fiBK ft~uPkdh^ftnkj d/ ns/ j'o ohsh^fotkik d/ ;[Xko d/ ezw th Pkfwb ;B, ;wki ft~u fJjBK dh pj[s gqfsPmk;h.

n;fj:'r nzd'bB tkfg; b? bJ/ ikD d/ P[o{ ft~u pkod"bh eKro; ekoieosktK dk wB'pb frfonk, gqzs{ ibdh jhfJj b'e ouBkswe ezwK ft~u i[N rJ/. 1922 ft~u rKXh ih B/ fJBK Bz{ fejk ;h fe s[;hA nkdhtk;h, Bhuns/ nS{s ikshnK bJh e[M BjhA ehsk j?. rKXh ih d/ ;[Mkt s/ fJBK b'eK B/ nS{sK ns/ nkdhtk;hnK ft~ufiBK Bz{ ekfbgoki (nPt/siB) fejk iKdk ;h, ezw eoBk P[o{ ehsk (;toDK iK T[Zu ikshnK Bz{ T[ibhgokiefjzd/ ;B). skb[e/ dh 60 ch;dh nkpkdh ekfbgokiK dh ;h. eKro; d/ fJBk ;t?;/thnK B/, i' nkg ;toDiksh d/ ;B, ekfbgokiK ns/ nkdhtk;h iBsk d/ ft~u 6 nkPow y'b/. fJj nkPow g{o/ skb[e/ ft~u fGzBfGzB EktK s/ y'b/ rJ/. fJBk d/ wkfXnw Bkb nkdhtk;hnK ns/ fgSV/ tor ft~u f;~fynk gq;ko ns/ j'oezw ehs/ rJ/. fJBK ft~u'A eJh nkPow n~i th jB.

e[tzoih w/jsk ns/ e/Ptih rD/Pih B/ nkdhtk;hnK dh p'bh f;~yh ns/ ekfbgoki ;w[dk: d/ f;~fyns b'eK dh;jkfJsk Bkb ‘ekfbgoki ;kfjs* dk f;oiD ehsk. eftsktK ns/ r~d d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftnkgs ;wkfiee[ohshnK s/ jwbk ehsk.pzX{nk wId{oh d/ fybkc nktkI T[mkJh. GiB wzvbhnK, fiBK ft~u ekfbgoki ns/T[ibhgoki d't/A ;w[dk:K d/ b'e Pkfwb ;B, x[zw x[zw e/ b'eK Bz{ ;wkfie ;[XkoK dk nkd/P fdzadh ;h. ekfbgokiBz{ f;~fyns eoD bJh oksoh gkmPkbktK y'bhnK rJhnK ns/ 1927 ft~u pkod"bh e;p/ ft~u ekfbgoki p~funKbJh ;e{b y'fbnk frnk. nkPow d/ ekoieosktK dh fIzwhdkoK ns/ T[Zuh iksh d/ b'eK Bkb eJh tko MVgKj' iKdhnK. fIwhdkoK ns/ XBh fe;kBK Bz{ brdk fe fJj nkPow tkb/ UjBK d/ wId{oK Bz{ GVek oj/ jB. 1922s'A pknd jo ;kb ekfbgoki ;zw/bB j[zdk ;h. 1927 d/ ;kbkBk ;zw/bB dh nfXnePsk rKXh ih B/ ehsh ns/ekfbgoki ;w[dkn d/ nkofEe^;wkfie jkbs dk nfXn:B eoD bJh fJ~e iKu ;fwsh rfms ehsh. rKXh

wkfgbk ftdo'j dk ssekfbe ekoD eh ;h<Nk;e


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ih B/ ekfbgoki dk BK pdb e/ ‘okDhgoki* o~y fd~sk. fJ;dk noE ;h izrb d/ tk;h. rKXh ih dh fBrkjft~u ekfbgoki (nPt/siB) Ppd ngwkBiBe ;h.

r[ioks d/ eJh t~v/ ikD/ wkD/ B/sktk fit/A Bojoh gkfoy ns/ irsokw dt/ B/ ekfbgoki ;w[dkn d/nkofEe, ;wkfie gfjb{nK dk nfXn:B ehsk ns/ nkgDh fog'oN ft~u ‘jkbh g~Xsh* Bz{ pj[s jh nwkBthns/ P'Pe g~Xsh d~f;nk. fog'oN ft~u fejk frnk ;h fe ;{dy'o ns/ iwhAdko rohp ekfbgoki iBsk dknkoFfEe ns/ :"B P'PD eo oj/ jB. fIwhdko rohp n"osK Bkb pbkseko eod/ jB. fJBK ;G ouBksweezwK d/ pb s/ ekfbgoki ;w[dkn d/ ft~u eKro; dk fJ~e wIp{s nkXko fsnko j' frnk.

nkPow d/ ekoieosk G{whXo fe;BK d/ ft~u th ;feqn ;B. fJ; ft~u th UjBK B/ nkgDh uzrh irk pDk bJh;h. ns/ fJ; bJh iBtoh 1926 ft~u id'A fJj gsk u~fbnk fe brkB g[BoheoD nfXekoh B/ brkB ft~u 30ch;dh tkX/ dh f;ckfoP ehsh j? sK eKro; B/sktK B/ c"oB fJ; dk fto'X ehsk. ns/ fJ; wkwb/ dh iKu d/bJh pkod"bh iKu ;fwsh dk rmB ehsk frnk. ;fwsh B/ i[bkJh 1926 ft~u nkgDh fog'oN fd~sh, fi; ft~ubrkB tkX/ Bz{ nB[fus d~f;nk frnk. fJ; s'A pknd nypkoK B/ brkB tkX/ d/ fybkc fbyDk P[o{ ehsk. gfjbehsh ‘:zr fJzvhnk* ns/ ‘BtihtB* B/, pknd ft~u ‘pKp/ eqkBheb’, ‘pKp/ ;wkuko*, ‘Btkekb*, ‘d/PpzX{*,‘wokmk*, ‘ikw^J/ iwP/d* ns/ ‘gqikpzX{’ B/ y{p fbfynk.

;zftXkfBe ;zxoP ft~u nk;Ek o~yD tkb/ ;EkfBe B/sktk B/, fiBK ft~u ftXkB gfoPd d/ w?Apo th Pkfwb;B, fJ; w[~d/ Bz{ T[mkfJnk. y/d[s wzvb d/ wkfXnw Bkb fe;kBK dhnK p/mek nk:'fis ehshnK rJhnKns/ UjBK Bz{ fib/ d/ ebeNo Bz{ :kfuektK G/iD dh ;bkj fd~sh rJh. wkou 1927 ft~u Ghw GkJh BkfJens/ fPtdk;kBh dh nrtkJh ft~u fe;kBK dk fJ~e gqshfBXhwzvb pzpJh ;oeko d/ oki;t ftGkr d/ gqw[ynfXekoh Bz{ fwfbnk. ftXkB gfoPd ft~u th fJj wkwbk T[mkfJnk frnk ns/ i[bkJh 1927 ft~u ;oekoB/ 30 ch;dh brkB tkX/ Bz{ xNke/ 21H97 ch;dh eo fd~sk. gqzs{ fJj fonkfJs wkw{bh ;h ns/ J/Bh d/oBkb x'fPs ehsh rJh fe fJ; Bkb e'Jh th ;zs[PN Bk j'fJnk.;zftXkBtkdhnK B/ j[D fe;kBK Bz{ ;bkj fd~shfe Uj tfXnk j'fJnk brkB Bk d/D, fizBk gfjbK d/ oj/ ;B, UBk jh d/D. d{i/ gk;/ eKro; d/ ekoieosktK dk efjDk ;h fe i/eo ;oeko s/ dpkt gkUDk j?, sK fe;kB brkB d/Dk pzd eo d/D.go fJ;w"e/ s/ fe;kBK B/ BowgzEh B/sktK dh ;bkj jh wzBh.

gqzs{ ibdh jh ;zftXkBtkdh B/sktK dh, nzd'bB dh nrtkJh d/D dh ywsk T[ikro j' rJh. Uj tfXnk j'fJnkbrkB Bk d/D d/ nzd'bB dh th nrtkJh eoD ft~u fjufeukUD b~r/. wip{o j' e/ fe;kB fco eKro; B/sktKt~b tkfg; nkJ/. fJ~Xo eKro;h B/sktK B/ tb~GGkJh gN/b Bkb th ;zgoe ;Ekfgs eo fbnk ;h. ns/ UjBKs'A nzd'bB dh ojB[wkJh eoD dk nB[o'X eo oj/ ;b. ekd'd ;zGkr d/ pkwB' fgzv ft~u 60 fgzvK d/ gqshfBXhnKdh p?me j'Jh , fi; ft~u tb~GGkJh gN/b Bz{ nzd'bB dh nrtkJh eoD bJh n"gukfoe o{g ft~u fBwzsfos ehskfrnk ns/ iBtoh 1928 d/ nkyoh jcs/ ft~u fe;kB ;fwsh d/ w?Apo ns/ ;EkfBe B/sk tb~GGkJh gN/b Bz{pkod"bh nkUD dk fBwzsoD d/D bJh nfjwdkpkd rJ/. tb~GGkJh gN/b B/ fBwzsoD ;theko eo fbnk ns/5 cotoh, 1928 s'A gfjbK pkod"bh nkUD dk nkPtk;B fd~sk (Uj skohy fi; Bz{ brkB d'Dk s?n ;h.) fJBK;EkfBe B/sktK B/ rKXh ih Bkb th G/AN ehsh ns/ rKXh ih Bz{ fJj ftPtk; j' frnk fe fe;kB fJ; nzd'bBd/ Bkb jB, sK UjBK B/ th fJ; Bz{ nkgDk ;woEB fd~sk.

4 cotoh Bz{ tb~GGkJh gN/b pkod"bh gj[zu/ ns/ fe;kBK d/ gqshfBXhnK ns/ ;zftXkBtkdhnK Bkb bzph r~b ehsh.eJh p?meK j'JhnK. nfijh fJ~e p?me d/ d"okB BowgzEh B/sktK B/ fe;kBK Bz{ y[~b/ s"o s/ fJj fejk fe nzd'bBd/ UjBK d/ swkw ;zftXkfBe sohe/ n;cb j' rJ/ jB, fJ; bJh tb~GGkJh gN/b d/ ;[MkJ/ j'J/ sohfenK s/u~bD. tb~GGkJh gN/b B/ fe;kBK Bz{ ;gPN eo fd~sk fe gq;skfts nzd'bB d/ Bshi/ eh eh j' ;ed/ ;B.UjBKB/ fe;kBK Bz{ fJ; w[~d/ s/ ftuko eoD bJh fJ~e jcs/ dk ;wK fd~sk. T[ZE'A Uj nfjwdkpkd nkJ/ ns/ pzpJhd/ rtoBo Bz{ fJ~e ys fbfynk.fJ; ys ft~u UjBk B/ fbfynk ;h fe ;oeko B/ brkB fBoXkoD ft~urbsh ehsh j?. fJj rbs nKefVnK s/ nkXkfos j?. tb~GGkJh gN/b B/ ;oeko s'A fJ; wkwb/ dh fBog~yiKu eoD dk nB[o'X ehsk, Bkb jh fJj th Xweh fd~sh fe fBog~y iKu BjhA eokJh rJh sK Uj fe;kBKBz{ brkB Bk d/D dh ;bkj d/Dr/. fJ; dk Bshik ukj/ i' th j't/. rtoBo d/ ;fut B/ tb~GGkJh gN/bBz{ itkp fd~sk fe UjBK dk ys oki;t ftGkr Bz{ G/i fd~sk frnk j?.


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12 cotoh Bz{ tb~GGkJh gN/b pkod"bh tkfg; nkJ/ ns/ fe;kB gqshfBXhnK Bz{ ;kok fe~;k d~f;nk. fJ;s'A pknd pkod"bh fe;kBK dh p?me j'Jh ns/ fJ~e gq;skt gk; eo e/ brkB dh ndkfJrh T[d'A s~eBk d/D dk fBoDk ehsk frnk id'A s~e ;oeko fe;/ fBog~y fNqfpT{Bb dk rmB BjhA eodh iK gfjbK s'Ajh fd~s/ ik oj/ brkB Bz{ jh g{oh ndkfJrh BjhA wzBdh. fe;kBK B/ ‘gqG{* ns/ ‘y[dk* d/ BK s/ PgE bJh feUj brkB BjhA d/Dr/. gq;skt gk; j'D s'A pknd rhsk ns/ e[okD dk gkm j'fJnk ns/ fjzd{ w[;bwkB J/eskiskUD tkb/ epho d/ d'j/ P[o{ j'J/.;~fsnkrqfj P[o{ j' frnk.

1874 ft~u izw/ tb~GGkJh gN/b jh fJ; nzd'bB d/ ;jh w[yhnk j' ;ed/ ;B. ‘y/Vk ;~fsnkrqfj*, ‘Bkrg[ocb?r ;~fsnkrqfj* ns/ pb;kv ;~fsnkrqfj d/ wkfXnw Bkb Uj r[ioks d/ pj[uofus ns/ ;zwkfBs B/skj' rJ/ ;B. rKXh s'A pknd Ujh d{i/ Bzpo s/ nkUAd/ ;B. ;zrmBeosk, tesk, ;zxoPPhb ftneshs~td/ o{g ft~u Uj gfjbK jh ikD/ iKd/ ;B. pkod"bh ;~fsnkrqfj ft~u UjBK Bz{ ‘;odko* dh T[gkXh fd~sh rJh.UjBK Bz{ fJj fyskp fd~sk pkod"bh dh n"osK B/. pkod"bh dh iBsk n~i th tb~GGkJh gN/b d/ GkPDK Bz{:kd eodh j?. UjBK GkPDK Bz{ i' fe;kBK d/ fdbK Bz{ S{j b?Ad/ ;B. pkod"bh d/ fe;kB n~i th efjzd/ jB,“UjBK d/ GkPD sK w[ofdnK Bz{ th fIzdk eoD tkb/ ;B.@

tb~GGkJh gN/b B/ g{o/ fJbke/ Bz{ 13 ekoieosk fPftoK ft~u tzv fd~sk ns/ jo fPfto d/ ;zukbB bJh fJ~efJ~e nB[Gth B/sk s?Bks ehsk frnk. gqKs d/ t~y t~y fj~f;nK s'A brGr 100 okiBhfse ekoieosk ns/ 1500;t?;/th, fiBK ftu fInkdkso ftfdnkoEh ;B, fJ; nzd'bB dh ;/Bk ;B. fJ~e gqekPB ftGkr th pDkfJnk frnkfi~E'A o'I ‘pkod"bh ;~fsnkrqfj g~fqsek* dk gqekPB j[zdk ;h, fi; ft~u pV/ jh ;ob, ;[p'X ns/ ftnzrg{oD P?bh ft~ub/y fby/ iKd/ ;B. B/sktK d/ GkPD ns/ fe;kBK dh e[oeh dhnK s;thoK th SkghnK iKdhnK ;B. ;t?;/te fJ; g~fsqekBz{ skb[e/ d/ jo fj~;/ ft~u gj[zuKd/. nzd/bB dk nkgDk y[chnk ftGkr ;h. fJ; dk ezw fJj gsk brkUDk j[zdk ;h fefes/ e'Jh brkB sK BjhA d/ fojk ns// i/eo d/ th fojk j? iK d/D dk wB pDk fojk j? sK T[; Bz{ o'fenk iKdk ;h.fJj ftGkr fJj th gsk brkUAdk ;h fe ;oeko j[D eh eoD tkbh j/, fe; dh ;zgsh Ips eoD tkbh j?. fit/Ajh gsk ubdk, ;zpzfXs ftnesh Bz{ ypo eo fd~sh iKdh. ed/ T[;Bz{ j[fPnko ofjD Bz{ fejk iKdk ns/ ed/ ed/ gV";dh pV"dk fonk;s ft~u G/i fd~sk iKdk.

;zxoP d/ bJh ikro[esk g?dk eoB dk ezw w[~y o{g ft~u p?meK, GkPDK, gofunK nkfd d/ wkfXnw Bkbxo xo ik e/ ehsk iKdk. wfjbktK Bz{ ikro{e eoD s/ ftP/P fXnkB fd~sk frnk.fJ; ezw d/ bJh pzpJhdh gko;h wfjbk whm{p/B g/fNN, Grshpk (dopko r'gkbdk; dh gsBh), wBhp/B gN/b (tb~GGkJh gN/bdh p/Nh), Pkodkp/B Pkj ns/ Pkodk w/jsk Bz{ ftP/P o{g s/ brkfJnk frnk. fJ; dk Bshik fJj j'fJnkfe eJh tko p/meK ft~u wfjbktK dh ;zfynk g[oPK s'A fInkdk j' iKdh ;h. UjBK T[Zs/ ;oeko dhnKXwehnK dk e'Jh n;o Bk fgnk.ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fejk frnk fe Uj nkgD/ goftkoK Bz{ ;wMkUD, UjBKdk ;kj; tXkUD ns/ ;zxoP dk ;woEB eoD Bz{ efjD.

i' b'e vo d/ wko/ brkB ndkfJrh dh r~b ;'u oj/ ;B, iK u[ge/ u[ge/ brkB d/ oj/ ;B, Uj th o;s/ s/ nkrJ/.feUAfe nzd'bBekohnK B/ UjBk d/ ;wkfie pfjPeko dh Xweh fd~sh ;h. fJ; T[d/P d/ bJh iksh ns/rqkw gzukfJsK dk g{ok ;fj:'r fbnk frnk. Y[bw[b Bhsh ngBkUD tkfbnK Bz{ b~frnk fe UjBK Bz{ iks fBekbkd/ fd~sk ikt/rk ns/ BkJh, X'ph, ejko, e[wjko ns/ wId{o ;ko/ UjBK dk pfjPeko eo d/Dr/. fJ; vo Bkbb'eK d/ fdbK s'A ;oeko dk vo fBeb frnk ns/ fJj b'e th nzd'bb d/ ;woEe j' rJ/.

;oeko B/ ed/ fJ; soK d/ gqsho'X dk ;kjwDk BjhA ehsk ;h. ;oekoh nfXekohnK d/ fybkc ;wkfiepfjPeko dk n;so g{oh soK gq:'r ehsk frnk. UjBK Bz{ tkjB, ykd ;kw~roh ns/ j'o Io{oh uhIK s'Atzfus ofjDk fgnk. B"eo ukeo th BjhA fwb oj/ ;B.;oekoh ezwêki eoBk th w[Pfeb j' fojk ;h.eKro; B/ ekfbgoki ;w[dkn d/ ft~u i' ekoi ehs/ ;B, UjBk dk ckfJdk th T[; Bz{ fJ; nzd'bB ft~ufwfbnk.;oeko B/ ekfbgoki noEks nkdhtk;hnK ns/ nS{sK Bz{ ;toDK d/ fybkc GVekUD dh pVh e'fPPehsh, go ekw:kph BjhA fwbh.

;odko tb~GGkJh gN/b ns/ UjBK d/ ;fj:'rh th nfjw w[~fdnK s/ ;zftXkBtkdhnK, BowgzEhnK ns/ iBskdh okJ/ b?D dk g{ok gq:k; eod/. fJ; dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe ;oeko d/ ;woEe, T[; d/ gqsh Bowo[y ngBkUD tkb/ th fe;kBK d/ y/w ft~u nkUD b~r/, UjBK dk ;woEB eoD b~r/. pzpJh ftXkB gfoPd


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d/ eJh w?ApoK B/ fJ;shck d/ fd~sk. BowgzEhnK d/ fJ~e ;zrmB ‘;ot/AN Uc fJzvhnk ;[;kfJNh* Bz{ eKro;d/ B/sktK B/ nB[o'X ehsk fe Uj fe;kBK dhnK swkw fPekfJsK dh iKu eo/. iKu s'A pknd fJ; B/ i'fog'oN g/P ehsh, T[; Bkb nB/e pkeh BowgzEh B/sk th ;zxoP d/ ;woEe j' rJ/.

rtoBo dh ekoiekoh gfoPd d/ Gkosh w?ApoK dk th j[D s~e w'jGzr j' frnk ;h. Uj j[D dwBekoh ;~skd/ g~y ft~u BjhA ;B.i[bkJh 1928 dk nzs nkUAd/ nkUAd/ tkJh; okJ/ bkov fJoftB Bz{ th gsk b~rD b~rkfe wkwbk rVpV j/. T[; B/ rtoBo ftb;B s/ dpkn gkfJnk fe Uj wkwb/ Bz{ ibdh ock dck eoD.fpqN/B dh ;z;d ft~u th fJ; wkwb/ s/ ;tkb T[mkJ/ ikD b~r/.

d/P ft~u iBws brksko ;oeko fto'Xh j[zdk ik fojk ;h. pzpJh gq?Ihv?A;h d/ eJh fj~f;nK ft~u fe;kB nkgD/brkB d/ g[BofBoXkoD bJh nzd'bB dh Xweh d/ oj/ ;B.pzpJh d/ e~gVk fwbK d/ wId{o jVskb s/ ;Bns/ ;oeko Bz{ vo ;h fe fes/ ;odko tb~GGkJh gN/b ns/ pzpJh d/ efwT{fB;N B/sk fwb e/ jVskb Bkeok d/D. fJ; Bkb ;?Bk ns/ o;d dk pkod"bh gj[zuDk n;zGt j' ikt/rk. pKp/ :{E bhr ns/ j'o ;zrmBpzpJh dh iBsk Bz{ T[s;kfjs eoD ft~u pj[s j~d s~e ;cb oj/ ;B. iB;GktK ns/ gqdoPBK dk f;bf;bkikoh ;h. gzikp s'A pkod"bh d/ bJh i~fEnK dhnK g?db otkBrh dhnK r~bK T[Zm ojhnK ;B. 2 nr;s,1928 Bz{ rKXh ih pkod"bh gj[zu rJ/.fJ; wsbp Bkb fe i/eo ;oeko gN/b Bz{ frqcsko eodh j/ sK Ujnzd'bB dh tkrv'o nkg ;zGkb b?Dr/. fJBK gfo;fEshnK ft~u j[D ;oeko eh eo ;edh ;h. Uj w[zjS[gkUD dk pjkBk b~GD bJh wip{o ;h.

T[; Bz{ w[zj fSgkUD dk pjkBk fwb frnk. ;{os d/ ftXkB gfoPd w?ApoK B/ rtoBo Bz{ fJ~e fu~mh fbyh,fi; ft~u fbfynk ;h fe, “iKu bJh i' PosK s[;hA o~yhnK jB Uj wzB bJhnK ikDrhnK.@ Uj PosKeh ;B, fJ; dk fu~mh ft~u fIeo BjhA ;h. n;b ft~u ;oeko fJj wzB rJh fe Uj tX/ j'J/ brkB dht;{bh s/ I'o BjhA d/t/rh. rtoBo B/ id'A fJj x'PDk ehsh fe fJj T[;dh fi~s j?, sK fJ; r~b Bz{ fe;/B/ th rzGhosk Bkb BjhA fbnk.

fJ~e fBnkfJe nfXekoh pq{wchbv ns/ fJ~e oki;t nfXekoh w/e;t?b B/ ;ko/ wkwb/ dh iKu ehsh ns/nkgDh fog'oN ft~u fbfynk fe 30# brkB tkXk rbs j/. fJ; Bz{ xNk e/ 6H03# ehsk frnk. bzdBft~u gqekfPs ‘fBT{ ;N/N;w?B* B/ 5 wJh, 1929 d/ nkgD/ nze ft~u fbfynk fe “iKu ;fwsh dh fog'oN;oeko d/ w[zj s/ fJ~e swkuk j?.HHHHHHHHHHHHH fJ; d/ Bshi/ d{orkwh j'Dr/HHHHHH.@

fe;kB ;zxoP ns/ okPNoh ;tkXhBsk ;zxoP d/ nzso^;zpzXK dh ;G s'A ;[zdo ftnkfynk PkfJd rKXh ihB/ jh ehsh j/. UjBK d/ PpdK ft~u^“pkod"bh ;zxoP ukj/ e[M th j't/ fJj ;toki dh gqkgsh bJh ;zxoPBjhA j?. gqzs{ fJ; soK dk jo ;zxoP, jo e'fPP ;kB{z ;toki d/ eohp gj[zuk ojh j? ns/ ;kBz{ ;toki dhwzfIb s~e gj[zukUD ft~u PkfJd fJj ;zxoP f;~X/ ;toki bJh ;zxoP s'A fInkdk ;jkfJe f;~X j'Dr/.@

fe;kB ;GktK dk rmB^fe;kB ;GktK dk rmB^fe;kB ;GktK dk rmB^fe;kB ;GktK dk rmB^fe;kB ;GktK dk rmB^fe;kB B/sktK d/ fJ~e Gkr B/ eKro; dhnK BhshnK d/ fto'XkGk; Bz{ ;wfMnk.fJj d't/A nzd'bB i' eKro; B/ ehs/ ;B, T[; Bkb G{whgshnK Bz{ bkG jh j'fJnk ;h.eKro; G{whgshnKns/ w[ikfonK d/ ;zpzXK d/ ftP/ ft~u e[M BjhA eo ojh ;h. Uj G{whofjs fe;kBK d/ gqsh T[dk;hB ;h.;kwtkdh ns/ j'o tkwgzEh dbK B/ fe;kBK ft~u torîkroD T[sgzB ehsk ns/ fe;kB ;GktK d/ rmB ft~uftP/P G{wek fBGkJh.

1920 s'A nkozG j'D tkb/ dPe ft~u pzrkb, gzikp ns/ :{H ghH ft~u fe;kB ;GktK dk rmB j'fJnk. 1928 ft~unKXo gqKsh o?:s ;Gk (Andhra Provincial Ryots Association) pDh. gqzs{ nfyb Gkosh fe;kB ;Gk dkrmB 11 ngq?b, 1936 Bz{ byBT{ ft~u j'fJnk. fe;kB ;Gk dk T[d/P fe;kBK dh nkofEe P'PD s'A o~fynk eoBk;h. UjBK B/ foDK s/ th foD;ErB (moratorium) wzfrnk. x~N bkGdkfJe i'sK (uneconomic holdings)s/ G{wh eo dk jNkDk , feokfJnk ns/ G{wh eo dk xZN eoBk, ;kj{ekoK Bz{ bkJh;?A; (licence) b?D bJh wip{oeoBk , y/sh wId{oK dk x~N s'A x~N t/sB fBPfus eoBk, rzB/ ns/ j'o tgkoe c;bK d/ bJh T[fus do fBPfuseoBk ns/ f;zukJh d/ ;kXBK nkfd dhnK wzrK g/P ehshnK. UjBK B/ fIwhdkoh ftt;Ek dh ;wkgsh, ns/ G{whfe;kB Bz{ jh fwb/, nfijh wzr ehsh. fJ; s'A fJbktk UjBK B/ fe;kBK Bz{ ;[szsosk ;zrokw ft~u Gkr b?D Bz{th fejk.


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8H28H28H28H28H2 1930 s'A 1940 d/ d1930 s'A 1940 d/ d1930 s'A 1940 d/ d1930 s'A 1940 d/ d1930 s'A 1940 d/ dΩokB fe;kBh nzd'bB okB fe;kBh nzd'bB okB fe;kBh nzd'bB okB fe;kBh nzd'bB okB fe;kBh nzd'bB (Peasant Movement in the1930's and 1940's)

1930 d/ dPe ft~u Gkosh fe;kBK ft~u fJ~e BtK okPNotkdh ikroD nkfJnk. UjBK B/ nkgDh PeshBz{ gfjukfDnk ns/ nkgD/ jkbks Bz{ pdbD bJh fJ~e i[~N j' e/ e'fPPK ehshnK. fJj ikroD d/ nkofEens/ okiBhfse xNBktK dk Bshik ;h. fJ~e sK ftPtftnkgh wzdh fi; d/ gqGkt Gkos ft~u 1929^30ft~u fdykJh g?D b~r/ ;B ns/ d{ik Gkosh okPNoh eKro; d[nkok S/V/ rJ/ iB;zxoP dk d'o.

wzdh d/ ekoD y/sh T[giK dhnK ehwsK ekch fro rJhnK^50# iK T[; s'A th fInkdk ns/ fJ; d/ ekoD GkoheoK ns/ brkB Bkb pdjkb fe;kBK dh jkbs j'o yokp j' rJh. gqzs{ ;oeko Bk sK nkgDk N?e; x~N eoD Bz{fsnko ;h ns/ Bk jh fIwhdkoK Bz{ fJj efjD Bz{ fe Uj brkB dhnK doK x~N eoD. dkw sK T[d:'fre T[sgkdBdk th frfonk, go UBk BjhA fizBK y/sh dh g?dktko dk.fJ; bJh e[b fwbk e/ fe;kBK dh ;fEsh fJj j' rJhfe UjBK Bz{ N?e;K, brkBK ns/ foDK dk G[rskB sK wzdh d/ gfjbK dh doK s/ eoBk g? fojk ;h ns/ UjBK dkt/sB brksko xZN j' fojk ;h.

okPNotkdh n;zs'P d/ fJ;/ wkj"b ft~u 1930 ft~u ;ftB: nt~frnk nzd'bB S/fVnk frnk.ns/ d/P d/ pj[s;ko/ fj~f;nK ft~u fJ; B/ N?e; ns/ brkB Bk d/D dk o{g b? fbnk. fe;kBK Bz{ pkod"bh ;~Ffsnkrqfj ft~ujkb ft~u jh ;cbsk fwbh ;h. fJ; bJh UjBK B/ pV/ T[s;kj Bkb fJ; nfGnkB ft~u fj~;k fbnk. nKXoft~u brkB ftt;Ek dk BtK pzd'p;s j'D tkbk ;h. fi; Bkb brkB dhnK doK tX iKdhnK. fJj okiBhfsenzd'bB fJ; pzd'p;s Bkb i[V frnk.:{H ghH ft~u N?e; ns/ brkB Bk ndk eoD dk nfGnkB rKXh^fJoftB;wM"s/ s'A pknd th ikoh fojk . nkg rKXhih B/ :{H ghH d/ fe;BK Bz{ nghb ehsh fe Uj f;oc 50# brkBdk G[rskB eoD ns/ o;hd g{o/ dh b?D. r[ioks d/ fe;kBK B/, yk; eoe/ ;{os ns/ y/Vk ft~u N?e; d/D s'AfJBeko eo fd~sk ns/ ;oekoh dwB s'A puD bJh pV"dk ub/ rJ/ . UjBK dh iwhB ns/ ub^;zgsh Ips eobJh rJh. fpjko ns/ pzrkb ft~u fe;kBK Bz{ u"ehdkoh N?e; d/Dk g?adk ;h, i' nkgD/ T[Zgo nfsnkuko eoDtkfbnK d/ o~yôykt dh ftt;Ek eoD dh soK ;h. fJ; d/ fybkc Ipod;s nzd'bB j'J/. gzikp ft~u ‘N?e;o'e'* nfGnkB d/ Bkb Bkb fe;kB ;GktK dk T[d/ j'fJnk ns/ N?e; ns/ gkDh dhnK doK ft~u eN"sh eoDns/ eoI/ dk e[M fj~;k ysw eoD dh wzr ehsh rJh. wjkokPNo, fpjko ns/ wZX gqKsK ft~u fe;kBK ns/nkdhtk;hnK B/ ‘izrb ;~fsnkrqfj* eo e/ UjBK tD^fB:wK dk fto'X ehsk, fiBK d/ sfjs tDK d/;kotifBe T[g:'r s/ gkpzdh brkJh ;h. nKXo ft~u ‘fIwhdkoh fto'Xh ;zxoP* th u~fbnk, fi; dk gfjbkfBPkBk pDh, B/b' fIb/ dh t?AeNfroh fIwhdkoh.

;ftB: nt~frnk nzd'bB B/ fe;kB nzd'bB d/ T[d/ ft~u fJ~e j'o soK G{fwek fBGkJh ;h. fJ; d/ roGs'A :[tk bVke{ ekoieosktK dh fJ~e g{oh ghVh g?dk j'Jh. UjBK Bz{ okiBhfse dhePk sK ;ftB:nt~frnk nzd'bB s'A jh fwbh, gqzs{ j"bh j"bh Uj tkwgzEh ftukoXkok d/ gqGkt ft~u nk rJ/, fi; dkgquko itkjo bkb Bfjo{, ;[GkP p';, ;kwtkdhnK ns/ j'o wkoe;tkdh ns/ tkwgzEh B/sktK ns/ ro[~gKd[nkok ehsk ik fojk ;h. id'A ;ftB: nt~frnk nzd'bB ft~u T[sko nkfJnk sK fJBK ekoieostKd/ ;kjwD/, fiBK ft~u :[te ns/ :[tshnK th ;B, ;tkb T[Zfmnk fe Uj nkgDh okiBhfse T{oik Bz{fe~E/ brkUD. Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe UjBK ft~u'A pj[sK B/ fe;kBK Bz{ ;zrfms eoBk P[o{ eo fd~sk.

fe;kB ;Gk dk gfjbk ;zw/bBfe;kB ;Gk dk gfjbk ;zw/bBfe;kB ;Gk dk gfjbk ;zw/bBfe;kB ;Gk dk gfjbk ;zw/bBfe;kB ;Gk dk gfjbk ;zw/bB

fJ; d/ Bkb jh 1934 ft~u eKro; ;'Pfb;N gkoNh (;hHn?;H ghH) d/ rmB Bkb tkwgzEh skesK d/ fJ~ei[~N j'D dh gqfeqnk s/I j' rJh. ;hHn?;H ghH dh ;d~;sk B/ ;kwtkdhnK Bz{ pr?o b[e/^fSg/ ns/ ekBz{Bh YzrBkb ezw eoD dk w"ek fd~sk. n?BH ihH ozrk ns/ d{i/ nB/e B/sk fe;kB nzd'bB d/ ;[uko{ ;zukbB d/ bJhno;/ s'A fJ~e nfyb Gkosh ;zrmB pDkUD dh e'fPP eo oj/ ;B. gqzs{ ekw:kph tkwgzEh J/esk Bkb jh fwbh.ngq?b 1936 ft~u byBT{ ft~u ‘nfyb Gkosh eKro;* dh ;EkgBk j'Jh, fi; dk BK pknd ft~u pdb e/ ‘nfybGkosh fe;kB ;Gk* eo fd~sk frnk. fpjko gqKsh fe;kB ;Gk d/ bVke{ ;z;Ekge ;tkwh ;fjikBzd ;o;tshfJ; d/ nfXneP ns/ nKXo ft~u fe;kB nzd'bB d/ nr{nk ns/ y/sh y/so dhnK ;w~f;nktK d/ ftdtkB n?BHihH ozrk wjk;fut u[D/ rJ/.fe;kB ;Gk d/ gfjb/ ;zw/bB ft~u y[d itkjo bkb Bfjo{ nkJ/ ns/ ;zrmB dk ;tkrs


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ehsk. fJ; ;zw/bB ft~u T[g;fEs j'o j;shnK ;B okwwB'jo b'jhnk, ;'jB f;zx I'P, fJzd{bkb :krfBe,i?gqekP Bkok:D, w'jBbkb r"sw, ewb ;oeko, ;[XhB gqwkfDe ns/ nfjwd dhB. ;zw/bB B/ fBoDk fbnk fefe;kBK dk fJ~e x'PDk g~so e~fYnk ikt/ ns/ fJzd{bkb :krfBe d/ ;zgkdB ft~u fJ~e p[b/fNB dk fB:fwsgqekPB j't/.

nfyb Gkosh fe;kB ;Gk d/ pzpJh ;so ft~u fe;kB x'PDk g~so dk w;ftdk ;thfeqs ehsk frnk ns/eKro; ekoi ;fwsh Bz{ ;"Ag fd~sk frnk skfe Uj T[; Bz{ 1937 d/ u[Dkt d/ nt;o s/ gqekfPs j'D tkb/nkgD/ x'PDk g~so ft~u Pkfwb eo ;e/. c"ig[o eKro; ft~u Pkfwb y/sh gq'rokw s/ fe;kB x'PDK g~sodk ekch n;o d/fynk ik ;edk j/. eKro; B/ ;oeko d/ ;kjwD/ i' wzrK o~yhnK, UjBK ft~u w[~y ;B^G{oki;t ns/ brkB ft~u 50# ewh, foDK dh t;{bh dk ;ErB, ;kwzsh t;{bhnK dk ykswk, ekPsekoKdh p/dybh s'A ;[o~fynk, y/shjo wId{oK Bz{ r[Iko/ bkfJe wId{oh ns/ fe;kB :{fBnBK Bz{ wkBsk.

c?ig[o ft~u eKro; ;so d/ Bkb nfyb Gkosh fe;kB eKro; dk th d{ik ;so u~fbnk, fi; dhnfXnePsk n?BH ihH ozrk B/ ehsh. fJ; nt;o s/ 500 fe;kBK B/ wkBwkV s'A c?Ig[o s~e 200 whb g?dbwkou ehsk, fi; dk fJ~e T[d/P b'eK Bz{ fe;kB eKro; d/ T[d/PK s'A ntrs eokUDk ;h.c?ig[o ft~u UjBKdk ;tkrs itkjo bkb Bfjo{, Pzeo d/t, wkBt/Adq BkE okJ/, Bo/Adq d/t, n?;H J/H vKr/, whB{ w;kBh, :[;[cw/jo nbh, pzfew w[yoih ns/ j'o nB/e fe;kB ns/ eKro; B/sktk B/ ehsk. ozrk B/ nkgD/ GkPD ft~ux'PDk ehsh fe “n;hA nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fJ; bJh ;zrfms eo oj/ jK, sK fe ;wkitkdh oki ns/ ;wki dh;EkgBk bJh fsnkoh eo ;ehJ/.@

1937 d/ nkozG ft~u d/P d/ pj[;zfyne gqKsK ft~u eKro; ;oekoK d/ rmB Bkb fe;kB nzd'bB dk fJ~eBtK d"o P[o{ j'fJnk. d/P dk g{ok okiBhfse wkj"b pdfbnk j'fJnk ;h. Bkrfoe ;[szsosk tX rJh ;h.;kv/ nkgD/ b'e ;~sk ft~u jB, fJ; nfj;k; Bkb ;[szsosk dk fJ~e BtK p'X g?dk j'fJnk ;h. fJj fJ~Skth g?dk j'Jh ;h fe eKro; ;oeko iBsk dh GbkJh bJh e[M ezw eo/rh :kBh fe e[b fwbk e/ 1937^39d/ fszB ;kb fe;kB nzd'bB d/ T[seoP d/ ;kb ;B. eKro; ;oekoK B/ y/sh ekBz{BK ft~u ;[Xko d/ bJh e[Mm'; edw th T[mkJ/^foDK ft~u okjs d/D d/ bJh wzdh d/ d"okB i' fe;kB G{whjhD j" rJ/ ;B, UjBK dhnKIwhBK tkfg; eoD bJh, ekPsekoK dh ;[o~fynk d/ bJh . ns/ fJ; Bkb fe;kBK Bz{ gq/oDk fwbh fe Ujgq;skfts ekBz{BK d/ g~y ft~u wkj"b pDkUD ns/ io{os g?D s/ UjBK dk o{g pdbD dh wzr eoD.

fe;kBK ft~u ikroD g?dk eoD ns/ UjBK Bz{ ;zrfms eoD dk w[~y wkfXnw ;h EkBk, skb[ek, fibkns/ gqKs d/ ;so s/ fe;kB ;GktK ns/ ;zw/bB nk:'fis eoBk, fiBK ft~u fe;kBK dhnK wzrK g/PehshnK iKdhnK ns/ gq;skt gkfos j[zd/. fJBK ;zw/bBK ft~u ;EkfBe, gqKshn ns/ okPNoh ;so d/B/sk GkPD fdzd/. ;zw/bB d/ g{ot ekoieosk fgzv fgzv x[zw e/ S'Nh S'Nh p?meK eod/, eKro; ns/fe;kB ;Gk d/ w?Apo pDkUAd/, Bed iK nBki d/ o{g ft~u uzdk iwk eod/ ns/ fe;kBK Bz{ fInkdk s'Afinkdk ;zfynk ft~u ;zw/bB ft~u fj~;k b?D bJh gq/fos eod/.;zw/bB d/ d"okB ;z;feqfse gq'rokw thnk:'fis ehs/ iKd/, fi; dk T[d/P fe;kB nzd'bBK d/ T[d/PK Bz{ wkofwe Yzr Bkb iBsk d/ ft~u o~yDkj[zdk ;h. nk; gk; d/ y/soK ft~u fJjBK ;G uhIK dk Ipod;s n;o g?Adk ;h ns/ ;Gk iK ;zw/bBft~u Gkr b?D tkb/ fe;kB nkgDh skes dh BthA u/sBk ns/ nkgDh ;fEshnK dh p/jso ;wM Bkbtkfg; nkUAd/ ;B.

fe;kBh ;zxK dk T[d/fe;kBh ;zxK dk T[d/fe;kBh ;zxK dk T[d/fe;kBh ;zxK dk T[d/fe;kBh ;zxK dk T[d/

e/ob d/ wkbpko y/so ft~u I' PeshPkbh fe;kB nzd'bB ftef;s j'fJnk T[;d/ w{b ft~u eKro; ;'Pfb;NgkoNh d/ ekoi eosktK dk gq:k; ;h. fJj ekoieosk 1934 s'A jh fe;kBK d/ ft~u ezw eo oj/ ;B, fgzvfgzv x[zw oj/ ;B ns/ fe;kB ;zxK dk rmB eo oj/ ;B. fJE'A d/ fe;kB nzd'bB dhnK w[~y wzrK ;B^ ;kwzsht;{bhnK, BtheoD P[be, ns/ brkB dh nfrqw ndkfJrh Bz{ ysw ehsk ikt/ ns/ IwhB n;hA nkgi'sKr/, fJ; nkXko s/ fIwhdkoK d[nkok ekPsekoK dh p/dybh pzd ehsh ikt/.fe;kBK B/ G{oki;t, brkBns/ foD d/ p'M ft~u ewh eoD, nBki dk tIB eoD, fIwhdkoK d[nkok ;jh s'bK dk gq:k; eoD ns/UjBK d/ w?B/ioK d/ fGqPNkuko Bz{ ysw eoD dh wzr th o~yh.


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wkbkpko ft~u fe;kBK d/ ft~u ikroD c?bkUD dk w[~y wkfXnw ;h fGzB fgzvK ft~u feqPe ;zxw dhnKfJekJhnK dk rmB ns/ fe;kB ;GktK ns/ ;zw/bBK dk nk:'iB. gqzs{ i' sohek pj[s b'efgq: ns/n;odko ;kfps j'fJnk, Uj ;h fe;kBK dk i~Ek pDk e/ fIwhdkoK d/ xo ikDk, UjBK d/ ;kjwD/nkgDhnK wzrK o~yDk ns/ s[ozs ;wkXkB jkf;b eoBk.fJj i~E/ fInkdkso ;kwzsh t;{bhnK d/ fybkcj[zd/ ;B. feqPe ;zxw B/ 1929 d/ wkbkpko ekPsekoh nfXfB:w ft~u ;[Xko fbnkUD bJh thIpod;s nfG:kB S/fVnk.6 Btzpo, 1938 Bz{ wkbkpko ekPsekoh nfXfB:w ;[Xko fdt; d/ o{g ft~uwBkfJnk frnk. T[; fdB g{o/ fib/ ft~u Ek EK s/ ;GktK j'JhnK ns/ jo EK nfXfB:w ft~u ;zP'XB bJhfJ~e soK dk gq;skt jh gkfos ehsk frnk. nfyb wkbkpko feqPe ;zx d[nkok nkoH okwuzdo B/V{wrvhdh nfXnePsk ft~u ekPs dh ntXh Bkb ;zpzfXs ;w~f;nktK dk nfXn:B eoD bJh fJ~e ;fwsh thpDkJh rJh.;fwsh dh f;ckfoPK T[Zs/ e/ob gqd/P eKro; ;fwsh B/ 20 Btzpo, 1938 Bz{ nkgDh w'jo brkfd~sh. nrb/ wjhB/ gzi gzi ;" fe;kBK d/ d' i~E/ T[Zso wkbkpko ft~u efot~b{o ns/ d~yD wkbkpko ft~ueKihe'V otkBk j'J/. ns/ o;s/ ft~u ftfGzB eKro; ;fwshnK d[nkok ;tkrs e/AdoK s'A r[Iod/ j'J/ ekbheNd/ e'+ u/t{o ft~u UjBK dk ;zrw j'fJnk fi~E/ nfyb wkbkpko feqPe ;zx dk ;zw/bB j'D tkbk ;h. U;/Pkw ekbheN ft~u ;w[zdo feBko/ fJ~e ;Gk j'Jh , fi;dh nfXnePsk ghH feqPD fg~b/ (i' gfjbK eKro;;'Pfb;N gkoNh ft~u ;B ns/ pknd ft~u efwT{fB;N gkoNh ft~u dkfyb j' rJ/ ;B) B/ ehsh.

iB;Gk ft~u gq;skt gkfos eo e/ ekPsekoh ekBz{B ft~u ;zP'XB dh wzr ehsh rJh. iBws d/ dpkt s/NhH gqekPB B/ i' T[; ;w/A wdok; gq?Ihv?A;h ft~u okik ih wzsoh wzvb ft~u oki;t wzsokbk d/y oj/ ;B,U;/ wjhB/ wkbkpko dk d"ok ehsk ns/ fJ~e ekPsekoh ;fwsh pDkJh fi; d/ fszB w?Apo tkwgzEh ;B.feqPe;zxw dhnK fJekJhnK ns/ eKro; ;fwshnK B/ EK EK s/ ;GktK ehshnk ns/ fe;kBK Bz{ nkPtk;B fd~skfe Uj ;fwsh d/ ;kjwD/ nkgDnK wzrK o~yD ns/ T[;Bz{ ;woDg~so d/D. gqzs{ ;fwsh B/ nkgDh fog'oNd/o Bkb fd~sh^1940 ft~u. sd s~e eKro; ;oekoK fJ;shc/ d/ u[ehnK ;B ns/ s[ozs e[M j' gkDk ;zGtBjhA ;h. gqzs{ ekPsekoh d/ ;tkb s/ i' ipod;s nfGnkB u~fbnk, T[;B/ fe;kBK Bz{ J/Bk T[dp~X sK eojh fd~sk fe pknd d/ ;kbK ft~u UjBK dhnK wzrK Bz{ ;theko ehsk ikDk Io{oh j' frnk.t?;/ wdok; dheKro; ;oeko, fJ;shck d/D s'A gfjbK, eoi/ ft~u fonkfJs d/D d/ bJh ekBz{B Io{o gkfos eo u[eh ;h,fi;dk feqPe ;zx B/ ;tkrs ehsk ;h.

nKXo d/ sNtosh fJbkfenK ft~u th fe;kBK ft~u nG{sg{ot ikroD fdykJh fd~sk. T[~E/ ;oeko ns/fIwhdkoK d/ fybkc nKXo gqKsh o?ns n?;'f;J/PB d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ ;cb ;zxoPK dh PkBdko gozgok ;h.fJ; s'A fJbktk n?BH ih ozrk 1933 s'A jh r[zN{o fib/ d/ nkgD/ fgzv fBv'pq'b{ ft~u ‘Gkosh fe;kB gfoPd’Bkw dh ;z;Ek ubk oj/ ;B, i' fe;kBK Bz{ fe;kB nzd'bB ubkUD d/ bJh gqfPefPs eo ojh ;h. 1936s'A pknd tkwgzEh eKro; iBK ns/ eKro; ;'Pfb;N gkoNh d/ toeoK B/ fiBK ft~u pj[s ;ko/ pknd ft~uGkosh efwT{fB;N gkoNh ft~u ub/ rJ/, fe;kBK Bz{ ;zrfms eoD dh fdPk ft~u wjs~tg{oD ezw ehsk.fJBKft~u ghH ;[do?nk dk BK ;G s'A T[Zgo ;h.

1937 d/ u[Dkt ft~u pj[s ;ko/ fIwhdko ns/ UjBK d/ ;woEe T[whdtko eKro; T[whdtkoK s'A gokfisj' rJ/. fIwhdkoK dh gqfsPmk Bz{ X~ek b~rk ns/ ekPsekok ft~~u nksw ftPtk; g?dk j'fJnk. p'fp~bh ns/w[zrbk fIwhdkohnK d/ fybkc ;zxoP S/fVnk frnk ns/ y/s i'sD ns/ wSbh wkoD d/ nfXekoK Bz{ b? e/ekbhg~sw d/ fIwhdko d/ fybkc fijkd u~fbnk.

nKXo d/ sNtosh fJbkfenK ft~u fe;kB wkouK dk gq:'r 1933 s'A jh ;cbskg{ote j[zdk nk fojk ;h.fe;kB ftfGzB fdPktK ft~u wkou eod/ j'J/ fibk iK skb[e/ d/ w[~ynkb/ ft~u fJem/ j[zd/ ;B ns/ nkgDhnKwzrK nfXekohnK ;kjwD/ o~yd/ ;B. 1938 ft~u gqKsh fe;kB ;zw/bB B/ fJ~e pj[s t~v/ wkou dk nk:'iBehsk. fJ; d/ d"okB 2000 s'A fInkdk fe;kBK B/ T[Zso ft~u fJ~Skg[o s'A P[o{ j' e/ 9 fIfbnK s'A r[Iod/j'J/, brGr 2400 feH whH dh g?db :ksok 130 fdBK ft~u g{oh ehsh.wkou d/ d"okB o;s/ ft~u ;?AeVK;GktK j'JhnK, fiBK ft~u b~yK fe;kBK B/ Gkr fbnk. wkou eoD tkfbnK B/ 1100 noIhnK fJ~emhnKehshnK ns/ UjBK Bz{ 27 wkou, 1938 Bz{ wdok; ft~u gqKsh ftXkfJek Bz{ ;"Ag fd~sk. fJBK noIhnK ft~ufJ~e w[~y wzr foD ft~u okjs ;h ns/ eKro; ;oeko B/ fJ; Bz{ ;theko eod/ j'J/ ekBZzzzzz z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z {B th pDkfJnk.


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G{o/ nKXo ft~u fJ;dk ;tkrs j'fJnk. fe;kBK dh wzr s/ wdok; wzsohwzvb B/ fJ~e iKu ;fwsh th pDkJh,gqzs{ fJ; dhnK f;ckoPK Bz{ th ekBz{Bh Peb BjhA fd~sh ik ;eh. T[; s'A gfjbK jh eKro; wzsoh wzvbB/ fJ;shck d/ fd~sk.

nKXo d/ fe;kB wzvb dh fJ~e j'o ftP/Psk ;h^fe;kB ekoieosktK Bz{ noEPk;so ns/ okiBhsh ftfrnkBft~u gqfPefPs eoD bJh rqhPwekbhB ;e{bK dk ;zukbB. ftfGzB EktK s/ j'D tk+/ gqfPePD fPftoK ft~uT[; ;w/A d/ Bkwh frokwh tkwgzEh B/sk fit/A ghH ;hH I'Ph, ni/ x'P ns/ nkoH vhH Gkod[nki T[g;fEsj[zd/ ns/ ebk;K b?Ad/. UBK d/ ftnkfynkBK d/ ftP/ j[zd^Gkosh fJfsjk;, okPNoh ;zxoP dk fJfsjk;,wkoe;tkd, Gkosh noEftt;Ek ns/ fJ; Bkb ;zpzfXs uhIK . fJBK ;e{bK d/ bJh you dh ftt;Ek nKXod/ fe;kBK s'A uzdk t;{b e/ ehsh iKdh ;h. fe;kB fdt; ns/ j'o fdt;K d/ nk:'iB d[nkok fe;kB rhsKBz{ iBsk ft~u c?bke/ fe;kB ikroD nfG:kB ubkfJnk frnk.

fIwhdkoh T[Bw{bD dh wzrfIwhdkoh T[Bw{bD dh wzrfIwhdkoh T[Bw{bD dh wzrfIwhdkoh T[Bw{bD dh wzrfIwhdkoh T[Bw{bD dh wzr

fpjko ft~u th fe;kB u[~g BjhA p?m. oj/. ;tkwh ;fjikBzd B/ fpjko gqKsh fe;kB ;Gk dh ;EkgBk ehsh.ns/ Uj nfyb wkbkpko feqPe ;Gk d/ fJ~e gqw[~y w?Apo th ;B. fe;kB ;Gk d/ ;zrmB Bz{ fpjko d/ fgvKft~u c?bkUD ft~u UjBk Bz{ ekfonkBzd Powk, okj[b ;Kfeqfsnk:B, gzukBB Powk ns/ :d[BzdB Powk fij/pj[s ;ko/ tkwgzEh B/sktK dk ;fj:'r fwfbnk. fe;kB ;Gk d/ gq'rokwK Bz{ b'efgqn pDkUD dh fdPk ft~ufpjko gqKsh fe;kB ;Gk B/ ;GktK, ;zw/bBK, o?bhnK ns/ gqdoPBK dk pVk gqGktPkbh fJ;s/wkb ehsk. 1938ft~u gNBk ft~u fJ~e t~vk gqdoPB th j'fJnk fi; ft~u brGr fJ~e b~y fe;kBK B/ fj~;k fbnk. 1935ft~u jh fe;kB ;Gk fIwhdkoh T[Bw{bD dk gq;skt gkfos eo u[eh ;h. fJBK ;GktK ;zw/bBk ft~u pko pkogq;skt gkfos eo e/ fJ; Bz{ b'efgqn Bkok pDkfJnk ik u[ek ;h.fpjko d/ fe;kBK dh d{ih wzr;h^r?oekBz{Bh t;{bhnK ns/ ekPsekoh dh p/d\bh dk nzs ns/ pekPs IwhB dh tkg;h.

eKro; wzsoh wzvb B/ brkB dh do xZN eoe/ ns/ pekPs IwhBK dh tkg;h bJh ekBz{B pDkUD dh gqfeqnkP[o{ eo fd~sh ;h. pekPs IwhB T[; Bz{ efjzd/ ;B, fi; Bz{ wzdh d/ ekoD brkB Bk d/ gkUD d/ ekoD fe;kBKB/ fIwhdko Bz{ d/ fd~sk ;h.jkbkfe fJj IwhBK j[D th fIwhdko d/ epI/ ft~u jh ;B, gqzs{ Uj T[; s/ fpmkJhdkodh j?;hns Bkb y/sh eo oj/ ;B.ftXkfJek d/ fIwhdko w?ApoK dh ;fjwsh Bkb i' ckow{bk pfDnk ns/ fi;Bz{ ekBz{B dh Peb fd~sh rJh, Uj fe;kB ;Gk d/ gfotosBtkdh B/sktK Bz{ wzI{o BjhA j'fJnk.ckow{b/ d/ nB[;kopekPs IwhB dk fJ~e fj~;k jh fe;kBK Bz{ tkfg; fwbDk ;h ns/ Uj th fJ; Pos s/ Uj T[; IwhB dh Bhbkwhw[~b d/ n~X/ dk G[rskB eoD. fJ; s'A fJbktk e[M yk; tor dhnK IwhBK s/ fJj ekBz{B bkr{ BjhA j[zd/ ;B.

Bshik fJj fB~efbnk fe pekPs IwhB dk w[~dk fe;kB ;Gk ns/ eKro; wzsoh wzvb d/ ft~u fttkd dkftPk pD frnk. ekfonkBzd Powk dh nrtkJh ft~u w[zr/o fIb/ d/ pVjhnk skb ft~u fi; soK dk ;zxoPub fojk ;h, Uj sK ikoh jh fojk, ;zxoP d/ Bt/A o{g th ;kjwD/ nkJ/. fib/ d/ o/tV ft~u ox{BzdB Powkdh nrtkJh ft~u fe;kB fIbk w?fi;Nq/N s'A fJj x'PDk eotkUD ft~u ;cb j'J/ fe fttkdkrq;s fJ~e jIkophxk IwhB ft~u'A 850 phxk IwhB ekPsekoK Bz{ tkfg; eo fd~sh ikt/rh. fJ; Bkb d{i/ y/soK d/ fe;kBKBz{ th ekch gq/oDk fwbh. doGzrk d/ gkdoh, okx'g[o d/ e[b ns/ gv"b ft~u fe;kB nzd'bB c[~N fgnk. Iw[Bkekfonk B/ ;koB d/ fe;kBK dh nrtkJh ehsh sK okj[B ;Kfeqnk:B B/ nzBtkoh d/ fe;kBK dh. nzd'bB dkw[~y ;o{g ;h ;f~snkrqfj ns/ Ipod;sh p'nkJh ns/ c;b eNkJh . itkp ft~u fIwhdkoK B/ bm?sK d/ IohJ/fe;kBK dhnK ;GktK Gzr eoBk ns/ nksze c?bkDk P[o{ ehsk. fIwhdkoK d/ nkdwhnK ns/ fe;kBK ft~u ;zxoPo'IkBk dh uhI j' frnk. g[fb; ne;o fe;kB B/sktK ns/ ekoieosktK Bz{ frqcsko eo b?Adh ;h. e[M;EkBK s/ ;oeko d/ gqshfBXhnK ns/ ekro; B/sktK B/ ;wM"sk eotkUD dh e'fPP ehsh. pekPs IwhBd/ ;tkb s/ nzd'bB, 1937^39 s~e, nkgD/ fPyo s/ gj[zu u[ek ;h. gqzs{ nr;s 1939 ft~u ;oeko d[nkoknB/eK ;[ftXktK, Bt/A ekBz{BK ns/ brGr 600 ekoieosktK dh frqcskoh Bkb nzd'bB o[e fijk frnk.e[M fJbkfenK ft~u 1945 ft~u fe;kBK B/ fco nzrVkJh bJh, ns/ UjBK dk nzd'bB sd s~e ikoh fojkid'A s~e fIwhdkoh gqEk ysw BjhA j' rJh.

gzikp, fe;kB ;feqnsk dk fJ~e j'o e/Ado ;h. fJ~E/ 1930 d/ dPe d/ P[o{ ft~u jh fe;kB ;GktK n;fs~stft~u nk rJhnK ;B. B"itkB Gkos ;Gk, ehosh ;fwsh B/ UjBk Bz{ fJ~e nekbh db d/ ekoieosktK dhnK


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e'fPPK Bkb 1937 ft~u ;Ekfgs gzikp fe;kB ;fwsh B/ UjBK Bz{ fJ~e ;{so ft~u pzB fd~sk. fe;kBK ft~uikroD fbnkUD d/ sohe/ fJ~E/ th Ujh ;B^ fe;kB ;Gk d/ ekoieosk fgzv fgzv x[zwd/, fe;kB ;Gk ns/ eKro;d/ w?Apo Gosh eod/, ;GktK dk nk:'iB eod/, sfj;hb, fIbk ns/ gqKs d/ ;so s/ ;zw/bB eod/ ns/ UjBK ft~ufj~;k b?D bJh fe;kBK Bz{ gq/fos eod/ .j"bh j"bh fJjBK ;zw/bBK dh ;zfynk tXdh rJh ns/ UjBK ft~u okPNoh;so d/ B/sk nkUD b~r/.gzikp d/ w[~y wzr ;h G{oki;t ft~u eN"sh ns/ foDK d/ G[rskB dk ;ErB. UjBK d/jwfbnK dk fBPkBk ;h :{fBnfB;N gkoNh dk wzsohwzvb fi; ft~u g~Swh gzikp d/ G{;tkwh dk oki ;h.

gzikp d/ fe;kB nzd'bB d/ d"okB i' d' w[~d/ ssekfbe ;zxoP d/ bJh T[~Go e/ nkJ/ ;B Uj ;B^nzfwqs;o ns/bkj"o d/ fifbnK ft~u G{oki;t dk g[Bo fBoXkoD ns/ Bfjo eo ft~u tkXk. fJBK d/ fybkc i~E/ e~Y/ iKd/ ;B,i' fibk w[~yfJnkb/ s~e ik e/ ysw j[zd/ ns/ gqdoPB j[zd/. gqshtkd dhnK fJj rshftXhnK 1939 s~e fPyo s/gj[zu rJhnK. bkj"o ft~u fJ~e t~vk fe;kB w'ouk brkfJnk frnk, fi; ft~u ftfGzB fifbnK s'A ;?AeV'Afe;kBK B/ Gkr fbnk ns/ frqcskoh fd~sh. w[bskB ns/ fwzNr[woh d/ Bfjo ekb"Bh fJbkfenK ft~u fJ~enb~r ;zxoP T[ZGo e/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk.T[ZE/ t~vh t~vh fBih ezgBhnK B/ ;oeko s'A ekch G{wh g~N/ s/ bJhj'Jh ;h ns/ i' fpmkJhdko IwhB s/ y/sh eo oj/ ;B UjBK s'A soK soK d/ ;kwzsh eo t;{b/ iKd/ ;B.;oeko B/ fJBK eoK Bz{ r?oekBz{Bh x'fPs eo fd~sk ;h, fco th fiwhdko BjhA wzBd/ ;B. fe;kB B/sktKB/ ekPsekpK Bz{ fJBK d/ fto"X bJh ;zrfms eksk ns/ e[M fJbkfenK ft~u jVskbK th j'JhnK. UjBK B/egkj phBD ns/ c;b e~ND s'A fJBeko eo fd~sk. wip{o j'e/ G{ ;tkwhnK Bz{ e[M fonkfJsK dh x'PDkeoBh gJh. :[ZX d/ ekoD ekPsekoK dk ;zxoP e[M ;w/A bJh ;fErs j' frnk, gqzs{ 1946^47 ft~u fcoP[o{ j' frnk.

gzikp ft~u fe;kB nzd'bB w~Xtosh fifbnK s~e ;hfws fojk.;G s'A finkdk ;feqnsk ;h ibzXo,nzfwqs;o, j[fPnkog[o, bkfJbg[o ns/ P/y[g[ok ft~u. fJBK fifbnK ft~u fInkdkso f;~y fe;kB ;B ns/UjBK dhnK nkgDhnK IwhBK ;B. 1920 d/ dPe g{otkoX ft~u j'J/ r[odtkok ekBz{B ;[Xko nzd'bB ns/1930^32 d/ ;ftBn nt~frnk nzd'bB d/ ekoD Uj gfjbK jh okPNoh ;tkXhBsk ;zrokw dk fj~;k pDu[e/ ;B.nftef;s g~Swh gzikp d/ w[;bwkB ekPseko fiBK Bz{ fIwhdko nkgDh fJ~Sk Bkb ed/ th p/dybeo ;ed/ ;B, ns/ d~yD g{op gzikp d/ fjd{ i~N fe;kB nzd'bb d/ dkfJo/ s'A nkw s"o s/ pkjo jhoj/. fwzNr[woh ns/ w[bskB fifbnK d/ UjBK ekPsekoK B/ fJ; nzd/bb ft~u fj~;k fbnk, UjBK ft~u thfInkdkso w~Xtosh fIfbnK s'A jh nkJ/ ;B. fiBK fe;kB B/sktK B/ gzikp ft~u ikroD c?bkfJnk UjBKd/ gqw[y BK jB^pkpk ;'jD f;zx GkeDk, phH ghH n/b p/dh, pkpk itkbk f;zx, s/ik f;zx ;[szso, pkpk o{of;zx, wk;No joh f;zx, Grs f;zx fpbrk ns/ tXktk okw.

gzikp dhnK fonk;sK th fe;kB nzd'bB s'A nS{shnK BjhA ojhnK. fJBK ft~u gfNnk+k dk nzd'bB ;Gs'A PeshPkbh ;h.fJBK dh w[~y wzr fJj ;h fe soK soK d/ jEezfvnK Bkb e[M G{;tkwhnK B/ fwb e/ I'IwhB jfEnk bJh ;h, Uj ekPsekoK Bz{ tkfg; ehsh ikt/. ekPsekoK B/ wkfbe d/ fj~;/ dk brkB GoDs'A fJBeko eo fd~sk. UjBK dh nrtkJh GrtkB f;zx b"Ar'tk+ ns/ irho f;zx i'rk tor/ tkwgzEhB/sk eo oj/ ;B. fJj ;zxoP j"bh j"bh 1953 s~e ubdk fojk, fi; ;kb ekBz{B pDk e/ ekPsekok Bz{ IwhBdk wkfbe x'fPs eo fd~sk frnk.

d/P d/ d{i/ fj~f;nK ft~u th pV/ g?wkB/ s/ fe;kB ikroD j'fJnk ns/ UjBK dhnk w[~y wzrK brGr fJ~e'torhnK ;B. pzrkb ft~u podtkB d/ fe;kBK B/ pzfew w[yoih dh nrtkJh ft~u ‘bfjo N?e;* d/ fybkcbVkJh bVh ns/ ;j{bsK jkf;b ehshnK ns/ 24 gorBK d/ fe;kBK B/ ngq?b 1938 ft~u nkgDhnK wzrK d/;woEB ft~u ebe~sk s~e ib{; e~fYnk. n;w dh ;[owk xkNh ns/ fIwhdkoK d/ n~fsnkukoK d/ fybkc 6wjhB/ s~e ‘brkB o'eØ’ nad'bB u~fbnk ns/ eo[Ddkf;zX{ okJ/ B/ ekPsekoh nfXfB:w ft~u ;zP'XB bJhnfGnkB ubkfJnk.T[Vh;k ft~u T[seb gqKsh fe;kB ;Gk, i' wkbsh u"Xoh ns/ d{i/ B/sktK dh nrtkJhft~u 1935 ft~u ;Ekfgs j'Jh ;h, fe;kB x'PDK g~so Bz{ eKro; ;fwsh d/ u[Dkt x'PDk g~so ft~u PkfwbeotkUD ft~u ;cb j'Jh. ns/ pknd ft~u T[ZAE/ i' eKro; wzsoh wzvb pfDnk, T[;B/ y/sh y/so ft~u ;[Xkodh fdPk ft~u w~jstg{oD ekBz{B pDkJ/. T[Vh;k dh fonk;sK d/ fe;kB nzd'bB ft~u nkdhtk;h th Pkfwbj'J/. nzd'bBekohnK dhnK w[~y wzrK ;B^p/rkoh dk ykswk, izrbK d/ fJ;s/wkb dk nfXeko, ns/ brkB


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dhnK doK ft~u ewh. Y/BekBb ft~u iw e/ Neokt j'fJnk ns/ ;oekoh ns/ fIwhdkoh dwB s'A puD bJhjIkoK b'e fonk;s S~v e/ G~i rJ/. T[Zso^g~Swh cqzNnhno gqKs dh x~bkXho fonk;s ft~u fe;kBK B/ Btkpd{nkok wBwkB/ Yzr Bkb p/dyb eoD ns/ soK soK d/ eo t;{bD dk fto'X ehsk . r[ioks ft~u pzX{nkwId{oh d/ fybkc nzd'bB u~fbnk ns/ ekch ;cbsk th fwbh. w~X gqKs fe;kB ;Gk dh nrtkJh ft~uBkrg[o ft~u fJ~e wkou e~fYnk frnk, fi; dh wzr ;h, wkbr[Ikoh dk ykswk, N?e;K ft~u eN"sh, ns/ foDKd/ G[rskb dk ;ErB.

d{i/ ftPt :[ZX dk gqGktd{i/ ftPt :[ZX dk gqGktd{i/ ftPt :[ZX dk gqGktd{i/ ftPt :[ZX dk gqGktd{i/ ftPt :[ZX dk gqGkt

fe;kB nzd'bB dk T[Zro j[zdk p[yko d{ik ftPt :[ZX fSV ikD Bkb o[e fijk frnk. eKro; wzsoh wzvbB/ fJ;shck d/ fd~sk ns/ feUAfe tkwgzEh ns/ fe;kB B/sk :[ZX d/ fybkc ;b, UjBK dk dwB P[o{ j' frnk.fjNbo B/ id'A ;'thns ;zx s/ jwbk eo fd~sk sK fd;zpo 1941 ft~u Gkosh efwT{fB;N gkoNh B/ fJ~e gq;sktgk; eo e/ fJ; Bz{ iB^:[ZX x'fPs eo fd~sk. cb;o{g fe;kB ;Gk d/ ;kwtkdh ns/ r?o;kwtkdh w?ApoK d/ ft~uNeokt g?dk j' frnk. *Gkos S~v'* nzd'bB d/ d"okB fJj wsG/d ekch T[ro j' rJ/. eKro; ;'Pfb;N gkoNhd/ b'eK B/ fJ; dh nrtkJh ehsh ns/ efwT{fB;N gkoNh B/ nkgD/ ekoieosktK Bz{ fJ; s'A nb~r ofjD dkfBod/P fd~sk. ukj/ gkoNh d[nkok wBk eoD d/ pkti{d ;EkfBe ;so d/ nB/e ekoieosk B/ T[; nzd'bB ft~ufj~;k fbnk, gqzs{ gkoNh dh i' bkJhB ;h,T[;d/ ekoD fe;kB ;Gk dk N[~NDk s?n j' frnk. fJj N[~N 1943 ftuj'Jh. wsG/d d/ fJBK ;kbK ft~u nfyb Gkosh fe;kB ;Gk d/ fszB pV/ B/sktK^n?BH ihH ozrk, ;tkwh;fjikBzd ;o;tsh ns/ fJzd{bkb :krfBe B/ ;zrmB S~v fd~sk.

pfjojkb ftPt:[ZX d/ d"okB fe;kB ;Gk fBPfeqn BjhA ojh. T[;B/ ftfGzB okjs ezwK ft~u wj~stg{oDG{fwek fBGkJh. T[dkjoD bJh pzrkb d/ nekb (1943) ft~u T[;B/ Io{oh t;s{nK dh ewh, okPfBzr nkfdBkb g?dk j'D tkbhnK efmBNkJhnK Bz{ x~N ehsk. fJ; d/ Bkb Bkb ;zrmB dk ezw th ubdk fojk, idfe fe;kB ;Gk bJh fJj fJ~e efmB ;wK ;h. ;Gk :[ZX d/ fybkc ;h, fJ; bJh fe;kB d/ fJ~e t~v/ torft~u nb'efgqn j' rJh ;h.

d{i/ ftPt :[ZX dh ;wkgsh Gkos bJh fJ~e BthA ;t/o dh soK ;h. ;[szsosk fwbD jh tk+h j?, fJ;dk nkGk;j'D b~rk ns/ ;~sk d/ j;sKsoD bJh r~bpks P[o{ j' rJh. fJ; Bkb fe;kB nzd'bB d/ ftek; ft~u r[Dkswe;so s/ fJ~e BtK d"o nkfJnk. fe;kB T[s;kj Bkb Go rJ/ ns/ nkIkdh s"A pknd fJ~e BthA ;wkfie ftt;EkekfJw j't/rh, fJ; u/sBk B/ ;wki d/ j'o torK d/ Bkb Bkb UjBK Bz{ th ekch gq/fos ehsk. UBK B/ Bt/A I'Pyo'P d/ Bkb nkgD/ nfXekoK bJh ;zxoP P[o{ ehsk. cb;o{g 1939 ft~u i' ;zxoP ;fErs j' rJ/ ;B, Ujfco P[o{ j' rJ/. gzikp ns/ fpjko fJ; ft~u n~r/ oj/. wzr T[Zmh fe s[ozs fIwhdkoh T[Bw{bB j't/. nKXo ft~uy/shjo wId{oK dk ;zrmB e[M ;kb gfjbk jh pfDnk ;h. T[;B/ wId{oh dh do tXkUD bJh ;zxoP S/V fd~sk.sqktDe"o d/ g[Bkgok tk:kbko ft~u fe;kBK ns/ gqPk;B d/ ft~u fjz;e Neokt j'fJnk. s/bzrkBK ft~u fe;kBK B/;zrfms o{g Bkb fiwhdkoK d/ n~fsnkukoK dk gqsho'X ehsk ns/ fBikw d/ fybkc ;zxoP ft~u wj~stg{oD G{fwekfBGkJh. d/P d/ j'o GkrK ft~u th fe;kB ;zxoP ukb{ oj/.

pzrkb dk s/Gkrk nzd'bBpzrkb dk s/Gkrk nzd'bBpzrkb dk s/Gkrk nzd'bBpzrkb dk s/Gkrk nzd'bBpzrkb dk s/Gkrk nzd'bB

fpqfNP Gkos ft~u pzrkb dk s/Gkrk ;zxoP eJh fdqPNhnK s'A :kdrko wzfBnk ikt/rk. s/Gkrk dk noEj[zdk j? fJ~e fsjkJh. 1946 d/ T[ZsokoX ft~u pzrkb d/ pNkJhdkoK B/ n?bkB eoBk P[o{ ehsk fe Uj j[DI'sdkoK ;kBh fe G{;tkwhnK Bz{ T[gi dk n~Xk fj~;k BjhA, pbfe fJ~e fsjkJh d/FDr/ ns/ fj~;k tzvD s~eT[gi UBk d/ nkgD/ ykwko' (xo s'A b~r/ yfbjkBK) ftu oj/rh. I'sdkoK d/ yfbjkBK ft~u BjhA. fJ; ft~ue'Jh P~e BjhA fe UjBK Bz{ fJj wzr o~yD bJh gq's;kjB pzrkb G{ôki;t nk:'r (i' cbkT{v nk:'r d/BK Bkb fInkdk wPj{o j?) dh fog'oN Bkb fwfbnk ;h. nk:'r B/ ;oeko Bz{ i' fogØoN fd~sh ;h, T[;ft~u'A n~X/ dh EK fJ~e fsjkJh dh jh f;ckfoP ehsh rJh ;h. T[ZXo ji"Ar nkdhtk;h wzr eo oj/ ;B feUBK s'A brkB T[gi ft~u BjhA pbfe Bed fbnk ikt/. s/Gkrk nzd'bB dh nrtkJh eo ojh ;h, pzrkbgqKsh fe;kB ;Gk. nzd'bB ibdh jh i'sdkoK ns/ pNkJhdkoK d/ ft~u fjz;e ;zxoP d/ o{g ft~u pdb frnk.pNkJhdkoK dk efjDk ;h fe Uj T[gi nkgD/ ykwko ft~u jh o~yDr/.


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s/Gkrk nzd'bB nrb/ ;kb iBtoh ft~u ekch T[Gko nkfJnk, id'A ;[joktodh d/ w[;fbw bhr wzsohwzvbB/ 22 iBtoh 1047 Bz{ ebe~sk rIN ft~u pzrkb pNkJhdko n;EkJh fB:w ftX/ne gqekfPs ehsk. fJjnfj;k; j[zd/ jh fe s/Gkrk dh UBK dh wzr j[D r?oekBz{Bh BjhA j?, UBK fgzvK d/ fe;kB th ;zxoP ft~uPkfwb j' rJ/, fi~E/ j[D s~e nzd'bB dh nkjN BjhA gj[zuh ;h. pj[s ;kohnK EktK s/ fe;kBK B/ fIwhdkoKd/ yfbjkBK ft~u o~fynk nBki nkgD/ ykwkok s~e b? ikD dh e'fPP ehsh, fi; d/ d"okB ekch fjz;k j'Jh.

s/Gkrk nzd'bB id'A T[ro j'D b~rk sK i'sdkoK B/ ;oeko Bz{ nghb ehsh ns/ g[fb; fe;kBK dk dwB eoD Bz{T[sko{ j' rJh. eJh EktK s/ fjz;e ;zxoP j'J/. ykBg[o ft~u 20 fe;kB w"s d/ xkN T[sko fd~s/ rJ/. dwBu~eo ubdk fojk ns/ cotoh d/ nzs s~e nzd'bB ft~u mfjokt nk frnk. wkou ft~u th e[M xNBktK j'JhnK,gqzs{ Uj fJ~e wod/ j'J/ nzd'bB d/ nksoBkd dh soK ;B.w[;fbw bhr wzsoh wzvb B/ ftX/ne ftXkB ;Gk s"Agk; eokUD ft~u e'Jh fdbu;gh BjhA bJh, gqzs{ 1950 ft~u eKro; ;oeko B/ i' pNkJhdko ftX/ne gkfosehsk, T[; ft~u s/Gkrk nzd'bB dhnk fInkdkso wzarK ;wkfjs eo bJhnK rJhnK.

s/Gkrk nzd'bB d/ w[~y e/Ado oj/ fdBkig[o, ozrg[o, ibgkJhr[Vh, w?wBf;zx, ns/ dhBkg[o. ns/ e[M j~d s~e24 gorBk ns/ y[bBk. P[o{ ft~u nzd'bB dk nkXko ;B okitzPh y~soh fe;kB, gqzs{ ibdh jh w[;bwkB, ji"Ar,;zEkb ns/ T[oKt th fJ; d/ dkfJo/ ft~u nk rJ/. s/Gkrk nzd'bB d/ w[~y B/sk ;B^feqPD ftB'd okJ/, ntBhbkfjoh, ;[Bhb ;/B, GtkBh ;/B, w'Bh f;zx, nBzs f;zx, ftG{sh r[jk, nihs okJ/, ;[Phb ;/B, ;wo rKr[bh ns/r[o{dk; skb[edko.

fe;kB nzd'bB ns/ okPNoh nzd'bBfe;kB nzd'bB ns/ okPNoh nzd'bBfe;kB nzd'bB ns/ okPNoh nzd'bBfe;kB nzd'bB ns/ okPNoh nzd'bBfe;kB nzd'bB ns/ okPNoh nzd'bB

J/Bh ftfGzB gqftq~shnK ns/ ;zxoP o{gK tkb/ fe;kB nzd'bB d/ pko/ ft~u e[M th efjDk nk;kB ezw BjhAj?. go J/Bk sK fejk ik ;edk j/ fe 1930 ns/ 1940 d/ dPe ft~u fJ; T[gwjkdhg d/ ekch t~v/ fj~;/Bz{ gqGkfts eoD tkb/ fe;kB ;zxoPK B/ ukj/ ssekfbe s"o s/ e[M fInkdk jkf;b Bk ehsk j't/, sK UBKB/ fJ~e nfijk wkj"b Io{o fsnko ehsk, fi; ekoD ;[szsosk s'A pknd Gkos ft~u y/sh ;[Xko eoBk Io{ohj' frnk.T[dkjoD bJh fIwhdkoh T[Bw{bD fe;/ yk; ;zxoP dk f;~Xk Bshik BjhA ;h, gqzs{ fe;kB ;Gk B/jh fJ; wzr Bz{ b'efgqn pDkfJnk ns/ T[; dhnK e'fPPk s'A fpBK fJj ;zGt BjhA ;h.

nkIkdh s'A gfjbK fiBK ssekfbe wzrK Bz{ b? e/ fe;kB ;zxoP j'J/ ;B, Uj ;B ^ N?e;K ft~u eN"sh, r?oekBz{Bh iK ;kwzsh t;{bhnK ns/ p/rko dh ;wkgsh, fiwhdkoK ns/ UBK d/ nkdwhnK d/ n~fsnkuko dh;wkgsh, foD p'M ft~u ewh, r?oêkBz{Bh iK nB[fus sohfenK Bkb bJh rJh G{wh dh tkg;h, ekPsekoKdh ;[o~fynk nkfd.nKXo ns/ r[ioks d/ e[M fj~f;nK Bz{ S~v e/ fes/ th y/shjo wId{oK dhnK wzrK Bz{ nzd'bBft~u EK BjhA fwbh.

efjDk Bk j't/rk fe ;kohnK wzrK fe;kBK B/ fJ; ekoD T[mkJhnK, feUAfe gozgok, gqEk ns/ ekBz{Bh nfXekonkfd dh nkgDh ;wM d/ ekoD Uj fJBK Bz{ nkgDk nfXeko wzBd/ ;B.don;b e'Jh th nzd'bB iBu/sBk d/ssekfbe ;o{g s/ jh fBoGo eodk j/. fiBK uhIK Bz{ fe;kB rbs, r?oêkBz{Bh iK P'PD w{be ;wMd/ ;B,UBK d/ fybkc ;zxoP S/VD Bz{ fsnko j' iKd/ ;B. Ikfjo j?, fJj ;zxoP ssekbhB y/sh YKu/ ft~u nkw{bu{bgoftosB d/ bJh BjhA j'J/, pbfe fJBK dk w[~y T[d/P T[; ftt;Ek d/ e[M nfsnzs ghVkdkfJe gfjb{nK dknzs eoBk ;h.fJ; d/ pkti{d fJBK Bkb G{ ;tkwh tor dh skes xZN j'Jh ns/ \/sh YKu/ d/ o{gKsoD dh IwhBfsnko j'Jh. fe;kB nzd'bB dk ezw ;h, fe;kBK ft~u BthA u/sBk g?dk eoBk, ns/ fco T[; u/sBk s/ nkXkfosiB^nzd'bB dh f;qPNh eoBk.

fJj th T[b/yBhn j? fe ftfGzB y/soK ft~u Bk e/tb fe;kB nzd'bB dhnK wzrK, pbfe ;zxoPK dk ;o{gth ew'p/P fJ~e' tork ;h.fe;kBK ft~u ikroD fbnkUD dk ezw w[~y s"o s/ ;GktK, ;zw/bBK, o?bhnK,gqdoPBK, ;df;nsk nfGnkBK ns/ fe;kB ;GktK d/ rmB d[nkok ehsk frnk. fi~E/ f;~Xh bVkJh j'Jh,T[ZE/ ;~fsnkrqfj iK ;ftB? nkfrnk dk ;jkok th fbnk frnk ns/ brkB ns/ wkbr[Ikoh Bk d/D dk nfGnkBubkfJnk frnk. fJj ;G eJh ;kbK s'A okPNoh nzd'bB dk fj~;k pD u[ek ;h ns/ okPNoh nzd'bB dh soKjh fe;kB nzd'bB ft~u th fjz;e ;zxoP ngtkd jh ;B. fjz;e ;zxoP fi~E/ th j'J/, UBK Bz{ nrtkJh dk ;woEBgqkgs BjhA ;h ns/ nkw s"o s/ x'o dwB dh ;c{osh gqfeqnk ft~u j'J/.


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fe;kB nzd'bB ns/ okPNoh nzd'bB dk nN[~N foPsk eJh fdqPNhnK s'A wj~stg{oD ;h. fe;kB nzd'bB T[~E/ jhT[~Go ;e/, fi~E/ okPNoh nzd'bB dh BhAj gkJh ik u[eh ;h. e/ob, gzikp, nKXo, :{H ghH ns/ fpjko fJ; d/;gPN T[dkjoD jB.fJ; ft~u e'Jh j?okBh dh r~b BjhA ;h, feUAfe okPNoh nzd'bB B/ jh Uj g[Pm G{wh fsnkoehsh ;h. fe;kBK ft~u okiBhfse u/sBk dk gq;ko ns/ UBK d/ ;zrmB ns/ nrtkJh dh fIzw/dkoh ;zGkbD d/fJ~S[e ;ePw okiBhfse ekoieosktK dk T[d?, fi; ft~u fe;kB ;zxoP ;zGt j' ;fenk. fe;kB nzd'bB dhftukoXkok th okPNohnsk s/ nkXkfos ;h. fJ;d/ B/sk ns/ ekoieosk tor nkXko s/ fe;kBK d/ ;zrmB dk;zd/P jh BjhA c?bk oj/ ;B, pbfe okPNoh ;[szsosk d/ bJh ;zzxoP eoD s/ th I'o d/ oj/ ;B. fit/A fe gfjb/fbfynk ik u[fenk j?, Uj fe;kB ;Gk d/ Bkb Bkb eKro; d/ w?Apo th pDkUAd/ ;B.

fJj ;~u j? fe e[M fJbkfenK ft~u fit/A fpjko ft~u eKro; ns/ fe;kB ;Gk dh nrtkJh ft~u rzGhowsG/d g?dk j' frnk, ns/ ed/ ed/ nfijk th b~rk fe fe;kB nzd'bB eKro; Bkb w[mG/V d/ o;s/ s/ ikDtkbk j?, gqzs{ nfijk T[ZE/ jh j'fJnk fi~E/ tkwgzEh ekoieosk ns/ ekro; d/ d~yDgzEh ;woEe nkgDhnkgDh fI~d s/ nV rJ/ ns/ fJ~e d{i/ Bkb u~bD Bz{ fsnko BjhA j'J/. nkw s"o s/ 1942 s~e fe;kB nzd'bBns/ okPNoh nzd'bB Bkb Bkb ubd/ oj/. 1942 s'A pknd id'A fe;kB nzd'bB okPNoh nzd'bB s'A fInkdkd{o ubk frnk, sK Bk e/tb T[;dk iBkXko ewI'o j'fJnk, pbfe T[;dh nrtkJh ft~u th c[~N g? rJh.fJ; soK fe;kB nzd'bB dk T[d? ns/ ftek; okPNoh ;[szsosk ;zrokw d/ Bkb nfGzB o{g Bkb i[fVnk fojk.

tgko ;zx nzd'bB tgko ;zx nzd'bB tgko ;zx nzd'bB tgko ;zx nzd'bB tgko ;zx nzd'bB (Trade Union Movement)t?;/ sK Gkos pj[s gqkuhB ekb s'A jh T[d:'fre d/P ;h, ns/ :{ogh b'e Gkos s'A fsnko ehsk j'fJnk wkbjh b?D nkUAd/ ;B. gqzs{ fJj T[d:'r e[Nho T[d:'r jh ;B. 18thA Pskpdh d/ nzfsw uoDK ft~u fJzrb?Avft~u T[d:'fre eqKsh nkJh, ns/ fJ; s'A pknd T[d:'r Xzd/ b[gs jh j' rJ/. ns/ Gkos e/tb e~uk wkbT[sgkdB eoD tkbk d/P jh pD frnk.

gqzs{ fJj ;[Gkfte jh ;h fe fJ~E/ th T[d:'r^Xzd/ P[o{ j'D. Gkos ft~u nkXfBe T[d:'r^XzfdnK dh BhAj 1850ns/ 1870 d/ ft~u gJh. 1853 ft~u bkov vbj"ih d/ o/bt/ g~so s'A pknd Gkosh ;zuko ;kXBK ft~u wPhBKdk g:'r j'D b~rk. o/b bkJhBK d/ ftSkUD ns/ fJziB d/ bJh e'bk eZYD ft~u ;j;so wId{oK dk gq:'r j'DbZrk. fJjh Gkosh wId{o tor dk nkozfGe ekb ;h. fJ;/ o/bt/ T[d:'r Bkb ;zpzfXs ;jkfJe T[d:'rK dkftek; Io{oh ;h. fJ;/ soK e'bk yBB ft~u ;j;so wId{o ezw eoD b~r/.

1854 ft~u pzpJh ft~u gfjbh e~gVk fwb y[~bh ns/ T[;/ ;kb ebe~sk ft~u gfjbh gN;B fwbh. fJ;/ soKukj T[d:'r ft~u th pj[s ;ko/ wId{o ezw eoD b~r/ ;B. e~gVk T[d:'r ft~u 1886 ft~u wId{oK dh ;zfynk74,000 ;h i' 1905 ft~u 1,95,000 j' rJh. fJ;/ soK gN;B T[d:'r ft~u 1979^80 ft~u 27,494 wId{oezw eod/ ;B i' 1906 ft~u 1,54,962 j' rJ/ .ns/ e'bk ykDK ft~u 75,749 wId{o b~r/ ;B.

Gkosh wId{o tor Bz{ x~N wId{oh, bzp/ ezw d/ xzN/, fwbK ft~u n;t;E tksktoD, pkbeK s'A ezzw b?Dk ns/fe;/ th ;[ftXktK dk Bk j'Dk nkfd d/ ;ko/ P'PDK Bkb fBpNDk ;h i' fe fJzrb"Av ns/ pkeh ;z;ko ft~u ;ko/ wid{oKBz{ nkozfGe fdBK ft~u ;fjD/ gJ/. fJ; s'A fJbktk UBK Bz{ P'Pe UgfBt/Pe oki dk d[ofttjko th ;fjDk fgnk.

gqzs{ fJ; UgfBt/Pe ;fEsh d/ ekoD Gkoh wId{o nzd'bB d/ ft~u fJ~e ftP/Psk nkJh. Gkosh wId{otor Bz{ d' go;go fto'Xh s~sK ;kwokitkdh okiBhfse nt;Ek ns/ Gkosh ns/ ftd/Ph g{zihgshnKd/ P'PD dk ;kjwDk eoBk g?Adk ;h. fJ; ;fEsh d/ ekoD fJj nzd'bB nkgD/ nkg jh okPNoh ;[szsosknzd'bB dk jh Gkr pD frnk. noEks fJ; wId{o tor B/ nkgD/ nkofEe efbnkD ns/ okPNoh;[szsosk bJh gq:sB ehs/.

Tgko ;zx dh gfoGkPk Gfosh nofis eoD tkb/ b'eK dk fJ~e ;EkJh ;zx j/. fi; dk T[d/P wId{oK d/ihtB ;so Bz{ pDkJ/ o~yDk iK T[;Bz{ ;[XkoD dk gq:sB eoBk j?. okiBhfse T[d/PK ns/ nkdoPK B/ ns/fJ; dh nkgDh tXdh j'Jh Pesh B/ fJ; nzd'bB Bz{ pj[s gqGkfts ehsk j?.

Gkosh tgko ;zx d/ d' w[~y g~y^wId{oK dh T[d:'fre ;"d/pkIh ns/ fJ; d/ f;XKse nB[o{gD Bz{ fpqjdokPNotkdhnK d/ ;kwoki d/ fto[ZX bV/ ik oj/ ;zxoP ns/ nzsookPNoh wId{o ;zrmB d/ ;zdoG ft~u t/yDkj't/rk.


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fJj ftXh dh ftvzpDk j? fe Gkosh T[d:'rK ft~u ezw eoD tkb/ wId{oK dh ;fEsh ;[XkoD d/ bJh ;Gs'A gfjbh wzr Gkos ft~u wId{oK s'A BjhA pbfe bzekPkfJo ft~u e~gVk ekoykfBnK d/ wkfbeK t~b"A nkJh.UBK Bz{ vo ;h fe Gkosh e~gVk T[d:'r ;;sh wId{oh d/ ekoD UBK dk gqsh:'rh Bk pD ikt/ . ns/ UBKB/ fJ~e nk:'r dh wzr ehsh i' Gkosh ekoykfBnK ft~u wId{oK dh ;fEsh dk nfXn:B eo/.gfjbk nk:'r1875 ft~u fB:[es j'fJnk. ns/ gfjbk ekoykfBnk dk ekBz{B 1881 ft~u gkfos ehsk frnk. fJ; ekBz{Bd/ nXhB 7 ;kb s'A xZN T[wo d/ p~u/ Bz{ ekoykB/ ft~u BjhA brkfJnk ik ;edk ;h ns/ 12 ;kb s'A xZNT[wo d/ p~funK bJh ezw eoD d/ xzfNnK Bz{ th ;hfws ehsk frnk. ns/ fJj th fejk frnk fe ysoBkewPhBK d/ uko/ gk;/ pkVk brkUDk ukjhdk j?. fJ;/ soK d{ik ekoykBk ekBz{B 1891 ft~u gkfos j'fJnk ns/T[; ft~u n"osK d/ ezw eoD dk ;wK 11 xzN/ eo fd~sk frnk, fi; ft~u fJ~e v/V xzN/ dk w~X ntekP fBPfusehsk frnk. p~funk d/ ezw eoD bJh fBT{Bsw T[wo 7 ns/ 12 s'A tXk e/ 9 ns/ 14 eo fd~sh rJh.fJ;/ soK dhnK gfo;fEshnK ft~u 1909 ns/ 1911 d/ gN;B d/ ekoykfBnK bJh ekBz{B pD/. fJ;/ soK20thA Pskpdh d/ nkozfGe ;kbK ft~u Gkosh wId{oK B/ T[Godh j'Jh okiBhfse ikfrqsh dk th gqdoPBehsk. pzpJh d/ wId{oK B/ b'ewkB fsbe Bz{ i/b dzv fd~s/ ikD d/ fto'X ft~u 6 fdB dh okiBhfse jVskbehsh. fJ; ezw s'A gqGkfts j' e/ b/fBB Bz{ efjDk fgnk fe Gkosh gq'bskoh gfjbK jh J/Bk gfog~et noEks;otjkok tor j' frnk j? fe Uj tor ikro{e ns/ okiBhfse iB^;zxoP ubk ;edk j?.

gfjbk ftPt :[ZX ns/ rfms tgko ;zxtkd gfjbk ftPt :[ZX ns/ rfms tgko ;zxtkd gfjbk ftPt :[ZX ns/ rfms tgko ;zxtkd gfjbk ftPt :[ZX ns/ rfms tgko ;zxtkd gfjbk ftPt :[ZX ns/ rfms tgko ;zxtkd (First World War and Organised TradeUnionism)

gfjbk ftPt :[ZX ft~u t;s{nK d/ w[~b tX/, T[d:'rgshnK Bz{ nG[sg{ot bkG j'fJnk gqzs{ wId{oK dh wId{ohfBT{Bsw jh ojh. n";s bkGKP I' gN;B d/ ekoykfBnkK B/ 1915^24 s~e fd~sk Uj 140# ;h (1919ft~u 420#) id'A fe wId{o dh n";s wId{oh e/tb 12 g"Av ;kbkBk ojh. fJ; soK ;{sh e~gVk ekoykfBnKB/ n';s bkGKP 120# fd~sk ns/ T[Zu/ s"A T[Zuk 365#.

fJ;/ ft~u wjkswk rKXh dk okPNo d/ ozrwzu s/ nkrwB j'fJnk. ns/ UBK B/ nkgD/ nzd'bB d/ nkXko Bz{ft;fsqs eoD dk gq:sB ehsk. UBK B/ wId{oK ns/ fe;kBK Bz{ nkgD/ nzd'bB ft~u Pkfwb ehsk. fJjnB[Gt ehsk frnk fe wId{oK Bz{ okPNoh tgko ;zx ft~u rfms ehsk ikt/ ns/ UBK Bz{ th okPNoh nzd'bBft~u fbnKdk ikt/. brGr T[;/ ;w/A o{; ft~u nes{po eqKsh j'Jh ns/ nzsookPNoh ;kwtkdh ;zrmB dkrmB j'fJnk.fiBK B/ ;z;ko d/ wId{oK Bz{ ;zd/P fd~sk fe T[d:'rgshnK Bz{ UBK d/ T[d:'rK s'A tzfus eofdU ns/ gq'bskoh eqKsh fbnkU. :[~X s'A pknd okPNo ;zx dk ns/ nzsookPNoh wId{o ;zrmB dk rmBj'fJnk fi; ft~u wId{oK dh ;w~f;nk Bz{ nzsooPNoh G{fwek fwb rJh. tgko ;zx dk okPNoh ;so s/rmB eoD bJh gfjb okPNoh B/sktK B/ ehsh ns/ 31 nes{po, 1920 Bz{ All India Trade UnionCongress-A.I.T.U.G. -- dk rmB ehsk frnk. T[; ;kb d/ Gkosh okPNoh eKro; d/ gqXkB bkbk bkigsokJ/ jh fJ; Nq/v :{fBnB eKro; d/ gqXkB pDkJ/ rJ/.fJ; s"A pknd th okPNoh B/sktK B/ fJ; ;zrmBBkb nkgDk ;whg ;zpzX pDkJh o~fynk. ns/ ;hHnkoH dk;, thHtHh froh, ;o'fiBh BkfJv{, itkjo bkbBfjo{ ns/ ;[GkP uzdo p'; B/ tkoh tkoh fJ; d/ nfXt/PBK ft~u gqXkB d/ o{g ft~u ezw ehsk . 1927 s~enfyb Gkosh Nq/v :{fBnB eKro; d/ Bkb 57 wId{o ;zxK dk ;zpzX ;Ekfgs j' frnk. fiBK dh w?Apo ;zfynk1,50,555 ;h. nkozfGe fdBK ft~u fJ; ;z;Ek s/ fpqfNP wId{o db d/ ;wkitkdh b'eszsotkdh ftukoKdk gqGkt ;h/ e[M ;wkitkdh M[ekt j[zd/ j'J/ th fJj b'e n?BHn?wH I'Ph fij/ Bow dbh b'eK d/ gqGkt ft~uoj/. I'Ph fij/ b'eK dk ftuko ;h fe wId{o ;zrmBK dh okiBhfse rshftXhnK e/tb wid{oK dh nkofEent;ek ;[XkoD dh ;hwk s"A n~r/ BjhA ikDhnK ukjhdhnK . rKXh ih d/ nfjz;ktkd, gqfBnk;tkd ns/ tor;fj:'r dk fJ; nzd'bB s/ pj[s gqGkt fgnk.ns/ jVskb d/ jfEnko dk gq:'r ed/ ed/ jh ehsk frnk.1926 ft~u tgko ;zx nfXfB:w ft~u fJj ;theko eo fbnk frnk fe jVskb ;zxK dk t?X jfEnko j?gqzs{ UBK s/ e[M gqshpzX brk fd~sk frnk.

1920 s'A pknd ;kwtkdh nzd'bB d/ T[ZEkB s'A pknd tgko ;zx nzd'bB ft~u e[M eqKshekoh ns/ ;?fBe GktBknk rJh. ;kwtkdh nzsookPNoh ;zrmB dh u"Eh eKro; B/ nfyb Gkosh Nq/v :{fBnB eKro; Bz{ ;zd/PG/fink fe UBK Bz{ fJ~e fdB d/ T[fus ezw bJh ‘T[fus wId{oh* s'A jh ;zs[PN BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk pbfe UBK


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dk nzfsw T[d/P noEks g{zihtkd ns/ ;kwokitkd Bz{ ysw eoD bJh gq:sB eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJ; s'AfJbktk Gkosh ;kwtkdhnK Bz{ nkd/P fd~sk frnk fe Uj b'e tgko ;zx nzd'bb Bz{ ‘tor nkXko s/ rfmseoD ns/ fJ; ft~u i' th j'o s~s jB, UBk Bz{ e~Y d/Dk ukjhdk j?.*

1926^27 d/ fdBK ft~u nfyb Gkosh Nq/v :{fBnB eKro; ft~u d' r[~N j' rJ/ fJ~e ‘;[Xkotkdh* ns/ d{ik(eqKshekoh) fiBK Bz{ iBhtk n?w;Novw X[oh ns/ wk;e' r[~N th efjzd/ ;b.fJ; ft~u gfjb/ r[~N dh fJ~Sk fJj;h fe Uj nzsookPNoh c/vo/PB Uc Nq/v :{fBnB; s'A nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ;zbrB eokt/ fi;dk w[~y dcson?w;Novw ft~u ;h. ns/ d{i/ db dh fJ~Sk ;h fe Uj nkgD/ nkg Bz{ bkb nzsookPNoh wId{o ;zx Bkb ;zbrBeokJ/ fi;dk ;zukbB wk;e' s'A j[zdk ;h. PkfJd ;kwtkdh dk gqGkt fInkdk ;h. 1928 ft~u d/P ftu nG{sg{otT[d:'fre nPKsh ojh. e[b 203 jVskbK j'JhnK, fiBK ft~u 5,06,851 b'e Pkfwb j'J/ ns/ 3,16,47,404 ekoifdBK dh jkBh j'Jh. fJj jVskbK nkofEe wzrK Bkb BjhA pbfe okiBhfse ftukoK Bkb gq/fos ;B. ;kwtkdhg~fsqek (eqKsh) B/ roi e/ fejk, “id'A s~e g{zihtkd ysw BjhA j't/rk, PKsh BjhA j't/rh.@ ;zbrBsk d/ gqPBs/ th ;kwtkdh fdqPNhe'D gqpb fojk. fBPuk j'fJnk fe nfyb Gkosh Nq/v :{fBnB eKro; Bz{ ;otgqPKs;futkfbnk ns/ wk;e' ft~u shi/ nzsookPNoh ;zw/bB ft~u ;zbrB ehsk ikt/. fJ; fBoD/ d/ fto'X ft~u I'Phdh nrtkJh ft~u Bowdbh b'e fJ; ;zx s'A pkjo nk rJ/. ns/ UBK B/ 1929 ft~u nfyb Gkosh Nq/v :{fBnBc?vo/PB ;Ekfgs ehsh.

1929 ft~u jh fJ~e wId{o nfXfB;w pDkfJnk frnk fi;d/ nB[;ko j'o r~bK s'A fJbktk vke, o/bt/, gkDh ns/fpibh ;zGoD fijhnK ;kotifBe T[g:'rh ;/tktK ft~u T[; ;w/A s~e jVskb BjhA j' ;edh ;h, id'A s~e fejo wId{o fbfys o{g ft~u fJ~e wjhB/ dh g{ot ;{uBk Bk d/ d/t/.fJ~e j'o ftX/ne fi; Bz{ ;kotifBe ;[o~fynkftX/ne efjzd/ ;B, ftXkB ;Gk ft~u okPNotkdhnK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb frok fd~sk frnk. 1929 ft~u nfybGkosh Nq/v :{fBnB eKro; ft~u fJ~e j'o ftGkiB j'fJnk ns/ ;kwtkdhnK B/ bkb Nq/v :{fBnB eKro;dk rmB ehsk.

;Nq/uh nk:'r dhnK f;ckfoPK;Nq/uh nk:'r dhnK f;ckfoPK;Nq/uh nk:'r dhnK f;ckfoPK;Nq/uh nk:'r dhnK f;ckfoPK;Nq/uh nk:'r dhnK f;ckfoPK

1880 ft~u fbNB ;oeko B/ ;o fouov ;Nq/uh dh nfxnePsk ft~u fJ~e nk:'r fB:[es ehsk fi;B/;kXkoD f;XKs fBoXkoD eoB/ ;B ns/ ftP/P eoe/ pukn ns/ gqsho~fynD d/ bJh ;[Mkt d/D/ ;B.nk:'rB/ fBwBfbfys f;ckfoPK ehshnk^

1. G[~y s'A gqGkfts j'D s'A gfjbK jh b'eK Bz{ ezw fwb/ ns/ UBK dh wId{oh ;w/A ;w/A s/ d[pkok fBPfus ehshikt/ sK fe b'eK Bz{ ykDk fwb ;e/.

2. p/;jkok rohpK Bz{ G'iB d/Dk ;oeko dk eos~t j? ns/ fJ; d/ bJh fGzB fGzB torK dh ;{uh fsnkoehsh ikt/. fJj wdd g~e/ j'J/ G'iB, nzB iK g?;/ d/ o{g ft~u j' ;edh j?. gqzs{ UBK Bz{ dfod~oPkbktKns/ ;jkfJsK fPftoK ft~u ofjDk gt/rk.

3. gqGkfts y/soK ft~u nzB d/ ;zGoD s/ fBrkj o~yDh ukjhdh j?.fBih tgkohnK s/ ftPtk; o~yDk ukjhdkj? ns/ nzB dk fBo:ks sK jh o'eDk ukjhdk j? id'A fJj fBPfus j' ikt/ fe nfijk eoD Bkb ;ko/ d/Pft~u nzB dh ;fEsh mhe oj/rh.

4. G{wh eo ns/ j'o feokfJnK ft~u ewh ns/ S{N dh Bhsh th fBoXkfos ehsh rJh.

5. nekb ;jkfJsk dk you gqKshn ;oekoK Bz{ ;fjDk gt/rk. i/eo Io{oh j't/ sK e/Adoh ;jkfJsk th fwb/rh.

6. x'o ;{y/ dh ;fEsh ft~u d[Xko{ gP{nK Bz{ nfXe jo/ Go/ gqd/PK ft~u ;EkBKsfos eoB dk th gqpzX ehskfrnk.

;oeko B/ nk:'r dhnK f;ckfoPK ;kXkoD o{g ft~u ;theko eo bJhnK ns/ fJ~e nekb e'P ;Ekfgs eoDbJh oki;t d/ j'o ;o'sK dk gsk brkUD dk gq:sB ehsk frnk. 1833 ft~u nekb ;zfjsk th fBPfusehsh rJh ;h i' fe gqKsh nekb ;zfjsk dk nkXko pDh i' ekbKso ft~u pDkJh rJh. fJ; ft~u ;kXkoDnt;Ek ft~u pukt ns/ okjs ezwK d/ nkozG j'D dh ;fEsh ft~u ;[Mkt fd~s/ rJ/ ;B.fJ; ft~u nekb rq;sfIbk x'fPs eoD s'A b? e/ j'o ;ko/ nfXekohnK d/ eos~tK dh ;{uh pDkJh rJh ;h. 1883 ns/ 1896 d/nekbK ft~u fJBK ;zfjsktK ft~u fd~s/ rJ/ ;[MktK Bz{ goyD ns/ ;zP'fXs eoD dk w"ek fwfbnk.


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1896^97 d/ nekbL1896^97 d/ nekbL1896^97 d/ nekbL1896^97 d/ nekbL1896^97 d/ nekbL 1880 ns/ 1896 d/ ft~u d' nekb ns/ ;{y/ gJ/. gqzs{ 1896^97 d/ wjkB nekbB/ ;ko/ gqKsK Bz{ xZN iK nfXe o{g ft~u gqGkfts ehsk.3 eo'V 40 b~y b'e gqGkfts j'J/. wZX gqKs d/nfsfoes, fi~E/ fwqseK dh ;zfynk pj[s fInkdk ;h, pkeh ;EkBK s/ wdd ezw ekch j~d s~e ;cb oj/.e[M GkrK ft~u ;jkfJsk ezw ft;sko Bkb ehs/ rJ/ ns/ b'eK Bz{ xoK ft~u ;jkfJsk gj[zukJh rJh. e[b you7 eo'V 27 b~y j'fJnk. gzikp d/ T[grtoBo ;o i/wI bk:b dh nfXnePsk ft~u ;EkfBe nk:'r B/1880 d/ nk:'r Bkb ;fjwsh gqrN ehsh gqzs{ e[M y/soK ft~u E'V/ gfotosB ehs/ rJ/. fi; Bkb ;wekbhBT[gktK ft~u e[M buhbkgB nkfJnk.

1899^1900 dk nekbL1899^1900 dk nekbL1899^1900 dk nekbL1899^1900 dk nekbL1899^1900 dk nekbL gfjb/ d[oGkr s'A s[ozs pknd fJ~e j'o ftg~sh 1899^1900 ft~u nkJh. fJ; Bkb1,89,000 torwhb dk y/so ns/ 2 eo'V 80 b~y b'e gqGkfts j'J/. nfXekohnK B/ d[oGkr d/ nkozfGe ekbft~u ;jkfJsk ezw nkozG eoD s'A wBk eo fd~sk ns/ fco id'A nkozG ehs/ sK fJzB/ nfXe b'e fPftoK ft~u nkrJ/, fe ;koh ftt;Ek n;s^ftn;s j' rJh. ;jkfJsk you brGr 10 eo'V o[gJ/ j'fJnk.

w/evkBb nk:'r dhnK f;ckfoPKLw/evkBb nk:'r dhnK f;ckfoPKLw/evkBb nk:'r dhnK f;ckfoPKLw/evkBb nk:'r dhnK f;ckfoPKLw/evkBb nk:'r dhnK f;ckfoPKL bkov eoIB B/ ;o n?BEBh w?evkBb dh nfXnePsk ft~u fJ~e nk:'rfB:[es ehsk, fi;B/ 1901 ft~u nkgDh fog'oN fd~sh. fJ; ft~u ;jkfJsk d/ ;thfeqs fB:wK dk ;zy/g o{g ft~utoDB ehsk frnk ;h. fJ; ft~u B?fse Bhsh d/ bkGK, gP{ ns/ phiK d/ bJh ibdh XB tzvD ns/ n;EkJhy{j y'dD dh ftt;Ek d/ bkGK s/ pb fd~sk frnk ;h. fJ; ft~u gqGkfts y/so ft~u fJ~e d[oGkr nk:[es dhfB:[esh dk ;[Mkn ;h. fJ; ft~u nokiehn ;jkfJsk dk nfXe wksok ft~u T[g:'r ns/ t~v/ t~v/ ezwK dh EKs/ rqkw ;so d/ ezwK Bz{ nkozG eoD dk ;[Mkt ;h. nk:'r B/ j'o uzrh gfotfjB ;[ftXktK, fe;kB p?AeK, f;zukJhftt;Ek ns/ T[Zsw y/sh ;kXBK dh Io{os s/ pb fd~sk frnk ;h.

fJ; nk:'r dhnK w[~y f;ckfoPK ;theko eo bJhnK rJhnk ns/ eoIB d/ Gkos S~vD s'A gfjbK T[;B/nekb s'A fBpND bJh eJh T[gkn ehs/.1901 ns/ 1941 d/ ft~u pj[s ;ko/ nekb ns/ ;{y/ dhnK ;fEshnKnB[Gt ehshnK rJhnK i' fe ;EkfBe jh ;B. gqzs{ 1906^07 ft~u ns/ 1907^08 d/ d[oGkr nfXerzGho ;B.

pzrkb dk nekb 1942^43L pzrkb dk nekb 1942^43L pzrkb dk nekb 1942^43L pzrkb dk nekb 1942^43L pzrkb dk nekb 1942^43L 1942^43 ft~u pzrkb ft~u fJ~e GhPD nekb fgnk fi;d/ cb;o{g ;?AeVKb'e w"s d/ nkr'P ft~u ub/ rJ/ .tk;st ft~u fJ; nekb dk ekoD 1938 s'A pknd d{i/ ftPt :[ZX d/ekoD powk s'A uktb dk nk:ks pzd j' frnk ns/ pzrkb feUAfe powk d/ ;whg ;h, fJ; bJh T[ZE/ nzBdk fJZXo T[ZXo nkUDk ikDK pzd j' frnk. cb;o{g pzrkb ft~u ykd gdkoEK dh ewh j' rJh ns/ GhPDnekb g? frnk. gqzs{ fJ; ft~u d?t:'r dh EK s/ wkBt fInkdk T[ZsodkJh ;h. okjs ezw d/o Bkb nkozGj'J/ ns/ Bkekch ;B.d{i/, :[ZX gquko ns/ :[ZX you d/ ekoD th fJ; r~b t~b fInkdk fXnkB BjhA fd~skfrnk. e/Adoh ;oeko B/ fJ; ft~u gaKsh ;oeko dh fInkdk ;jkfJsk BjhA ehsh ns/ XB dh ewh ekoDokjs ezw ;hfws oj/.

;t^w[~bKeD (;t^w[~bKeD (;t^w[~bKeD (;t^w[~bKeD (;t^w[~bKeD (Self-Assessment);jh ftebg u[D'^ ;jh ftebg u[D'^ ;jh ftebg u[D'^ ;jh ftebg u[D'^ ;jh ftebg u[D'^ (Choose the correct option)-

1H uzgkoD ft~u fe;kBK dh tk;sfte ;fEsh dh iKu rKXh ih B/ fe; d/ Bkb ehsh^

(a) ;o'iBh BkfJv{ (b) oki/Ado gq;kd (c) phHihH fsbe (d) n?Bh p/;/AN

2H e/ok (y/Vk) nzd'bB ed'A P[o{ j'fJnk<

(a) 1916 (b) 1617 (c) 1918 (d) 1920

3H wkfgbk ftdo'j fe; gqd/P ft~u P[o{ j'fJnk< (a) sfwbBkv{ (b) nKXo gqd/P (c) e/ob (d) eoBkNe

4H wkfgbktK B/ fe; Bz{ nkgDk B/sk u[fDnk<

(a) nbh pzX{nK Bz{ (b) nbh w[;fbnko Bz{ (c) np[bebkw nkIkd Bz{ (d) w[jzwd fJepkb Bz{


BØN


5H n?oBkbv skb[ek d/ w?fi;Nq/N d[nkok w;fid ft~u x[; e/ nbh w[;fbnko Bz{ frqcsko eoD dh e'fPPed'A ehsh rJh <(a) 20 nr;s, 1921 Bz{ (b) 20 nr;s, 1922 Bz{(c) 22 nr;s, 1921 Bz{ (d) 22 nr;s, 1922 Bz{


• Gkosh okiBhsh ft~u rKXh ih d/ nkrwB Bkb d/P Bz{ BthA nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse fdPk fwbh.feUAfe Uj nkgD/ nzd'bB d/ nkXko Bz{ t~vk pDkUDk ukj[zd/ ;B, fJ; bJh UjBK B/ rqkwhD iBsk ns/fe;kBK Bz{ th fJ; nzd'bB ft~u Pkfwb eoD dk gq:sB ehsk.

• T[Zso fpjko d/ uzgkoB fib/ d/ :{ogh Bhb d/ T[sgkde fpjkoh fe;kBK dk nB/e soK Bkb T[sghVBeod/ ;B, i' brGr T[;/ gqeko dk ;h fit/A pzrkb ft~u ;h. rKXh ih B/ pkp{ oki/Ado gq;kd dh wddBkb fe;kBK dh tk;sfte ;fEsh dh iKu ehsh.UjBK B/ fe;kBK Bz{ nfjz;kswe n;fj:'r nzd'bB dhf;fynk fd~sh.

• e/ok nzd'bB sK w[~y s"o s/ pzpJh ;oeko d/ fto[~X ;h. 1918 dh p;zs o[~s ft~u c;bK BPN j' rJhnKns/ ;{y/ d/ ekoD fJ; gqd/P d/ fe;kBK Bz{ pj[s ePN j'fJnk. pzpJh ;oeko B/ G{wh eo wzfrnk. id'Afe G{wh eo fB:wK ft~u fJj ;gPN fejk frnk ;h fe i/eo c;b ;kXkoD s'A 25# x~N j't/ sK G{wheo ft~u g{oh soK S{N fwb/rh, ;oeko S{N d/D Bz{ fsnko BjhA ;h.

• d~yD wkbkpko (e/ob oki) d/ w[;bwkB g~N/dkoK (eBkwdko) ns/ y/shjoK (t/o[wg~Nwdko) Bz{ w'gbk efjzd/;B. nkozG ft~u fJj b'e fjzd{nK dh fBwB iksh fso{nk s'A ;B ns/ w[;bwkB pD rJ/ ;B.

• 19thA Pskpdh ft~u w'gbktK dhnK y/sh fPekfJsK tX rJhnK fiBK ft~u nfsnkfXe wkbr[Ikoh,g~N/dkoh dh n;[o~fynk, BthBheoD d/ ;w/A nfsnkfXe XB dh wzr ns/ ;w/A s/ fIwhdkoK dht;{bh Pkfwb ;B.

• 1921 d/ w'gbk ftdo'j d/ d' ekoD ;B.fJ~e sK w'gbktK T[Zs/ fIwhdkoK dk n~fsnkuko ns/ d{ik, nzro/ih ;oeko dhnK fybkcs ftdo'jh BhshnK ;B.

• w'gbktK B/ nbh w[;fbnko Bz{, i' UBK d/ fJ~e ;otwkB Xkofwe B/sk ;B, nkgD/ okik dh gdth d/ e/ftdo'j eo fd~sk.EKÊK s/ ;oekoh GtBK T[Zs/ fybkcs d/ Mzv/ bfjok fd~s/ rJ/ ns/ w'gbk ftdo'jnkozG j' frnk.

• ftdo'j dk ssekfbe ekoD n?oBkv skb[ek d/ fibk w?fi;Nq/N B/ i[NkfJnk. UBK B/ 20 nr;s, 1921Bz{ fso{oKrVh ft~u ;fEs fJ~e w;fid ft~u x[; e/ nbh w[;fbnko Bz{ pzdh pDkUD dk gq:sB ehsk ;h.

• 1921 d/ nzs s~e w'gbk ftdo'j eq{oskg{ote dpk fd~sk frnk. brGr 2337 w'gbk wko/ rJ/ ns/ 1652nkjs j'J/ .fJj nKeV/ ;oekoh ;B, id'A fe r?o^;oekoh nB[wkBK d/ nB[;ko IywhnK dh ;zfynk10,000 s~e ;h. fg~S/ brGr 3000 w'gbktK Bz{ nkihtB ekb/gkDh d/ ekoktk; dh ;Ik fd~sh rJh.

• w'gbk ftdo'j nfsnzs eq{osk Bkb dpkfJnk frnk. ns/ fco fJj b'e Bk fe;/ fe;kBh nzd'bB ns/ Bkjh fe;/ okiBhfse nzd'bB ft~u Pkfwb j'J/.

• gqzs{ fJ; ftdo'j dk ;G s'A fxD"Dk g~y ;h, fjzd{nK Bz{ pbg{ote w[;bwkB pDkUDk. ftdo'j PKs j'Ds/ id'A fJBK b'eK B/ d[pkok fjzd{ Xow ft~u tkfg; nkUD dh ;'uh, sK ;EkfBe e~No^gzEhnK B/ UBK Bz{Bkb fwbkUD s'A wBkjh eo fd~sh. fJj b'e i' eb s~e fIwhdko ;B, j[D dkD/ Bz{ so; oj/ ;B.id'A fJj;wkuko brGr 3000 feH whH d{o p;/ vhHJ/HthH ekb/i, bkj"o (j[D gkfe;skB) d/ gqpzXeosk wjkswkjz;oki Bz{ fwfbnk sK UBK B/ nkgDh f;~fynk ;z;EktK ns/ nkfonk ;wki s'A ekoieosktK Bz{ G/fink,fiBK B/ gfjbK fJBK Bz{ nzB ns/ e~gV/ dh wdd fd~sh ns/ fco eKuh d/ Pzeokukfonk s'A fJ~e nkd/PeYtkfJnk fe fJj pbg{ote Xow gfotofss fjzd{ jh jB ns/ fJBK Bz{ fjzd{ Xow ft~u d[pkok gqt/Pfwb/.


BØN


• :{H ghH ns/ fpjko ft~u fIwhdkoK d/ P'PD d/ fto[ZX thoskg{oD nzd'bB ehs/ rJ/.1936 ft~u fpjko ft~u‘pkekPs* (nkg i'sh j'Jh) G{wh d/ fto[ZX nzd'bB nkozG ehsk frnk. ‘pkekPs* Uj G{wh j[zdh ;h, i'fIwhdko dh nkgDh G{wh j[zdh ;h ns/ fi; ft~u'A fIwhdko c;b dk Gkr b?Adk ;h Bk fe XB.

• 18 nes{po, 1937 Bz{ fe;kB ;GktK B/ ;~fsnkrqjhnK s/ j'J/ n~fsnkuko d/ fto[ZX fe;kB fdt;wBkfJnk.

• id'A 1937 ft~u b'efgqn ;oekoK pDhnK sK fe;kBK B/ fJBK s'A pj[s nkPktK o~yhnK, gqzs{ UBK Bz{fBokPk j'Jh. nkgDhnK wzrK t~b fXnkB nkeofPs eoD bJh fpjko ftXkB ;Gk d/ nfXt/PB d/ gfjb/fdB 23,000 fe;kB, ftXkB ;Gk GtB d/ n~r/ fJ~em/ j' rJ/. UBK dk Bkok ;h^ “;kBz{ gkDh fdU,n;hA fgnk;/ jK, ;kBz{ o'Nh fdU, n;hA G[~y/ jK, ;kv/ ;ko/ eoI/ S~v fdU. ;kBz{ fIwhdkoK d/ P'PD s'ApukU.@

• fe;kB ;Gk d/ nfstkdh (radical) s~s fJj ukj[zd/ ;B fe eKro; dhnK n;zs'Pg{oD BhshnK d/ ekoDeKro; Bkb ;zpzX s'V fbnk ikt/, gqzs{ eKro; d/ B/sktK B/ ftd/PhnK fto[ZX J/esk pDkJ/ o~yh. d[yh j'e/ ;tkwh ;fjikBzd B/ 1945 ft~u fe;kB ;Gk s'A fsnkrg~so d/ fd~sk fi;d/ cb;o{g fe;kB ;GktKT[Zs/ efwT{fB;N gkoNh dk gqG[~st Sk frnk.

• ;kvh ;[szsosk d/ gfjb/ 10 ;kbK ft~u fszB gqw[~y fe;kB nzd'bB u~b/l pzrkb dk s/Gkrk nzd'bB,j?dokpkd dk d~eD dk s/bzrkBk nzd'bB ns/ g~Swh Gkos ft~u tobh ftdo'j. s/Gkrk nzd'bB ft~u bzp/ekb s~e tordko (c;b d/ Gkrhdko) nfXnko rohp fe;kB, i'sdkoK (XBh fe;kBK), ;kj{ekoK,tgkohnK ns/ nzro/ih gqPk;eK d/ fto[ZX nzd'bB eod/ oj/. ;[joktodh dh ;oeko B/ fJ~e tordkohftX/ne gkfos ehsk fi; Bkb GkNe d/DtkfbnK Bz{ okjs fwbh.


• ekfco L i' y[dk Bz{ Bk wzBdk j't/, Bk;fse

• rkIh L Xow :'Xk, t~vk tho.

• wkbr[Ikoh L fJ~e gqeko dk eo i' fe;kBK s'A t;{fbnk iKdk ;h.


1. 20thA Pskpdh d/ g{otkoX ft~u j'D tkb/ fe;kBh nzd'bBK dh ftnkfynk eo'.

2. wkfgbk ftdo'j dk ufo~so Xkofwe ;h. ftt/uBk eo'.

3. 1930 s'A 1940 d/ dPe ft~u j'D tkb/ fe;kBh nzd'bB dk toDB eo'.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)

(1) (b) (2) (c) (3) (c) (4) (c) (5) (a)





p[e;


B ØN


fJekJh 9L Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{bfJekJh 9L Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{bfJekJh 9L Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{bfJekJh 9L Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{bfJekJh 9L Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{bnKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh nKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh nKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh nKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh nKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh (Establishment of theIndian National Congress, Home Rule Movement,

Moderates and Extremists)


T[d/P (Objectives)

ikDekoh (Introduction)9H1 eKro; dh ;EkgBk, fJ;dh ;EkgB d/ bJh T[sodkJh ekoe ns/ fJ;dh T[sgsh d/ f;XKs

(Establishment of Congress, Factors responsible for its Foundation and Theoriesof its Origin)

9H2 j'wo{b nKd'bB b'ewkfBnk fsbe ns/ J/Bh p/;/N dh G{fwek ns/ fJ;dk gsB (Home RuleMovement: Role of Lokmanya Tilak and Annie Besant and its Fall out)

9H3 BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh (Moderats and Extremists)







J eKro; gkoNh dh ;EkgBk d/ bJh T'[sodkJh ekoeK ns/ fJ;dh T[sgsh d/ f;XKs dh ftnkfynk eoB

ftu;

J j'w o{b nKd'bB dk ftPb/PD eoB ftu;

J BowgzEh s/ rowgzEh ntXkoBk Bz{ ;wMD ftu;


Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk d;zpo 1885 ftu j'Jh. T[; ;w/ d/ 72 okiBhse ekoieosktK B/fJ;dh Bhj oZyh ;h. nfyb Gkosh gZXo T[s/ fJj Gkosh okPNotkd dh gfjbh ;[fB:'fis nfGftnesh;h. fJZe ntekP gqkgs nzrq/ia nkJhH;hHn?;H nfXekoh J/HUH fjT{w B/ eKro; dh ;EkgBk ftuwjZstg{oB G{fwek fBGkJh ;h. ;tkb T[mdk j? fe fJBQK 72 b'eK B/ eKro; dh ;EkgBk feT[ ehsh ns/fJ;d/ bJh fJjh ;wK feT[A u[fDnk<

fJ; ;tkb d/ Bkb fJe fwEe no;/ Bkb i[fVnk fojk j?. ngD? Nkg ftu ekch dwdko j?, fJj fwEe.‘;[oZfynk tkbt* dk fJj fwEe fgSbh eJh ghVhnK s' ftfdnkoEhnK s/ okiBhse ekoieosktK Bz{ x[ZNhftu fgnkfJnk ik fojk j?. gqzs{ fJfsjk; d/ ;u Bz{ i/eo n;h bZGhJ/, sK gsk ub/rk fe fJ; fwEe ftufJzBk dw Bjh j?, fizBk fe nkws"o s/ fJ;d/ pko/ ftu wzfBnK iKdk fojk j?.

fJekJh^9L Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{b nKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEhfJekJh^9L Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{b nKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEhfJekJh^9L Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{b nKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEhfJekJh^9L Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{b nKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEhfJekJh^9L Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk, j'wo{b nKd'bB, BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh

B ØN


fwEe fJj j? fe J/HUH fjT{w ns/ T[;d/ ;kEhnK B/ nzr/qia ;oeko d/ fJPko/ T[s/ jh Gkosh okPNoh eKro;dh ;ekgBk ehsh ;h. ssekbhB tkfJ;okJ/ bkov vcfoB d/ fBod/P, wkor doPB ns/ ;bkj *s/ jh fjT{wB/ fJ; ;zrmB Bz{ iBw fdZsk ;h, sKfe T[; ;w/ Gkosh iBsk ftu g?dk s/ tXd/ j'J/ n;zs'P Bz{ fjz;k d/itkbkw[yh d/ o{g ftu pkjo nkT[D ns/ c[ZND s' o'fenk ik ;e/ ns/ ‘nz;s'P dh jtk* Bz{ fpBk fe;/ yso/d/ pkjo eZYD d/ bJh ;[ofyns, PkbhB, PKshg{oB ns/ ;zt?XkfBe fBek; iK ‘;[oZfynk tkbt* T[gbpXeokfJnk ik ;e/. fJ; soQK Gkosh iBsk ftu y[dp[dksh fJe eqKshekoh :'rsk dk rbk x[ZN fdZsk frnk.:kfB fJ; fwEe dk ;ko ;zy/g fJj j? fe T[; ;w/ fJe fjz;e eqKsh d;se d/ ojh ;h, i' eKro; dh ;EkgBkd/ ekoB Nb rJh. Gkosh fJfsjk; d/ fiankdkso b/yeK B/ fJj rZb ;theko ehsh j?. fJ;h fBPeoPd/ ekoB T[dkotkdh b/ye eKro; dh ;EkgBk Bz{ ;jh edw d;d/ jB, s/ gqrshPhb fJ;dk fJ;s/wkb fJj;kps eoB d/ bJh eod/ jB fe eKro; nro ;wokitkd d/ gqsh fBPmktkB Bjh ojh, sK th xZN s' xZNT[j ;wM'sktkdh s/ ojh j? id fe x'o dZyDgzEhnK d[nkok fJ; fwEe dk fJ;s/wkb fJj f;X eoB d/ bJhehsk iKdk fojk j? fe eKro; P[o{ s' jh r?o okPNotkdh ojh j?. fJj ;ko/ b'e fJe rZb s/ ;fjws jBT[j fJj fe eKro; dk iBw fi; sohe/ Bkb j'fJnk, T[; sohe/ B/ fJ;d/ p[fBnkdh ufoZso ns/ GftZy

ftu T[;d/ ekoiK T[s/ fBoDkfJe gqGkt gkfJnk.

9H19H19H19H19H1 eKro; dh ;EkgBk, fJ;dh ;EkgBk d/ bJh T[sodkJh ekoeeKro; dh ;EkgBk, fJ;dh ;EkgBk d/ bJh T[sodkJh ekoeeKro; dh ;EkgBk, fJ;dh ;EkgBk d/ bJh T[sodkJh ekoeeKro; dh ;EkgBk, fJ;dh ;EkgBk d/ bJh T[sodkJh ekoeeKro; dh ;EkgBk, fJ;dh ;EkgBk d/ bJh T[sodkJh ekoens/ fJ;dh T[sgsh d/ f;XKs (ns/ fJ;dh T[sgsh d/ f;XKs (ns/ fJ;dh T[sgsh d/ f;XKs (ns/ fJ;dh T[sgsh d/ f;XKs (ns/ fJ;dh T[sgsh d/ f;XKs (Stablishment of Congress,Factors responsible for its Foundation and Theoriesof its Origin)

‘:zr fJzvhnk* ftu 1916 ftZu gqekPs ngD/ b/y ftu BowgzEh B/sk bkbk bkigs okJ/ B/ *;[oZfynk tkbt*dh fJ; gfoebgBk dk fJ;s/wkb eKro; d/ BowgzEh gZy T[s/ wko eoB d/ bJh ehsk ;h. ‘;[oZfynk tkbt*dh gfoebgBk T[s/ bzph uouk eod/ j'J/ nkgD/ b/y ftu T[BQK B/ fejk ;h fe “eKro; bkov vcfoB d/ fdwkrdh T[gi j?.@ fJ;d/ pknd nkgDh rZb nZr/ tXkT[d/ j'J/ T[BQK B/ fbfynk ;h fe “eKro; dh ;EkgBkdk T[d/P okiBhse nkiakdh jk;b eoB s'A fes/ fInkdk fJj ;h fe T[; ;w/I fpqfNP ;woki T[s/ nk;B ysfonKs'I T[; Bz{ pukfJnk ik ;e/. eKro; d/ bJh fpqfNP ;woki d/ fjs gfjb/ ;EkB T[s/ ;h ns/ Gkos d/ fjsd{i/ ;EkB s/. e'Jh fJj BjhA efj ;edk fe eKro; nkgD/ nkdoP (nzrq/iah ;woki d/ gqsh fBPmk) d/ gqshfJwkBdko BjhA ojh j?.” b/y d/ T[g;zjko ftu T[BQK B/ fejk ;h, “fJ; bJh fJj j? fe eKro; dh T[sgsh–rzqEh ns/ gqrshPhb okPNotkdhnK dh fdqPNh s'A fJ; Bz{ fBod'P mfjokT[D d/ bJh fJzBk ekch j?.”

fJ;d/ eohp 25–30 ;kbK pknd fJ; ftP/ *s/ oiBhgkw dZs d/ ‘gqwkfDe nfXn?B’ B/ sK ‘;[oZfynk tkbt’d/ fwEe Bz{ tkwgzEh d/ ‘eZu/ wkb’ d/ o{g ftu jh ;Ekgs eo fdZsk. fJ; fwEe Bz{ pV/ I'odko Yzr Bkb T[mkT[Ad/j'J/ T[BQK fbfynk fe ;oeko dh f;ZXh gfjb ns/ wkor–doPB d/ d[nkok eKro; j'Ad ftu nkJh. fJ;d/ bJh“tkfJ;okJ/ d/ Bkb fwb e/ fJZe r[g–u[g :'iBk” fsnko ehsh rJh ;h, sKfe T[; ;w/A T[m ojh “fpqfNP–fto'Xh bfjo ns/ iB n;zs'P dh skesK Bkb fpqfNP Pk;B dh oZfynk d/ bJh fJ;dk (eKro; dk) fJ;s/wkbjfEnko d/ s"o *s/” ehsk ikt/. fJj fJe nk;u eqKsh Bz{ n;cb eoB dh e'fPP, iK fJzi ejhJ/ fe eqKshd/ nkT[D dh ehsh rJh g/Ppzdh ;h. mhe j? fe ;w/A ofjzd/ jh eKro; fJe okPNotkdh ;zrmB d/ o{g ftuspdhb j' rJh, fJ;d/ “fBPmktkB ufoZso T[s/ okPNoh ufoZso jkth j'D bZrk” ns/ fJj iB nzd'bBKdh tkje pD rJh b/feB fJ;d/ iBw d/ ;w/A dk ‘ebze’ fJ;dh okiBhsh T[s/ fJe ;EkJh dkr SZv frnk.fJZe ;zrmB d/ o{g ftu fJ;dk fJj ‘d'jok ufoZso’ fe fJ; Bz{ ;oeko B/ pDkfJnk ns/ fco fJj ;woki–fto'Xh nzd'bB dh nkr{ pDh, “fJ;d/ ;w{u/ fJfsjk; ftu Bio nkT[Adk j?.” fJ;B/ ;wokitkd d/ fybkc;zxoP ehsk ns/ T[;d/ Bkb ;fj:'r th ehsk. fJ;B/ iB nzd'bBK dh nrtkJh ehsh ns/ id'A iBsk B/eqKsh d/ o;s/ T[s/ tXDk P[o{ ehsk sK T[; Bz{ X'yk d/ e/ ;wokitkd dk ;kE fdZsk.

;qh dZs d/ nB[;ko fJ; soQK eKro; d/ d' o[y ;h– “fJZe gZy s/ iB nzd'bB d/ ‘yso/’ d/ fybkc ;wokitkdd/ ;fj:'r dk ;h ns/ d{;ok gZy okPNoh ;zxoP ftu iBsk dh nrtkJh dk ;h.” r'yb/ s'A b? e/ rKXh se,


B ØN


eKro; dh nrtkJh dk d'jokgB don;b Gkosh poi{nk tor d/ d'jo/ ns/ Y[bw[b ufoZso Bz{ jh gqshfpzpseodk j?, ‘i' fpqfNP poi{nk d/ fybkc ;zxoPos ofjzd/ j'J/ ns/ Gkos d/ b'eK dh nrtkJh eoB dh fJZSkoyd/ j'J/ th fJ;d/ gqsh nkPzfes ;h fe ‘pj[s s/ih Bkb’ nZr/ tXD ftu, ;wokitkdhnk d[nkok G'rhik ojh ;j{bsK d/ yksw/ d/ Bkb, T[; Bz{ jk;b ;j{bsK th ysw j' ;edh j?.” fJ; soQK eKro; tk;sfoeeqKsh :kBh fjz;e eqKsh d fto'X dk jfEnko pD rJh. b/feB eKro; dh fJj G{fwek rKXh d/ ;w/A BkbBjhA P[o{ j'Jh, pbfe “fJj rZb sK ;wokitkd B/ fJ;d/ iBw d/ ;w/A jh fJ;dh fBofdPN ;oekoh G{fwekd/ s"o *s/ fJ; Bz{ x[ZNh ftu fgnkJh rJh ;h. fJ; d'joh G{fwek dh T[u gfoDsh wkT[ANp/NB ;wM"s/ d/o{g ftu fJ;d/ nzfsw nksw–;wogD d/ s"o *s/ j'Jh.”

fJ;d/ gfjb/ 1939 ftu okPNoh ;t?w;/te ;zx d/ s"o *s/ ;zxukbe n?wHn?; r'btbeo B/ th Xow–fBogZysk d/ ekoB T[;Bz{ r?o–okPNotkdh mfjokT[D d/ bJh ;[oZfynk tkbt dh fJ; gfoebgBk dk fJ;s/wkb ehsk ;h. T[BQK B/ nkgD/ g?Ac ‘th’ (jw) ftZu fejk ;h fe fjzd{ okPNoh u/sBk ƒ T[BQK b'eK B/ spkjeo fdZsk i' ‘okPNotkdh’ j'D dk dktk eod/ jB ns/ fiBQK B/ ‘b'eszso d/ f;XKsK’ ƒ tkXk fdZsk ns/fJj rbs XkoDk c?bkJh fe “;kv/ g[okD/ d[PwD ns/ jwbkto w[;bwkb th eJh soQK Bkb fjzd{nK d/ ;wkBjB.” fJ;dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe “n;hA nkgd/ d[PwBK ƒ nkgDk fwZso wzB fbnk ns/ fJ; soQK n;hA;Zuh okPNohnsk dh iVK y[d nkgD/ jZEK Bkb g[ZN ;[ZNh.” ;Zu sK fJj j? fe Gkos ftu ub fojk ;zxoPe/tb GkoshnK ns/ nzrq/IK ftu BjhA j?, pbfe fJj ‘fJe fsqe'Dh ;zxoP j?. fjzd{nK ƒ fJe soc b? ikD d/bJh, r'btbeo d/ nB[;ko, fjT{w, ekNB ns/ t/vopoB d[nkok 1885 ftu s?n ehsh rJh BhshnK jh fizw/tko ;h–“fJBQK b'eK B/ T[; ;w/A ‘T[pb oj/ okPNotkd’ d/ fybkc ‘;[oZfynk tkbt’ d/ s"o *s/ eKro; dh ;EkgBkehsh. T[; ;w/A ikr oj/ fJe ftPkb d/t ƒ ;[tK d/D d/ bJh fJj fJe fyv"Dk ;h, okPNoh u/sBk ƒ spkj eod/D dk jfEnko ;h ns/ fiZE/ se T[BQK b'eK d/ T[d/P dh rb j? T[j fJ; ftu g{oh soKQ ;cb oj/.”

T[dkotkdh ;hHn?cH n?Avo{I ns/ frohik w[yoih B/ th 1938 ftu gqekPs ‘Gkos ftu eKro; dk T[d/ ns/ftek;’ ftu ;[oZfynk tkbt dh rZb g{oh soQK ;theko ehsh j?. jK, T[BQK ƒ fJ; rZb dk ;zs'y io{o j?fe fJ; Bkb ‘ftnoE d/ y{B–yokp/’ ƒ NkbD ftu wdd fwbh. 1947 d/ gfjb/ ns/ pknd ftu dZ;KftdtkBK ns/ ;?AeV/ b/yeK B/ fJBQK uko ftukoXkoktK ftu'A jh fe;h–B–fe;h ƒ d[jokfJnk j?.

fjT{w ns/ T[j r'gBhn fog'oNfjT{w ns/ T[j r'gBhn fog'oNfjT{w ns/ T[j r'gBhn fog'oNfjT{w ns/ T[j r'gBhn fog'oNfjT{w ns/ T[j r'gBhn fog'oN;[oZfynk tkbt dh fJ; gfoebgBk ƒ fJfsjk;e ;kfyn pDk d/D ftu ;Zs yzvK tkbh T[; ‘r'gBhn fog'oN’dh fBoDkfJe G{fwek ojh, fi;d/ pko/ ftu fjT{w dk efjDk j? fe 1878 dh rowhnK ftu fPwbkftu T[BQK B/fJ; Bz{ gfVQnk ;h ns/ fJ; ƒ gVQD s'I pknd T[BQK Bz{ fJ;dk gZek :ehB j' frnk fe Gkos ftu “n;zs'yT[pb fojk j?” ns/ fJe tZvh ;kiP ouh ik ojh j?. Bht/A spe/ d/ b'e fpqfNP Pk;B Bz{ fjz;k d/ d[nkok g[ZN;[ZND tkb/ jB.”

fJ; s'A gfjbK fe n;hA fJBQK ;Zs yzvK d/ ojZ; dh SkBphB eohJ/, fJj ikD b?Dk tXhnk j'J/rk fe fJ;fog'oN dh uouk ;G s'A gfjbK fet/A P[o{ j'Jh ns/ pknd ftu fJj rb fet/A nZr/ tXh. t/vopoBB/ J/HUH fjT{w dh ihtBh fbyh ;h, i' 1913 ftu gqekPs j'Jh. ;G s'A gfjbK fJ; ihtBh ftu ;Zs yzvKdh fJ; r'gBhn fog'oN dh uouk ehsh rJh ;h. fjT{w d/ e'b eKro; dh ;EkgBk Bkb ;zpzXs i'd;skt/i ;h, T[BQK ftu t/vopoB Bz{ fJe fJ; soQK dk d;skt/i fwfbnk, fi; T[s/ e'Jh skohy BjhA gJh;h. t/vopoB B/ fjT{w dh ihtBh ftu fJ; d;skt/i dk ft;sko ftu jtkbk fdZsk j?. bkbk bkigs okJ/ d/nB[;ko, fJ; sZE d/ pkti{d fe “fjT{w nkikdh d/ gq/wh jB,” T[j ;G s'A gfjbK s/ fJe “nzrq/I d/PGrs”jh ;h. id'A T[BQK B/ t/fynk fe fpqfNP Pk;B T[s/ fJe “rzGho w[Pfeb nkT[D tkbh j?” sK T[BQK B/ nz;s'yd/ ;[oZfyns fBek; d/ bJh fJe ;[oZfynk tkbt pDkT[D dk c?;bk ehsk.

nkgDh fJ; rZb s'A ;kps eoB d/ bJh bkbk bkigs okJ/ B/ fjT{w d/ d;skt/i s'A fJe bzwk nzP T[Xfos ehsk,i' t/vopoB dh feskp d/ gzBk 80–81 *s/ Sfgnk ;h. fjT{w d/ d;skt/i d/ fJ; nzP d/ Bkb t/vopoB B/ nkgDhfNZgDhnK th fdZshnK ;h. feT[Afe pknd d/ ;ko/ b/yeK B/ fJ; nzP Bz{ T[Xfos ehsk j? iK fJ; dk jtkbk fdZskj?, fJ; bJh fJj io{oh j? fe fJ; nzP Bz{ n;hA fJZE/ fco s'A TXfos eohJ/. fjT{w B/ fbfynk–


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w?Bz{ fJ; fog'oN d/ eJh yzv fdykJ/ rJ/, fi; ftu S'Nh–tZvh pj[s ;koh gqftPmhnK ;B–eJh soQK dh;{uBktK d/ nkXko *s/ fJj gqftPmhnK doi ehshnK rJhnK ;h. fJj iK s/ fJBQK ;{uBktK dk nzrq/Ih nB[tkd;h iK nzr/qIh ftu T[BQK Bz{ ;zy/g ftu fby fdZsk frnk ;h. fJBQK ;kohnK ;{uBktK Bz{ fib/tko eqwpZX ehskfrnk ;hHHH fejk iKdk j? fe T[; ;w/A shj jIko s'A th fInkdk w[ypoK d[nkok G/ih rJhnK ;{uBktK d/nkXko *s/ fJj n;zy gqftPmhnK fJ; ft;skfos fog'oN ftu ehsh rJh ;h. T[BQK (fjT{w B/) fbfynkj? fe fJ; fog'oN d/ fJj yzv f;oc fJe jcs/ se T[BQK d/ epI/ ftu oj/HHH fJ; ftu ehshnK rJhnKfInkdkso gqftPmhnK ;wki d/ Bht/A spe/ d/ ftZu j'D tkbh rZbpks d/ nkXko *s/ fsnko ehsh rJhdZ;hnK iKdhnK jB, ns/ fJBQK ;kohnK gqftPmhnK Bkb fJj gsk ubdk j? fe w"i{dk jkbks Bkb fJBQK rohpb'eK ftu fBokPk xo eo rJh j? ns/ T[BQK Bz{ brdk j? fe G[Zy T[BQK Bz{ wko d/t/rh. j[D T[j e[M eoBkukj[zd/ jB, fJei[N j'Dk ukj[zd/ jB ns/ i' e[M T[j eoBk ukj[zd/ jB, T[j j? fjz;e ;zxoP. gVQ/–fby/ b'eK dkfJe S'Nk tor th fJBQK b'eK d/ Bkb j?. fJj f;Zfyns spek szr nke/ PkfJd nB[fus o{g Bkb ;oeko d/ fto[ZXj?. fJj f;Zfyns spek th nzd'bB ftu Pkwb j'J/rk, T[BQK Bz{ nrtkJh gqdkB eo/rk ns/ n;zs'y d/ ft;c'NBz{ okPNoh ftdo'j d/ o;s/ *s/ w'V d/t/rk.

bkbk bkigs okJ/ B/ jkbKfe fJ; feskp ftu T[XoD d/ fdZs/, ;Zs yzvK dh fJ; fog'oN d/ ufoZso ns/ T[sgshnkfd d/ pko/ *u T[BQK B/ e[M BjhA fbfynk ;h. b/feB pj[s ibdh jh fJ; fog'oN d/ pko/ ftu soQK–soQK dhrZbK ;kjwD/ nkT[D bZrhnK. 1933 ftu r[ow[y fBjkb f;zx B/ fJBQK ;Zs yzvK Bz{ ‘;oekoh fog'oN’ dZf;nk,s/ d{i/ gk;/ n?Avo{I ns/ w[yoih B/ fejk fe “fJj ;hHnkJhHvhH d[nkok fsnko ehsh rJh r'gBhn fog'oNK ;h”ns/ fjT{w B{z fJj fog'oNK ‘T[BQK dh ;oekoh j?;hns’ d/ sfjs fwbh ;h. b/feB oiBh gkw dZs fJBQK ;kfonKb'eK s'A th fJe edw nZr/ tZX rJ/. T[BQK B/ bkbk bkigs okJ/ d[nkok t/vopoB dh feskp Bkb T[Xfos nzPKBz{ eod/ j'J/ fbfynk, “fjT{w Bz{ T[BQK dh ;oekoh j?;hns d/ sfjs g[fb; dh fJj r'gBhn fog'oNK jk;b j'JhnK;h.” fJBQK b'eK d/ fJ; eg'b–ebfgs ;kfyn Bz{ pknd d/ fJfsjk;ekoK B/ fiBQK ftu vcfoB B/ 1888 ftu;?AN n?Avo{I fdt; T[s/ G'iB d/ ;w/A nkgD/ GkPB ftu ;kotifBe o{g ftu eKro; T[s/ nko'g brkfJnk ;hfe T[j nkgD/ fBfjs ;tkoEK d/ bJh ;wkie ;[XkoK Bz{ BIonzdkI eo okiBhfse nzd'bB ubk ojh j?. T[BQKdk efjDk ;h fe ;wkie ;[XkoK Bkb eo'VK b'eK dk Gbk j'J/rk. fJ; s'A gfjbK ftd/P ;fut d/ Bkw fJe fBihfuZmh ftZu th vcfoB B/ fJjh rZbK fbyhnK ;B.

vcfoB d/ fBih d;skt/iK (fJj d;skt/i 1950 s'A jh b'eK d/ gVQD d/ bJh T[gbpX jB) i/eo fXnkB BkbgfVQnk ikt/ sK ;kc gsk ub/rk fe eKro; d/ rmB ftu vcfoB dh G{fwek iK eKro; Bz[ T[BQK d/ ;fj:'r dhrZb fpbe[b M{mh j?. fjT{w B/ edh th ;wkie w[ZfdnK *s/ uouk d/ bJh p?meK eod/ oj/. fJ;dk ;p{s vcfoBdk fJj gZso j? i' T[BQK B/ fjT{w Bkb gfjbh tko fwbD s'A pknd pzpJh d/ rtoBo bkov o/ Bz[ fbfynk ;h.gZso ftu fbfynk ;hL fjT{w B/ w?Bz{ dZf;nk j? fe T[j ns/ T[BQK d/ fwZso fJe okiBhfse ;zw/bB nk:'is eoBik oj/ jB. fiZe/ se w?A ;wMdK jK, mhe T[;/ soK fit/A e?E'fbe ftw[esh s'A gfjb/ U e'B/b B/ ehsk ;h.”

id'A nkg vcfoB ns/ T[BQK d/ T[dkotkdh ;fj:'rh (pzpJh ns/ wdok; d/ rtoBo) th eKro; Bkb jwdodhBjhA oyd/ ;h, sK T[BQK d/ o{Vhtkdh ;fj:'rhnK nbcq/v, i/HphH bkfJb, vhHn?wH tkb/;, J/H e'bftB ns/n?;H;hH p/b/ dh rZb jh SZv fdT[.

1885 ftu T[BQK B/ o/ (Reay) Bz{ fuZmh fby e/ u/sktBh fdZsh ;h fe fjT{w dh eKro; s'A ;ktXkB oj'.“;[XkotkdhnK ns/ dZyDgzEhnK ftu'A fe;/ d/ th bkr/ Bk ikU.” i{B 1885 ftu o/ B/ fJ;dk itkpfbfynk. BthA okiBhfse ;orowh Bkb vo/ j'J/ o/ B/ vcfoB Bz{ Gkosh gqshfBXhnK s'A ;ktXkB ofjD bJhfejk. T[BQK Bz{ bZfrnk fe Gkosh iBsk B/ fJe ‘Gkosh okPNoh db’ dk rmB ehsk j?. T[BQK B/ GkoshgqshfBXhnK dh s[bBk nkfJob?Av d/ gqshfBXhnK Bkb ehsh.

vcfoB B/ 1888 ftu jh gfjbh tko eKro; dh nb'uBk ehsh j't/, n?;h rZb BjhA j?. 1888ftu T[BQK B/ o/ (Reay) Bz[ fbfynk ;h fe “n;hA eKro; Bz{ ;kps BjhA ofjD d/tKr/.”

eh s[;hA ikDd/ jØ


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tk;st ftu wJh 1885 d/ pknd s'A jh vcfoB, fjT{w Bkb Bcos eoB bZr/ ;h ns/ T[BQK s'A d{o ofjDbZr/ ;h. fJjh BjhA, fJ;d/ pknd s'A vcfoB B/ pzrkbh pkp{nK ns/ wokmh pqkjwDK T[s/ jwbk p'bDk P[o{eo fdZsk. vcfoB dk wzBDk ;h fe fJBQK dk T[d/P ;zd/j tkbk j? ns/ fJj Gkos ftu nkfJob?Av–torkeqKshekoh ftdo'jh nzd'bB ubkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB. wJh–i{B 1886 ftu vcfoB B/ fjT{w Bz{ X'y/tki, gkrb,p/JhwkB s/ j'o gsk BjhA eh eh fejk. fjT{w dk e;{o f;oc fJzBk ;h fe T[j fjzd[;skB ftu ‘j'w o{b’nzd'bB d/ w[Zy g/qoe j' rJ/ ;B.

1870 d/ dPe d/ nzs ftu ns/ 1880 d/ dPe d/ P[o{ ftu Gkosh iBsk okiBhfse s"o T[s/ ekch ikro{e j'u[Zeh ;h. 1885 ftu fJ; okihfse u/sBk B/ eotN pdbh. Gkosh okiBhfse ns/ okiBhsh ftu Pkwbp[ZXhihth, ;zehoD fjsK d/ bJh nktkI T[mkT[D d/ pikJ/ okPNoh fjsK d/ bJh okPNoh gZXo T[s/ ;zxoP eoBBz{ SNgNkT[D br/ ;h. T[BQK dh fJ; e'fPP Bkb ;cbsk fwbh, fJe ‘okPNoh db’ dk rmB j'fJnk–fJe n?;kdb, i' okPNoh u/sBk dk gqshe ;h, Gkosh okiBhsh d/ bJh fJe gb/Nckow, fJe ;zrmB, fJe w[fynkbk.

fJ; ‘okPNoh db’ d/ rmB bJh i' okiBhfse rshftXhnK j' ojhnK ;h, nzr/qI ;oeko T[; Bkb py{phikD{ ;h. T[; Bz{ gfjbK jh wfj;{; j' frnk ;h fe eh j'Dk tkbk j?. okiBhsh ftu Pkwb GkoshnK Bz{ ;zd/j dhBIo Bkb d/fynk ikD bZrk. je{ws Bz{ bfrnk fe n;fj:'r, d/Pd'qj ns/ nkfJob?Av dh soQK d/ nzd'bBKdk P[o{ j'D tkbk j?.

ftd/Ph je{ws dk ;zd/j ssekbhe BjhA ;h. fJ;dk m'; fJfsjk;e nkXko ;h. T[; ;w/A dh okPNoh wzrK;B–ftd/P'A ;{sh egfVnK T[s/ nkfJnks P[be ftu ewh Bk eoBk, jfEnko oZyD dk nfXeko d/Dk, gq?;dh nkikdh, ;?Bk T[s/ you/ ftu eN'sh, e[dosh wkoK d/ fPeko b'eK dh ;jkfJsk bJh j'o fInkdk okPhdk tzvDk, gqPk;fBe ;/tk dk GkosheoB, noX;?fBe pbK s/ ;t?fSe ;zrmBK ftu GkoshnK Bz{ th Pkwbj'D dk nfXeko, Gkosh iZiK Bz{ :[o'gh BkrfoeK *s/ ngokXe w[eZdw/ dh ;[DtkJh dk nfXeko, nzr/qIwsdksktK d/ ftu fJ; soQK dk gquko fe T[j T[;h db Bz{ t'N d/D i' GkoshnK d/ fjsK dk fynkb oZyD.T[BQK wzrK Bz{ i/eo nbZr–nbZr eoe/ d/fynk ikJ/, sK fJj pj[s gZXohnK bZrDrhnK, go fpqfNP je{wsfJBQK wzrK Bz{ th nk;kBh Bkb wzBD tkbh BjhA ;h feT[Afe T[; Bz{ brdk ;h fe i/eo fJj wzrK wzB bJhnKsK Gkosh iBsk T[s/ nzrq/Ih je{ws dk fPezik fYZbk j' ikt/rk.

1875 s'A 1885 d/ d"okB Gkos ftu i' BthA okiBhfse u/sBk g?dk j'Jh, T[j w[Zy s"o *s/ B"itkB tordh d/D ;h. fJj B'itkB fInkdk bVke{ ns/ okPNotkdh ;h. fJBQK ftu fInkdkso fJ;/ 10 ;kbK d/ nzdookiBhsh ftu nkJ/ ;B. fJBQK B/ fJe BtK ;zrmB pDkfJnk, feT[Afe fJBQK Bz{ bZfrnk fe g[okD/ ;zrmBdehnkB{;h j' rJ/ jB, T[BQK dk iB–nkXko th m'; BjhA j?. Bk T[BQK d/ e'b e'Jh m'; g'qrokw j?, Bk BhshnK.ps"o T[dkjoD pzrkb dk ‘fpqfNP–fJzvhnB n?;';hJ/PB’ j'bh–j'bh iwhdkoK d/ fjsK dk g'Pe pD frnk ;hns/ nzrq/IK d/ fybkc T[;dh nktkI wXw g? rJh ;h. ‘pKp/ n?;';hJ/PB’ ns/ ‘wdok; B/fNt n?;';hJ/PB’dZyDgzEh j'o woB–nk;B j' rJ/ ;h.

fJjh ekoD ;h fe 1876 ftu pzrkb d/ B"itkB okPNotkdhnK B/ ;[fozdoBkE pBoih ns/ nkBzd w'jB p'; dhnrtkJh ftu ‘fJzvhnB n?;';hJ/PB’ dk rmB ehsk. wdok; d/ B"itkB B/sktK–n?wHthH jkxt u/fonko, thH;[pqjwBhnw nJhno, ghH nkBzd ukob{ nkfd B/ 1884 ftu ‘wdok; wjkiB ;Gk’ dk rmB ehsk. pzpJh ftuB"itkB okPNotkdh p[ZXhihth B/sk e/HNhH s/bzr ns/ fco'iPkj wfjsk okiBhfse wsG/dK d/ ekoB g[okD/ B/sktKGkJh cqkwth ns/ fdBPk g/fNN s'A tZy j' rJ/ s/ 1885 ftu ‘pKp/ gq?;hv/A;h n?;';hJ/PB’ dk rmB ehsk. g[okD/;zrmBK ftu f;oc fJe ;zrmB ‘g{Bk ;kotifBe ;Gk’ dh j'Ad poeoko ojh, feT[Afe fJ;dh nrtkJh gfjbKs'A jh okPNotkdh p[ZXhihthnK d/ jZEK ftu ;h. fJBQK ;kbK d"okB d/P ftu fJe BthA okiBhfse u/sBk nzrVkJh

1885 ftu Gkosh okFPnNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk Bk s/ nB'yh xNBk ;h s/ Bk jh e'JhfJfsjk;e d[oxNBk. 1860 ns/ 1870 d/ dPe s'A jh GkoshnK ftu okiBhfse u/sBk g?dkj'D bZrh ;h. eKro; dh ;EkgBk fJ; tXdh u/sBk dh gokekPmk ;h.

B ØN;


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b?D bZrh ;h. Bt/A okiBhfse ihtB dh T[sgsh dk ;zd/P fwbyD bZrk ;h. fJj ;zd/P d/e/ nkJ/ okPNotkdhnypko–‘fjzd{’, ‘fNqfpT{B’, ‘pzrkbh’ ‘wokmk’ ns/ ‘e/;oh’. fJj ;ko/ okPNotkdh nypko fJ;/ d"okB fBebD/P[o{ j'J/ ns/ 1918 se Gkosh okiBhsh T[s/ SkJ/ oj/. ‘nzfwqs pkiko gZfsqek’ jh fJe ngtkd ;h. fJ;dkgqekPB gfjbK s'A jh fojk ;h. 1878 ftu fJj nzrq/Ih GkPk dk nypko j' frnk.

1885 nkT[Ad/–nkT[Ad/ fJe nfyb Gkosh okiBhfse ;zrmB dk iBw nktPe j' frnk, fJe fJfsjk;eIo{os. d/P d/ ;ko/ okPNotkdhnK B/ fJ; Io{os Bz{ pj[s fPZds d/ Bkb wfj;{; ehsk. 1877 d/ pkndfJ; T[d/P dh gqkgsh d/ bJh i' th e'fPPK ehshnK rJhnK, T[; *s/ nZi d/ eJh fJfsjk;eko ft;fsqso{g ftu fby u[Ze/ jB. 1883 d/ pknd fJBQK e'fPPK ftu ekch s/Ih nkJh ns/ okiBhfse rshftXhnKB/ i'o cfVnk. ebeZsk s'A gqekPs ‘fJzvhnB fwoo’ B/ sK fJ; ;tkb Bz{ b? e/ fijkd S/V fdZsk ;h. d;zpo1883 ftu ‘fJzvhnB n?;';hJ/PB’ B/ ‘nfyb Gkosh okPNoh ;zw/bB’ dk nk:'iB ehsk ;h ns/ d;zpo 1885ftu d{ik ;zw/bB eoD dh x'PDk ehsh ;h (fJjh ekoB ;h fe nfyb Gkosh okPNoh ;zw/bB Bkb i[V/;[o/AdoBkE pBoih 1885 ftu Gkosh okPNoh eKro; d/ ;EkgBk ;so ftu Pkwb Bk j' ;e/).

fJ; ftu GkoshnK ftu ekch nksw ftPtk; nk u[Zek ;h. fJ; s'A gfjbK d/ 10 ;kbK d/ d"okB swkwnzd'bBK Bkb T[BQK ftu bVke{ gqftosh nk rJh ;h. 1875 d/ pknd s'A ‘egVk nkfJnks P[be’ Bz{ b? e/nzd'bB ubdk fojk. fJj nzd'bB Gkosh egVk–T[d:'r d/ fjs ftu nkfJnks P[be Bz{ poeoko oZyD d/bJh ubkfJnk ik fojk ;h. 1877–1878 d/ d"okB ;oekoh B"eohnK d/ GkosheoB d/ bJh ipod;s nzd'bBufbnk. ;oeko B/ id ‘toBke[bo gq?; n?eN’ d/ d[nkok gq?; T[/s/ fB:zsoD eoBk ukfjnk, sK g?q; B/ nzd'bBS/fVnk. ‘nkow;–n?eN’ d/ d[nkok id GkoshnK dk jfEnko oZyD dk nfXeko b? fbnk ikD bZrk sKnzd'bB fSV frnk.

;zB 1881–82 ftu ‘pkrkB wId{o ns/ ;td/Ph nkpoiB nfXfBnw’ d/ fybkc nzd'bB ubkfJnk frnk.fJ; ekBz{B d/ pkrkB wId{oK Bz{ fJe soQK Bkb dk; pDk fdZsk frnk ;h. 1883 ftu ‘fJbpoN ftX/ne’d/ ;woED ftu nzd'bB j'fJnk. fJ; ftX/ne ftu fJj gqktXkB ;h fe Gkosh iZi :[o'gh BkrfoeK T[s/ngokXe w[eZdw/ dh ;[BtkJh eo ;ed/ jB. :[o'gh BkrfoeK B/ fJ; ftX/ne Bz{ gk; BjhA j'D fd~sk, b/feB fJ; Bkb GkoshnK B/ fJe okiBhfse ;pe Io{o f;Zfynk. GkoshnK dh jko dk ekoD ;h fe fJBQKdk e'Jh d/Pftnkgh ;zrmB BjhA ;h, idfe :[o'gh BkrfoeK dk fto'X ;zrms ;h.

Gkos ns/ fpqN/B ftu fJe' t/b/ okiBhfse nzd'bB ubkT[D d/ T[d/P Bkb i[bkJh 1883 ftu d/Pftnkgh;so *s/ XB fJeZmk eoB dk ezw P[o{ j'fJnk. 1885 ftu GkoshnK B/, ;t?fSe ;zrmBK ftu GkrhdkohbJh nzd'bB S/fVnk ns/ T[; s'A pknd nzr/qI wsdksktK Bz{ fpqN/B G/fink frnk, fi~E/ T[BQK B/;kotifBe ;GktK ftu GkPD fd~sk.

fJ; soQK ;gPN j' iKdk j? fe eKro; dh ;EkgBk, 1885 s'A gfjbK d/ e[M ;kbK s'A d/P ftu ub oj/ okiBhfseekoi ns/ rshftXhnK dh ;tkGkfte gfoBsh ;h. T[; ;w/A se d/P dh okiBhfse gfoBsh n?;h pD rJh;h fe fJj Io{oh j' frnk ;h fe e[M p[fBnkdh ezw ns/ fBPkB/ s? ehs/ ikD ns/ T[BQK d/ bJh ;zxoP P[o{ ehskikt/. fJBQK fBPkfBnK Bz{ jk;b eoB d/ bJh fJj Io{oh ;h fe d/P d/ okiBhfse ekoieosk wzu T[s/ nkT[D.nfyb Gkosh nkXko T[s/ rms e'Jh fJe ;zrmB jh n?;k wzu gqdkB eo ;edk ;h. fJj ;ko/ fBPkB/ fJe–d{i/ *s/ nkXkos ;B ns/ fJBQK Bz{ sK jh jk;b ehsk ik ;edk ;h. id okPNoh ;so *s/ e'Jh e'fPP P[o{ehsh iKdh. 28 d;zpo 1885 Bz{ pzpJh ftu j'J/ ;zw/bB ftu fiBQK b'eK B/ fjZ;k fbnk ;h, T[BQK bJh fJjp[fBnkdh beP jh ;G s'A wj~stg{oB ;h ns/ T[j fJj T[whd b? e/ jh T[E/ rJ/ ;B fe fJBQK fBPkB/ B[jk;b eoB dh gqfeqnk dh P[o{nks pzpJh s'A j' ;e/rh. eKro; dh ;cbsk iK n;cbsk ns/ pknd d/ ;kbKftu T[;d/ ufoZso dk fBoXkoD, pikfJ fJ;d/ fe T[;dh ;EkgBk feBQK b'eK B/ ehsh, fJ; Bkb ehsk ikDkukjhdk j? fe nkgDh ;EkgBk d/ P[o{nks ftu fJBQK fBPkfBnK Bz{ jk;b eoB ftu T[j fe~E/ se ;cb ojh.

okPNo dk fBowkDokPNo dk fBowkDokPNo dk fBowkDokPNo dk fBowkDokPNo dk fBowkDT[; ;w/A Gkos B/ okPNo pDB dh gqfeqnk d/ o;s/ T[s/ edw tXkfJnk jh ;h. Gkosh okPNoh nzd'bB d/gq/oDsktK d/ ;kjwD/ gfjbk fBPkBk fJjh ;h fe GkoshnK Bz{ fJe okPNo d/ o{g ftu i'VB ns/ Gkosh iBsk


B ØN


d/ o{g ftu T[;dh gSkD pDkT[D dh fJj gqfeqnk nZr/ tXkJh ikt/. T[gfBt/Ptkdh gqPk;e ns/ T[BQK d/nB[:kJh sd ne;o fJj fejk eod/ ;B fe Gkos “fJe BjhA j' ;edk” iK nikd BjhA j' ;edk feT[AfefJj fJe okPNo BjhA j?, pbfe fJj wfji fJe G'r'fbe Ppdktbh j? ns/ ;?AefVnK t~y–t~y XowK s/ iksKd/ b'eK dk ;w{j j?. BthA ghVh B{z fJj fizw/tkoh fdZsh ikDh j? fe T[j nkgDh ;cbsktK d/ d[nkok d/Pdh ;/tk eo/. ;kBz{ :kfB toswkB ghVh d/ b'eK Bz{ fJ;h rzb dk ;zs'y j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe n;hA w[Zy s"o *s/nkgDh n;cbsktK d/ d[nkok d/P dh ;/tk s/ ehsh. jkbKfe fJj ekch w[Pfeb j?, fco th fJBQK n;cbsktKd/ ftu'A jh T[j Pesh T[Go/rh i' n~r/ ub e/ wjkB fBPkfBnK ns/ ekoiK Bz{ g{ok eo/rh.”

fjT{w dh G{fwekfjT{w dh G{fwekfjT{w dh G{fwekfjT{w dh G{fwekfjT{w dh G{fwekj[D fJe tko n;hA fjT{w dh soc tkg; nkT{Ad/ jK. nkfyo eh ;h fjT{w dh G{fwek< i/eo eKro; dh;EkgBk eoB tkb/ b'eK ftu fJzBh jh :'rsk ns/ d/PGrsh ;h, sK T[BQK Bz{ eh Io{os ;h fe T[j fjT{wBz{ eKro; dk w[~y ;zrmB eosk pDkT[Ad/< J; ;tkb dk sK mhe itkp T[; ;w/A dh jkbs ftu jh S[fgnkj?. Gkosh T[gwjkdhg d/ ft;fsqs nkeko dh s[bBk ftu, 1880 d/ dPe dh P[o{nks ftu okiBhfse ;'uo~yD tkb/ b'e pj[s x~N ;h ns/ fpqfNP Pk;eK d/ y[b/ fto'X dh gozgok dh iVK th sd fes/ th izw BjhA;ehnK ;B.

dkdkGkJh B"o'ih, fBnkfJw{osh okBkv/, fco'IPkj w/jsk ih, ;[pqjwDhnw nJhno j'o fJe ;kb pknd nkJ/ ;[o/AdoBkE pBoih tor/ T[s;kjh j'o B/sktK B/ fJ;bJh fjT{w e'b'A ;fj:'r fbnk fe T[j fpbe[b P[o{–P[o{ ftujh ;oeko Bkb d[PwDh BjhA w'b b?dk ukj[zd/ ;B. T[BQK dk ;'uBk ;h fe nro eKro; tor/ ;oeko–fto'Xh;zrmB dk w[~y ;zrmBeosk n?;k nkdwh j't/ i' ntekP gqkgs fpqfNP nfXekoh j't/ sK fJ; ;zrmB d/ gqsh ;oekoBz{ Pe–P[pjk xZN j'J/rk ns/ fJ; ekoB eKro; T[s/ ;oekoh jwb/ dh r[zikfJP x~N j'J/rh.

d{i/ PpdK ftu nro fjT{w ns/ d{i/ nzrq/I T[dkotkdhnK B/ eKro; dk fJ;s/wkb ‘;[oZfynk tkbt’ d/ s"oT[s/ eoBk th ukfjnk, sK eKro; d/ B/sktK B/ T[BQK dk ;kE fJ; T[whd Bkb fb~sk fe fj b'e eKro; d/bJh ‘sfVs ukbe’ tork ezw eoBr/ ns/ nzd'bB T[s/ fv~rD tkbh dwB dh fpibh s'A T[; Bz{ puk ;eDr/ns/ fi; soQK fe pknd ftu jkbks rtkj jB, fJ; wkwb/ ftu eKro; d/ B/sktK dk nzdkIk ns/ T[whdKjh mhe fBebhnK.

;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD (Self Assessment)1H mhe ftebg u[D' 1H mhe ftebg u[D' 1H mhe ftebg u[D' 1H mhe ftebg u[D' 1H mhe ftebg u[D' (Choose the Correct Option)^

1H eKro; T[s/ ;[o~fynk tkbo f;XKs fe;B/ fd~sk ;h<

(a) phHihH fsbe (b) bkbk bkigs okJ/ (c) ;[o/AdoBkE pBoih(d) r'gkbfeqPB r'yb/

2H eKro; dh ;EkgBk d;zpo 1885 ftu fe;B/ ehsh<

(a) J/HUH fjT{w (b) vcfoB (c) t/vopoB(d) bkov o/

3H ;[o/AdoBkE pBoih ns/ nkBzd w'jB p'; dh nrtkJh ftu ‘fJzvhnB n?;';hJ/PB’ dh ;EkgBk ed'Aj'Jh<(a) 1872 (b) 1874 (c) 1876 (d) 1878

4H ‘fJzvhnB fwoo’ fe~E'A gqekPs j'fJnk ;h<

(a) pzpJh (b) ebeZsk (c) fJbkjkpkd (d) fd~bh

5H fJzvhnB n?;';hJ/PB B/ gfjbK ‘nfyb Gkosh okPNoh ;zw/bB’ dk nk:'iB ed'A ehsk<

(a) 1883 (b) 1884 (c) 1885 (d) 1888


B ØN


9H29H29H29H29H2 j'wo{b nzd'bBL b'ewkfBnk fsbe s/ n?Bhp/;/AN dh G{fwek ns/j'wo{b nzd'bBL b'ewkfBnk fsbe s/ n?Bhp/;/AN dh G{fwek ns/j'wo{b nzd'bBL b'ewkfBnk fsbe s/ n?Bhp/;/AN dh G{fwek ns/j'wo{b nzd'bBL b'ewkfBnk fsbe s/ n?Bhp/;/AN dh G{fwek ns/j'wo{b nzd'bBL b'ewkfBnk fsbe s/ n?Bhp/;/AN dh G{fwek ns/fJ;dk gsB fJ;dk gsB fJ;dk gsB fJ;dk gsB fJ;dk gsB (Home Rule Movement: Role of Lokmanya andAnnie Besant, its Fallout)

pkb rzrkXo fsbe S/ ;kb dh bzwh ;ik eZND s'A pknd 16 i{B, 1914 Bz{ i/b s'A S[~N/. e?d dk fInkdkso ;wKwzvkb/ i/b (powk) ftu phfsnk ;h. Gkos tkg; nkJ/, sK T[BQK Bz{ bZfrnk fe T[j fi; d/P Bz[ S~v e/ rJ/ ;h,T[j ekch pdb frnk j?. ;td/Ph nzd'bB d/ eqKshekoh B/sk noftzd x'P ;zfBnk; dh okj cV g'Avhu/ohgj[zu rJ/ ;h ns/ bkbk bkigs okJ/ nwohek ftu ;h. Gkosh okPNoh eKro; ;{os d/ ftGkiB, ;td/Phnzd'bBekohnK T[s/ nzrq/Ih je{ws d/ dwBekoh jwfbnK ns/ 1909 d/ ;zftXkfBe ;[XkoK d/ ekoBBowgzEh okPNotkdh dh fBokPk d/ fJeZm/ ;dw/ s'A ni/ se T[po BjhA ;eh ;h.

fsbe B/ ;'funk ;G s'A gfjbK sK eKro; ftu fco s'A Pkwb j'fJnk ikt/ ns/ pkeh BowgzEhnK B{z thfJ; ftu tkfVnk ikt/. fsbe Bz{ fJj ftPtk; j' ufbnk ;h fe Gkosh okPNoh eKro;, Gkosh okPNohnzd'bB dk gqnkfJ pD u[Zeh j? ns/ fpBK fJ;dh fJikis d/ e'Jh th okiBhfse nzd'bB ;cb BjhA j' ;edk.BowgzEhnK Bz{ ;wMkT[D–p[MkT[D ftu, T[BQK dk ftPtk; fiZsD s/ GftZy ftu nzrq/Ih je{ws dwB dk o;skBk nyfsnko eo/, fJ; T[d/P s'A T[BQK B/ x'PDk ehsh, “w?A ;kc–;kc efjzdk jK fe n;hI b'e fjzd[;skBftu gqFPk;B–ftt;Ek dk ;[Xko ukj[zd/ jK, fit/A fe nkfJob?Av ftu T[E/ d/ nzd'bBekoh wzr eo oj/ jB.nzrq/Ih je{ws Bz{ g[ZN ;[ND dk ;kvk fJokdk e'Jh BjhA j?. fJ; rZb Bz{ efjD ftu w?Bz{ e'Jh fjue BjhA j? feGkos d/ fGzB–fGzB GkrK ftu i' fjz;kswe xNBktK j'JhnK jB, Bk e/tb w/oh ftukoXkok d/ T[bN j?, pbfefJBQK d/ ekoB ;kv/ okiBhfse ftek; dh gqfeqnk th j'bh j'Jh j?.” T[BQK B/ nzrq/Ih je{ws d/ gqsh nkgDh fBPmkd[jokJh ns/ Gkosh iBsk Bz{ nghb ehsh fe T[j ;zeN dh xVh ftu nzrq/Ih je{ws dk ;kE d/D.

BowgzEh y/w/ d/ swkw B/sk j[D wfj;{; eoB b~r/ ;B fe 1907 ftu, ;{os ftu i' e[M T[BKQ B/ ehsk, T[jrbs ;h. T[j eKro; dh neowDsk s'A th d[yh jB. fJBQK Bz{ fsbe dh nghb pj[s uzrh b~rh. fJ;s'Anbktk fJBQK T[s/ J/Bh p/;/AN dk brksko dtkn g? fojk ;h fe d/P ftu okPNotkdh okiBhfdse nzd'bBBz{ fco s'A s/i eo'. J/Bh p/;/AN j[D/ jkb jh ftu eKro; ftu Pkwb j'Jh ;h. 1914 ftu T[j 66 ;kbKdh ;h, T[BQK d/ okiBhfse ihtB dh P[o{nks fJzrb?Av ftu j'Jh ;h, fi~E/ T[BQK B/ ;[szso fuzsB (cqh EkN),T[rq–;[Xkotkd (o?vhefbiw), cfpnBtkd ns/ pqjwftfdnk (fEn';kch) d/ gquko ftu fjZ;k fbnk. 1893ftu T[j Gkos nkJh, T[d/P ;h ‘fEn'–;'cheb ;';kfJNh’ d/ bJh ezw eoBk. T[BQK B/ wdok; d/ fJeT[gBro nfvnko ftu nkgDk dcso y'fbnk ns/ 1907 s'A pqjwftfdnk (fEn';'ch) dk gquko eoB bZrh.e[M ;w/I ftu jh T[BQK B/ ;woEeK dh fJe tZvh frDsh fsnko eo bJh. fJ; ftu fInkdkso T[BQK;w[dktK d/ f;fyns ftnesh Pkwb j'J/ ;B, fiBQK ftu ni/ se ;K;feqse g[BoikroD BJhA j'fJnk ;h.1914 ftu J/Bh p/;/AN B/ nkgDh rshftXhnK dk dkfJok tXkT[D dk fBoDk fbnk ns/ ‘nkfJob?Av dh j'wo{bbhr’ dh soQK Gkos ftu th ;t?Pk;B dh wzr Bz{ b? e/ nzd'bB ubkT[D dh :'iBk pDkJh. T[BK B{z b~frnkfe fJ;d/ bJh eKro; dh nkfrnk ns/ rowgzEh nzd'bBekohnK dk ;fj:'r b?Dk Io{oh j?. rowgzEhnKdk ;fj:'r gkT[D d/ bJh T[BQK Bz{ eKro; ftu Pkwb eoBk Io{oh ;h. J/Bh p/;/AN eKro; d/ BowgzEh B/sktK Bz{ ;wMkT[D brh fe T[j fsbe s/ T[BQK d/ rowgzEh ;fj:'rhnK Bz{ eKro; ftu Pkwb j'D dh fJIkisd/ d/D.

b/feB 1914 d/ eKro; nfXt/PB B/ T[BQK dh e'fPPK T[s/ gkDh c/o fd~sk. fco'iPkj w/jsk ns/ pzpJh d/ T[BQKd/ BowgzEh ;woEeK B/ r'yb/ ns/ pzrkb d/ BowgzEhnK Bz{, rowgzEhnK Bz{ pkjo o~yD bJh wBk fbnk. fJ;d/pknd fsbe ns/ J/Bh p/;/AN B/ y[d nkgD/ p{s/ T[s/ okiBhfse nzd'bB ubkT[D dk c?;bk fbnk ns/ Bkb jh BkbT[j eKro; T[s/ dpkn th gkT[Adh ojh fe T[j rowgzEhnK Bz{ d[pkok nkgDk ;dZ; pDk bt/.

1915 d/ P[o{ ftu J/Bh p/;/AN B/ d' nypkoK–‘fBT[ fJzvhnk’ (New India) ns/ ‘ekwBthb’ (Commonweal)d/ d[nkok nzd'bB S/V fdZsk. iB;GktK ns/ ;zw/bB nk:'fis ehs/. T[BQK dh wzr ;h fe fi; soQK Bkb r'o/T[gfBt/P ftu T[E'A dh iBsk Bz{ nkgDh ;oeko pDkT[D dk nfXeko fdZsk frnk j?, Gkosh iBsk Bz{ th;t?Pk;B dk nfXeko fwb/. ngq?b 1915 d/ pknd J/Bh p/;/AN B/ j'o th seVk s/ i[Mko{ o[y nyfsnko ehsk.


B ØN


fJzB/ ftu b'ewkfBnk fsbe B/ th nkgDh okiBhfse rshftXh P[o{ eo fd~sh b/feB T[j ekch ;ktXkB ;B.T[j BjhI ukj[zd/ ;h fe eKro; dk BowgzEh y/wk Boki j't/ iK eKro; Bz{ fJj bZr/ fe fsbe dh rshftXhnKeKro; dh BhshnK Bkb w/b BjhA yKdh. T[BQK dh fdbh ykjP eKro; ftu fe;/ soQK Pkwb j'D dh ;h. fsbeB/ 1915 ftu g{Bk ftu nkgD/ ;woEeK Bz{ fJe ;zw/bB p[bkfJnk, fi; ftu fJj c?;bk ehsk frnk fe g/Av{ iBskBz{ eKro; d/ T[d/PK ns/ T[;dh rshftXhnK Bkb ikD{ eokT[D bJh fJe ;z;EkB dk rmB ehsk ikt/. fJ; c?;b/d/ pknd T[;/ ;kb nr;s ns/ ;szpo ftu wjkokPNo d/ eJh BroK ftu, i' ;EkBe ;zrmB pD/, T[j okiBhfsershftXh Bz{ s/i eoD dh pikJ/ ;koh Pesh eKro; ftu J/esk ;Ekgs eoB T[s/ you eod/ oj/. T[j pokpoi'o fdzd/ oj/ fe fe;/ soQK th nzd'bB bJh eKro; ftu J/esk Io{oh j?. BowgzEh eKro; d/ e[M o{VhtkdhnK T[s/ dpkngkT[D d/ bJh fsbe B/ edh–edh Xweh dk th ;jkok fbnk, go T[BQK Bz{ ftPtk; ;h fe fInkdkso BowgzEh B/sktKBz{ T[j ;wMk–p[Mk e/ wBk b?Dr/.

rowgzEhnK dh ;cbskrowgzEhnK dh ;cbskrowgzEhnK dh ;cbskrowgzEhnK dh ;cbskrowgzEhnK dh ;cbskfd;zpo 1915 ftu eKro; dk ;kbkBk nfXt/PB j'fJnk ns/ fsbe s/ J/Bh p/;/AN dhnK e'fPPK Bkb ;cbskfwbh. rowgzEhnK Bz{ eKro; ftu tkg; b?D dk c?;bk ehsk frnk. fco'iPkj w/jsk d/ d/jKs ekoB pzpJhd/ BowgzEh dk fto'X p/n;o ;kps j'fJnk. r'yb/ dk th d/jKs j' u[~ek ;h. rowgzEhnK Bz{ eKro; ftutkg; fbnkT[D ftu sK J/Bh p/;/AN ;cb ojh, go ‘j'w o{b bhr’ d/ rmB d/ nkgD/ gq;skt T[s/ T[j eKro;ns/ w[;fbw bhr dh wzi{oh Bjh b? ;eh. b/feB ;EkBe gZXo T[s/ eKro; ;whshnK Bz{ g[Bo–ihts eoBd/ bJh gquko–ekoiK d/ T[BQK d// gq;skt Bz{ eKro; B/ wzB fbnk. gozs{ T[BQK B/ T[; ;w/A dh eKro; dkufoZso ns/ T[;dh skes dk gsk ;h. T[j ikDdh ;h fe eKro; B/ fJBQK gq'rokwK dh wzi{oh sK d/ fdZshj?, gozs{ T[j fJ; T[s/ nwb BjhA eo/rh, fJ; bJh T[BQK B/ nkgD/ gq;skt d/ Bkb fJj Pos th oZyh ;hfe i/ ;szpo 1916 se eKro; fJBQK gq'rokwK T[s/ nwb BjhA eo/rh, sK T[j y[d nkgDk ;zrmB (bhr)pDk bt/rh.

fsbe Bz{ eKro; ftu tkg; nkT[D dk nfXeko fwb frnk ;h ns/ T[BQK B/ eKro; Bkb fe;/ soQK dk e'Jhtkdk th BjhA ehsk ;h, fJ; bJh T[BQK B/ ng?qb 1916 ftu p/brKt ftu j'J/ gqKshJ/ ;zw/bB ftu ‘j'w o{bbhr’ d/ rmB dh x'PDk eo fdZsh. J/Bh p/;/AN d/ ;woEe th j[D e[;w[;kT[D bZr/. T[j ;szpo se fJzsikoeoB B{ fsnko BjhA ;h. T[BQK J/Bh p/;/AN T[s/ dpkn gk e/ ‘j'w o{b ro~[g’ dh ;EkgBk dh nkfrnk b? bJh.iw[Bkdk; dtkoekdk;, Pzeobkb p?Aeo ns/ fJzd{bkb :krfBe B/ pzpJh d/ fJe nypko ‘:zr fJzvhnk’ dkgqekPB P[o{ eo fdZsk ns/ nzrq/Ih s/ y/soh GkPktK ftu gou/ eZYD bJh d/P d/ e'B/–e'B/ s'A uzdk fJeZmkeoB bZr/. J/Bh p/;/AN B/ ;zspo se fJzsiko ehsk. eKro; g{oh soQK fBPfeqn ;h. T[BQK B/ ‘j'w o{b bhr’dh ;EkgBk dh x'PDk eo fd~sh ns/ nkgD/ ;woEe ikoi no[zv/b Bz{ ;zrmB–;fut fB:[es ehsk. fsbe ns/J/Bh p/;/AN B/ nkgDh–nkgDh ‘bhr’ bJh ekoi y/soK dh tzv th eo fdZsh, fi; Bkb e'Jh rVpVh Bkj't/. fsbr dh ‘bhr’ d/ fizw/ nkfJnk eoBkNe, wjkokPNo (pzpJh SZv e/), wZX gqKs ns/ p/oko. d/P d/ pkehfjZ;/ J/Bh p/;/AN dh ‘bhr’ d/ fizw/ nkJ/. fJBQK d'tK B/ nkgDk fwbkg BjhA ehsk. ekoD, pe"b J/Bh p/;/AN,“T[BQK d/ (fsbe) e[M ;woEe w?Bz{ g;zd BjhA eod/ ;h ns/ w/o/ e[M ;woEe T[BQK Bz{ Bkg;zd eod/ ;h.b/feB w/o/ s/ T[BQK d/ ftu fe;/ soQK dk e'Jh MrVk BjhA ;h.”

fsbe B/ wjkokPNo dk d"ok ehsk. ‘j'w o{b nzd'bB’ dk y{p gquko ehsk. iBsk Bz{ ;wMkfJnk fe fJ;dh Io{osfeT[A j?, fJ;d/ T[d/P eh jB. T[BQK d/ PpdK ftu–“Gkos T[; p/N/ dh soQK j?, i' j[D itkB j' uZfenk j?.;w/A dk sekik j? fe pkg iK gkbe fJ: p/N/ Bz{ T[;dk tkip je d/ dt/. Gkosh iBsk Bz{ j[D nkgDk je b?Dkjh j'J/rk. T[BQK Bz{ fJ;dk g{ok nfXeko j?.” fsbe B/ y/soh GkPk ftu f;fynk ns/ GkPkJh okiK dh wzr Bz{‘;toki’ dh wzr Bkb i'V fdsk. T[BKQ B/ fejk, “wokmh, s/br{, ezBV s/ j'o GkPktK d/ nkXko T[s/ gqKsK d/ rmBdh wzr dk noE jh j? fe f;fynk dk wkfXnw y/soh GkPk j't/. eh nzr/qI nkgD/ T[E/ d/ b'eK Bz{ cqK;h;h ftuf;fynk fdzd/ jB< eh iowB nkgD/ b'eK Bz{ nzrq/ih ftu f;fynk fdzd/ jB iK s[oe cq?Au ftu f;fynk fdzd/ jB<”1915 ftu pzpJh d/ gqKshJ/ ;zw/bB ftu fsbe B/ r'yb/ d/ d/jKs s/ P'e gq;skt ofynk. thHthH nb[o fJ;dk;woEB eoB bJh fit/A jh yV/ j'J/, fsbe B/ fejk, “ezBV GkPk dk nfXeko iskT[D bJh ezBV ftu p'b'.”fJ; Bkb gsk ubdk j? fe fsbe ftu y/soh iK wokmh ;zehoDsk BjhA ;h.


B ØN


r?o–pqkjwDK d/ gqshfBXhst ns/ S{nkS{s d/ wkwb/ ftu fsbe ikshtkdh BjhA ;h. wjkokPNo d/ r?o–pqkjwDK B/ fJe tko id'A ;oeko Bz{ tZyo/ s"o s/ rZb ehsh s/ fejk fe T[Abs torK dh wzrK Bkb T[BQK dke'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j?, sK eJh b'eK B/ fJ;dk fto'X ehsk. b/feB fsbe B/ fJBQK fto'X eoB tkfbnK Bz{;wMkfJnk, “s[;hA b'e Xhoi Bkb ezw bt'. i/eo n;hA T[BQK Bz{ ;wMk ;e/ fe n;hA T[BQK d/ Bkb jK ns/T[BQK dh wzrK s/ ;kvhnK wzrK ftu e'Jh coe BjhA j?, sK w?Bz{ gZek ftPtk; j? fe n;wkBsk fwNKt[D bJhfSfVnk T[BQK dk nzd'bB ;kv/ ;zxoP Bkb i[V ikJ/rk.” T[BQK B/ r?o–pqkjwDK Bz{ ;wMkfJnk fe MrVkpqkjwDK ns/ r?o–pqkjwDK dk BjhA j?, G/d–f;fyns ns/ nf;fyns d/ ftZu j?. pqkjwD r?o–pqkjwD dhs[bBk ftu fInkdk f;fyns jB, fJ; bJh r?opqkjwDK dh tekbs eoB tkbh ;oeko th wip{o j'e/;oekoh B"eohnK ftu pqkjwDK Bz{ jh Gosh eodh j?. ;oeko pqkjwDK d/ gqsh nkgD/ fBoze[P otJhJ/ d/pkti{d, T[BQK Bz{ gqPk;B ftu irkj d/ ojh j?, feT[Afe T[j wzBdh j? fe gV/Q–fby/ b'e jh gqPk;B ubk ;ed/jB. S{nkS{s T[bw{bB d/ bJh nk:'fis fJe ;zw/bB ftu fsbe B/ fejk ;h, “i/eo GrtkB th S{nkS{s Bz{podkPs eoB, sK w?A GrtkB Bz{ BjhA wzBKrk.”

fsbe d/ T[; ;w/A fd~s/ rJ/ GkPDK ftu fes'A th Xkofwe nghb BjhA Mbedh. ‘j'w o{b’ dh wzr g{oh soQKXowfBog/ysk T[s/ nkXkos ;h. fsbe dk efjDk ;h fe nzr/qIK Bkb fto'X dk ekoB fJj BjhA j? fe T[jfe;h d{;o/ Xow d/ wzBD tkb/ jB, T[BQK dk fto'X sK n;h fJ; bJh eod/ jK, feT[Afe T[j Gkosh iBskd/ fjs ftu e'Jh ezw BjhA eo oj/ jB. fsbe d/ PpdK ftu, “nzrq/I j't/ iK w[;bwkB, i/ T[j fJ; d/P dh iBsk d/ fjs bJh ezw dodk j?, sK T[j ;kv/ bJh gokfJnk BjhA. fJ; gokJ/gB dk Xow iK feZs/Bkb e'Jh foPsk BjhA j?. fJj f;~X/–;kd/ fjsK Bkb i[fVnk gqPB j?HHH.”

fsbe B/ S/ wokmh ns/ d' nzrq/Ih gou/ eZY e/, nkgD/ gquko ekoi Bz{ j'o s/I eo fdZsk. fJBQK gofunKdhnK 47 jIko ekghnK t/uhnK rJhnK. pknd ftu fJBQK gofunK Bz{ r[ioksh ns/ ezBV GkPk ftu thSkfgnk frnk. ‘bhr’ dhnK S/ PkyktK pDkJhnK rJhnK. wZX wjkokPNo, pzpJh Bro, eoBkNe ns/ wZXgqKs ftu fJe–fJe s/ p/oko ftu d'.

j'w o{b nzd'bB B/ fit/A i'o cVBk P[o{ ehsk, ;oeko B/ dpkng{ope ekotkJhnK s/i eo fdshnK. fJ;nzd'bB T[s/ tko eoB bJh ;oeko B/ fJe ftP/P fdB u[fDnk. 23 i[bkJh 1916 fsbe dk 60tK iBwfdB;h. fJe tZv/ ;wko'j dk nk:'iB ehsk frnk ns/ fsbe Bz{ fJe bZy o[gJ/ dh E?bh G/N ehsh rJh. ;oekoB/ th fJ; nt;o T[s/ T[BQK Bz{ fJBkw fdsk. T[BK Bz{ fJe ‘ekoB dZ;' B'fN;’ fdsk frnk, fi; ftu fbfynk;h fe s[jkvh rshftXhnK d/ ubd/ s[jkv/ T[s/ gqshpzX feT[A Bk brk fdsk ikt/. T[BQK Bz{ 60 jIko dk w[ubekGoB Bz{ fejk frnk. fsbe bJh PkfJd fJj ;G s'A wj~stg{oB fJBkw ;h. T[BQK B/ fejk, “j[D j'w o{bnzd'bB izrb ftu n~r dh soQK c?b/rk. ;oekoh dwB ftdo'j dh n~r Bz{ j'o GVekJ/rk.”

fsbe dh soc s'A w[jzwd nbh fizBk dh nrtkJh ftu tehbK dh fJe g{oh Nhw B/ w[e~dwk bfVnk.wfi;Nq/N dh ndkbs ftu sK fsbe w[e~dwk jko rJ/ go Btzpo ftu jkJh e'oN B/ T[BKQ Bz{ fBod'Peoko fdsk. fJ; fi~s dh ;ko/ soc'A Pbkxk j'Jh. rKXh d/ ‘:zr fJzvhnk’ nypko B/ fbfynk, “fJjnfGftnesh dh nkikdh dh pj[s t~vh fi~s j?. j'w o{b nzd'bB bJh fJe pj[s t~vh ;cbsk j?.” fJ;nt;o dk fsbe B/ th ckfJdk u[fenk ns/ nkgD/ ;kotifBe GkPDK ftu efjD br fe j'w o{b iK ;t?Pk;Bdh wzr gqrN eoB d/ bJh ;oeko B/ nkfrnk d/ fdsh j?. fsbe ns/ T[BK ;fj:'rhnK B/ gquko ekois/i eo fdsk s/ ngq?b 1917 se T[BQK B/ 14 jIko w?Apo pDk bJ/.

J/Bh p/;/AN dh ‘bhr’ B/ th ;szpo 1916 s'A ezw P[o{ eo fdsk go T[BQK dk ;zrmB pj[s fY~bk ;h. e'Jh th fszB ftneshfwb e/ fes/ th Pkyk y'b ;ed/ ;B, idfd fsbe dh bhr dk ;zrmB pj[s wip{s ;h, ;kohnK S/ PkyktK d/ ezw ns/ekoiy/so fBoXkos ;B. J/Bh p/;/AN dh bhr dh d' ;" PkyktK ;B. e[M PkyktK e;fpnK ns/ BroK ftu ;h, pkehfgzvK ftu. fJe Pkyk d/ sfjs e[M e[ fgzv jh nkT[Ad/ ;B. jkbKfe ekoiekoh gohPd dh u'D ehsh iKdh ;h, b/feB;kok ezw J/Bh p/;/AN ns/ T[BQK d/ ;fj:'rh no[zv/b, ;hHghH okwk;tkwh nJhno s/ phHghH tkvhnk d/yd/ ;h. w?ApoK Bz{fBod/P d/D dk e'Jh ;zrms sohek BjhA ngDkfJnk frnk. iK s/ ftneshrs o{g Bkb w?ApoK Bz{ fBod/P d/fds/ iKd/ iK fco ‘fBT[ fJzvhnk’ ftu no[zv/b d/ b/yK Bz{ gVQ e/ b'e ikDd/ fe T[BQK Bz{ eh eoBk j?. J/Bhp/;/AN dh bhr fsbe dh bhr dh s[bBk ftu w?Apo pDkT[D ftu th fg~S/ ojh. wkou 1917 se T[BQK dh bhr


B ØN


d/ w?ApoK dh frDsh f;oc ;~s jIko ;h. itkjobkb Bfjo{ (fJbkjkpkd), phH ueqtosh ns/ i/ pBoih (ebe~sk) thfJ; ftu Pkwb j' rJ/.

fcbjkb PkyktK dh frDsh Bkb bhr dh skes dk nzdkik brkT[Dk efmB j?, feT[Afe fJBQK ftu'A e[M sKekch wPr{b ;B ns/ e[M fBPfeqn feT[Afe T[j fInkdkso ‘fEn';'cheb ;';kfJNh’ dh rshftXhnK sejh ;hws ;B. ps"o T[dkjoB, wdok; Bro ftu PkyktK dh frDsh ;G s'A fInkdk ;h, b/feB pzpJh,T[Zso gqd/P d/ BroK ns/ r[iokis d/ g/Av{ fJbkfenK dh PkyktK ekch ezw eo ojhnK ;B, jkbKfe T[BQKdh frDsh xZN ;h.

fJBQK ;koh rshftXhnK dk fJe wkso beP ;h ‘j'w o{b’ dh wzr d/ bJh t~v/ gZXo s/ nzd'bB S/VBk. fJ;d/bJh okiBhfse f;fynk d/Dk ns/ okiBhfse pfj; P[o{ eoBk pj[s Io{oh ;h. no[zv/b B/ ‘fBT[ fJzvhnk’d/ wkfXnw Bkb nkgD/ ;woEeK Bz{ okihfse pfj; S/VB okPNoh okiBhsh d/ pko/ ikDekoh d/D tkb/g[;skekfbnK dh ;EkgBk, ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ okiBhfse f;fynk d/D bJh ebk;K dk nk:'iB, gou/tzvD/, uzdk fJe~mk eoB, ;wkie ekoi eoB, okiBhfse ;GktK d/ nk:'iB, d';sK d/ ftu ‘j'w o{b’ d/;woED ftu soe d/D ns/ T[BQK B/ nzd'bb ftu Gkrhdko pDB bJh ekoi eoB Bz{ fejk. eJh PkyktKB/ fJ; T[s/ nwb ehsk. okiBhfse pfj; ubkT[D T[s/ ftP/P o{g Bkb fXnkB fdsk frnk.

j'w o{b dk gquko fezBk s/i j'fJnk, fJ;dk nzdkIk fJ; s~E Bkb brk ;ed/ jK fe ;szpo 1916 se (J/Bh p/;/AN dhbhr dh ;EkgBk se) ‘gquko czv’ Bkb Skg/ ikD tkb/ fszB bZy gou/ tzv/ ik u[e/ ;B. fJj ‘gquko czv’ e[M wjhB/gfjbK jh ;Ekgs ehsk frnk ;h. fJBQK gofunK ftu ssekbhB ;oeko dk eZuk fu~mk jz[dk ;h ns/ ;toki d ;woEDftu soe fds/ iKd/ ;h. J/Bh p/;/AN dh bhr dh ;Ekgk d/ pknd fJBQK gofunK Bz{ fco Skfgnk frnk. eJh y/sohGkPktK ftu th fJBQK dk gqekPB j'fJnk. Bkb–Bkb iB;GktK dk nk:'iB s/ GkPD dk eqw th ikoh fojk. id thfe;/ w[d/ Bz{ b? e/ d/P ftnkgh gqsho'X dh p/Bsh ehsh iKdh, bhr dh ;koh PkyktK fJ;dk ;woED eodhnK. Btzpo1916 ftu, id J/Bh p/;/AN T[s/ p/oko s/ wZX gqKs ftu ikD T[s/ gqshpzX brkfJnk frnk, sK no[zv/b dh nghb s/bhr dh swkw PkyktK B/ fto'X p?meK nk:'fis ehshnK ns/ tkfJ;okJ/ s/ rqfj ;fut Bz{ fto'X gq;skt G/i/. fJ;/ soQK1917 ftu, id fsbe T[s/ gzikp s/ fd~bh ikD T[s/ gqshpzX brkfJnk frnk sK g{o/ d/P ftu fto'X p?meK j'JhnK.bhr dh swkw PkyktK B/ fJ;dk vN e/ fto'X ehsk.

eKro; dh neowDsk s'A d[yh nB/e BowgzEh eKro; th ‘j'w o{b’ nzd'bB ftu Pkwb j' rJ/. r'yb/ dh‘;ot?AN nkc fJzvhnk ;';kfJNh’ d/ w?ApoK Bz{ bhr dk w?Apo pDB dh fJIkis BjhA ;h, b/feB T[BQK B/ iBskd/ ftu GkPD d/e/ ns/ gou/ tzv e/ ‘j'w o{b’ nzd'bB dk ;woED ehsk. T[Zso gqd/P ftu nB/e BowgzEhokPNotkdhnK B/ byBT{ eKro; ;zw/bB (1916) dh fsnkoh d/ f;bf;b/ ftu j'w o{b bhr d/ ekoieosktKd/ Bkb fgzvK–e;fpnK dk d"ok ehsk. fJBQK dhnK fInkdkso p?meK ;EkBe ndkbsK d/ g[;sekfbnK ftujz[dhnK, fi~E/ ftfdnkoEh, ftT[gkoh s/ j'o fe~fsnK Bkb i[V/ j'J/ b'e fJeZm/ j[zd/. nro p?me fe;/ pkikod/ fdB j[zdh sK fJ; ftu fgzvK s'A nkJ/ fe;kB th Pehe j[zd/. fJBQK p?meK ftu fjzd[;skB dh rohph ns/p/jkbh dk w[~dk u[fenk iKdk. nshs dh ;wfodh dh :kd dtkJh iKdh ns/ :[o'g d/ ;[szsosk nzd'bBK T[s/gqekP gkfJnk iKdk, T[; s'A gq/oDk b?D dh nghb ehsh iKdh. fJBQK p?meK ftu fjzdh GkPk dk fJ;s/wkbehsk iKdk ;h. BowgzEhnK dk j'w o{b bhr Bz{ ;woEB d/Dk, e'Jh nuoi dh rZb BjhA ;h, feT[Afe bhr,BowgzEhnK d/ okiBhfse gquko s/ f;fyne g'qrokwK B{z jh n;bh ikwk gtk ojh ;h.

1916 ftu eKro; dk byBT{ nfXt/PB j'w o{b bhr d/ w?ApoK bJh nkgDh skes fdykT[D dk fJe uzrkw"ek ;h. fsbe d/ ;woEeK B/ sK fJe gozgok jh pDk fdZsh, fi; T[s/ eKro; pj[s ;kb se fNeh ojh.T[BQK d/ ;woEeK B/ byBT{ gj[zuD bJh fJe Nq/B p[e ehsh, fi;Bz{ e[M b'eK B/ ‘eKro; ;g?Pb’ dk Bkwfdsk, s/ e[M B/ ‘j'w o{b ;g?Pb’ fejk. no[zv/b B/ bhr d/ jo w?Apo Bz{ fejk ;h fe T[j byBT{ nfXt/PB dkw?Apo pDB dh jo ;zGt e'fPP eoB.

eKro;–bhr ;wM"skeKro;–bhr ;wM"skeKro;–bhr ;wM"skeKro;–bhr ;wM"skeKro;–bhr ;wM"skbyBT{ eKro; nfXt/PB ftu fsbe Bz{ d[pkok eKro; ftu Pkwb eo fbnk frnk. w[yh nzfpekuoDwi{wdko B/ fejk, “10 ;kbK d/ d[yd tyokgB s/ rbscfjwh d/ ekoB p/tikj d/ fttkdK ftu GNeD


B ØN


s'A pknd Gkosh okPNoh db d/ d't/A gk;/ j[D fJj wfj;{; ehsk j? fe tyokgB T[BQK dh jko j? s/ J/esk T[BK dh fi~s. j[D Gok–Gok fco fwb rJ/ jB.”

fJ;/ nfXt/PB ftu wj~stg{oB ‘eKro;–bhr’ ;wM"sk j'fJnk, i' ‘byBT{ g?eN’ d/ Bkw Bkb ikfDnk iKdkj?. fJ; ;wM"s/ ftu J/Bh p/;/AN ns/ fsbe B/ wj~stg{oB G{fwektK fBGkJhnK. wBw'jB wkbthnk ;w/s eJhtfoPm B/sk fJ;d/ fpbe[b fybkc ;B. T[BQK dk nko'g ;h fe fJj ;wM'sk w[;fbw bhr Bz{ pj[s st~i'A fdzdkj?. fsbe B/ fJ; nko'g T[s/ fejk, “e[M wjkB[GktK dk fJj nko'g j? fe n;hI fjzd{ nkgD/ w[;bwkB GoktKBz{ finkdk st~i' d/ oj/ jK. w?A efjzdk jK fe i/ ;t?Pk;B dk nfXeko e/tb w[;fbw tor Bz{ fdsk ikt/ sK w?Bz{e'Jh J/soki BjhA j'J/rk, okig{sK B{z fJj nfXeko fwb/, sK gotkj BjhA. i/ fJj nfXeko fjzd[nK d/ ;G s'A fgSV/torK Bz{ th fdsk ikt/ ;kBz{ e'Jh J/soki BjhA. w/ok fJj fpnkB ;w{uh Gkosh okPNoh GktBk dk gqshfBXhst eodkj?. id th s[;hA fe;/ shih gkoNh s'A bV oj/ j[zd/ j', sK ;G s'A Io{oh j[zdh j?, nkg;h J/esk, iksh J/esk, XkofweJ/esk ns/ ;kohnK okiBhfse ftukoXkoktK dh J/esk.”

fsbe Bz{ pj[s o{Vhtkdh fjzd{ wzfBnk iKdk ;h. T[j Gkosh gqkfu: ftfdnk d/ t~v/ ftdtkB ;B. id T[BQKB/ fJ; soK dk fpnkB fdsk, sK fe;/ gk;'A fto'X eoB dh fjzws BjhA j'Jh. jkbKfe w[;bwkBK d/ bJh nb~rfBotkuB y/soK d/ f;XKs B{ ;thekoBk fttkdg{oB ;h, b/feB fJj fJ; bJh ;theko ehsk frnk fe fes/x~N–frDsh tor Bz{ fJj Bk br/ fe pj[–frDsh T[BQ T[s/ gqG{st ;Ekgs eoBk ukjz[d/ jB.

byBT{ eKro; nfXt/PB B/ ;zt?XkfBe ;[XkoK dh wzr fco u[eh. w?ApoK dk wzBDk ;h fe ;tPk;B d/ bePdh gqkgsh ftu fJj wzr ;jkfJe j'J/rh. jkbKfe fJ; wzr ftu T[j ;koh uhiK Pkwb BjhA ;h, fit/A fej'wo{b bhr d/ w?Apo ukj[zd/ ;B, b/feB T[BK B/ fJ; s/ e'Jh fttkd BjhA yVk ehsk. T[j jo jkb ftu eKro;ftu J/esk pDk e/ oyDk ukj[zd/ ;B. fsbe B/ fJe j'o gq;skt ofynk fe eKro; nfXt/PB d/ fBoB? ns/gq'rokwK Bz{ nwbh o{g d/D bJh fJe ekoiekoDh dk rmB ehsk ikt/. go BowgzEhnK d/ fto'X d/ ekoBfJj gq;skt wzi{o Bk j' ;fenk. tk;st ftu fsbe ukjz[d/ ;B fe eKro; neowfDn Bk oj/, E'Vk ;ihtpD/ s/ ezw eo/.

fsbe dk gq;skt sK BkwzI{o j' frnk, go uko ;kb pknd id 1920 ftu wjkswk rKXh B/ eKro; ;zftXkBBz{ ;'X e/ T[;Bz{ BtK o{g fdsk–fJe n?;k ;o{g, i' fe;/ nzd'bB Bz{ bzp/ ;w/A se ubkT[D d/ bJh Io{oh ;h–sK T[BQK B/ th fsbe d/ fJ;h gq;skt Bz{ wzBD io{oh ;wfMnk.

eKro; nfXt/PB dh ;whfynk d/ s[ozs pknd T[;/ gzvkb ftu d'tK j'w o{b bhrK dh p?me j'Jh fi; ftubrGr fJe jIko gqshfBXhnK B/ Gkr fbnk. ‘eKro; bhr’ ;wM"s/ dh Pbkxk ehsh rJh ns/ fsbe s/J/Bh p/;/AN B/ p?me B{z ;zp'XB ehsk. byBT{ s'A nkT[Ad/ ;w/A fJBQK d'tK B/sktK B/ T[Zso, wZX ns/ g{ophGkos d/ nB/e y/soK dk d"ok ehsk.

;oekoh dwB;oekoh dwB;oekoh dwB;oekoh dwB;oekoh dwBj'w o{b nzd'bB j'w o{b nzd'bB j'w o{b nzd'bB j'w o{b nzd'bB j'w o{b nzd'bB d/ tXd/ gqGkt Bz{ d/y e/ ;oeko dk fuzss j'Dk ;tkGkfte ;h. wdok; ;oeko iok fInkdkjh ;ys j' rJh. T[;B/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ okiBhfse p?meK ftu Gkr b?D s/ gqshpzX brk fdsk. g{o/d/P ftu fJ;dk fto'X j'fJnk. fsbe B/ fejk, “;oeko Bz{ gsk j? fe d/P g/qw dh GktBk ftfdnkoEhnKBz{ fInkdk T[s/fis eodh j?. t?;/ th e'Jh th d/P B"itkB tor dh skes Bkb jh T[ABsh eo ;edk j?.”

wdok; ;oeko B/ i{B 1917 ftu J/Bh p/;/AN, ikoi no[zv/b s/ thHghH tkvhnk Bz{ frocsko eo fbnk. fJ;d/fybkc d/P ftnkgh gqdoPB j'J/. ;o n?;H ;[pqjwwDhnw nJhno B/ ;oekoh T[gkXh (BkJhNj[v)n;theko eo fdsh. wdBw'jB wkbthnk, ;o/AdoBkE pBoih ns/ w[jzwd nbh fizBk tor/ swkw BowgzEhB/sk, i' j[D se bhr ftu Pkw BjhA ;h, fJ; ftu Pkwb j' rJ/ ns/ T[BQK B/ p/;/AN s/ j'o B/sktK dhfrocskoh d/ fybkc nktkI u[eh. 28 i[bkJh 1917 Bz{ eKro; dh fJe p?me ftu fsbe B/ fejk fe i/ ;oekofJBQK b'eK Bz{ s[ozs fojk BjhA eodh j?, sK PKshg{oB n;fj:'r nzd'bB ubkfJnk ikt/. fJ; gq;skt Bz[ ;kohnKgqKshJ/ eKro; ;whshnK d e'b wzi{oh bJh G/fink frnk. p/oko ns/ wdok; dh eKro; ;whshnK sK fJ; T[s/s[ozs ekotkjh d/ gZy ftu ;h, gozs{ pkeh ;whshnK e'Jh fBoDk eoB s'A gfjbK E'Vk fJzsiko eoB d/ gZy ftu;h. rKXhih d/ efjD T[s/ Pzeobkb p?Aeo ns/ iwBkdk;, dtkoekdk; B/ n?;/ fJe jIko b'eK d/ d;sys


B ØN


fJeZm/ ehs/ i' ;oekoh nkd/PK dh T[bzxDk eoe/, ib{; dh Peb ftu ik e/ J/Bh p/;/AN Bkb fwbDk ukj[zd/;B. fJBQK b'eK B/ ‘;toki’ d/ ;woEB ftu fe;kBK ns/ wid{oK d/ j;skyo eokT[Dk P[o{ ehsk. r[ioksd/ e;fpnK ns/ fgzvK dk d"ok ehsk ns/ T[E/ bhr dh PkyktK ;Ekgs eoB ftu wdd ehsh. j'w o{b bhrd/ w?ApoK dh frDsh ftu ngqs~y tkXk j'fJnk.

fJ; gqeko ;oekoh dwB B/ nzd'bB Bz{ j'o tkXk fdsk, nzd'bBekohnK Bz{ j'o i[Mko{ pDkfJnk. wKNkfrT[B/ nkgDh vkfJoh ftu fbfynk j?, “fPt B/ nkgDh gsBh B{z 52 N[efVnK ftu eZfNnk, Gkos ;oeko B/id' J/Bh p/;/AN Bz{ frocsko ehsk, sK T[;d/ Bkb mhe fJzi jh j'fJnk.”

fJBQK xNBktK s'A pknd fJzrb?Av dh ;oeko B/ nkgDh BhshnK pdbhnK. j[D T[;dk o[y ;wM"sktkdh j' frnk.Bt/A rqfj ;fut wKNkfrT[ B/ jkT[; nkc ekwz; ftu fJfsjk;e x'PDk ehsh, “fpqfNP Pk;B dh Bhsh j? fe Gkosd/ gqPk;B ftu Gkosh iBsk Bz{ Gkrhdko pDkfJnk ikt/ ns/ ;tPk;B bJh ftfGzB ;z;EkBK dk eqfwe ftek;ehsk ikt/, fi; Bkb Gkos ftu fpqfNP ;woki Bkb i[Vh e'Jh T[sodkJh ;oeko ;Ekgs ehsh ik ;e/.” fJjfpnkB w'ob/ d/ fpnkB Bkb fJedw T[bN ;h. 1909 ftu ;zt?Xkfe ;[xkoK Bz[ gkobhw?AN ftu oyd/ ;w/A w'ob/B/ ;kc–;kc fejk ;h fe fJBQK ;[XkoK dk T[d/P d/P ftu ‘;toki’ dh ;EkgBk esJh BjhA j?. wKNkfrT[ dh x'PDkdk ;G s'A tZvk ckfJdk fJj j'fJnk fe j[D j'w o{b iK ;toki dh wzr Bz{ d/Pdq'jh BjhA fejk ik ;edk ;h. b/feB fJ;dk noE fJj th BjhA ;h fe fpqfNP je{ws ;toki dh wzr wzBD jh ik ojh ;h. wKNkfrT[ dh x'PDkftu fJj rZb th ;h fe ;tPk;B dh ;EkgBk sd/ j'J/rh, id T[;dk mhe ;wK nkJ/rk s/ ;wK nkfJnk j? iAkBjhA fJ;dk c?;bk nzrq/Ih je{ws eo/rh. nzrq/Ih je{ws d/ bJh fJzBh S{N ekch ;h. fJ; Bkb ;kc ikfjo ;hfe T[j GkoshnK d/ jE ftu fBeN GftZy u ;Zsk ;"AgD BjhA ik ojh j?.

;szpo 1917 ftu J/Bh p/;/AN Bz{ fojk eo fdsk frnk fJ; ;w/A J/Bh p/;/AN dh b'efgqnsk uow ;hwk T[s/;h. d;zpo 1917 ftu eKro; d/ ;kbkBk nfXt/PB ftu fsbe d/ gq;skt T[s/ T[BQK Bz{ w[yh u[fDnk frnk.

b/feB 1918 ftu nB/e ekoBK Bkb j'wo{b nzd'bB ewI'o g? frnk, 1917 ftu Gkoh ;cbsk fwbD d/pkti{d fJj nzd'bB fwqs j' frnk. J/Bh p/;/AN dh frocskoh Bkb T[s/fis j' e/ i' BowgzEh fJ; nzd'bBftu Pkwb j'J/ ;h, T[BQK dh fojkJh d/ pknd fBPfeqn j' rJ/. ;oeko B/ ;[XkoK dh fdbk;k fdsh ;h.fJBQK B/sktK B{ bfrnk fe j[D nzd'bB dh io{os BjhA j?. fJ;d/ nbktk ekBz{B fBP/X nzd'bB ubkT[D dhuouk Bkb th T[j Bkoki ;h. fJ; bJh fJBQK B/ ;szpo 1918 d/ pknd s'A eKro; dh p?meK ftu Gkrb?Dk SZv fd~sk. 1918 ftu ;[Xko–:'iBktK dh x'PDk Bkb okPNotkdh y/w/ ftu fJe j'o doko g? rJh.e[M b'eK dk wzBDk ;h fe fJ; ftu eJh ewhnK sK jB go fJ; Bz{ niwkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJBQK ;[XkoK ns/PKshg{oB n;fj:'r nzd'bB d/ w[ZfdnK T[s/ y[d J/Bh p/;/AN d[ftXk ftu ;h. edh s/ T[j fJ; Bz{ rbs efjzdhs/ edh nkgD/ ;woEeK Bz{ dpkn d/ ekoB mhe efjzdh. P[o{ ftu fsbe d/ Bkb J/Bh p/;/AN B/ th fejk fefJBQK ;[Xko :'iBktK Bz{ Gkosh iBsk wzi{o B eo/, fJj T[;dk ngwkB j?, go pknd ftu T[BQK B/ fJ; Bz{wzB b?D dh nghb ehsh. fsbe ekch ;w/A se nkgD/ fBoD/ T[s/ nV/ oj/, b/feB J/Bh p/;/AN dh Y[bw[bBhshnK ns/ BowgzEhnK d/ o[y ftu pdbkj d/ ekoB T[j fJeZb/ nkgD/ p{s/ s/ fJBQK ;[XkoK dk fto'X eod/j'J/ nzd'bB dh rZvh th nZr/ fyZuD ftu n;woE j' rJ/ ns/ ;kb d/ nzs ftu fJzrb?Av ub/ rJ/. T[E/ T[BQKB/ ‘fJzvhnB nBo/;N’ d/ b/ye fuokb T[s/ wkBjkBh dk w[edwk dkfJo eo ofynk ;h. fJ;/ w[edw/ dh g?othd/ uZeo ftu T[j eJh wjhB/ se fJzrb?Av ftu gJ/ oj/. J/Bh p/;/AN fJe ;Pes nrtkJh d/D ftu n;woE;h ns/ fsbe ftd/P ftu ;h. BshiB ‘j'w o{b nzd'bB’ nkr{ ofjs j' frnk.

j'w o{b nzd'bB dh ;G s'A tZvh T[gbpXh fJj ojh fe fJ;B/ Gkth okPNoh nzd'bB d/ bJh i[Mko{ :'Xkfsnko ehs/. wjkswk rKXh dh nrtkJh ftu fJjh i[Mko{ nzd'bBekoh nkikdh dh wPkb b?e/ nZr/ tX/.j'w o{b nzd'bB B/ T[so gqd/P, r[ioks, f;zX, wdok;, wZX gqKs ns/ p/oko tor/ nB/e Bt/A y/soK Bz{okPNoh nzd'bB ftu Pkwb ehsk.

1919 ftu gfjb/ ftPt :[X dh ;wkgsh d/ Bkb fjzd[;skB ftu nkikdh dh bVkJh bVD bJh fJe BthAghVh fsnko j' rJh ;h. fJBQK B/ j'w o{b nzd'bBekohnK B/ jh fsnko ehsk ;h go T[j fJBQK dhofjB[wkJh Bk eo ;e/. fJ; ghVh Bz{ sbkP ;h fe;h ofjB[wk dh. w'jBdk; eowuzd rKXh B/ id nkikdhdh bVkJh dh tkrv'o ;zGkbh sK fJBKQ B"itkBK Bz{ fJe n?;k B/sk fwfbnk, i' dZyDh ncohek ftu GkoshnK


B ØN


d/ ;zxoP dh nrtkJh eo u[ek ;h ns/ uzgkoB (fpjko), nfjwdkpkd ns/ y/Vk ftu fe;kBK s/ wid{ok d/ fjsKbJh ;zxoP eo u[fenk ;h. 1919 ftu id rKXhih B/ ‘o'bN n?eN’ d/ fybkc ;fsnkrqfj dh nghb ehsh,sK T[j ;ko/ b'e fJ; ftu Pkwb j' rJ/, fiBQK Bz{ j'w o{b nzd'bB B/ okiBhfse o{g ftu ikro{e pDkfJnk ;h.

;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD (Self Assessment)2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H ykbh EKtK dh g{osh eo' ykbh EKtK dh g{osh eo' ykbh EKtK dh g{osh eo' ykbh EKtK dh g{osh eo' ykbh EKtK dh g{osh eo' (Choose the Correct Option)–––––

1H pkb rzrkXo fsbe HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dh bzwh ;ik d/ pknd 16 i{B, 1914 B{z wKvb/ i/b s'A tkg;nkJ/ ;h.

2H 1915 ftu J/Bh p/;/AN B/ d' nypkoK ‘fBT[ fJzvhnk ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ wkfXnw Bkb nzd'bB Bz{

nZr/ tXkfJnk.

3H fsbe B/ ngq?b 1916 ftu HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftu j'J/ gqKshJ/ ;zw/bB ftu j'w o{b bhr d/ rmB dh

x'PDk ehsh.

4H 23 i[bkJh 1916 Bz{ fsbe dk HHHHHHHHH iBwfdB ;h.

5H J/Bh p/;/AN dh bhr B/ HHHHHHHHHHHH Bkb ezw eoBk P[o{ eo fdsk.

9H39H39H39H39H3 BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh (Moderats and Extremists)

T[dkotkdh okiBhsh ns/ okiBhfse fGfynkftqsh dk :[r (Period of Moderate Politics or Tea PartyPolitics of Political Mendicancy)–fJ; :[r ftu dkdk GkJh B"o'ih, fco'iPkj w/jsk, dfBPk tkuk,t'w/P ns/ ;o/AdoBkE p?Boih tor/ B/sk eKro; dh okiBhsh T[s/ SkJ/ j'J/ ;h s/ T[j b'e ‘T[dkotkdh s/gfofws okiBhsh’ (moderate politics) ftu ftPtk; eod/ ;h ns/ T[BKQ Bz{ T[dkotkdh (moderates) dh;zfrnk fdsh rJh sKfe T[BQK Bz{ nkozGe thjthA Pskpdh d/ BthB okPNotkdhnK s'A (fiBQK Bz{ T[rqtkdhnEtk extremists efjzd/ ;h) nb~r ehsk ik ;e/. fJj b'e nkgDh okiBhsh dh ftnkfynk ‘T[dkotkd ns/;ziw’ (Liberalism and moderation) d/ ;wBt/ Bkb eod/ ;h. fJj b'e GkoshnK bJh Xow ns/ ikshd/ g~ygks dk nGkt, wB[Zy ftu ;wkBsk, ekBz{B d/ ;kjwD/ pokpoh, Bkrfoe ;[szsosktK dk gq;ko ns/gqshfBXh ;z;EktK d/ ftek; dh fJ~Sk eod/ ;h. T[BQK d/ YzrK d/ ftP/ ftu wjkd/t r'ftzd okBkv/ B/ fbfynk;h, “;ziw dk noE fJj j? fe T[; uhi dh ns/ T[BQK nkd/PK dh M{mh T[whd jh Bk eo' i' fwbDh w[Pfebj?, s/ bkrbh uhi dh soc ;wM"s/ s/ fBnk;zrs GkotBk Bkb gq/fos j'e/ fdB–gqshfdB nZr/ tXd/ ikU.”fJ; gqeko T[dkotkdh db eqfwe (gradualism) ns/ ;zt?XkfBe BhshnK (constitutionalism) ftuftPtk; eodk ;h.

fJ; ekb ftu eKro; T[s/ ;fwqXhPkbh, w~Xtorh p[ZXhihthnK dk fi; ftu tehb, vkeNo, fJzihfBno,g~soeko ns/ ;kfj~se ftnesh Pkwb ;B, fJBQK w~Xtorh b'eK d/ Yzr jh, i' ;zt?XkfBe jh j[zd/ jB, fJ;:[r d/ okPNoh ;zxoP d/ w[Zy Yzr ;h. T[gkXhnK ns/ t~vhnK–t~vhnK gdthnK fJBQK b'eK d/ bJh ftP/PnkeoPB oyd/ ;B. eKro; ftu nkT[D tkb/ gqshfBXh t~v/–t~v/ BroK s'A nkT[Ad/ ;h ns/ fJBQK dk iB–;kXkoB Bkb e'Jh ;zgoe BjhA ;h. fJe tko fco'iPkj w/jsk B/ nkg fejk ;h, “eKro; dh nktki BjhAj?. gozs{ fJj T[BQK d/ Bkb ofjD tkb/ j'o d/Ptk;hnK dk coi j? fe T[j fJBQK dhnK GktBktK Bz{ ;wMDns/ T[BQK Bz{ ftnes eoD s/ T[BQK d/ T[guko dk :sB eoB.”

fjT{w B/ eKro; vofcB (1884–88) Bkb ;bkj eoe/ jh nkozG ehsh ;h. eKro; d/ B/sk nzrq/Ih fJfsjk;ns/ ;z;feqsh Bkb pj[s gqGkfts ;h ns/ nzr/qIh ;zgoe Bz{ ‘JhPto dh pj[s feogk’ wzBd/ ;h. T[BQK Bz{g{oB ftPtk; ;h fe nzrq/Ih Pk;B Gkos d/ fjs ftu j?, ns/ T[j b'e nzrq/Ih ;oeko Bz{ d[PwD BjhA nkgDkfw~so ;wMd/ ;B. T[j T[whd eod/ ;h fe ekbKso ftu nzrq/i T[BQK Bz{ nkgDh gozgoktK d/ nB[;ko ;tPk;BeoB d/ :'r pDk d/Dr/. 1886 ftu dkdk GkJh B"o'ih B/ eKro; d/ w[yh gd s'A GkPD fdzd/ j'J/ nzrq/Ihoki d/ ckfJfdnK dk ft;sko ;fjs fpnkB ehsk ns/ gqshfBXhnK B/ I'o–I'o Bkb skVhnK tik e/ T[;dk


B ØN


;tkrs ehsk. fjT{w ;kfjp d/ efjD T[s/ ;zw/bB B/ wjkokDh fteN'ohnk d/ bJh fszB tko i? X[Bh ehshns/ T[BQK dh dhox nk:[ bJh gqkoEBk ehsk. nkBzd p'; B/ eKro; w[yh d/ o{g ftu (1898) fJj x'PDkehsh, fe “f;fyns tor fJzrb?Av dk d[PwD BjhA go T[;d/ ;Bw[y tZv/ ekoi ftu T[;dk gqkfeqse ns/Io{oh ;fj:'rh j?.” s/ fJj ;wfMnk iKdk ;h fe Gkos dh so~eh ftu o'e nzrq/Ih T[gfBt/Ptkdh BhshBjhA ;r'A GkoshnK dk ;wkie ns/ nkofEe fgSVkgB ;h ns/ gqshfeqnktkdh n?Arb'–fJzvhnB B"eoPkjhjh ;h.

fJj T[dkotkdh db nzrq/Ih ;woki d/ pD/ ofjD, s/ T[;Bz{ ;[fdqV eoB d/ gZy ftu ;h. T[BQK Bz{ vo ;hfe nzrq/I d/ ikD T[s/ nftt;Ek c?b ikJ/rh. nzrq/Ih oki PKsh ns/ ftt;Ek dk ;{ue ;h s/ Gkos ftupj[s bzw/ ;w/A se fJ;dk pfDnk ofjDk gow nktZPe j?. fJ;/ GktBk Bz{ ftnes eod/ j'J/ r'yb/ B/ fejk;h, “nzrq/I B"eoPkjh fezBh p[oh feT[A Bk j't/HHH gozs{ nZi e/tb nzrq/I jh ftt;Ek pDk e/ o~yD ftu ;cbjB ns/ ftt;Ek d/ fpBk e'Jh soZeh ;zGt jh BjhA.” fJ; T[dkotkdh db d/ b'e tk;st ftu ftPtk;eod/ ;B fe soZeh e/tb nzrq/Ih d/yo/y ftu jh ;zGt j? fJ; bJh fJj b'e eokT[B d/ gqsh okiGrs ;B.fJe tko eKro; w[yh pdo{dhB s?npih B/ fejk “wjkokDh dh eo'VK goik ftu'A e'Jh j'o b'e fJzB/ okiGrsBjhA fizB/ Gkosh f;fyns b'e.” s/ fJj b'e nzrq/Ih ;woki Bz{ PeshjhB pDkT[D Bz{ T[Xs BjhA ;B, eokT[Bd/ gqsh okiGrsh T[BQK dk okiBhfse Xow ;h. ;wekbhB eKro;h ftPtk; eod/ ;B fe nzrq/I fBnK fgqnb'e jB ns/ T[j Gkos Bkb fBnK jh eoDr/. GkoshnK dh fPekfJsK nzrq/I B"eoPkjh d/ ekoB ns/nzrq/IK Bz[ ;kvhnK fPekfJsK dh g{oh ikDekoh Bk j'D d/ ekoB Bkb j?. fJBQK b'eK B/ fJzrb?Av ftu gqukotkb/ gk;/ ftP/P fXnkB fdsk. T[BQK B/ nkgDk gZy fsnko ehsk ns/ T[;Bz{ nzrq/I iBsk d/ ;Bw[y oZyDdk :sB ehsk. fJzvhnB B?PBb eKro; dh fJe fpqfNP ;whsh bzdB ftu pDkJh rJh ns/ T[;B/ GkoshwkwfbnK Bkb nzr/qIK Bz{ ntrs eokT[D d/ T[d/P Bkb ‘fJzvhnk’ Bkw dh fJe ;gskfje gZfsqek e~Yh. dkdkGkJh B"o'ih pko–pko fJjh efjzd/ ;h fe nzrq/I tk;st ftu Gkos dk Gbk ukj[zd/ jB ns/ i/ n;hA e[M T[ZuhnktkI ftu nkgDh rZb ejhJ/ sK fJj fB;cb BjhA ikJ/rh. ns/ fJj th fBoDk fbZsk frnk fe fJzvhnBB?PBb eKro; dk nfXt/PB 1892 ftu bzdB u ehsk ikt/ gozs{ 1891 ftu nzrq/Ih u'DK j'DhnK fBPfusj'JhnK s/ wkwbk Nkb fdsk frnk s/ fco edh BjhA u[fenk frnk.

fJ; ekb ftu eKro; B/ d/P dh ;[szsosk dh wzr BjhA ehsh, e/tb Gkoshn bJh e[M fonk;sK jh wzrhnK.fJj ;Zu j? fe T[BhAth Pskpdh d/ nzfsw dPe ftu b'ewkfBnk fsbe B/ ;toki Ppd dk gq:'r ehsk.gozs{ Bk s/ fJj Ppd jh b'efgqn j'fJnk ns/ Bk jh fJ;dk eKro; d/ gq;sktK ftu T[b/y ;h. ;[o/AdoBkEp?Boih B/ th eKro; d/ 1895 d/ g{Bk nfXt/PB d/ w[yh gd s'A fJjh fejk ;h fe n;hA gqshfBXh ;z;EktK(representative institutions) BjhA wzrd/ f;oc fJj fe “gVQ/–fby/ b'eK Bz{–i' nkgDh f;fynk–fdfynkd/ ekoB fJBQK Bz{ ;wMd/ ns/ nB[;ko eoB dh :'rsk oyd/ jB–fJj e[M gfotoss o{g ftu todkB d/o{g ftu d/ fdsh ikt/.” eKro; dh wzrK, ftXkB gfoPdK dk ft;sko, T[BQK dhnK fInkdk PeshnKGkoshnK d/ bJh fInkdk gqshfBXhst tkJ/;okJ/ s/ rtoBoK dh ekoiekoBh ftu GkoshnK Bz{ gqshfBXhst,f;ftb ;/tk (civil service) ftu fInkdk Gosh fJ; bJh Gkos ns/ fJzrb?Av ftu Bkb–Bkb gohfynktKnkfd–nkfd se jh ;hws ;B. fJj wzrK jhB s'A jhB PpdK ftu ikuBk d/ o{g ftu gq;s[s ehshnK iKdhnK;B ns/ eKro; e/tb ;ztXkfBe YzrK dk jh gq:'r eodh ;h.

eKro; d/ gqsh nfXekoh–tor dk o[y (civil service)–eKro; d/ fJ; Bow o[y sN;Ek dk ;h. fJ;GktBk Bkb gq/fos j' e/ vcfoB B/ fJzvhnB B?PBb eKro; ebe~sk nfXt/PB (1886) d/ gqshfBXhnK Bz{fJe T[fdnkB G'I (garden party) fdsk ;h fi; ftu ;gPN ehsk frnk ;h fe fJj ;~dk–gZso eKro;d/ gqshfBXhnK Bz{ BjhA ;r'A ebe~sk nkJ/ j'J/ ftfPPm doPeK Bz{ j?. 1887 ftu wdok; d/ rtoB B/ eKro;d/ shi/ nfXt/PB bJh wdok; ftu ;j{bsK gqdkB ehshnK gozs{ 1887 d/ pknd ;oeko dk o[y em'o jz[dkfrnk. eKro; B/ fJe g[;sek (pamphlet) gqekPs ehsh fi;dk f;ob/y ;h ‘fJe sfwb eKro; gqPB'soo{gh f;fynk, (A Tamil cogress catechism) fJ; ftu d' ftneshnk d/ ftu gqPB'so d/ o{g ftuskBkPkjh okigZXsh ns/ nB/nsotk;h G{whgshnK (A Tamil cogress catechism) dh nb'uBk eo T[s/eKro; dk ;oeko Bkb y[bk fto'X j' frnk. nfXekoh tor B/ ;o ;Jhnd nfjwd yK s/ pBko; d/ okik


B ØN


fPtgq;kd Bz{ gq/oDk fdsh fe T[j eKro; d/ gquko dk gqsho'X eoB bJh fe ;zrms Gkosh d/PGrs wzvb (UnitedIndian Patriotic Association) dk rmB eo/. vofcB B/ eKro; d/ okPNoh ufoZso Bz{ u[D'sh fdsh ns/ fejkfJj sK e/tb fJe “;[oZfynkdoPh xZN frDsh” dk gqshfBXhst eodh j? ns/ eKro; dh wzrK Bz{ nfrnksftu SbKr (jump into the unknown) dh ;zfrnk fdsh rJh. 1890 ftu ;oekoh ;/teK Bz[ eKro; ftuPkwb j'D dh nkfrnk BjhA ojh. bkov eoiB B/ sK fJE/ se efj fdsk ;h fe “eKro; nkgD/ gsB d/ gk;/bVyVKdh j'Jh ik ojh j?” ns/ eoIB dh wj~steKfynk ftu'A fJe fJj ;h fe “T[j T[;dh Pksh Bkb fwqs{ ftu;jkfJsk eo ;e/.”

T[dkotkdh db dh BhshnK dk w[bKeD–thjthA Pskpdh d/ nkozGe ;kbK ftu T[rqtkdhnK B/ fJ; ekb dhT[gbpXhnK dh fBzdk ehsh. fJ;Bz{ okiBhfse fGfynkftqsh (political mendicancy) dk Bkw fdskfrnk. bkbk bkigs okJ/ B/ fJ;Bz{ nt;otkdh nzd'bB fejk. “fInkdk s'A fInkdk fJ; Bkb gyzv ns/d/Pd'qj Bz{ tkXk fwfbnk j?. e[M b'eK Bz{ d/PGrsh d/ Bkw T[s/ ftT[gko eoB dk nt;o fwfbnk.”

fJBQK T[dkotkdh db tkfbnK d/ fto[X ;G s'A t~vk d'P ‘eokT[ d/ gqsh okiGrsh’ ;h. t?;/ s/ T[dkotkdhb'e ftPtk; eod/ ;h fe Gkos ftu okPNohnsk d/ e[M io{oh sZs ftZdwkB BjhA jB ns/ T[j fBeN GftZyftu nzrq/Ih oki dk e'Jh ftebg BjhA ;'u ;ed/ ;h. T[j okPNoh fjsK Bz{ B[e;kB. 1887 ftu ftfgBuzdogkb B/ fejk ;h, “w?A nzrq/IK dk okiGrs jK feT[Afe w/o/ bJh nzrq/Ih ;woki d/ gqsh okiGrsh tk;stftu nkgD/ d/P ns/ T[;d/ tk;hnK d/ gqsh okiGrsh d't/A nfGzB jB. w?A nzrq/I d/ gqsh okiGrs jK feT[Afew?A PtPk;B B{z fgnko eodk jK.

i/eo n;hA dkdk GkJh B"o'ih, ;o fco'iPkj w/jsk, ;o dhBPk tkuk, r'gkb feqPB r'yb/, ;[o/AdoBkE p?Boihtor/ b'eK Bkb fBnK eohJ/ sK ;kBz{ ;theko eoBk gt/rk fe fJj b'e ;wekbhB Gkosh ;wki d/ ;G s'AtX gqrshtkdh s~s ;B ns/ ;Zu/ d/PGrs ;B. T[j Gkosh ;wki Bz[ ;[XkoD dk pj[s isB eod/ oj/. fJBQKb'eK B/ 1886 ftu fJe b'e ;/tk nk:'r (Public Sevice Commisssion) fB:[es eotkfJnk ns/ 1892ftu Gkosh gfoPdK dk nfXfBnw (Indian Councils Act) gkfos eotkfJnk. d'BK Bkb jh b'eK Bz{fBokPk j'Jh sEk w{bG{s ;zftXkB ftu e'Jh gfotosB BjhA j'fJnk. T[BQK B/ f;ftb ;/tk d/ bJh fJzrb?Avns/ Gkos ftu fJe jh ;w/A ftu gohfynk eokT[D dh wzr ehsh. ;oeko B/ T[BQK dh p/Bsh T[s/ Gkoshyou/ dh ;whfynk d/ bJh t?bpkJh nk:'r (Welby Commission) th fB:[es ehsk fJBQK b'eK B/ efmBfwjBs ehsk. T[BQK d/ ezw eoB d/ YzrK–gqkoEBk, ikuBk, ns/ fto'X (prayer, fietition and protest)gqrN eoBk–;kfonK Bkb okiBhfse gq'Vsk nkJh ns/ Gkos ftu okPNo–GktBk tXh.

T[dkotkdh db dh ;G s'I wjkB ;/tk T[; ;w/A j'Jh id fJBQK b'eK B/ nzraq/Ih ;woki d/ Gkos T[s/ nkofEegqGkt dk w[bKeD ehsk T[BQK B/ Gkosh rohph (Indian poverty) d/ gk;/ fXnkB nkeofPs ehsk ns/ fJjdf;nk fe fJj rohph nzrq/ih UgfBt/Pe P'PD d/ ekoB jh j?. dkdk GkJh B"o'ih, d~s s/ tktk d[nkokgqshgkds “fBek; dk f;XKs” (drain theory) nzrq/IK dh Gkos ftu nkofEe G{fwek T[s/ d'Pg{oB ;h.fJ; f;XKs dk ebKso ftu T[rqtkdh db tkfbnK B/ nzrq/IK Bz{ pdBkw eoB d/ bJh gqu[o fJ;s/wkb ehsk.

rowhgzEh (rowhgzEh (rowhgzEh (rowhgzEh (rowhgzEh (Extremist)))))T[BhAthA Pskpdh d/ nzfsw ns/ thjthA Pdkpdh d/ nkozGe ;kbK ftu Gkosh okPNoh eKro; ftu fJeBt/A ns/ so[D db dk T[d/ j'fJnk, i' g[okD/ B/sktK d/ nkoP s/ YzrK dk seVk nb'ue ;h. fJj ‘e'qXh so[Db'e” (angry youngmen) ukj[zd/ ;B fe eKro; dk X/n ;toki j'Dk ukjhdk fi; Bz{ T[j nkswftPtk;ns/ nksw fBoGosk Bkb gqkgs eoB. fJ; db Bz{ g[okD/ T[dkotkdh dh s[bDk ftu T[rqtkdh efjzd/ ;B.

eKro; ftu c~[N dh gqfeqnk T[; ;w/A nkozG j'Jh id'A b'ewkfBnk fsbe dk ;wki ;[Xko d/ gqPB T[s/T[rqtkdh db ns/ ‘;[XkoeK’ Bkb MrVk j'fJnk. i[bkJh 1895 ftu fsbe ns/ T[;d/ ;fj:'rhnK B/ g{Bk;kotifBe ;Gk ftu okBkv/ ns/ r'yb/ d/ nfXeko Bz{ u[D'sh d/e/ T[;Bz{ ;wkgs eo fdsk ns/ r'yb/ B/ fJesoc tyok okiBhfse ;zrmB ‘d~eB ;Gk’ (The Deccan Sabha) ;Ekgs eo bJh. fsbe B/ r'yb/ d/okPNoh okiBhsh ftu ‘fywk ikuBk’ d/ gqPB T[s/ ‘fJe e~uk BoeN’ efj e/ pdBkw ehsk.


B ØN


tk;st ftu fsbe ;wekbhB eKro;h B/sktK Bkb'A fGzB fw~Nh d/ pD/ ;B. T[j ;oeko dh nb'uBk ftupj[s ;gPN p[bko/ ;B ns/ nkgD/ ftPtk; bJh e[opkBh eoB Bz{ nZr/ ;B. T[j gfjb/ eKro;h B/sk ;hfiBQK B/ d/P bJh eJh tko i/b :ksok ehsh. 1882 ftu T[BK B/ ;oeko d/ e'bjkg[o d/ wjkokik Bkb toskUT[s/ pj[s ;ys GkPk dk fJ;s/wkb ehsh ns/ uko wjhfBnK dh ;ik G'rh. 1897 ftu fco T[BQK Bz{ ;oekod/ fto[~X n;zs'y c?bkT[D bJh 18 wjhfBnK dh ;ys ;ik j'Jh. d;zpo 1897 ftu nwoktsh ftu j'J/eKro; nfXt/PB ftu fsbe d/ ;fj:'rhnK B/ fJe gq;skt gkfos eotkT[D dk isB ehsk, fi; ftu fsbedh w[esh dh wzr ehsh ;h. T[dkotkdh db d/ b'eK B/ fJ;dh nkfrnk BjhA fdsh. fJ;/ gqeko wdok; nfXt/PB (d;zpo 1898) ftu fsbe dh Pbkxk eoB dk gq;skt th T[dkotkdh db tkbK B/ gkfos BjhA j'D fdsk.nrb/ ;kb byBT{ nfXt/PB ftu id' fsbe B/ pzpJh d/ rtoo dh fBzdk eoB dk gq;skt ofynk s/ T[jth T[dkotkdh db tkfbnK B/ gkfos BjhA j'D fdsk. j[D fJj ;gPN ;h fe T[dkotkdh db tkb/ b'e fsbens/ T[;d/ ;fj:'rhnK Bz{ eKro; ftu ;ko/ wj~stg{oB gdK s'A d{o oyDk ukj[zd/ ;B ns/ eKro; d/ fJfsjk;ftu fJjh fJe n?;/ B/sk ;B fiBQK Bz{ eKro; dk w[yh pDB dk nt;o BjhA fdsk frnk.

rowgzE d/ T[d/ d/ ekoB rowgzE d/ T[d/ d/ ekoB rowgzE d/ T[d/ d/ ekoB rowgzE d/ T[d/ d/ ekoB rowgzE d/ T[d/ d/ ekoB (Causes of the Rise of Extremism)pzfewuzdo uNoih tor/ b'eK B/ eKro; dh BhshnK dk fto'X ehsk ;h ns/ fejk ;h fe “eKro; d/ b'egdK d/ G[Zy/ okiBhse” jB. noftzd x'P B/ th 1993–94 ftu fJe b/yK dh bVhnK ftu fJj fejk ;hfe eKro; wId{o tor (proletariate) s'A d{o j?, nokPNotkdh s'A d{o j?, nokPNotkdh j? ns/ fJjg{oB n;cb ojh j? s/ fJ;dh Pk;eK Bz{ Bky[P eoB d/ vo s'A ;gPN Bk efjD dh Bhsh B{z ‘ekfJosk’ dh;zfrnk fdsh. T[;d/ nB[;ko eKro; ;kj o'r Bkb woB jh tkbh j?.

fiBQK s~sK d/ ekoB T[rqtkd dk T[d/ j'fJnk, T[BQK ftu gqw[Zy j/m fby/ jB–

1H nzrq/Ih oki dh gqfeqsh Bz{ mhe–mke ;wMDk–1H nzrq/Ih oki dh gqfeqsh Bz{ mhe–mke ;wMDk–1H nzrq/Ih oki dh gqfeqsh Bz{ mhe–mke ;wMDk–1H nzrq/Ih oki dh gqfeqsh Bz{ mhe–mke ;wMDk–1H nzrq/Ih oki dh gqfeqsh Bz{ mhe–mke ;wMDk–nkozGe ekb d/ B/sktK B/ nkgD/ nDEe nfXn?Bns/ b/yK d[nkok b'eK Bz{ Gkos ftu nzr/qIh oki d/ ;Zu/ ;o{g Bz{ ;wMkT[D dk isB ehsk. T[BQK B/ nKefVnKs'A fJj f;ZX ehsk fe nzrq/Ih oki ns/ T[;dh BhshnK jh Gkos dh rohph dk w{b ekoB jB. dkdk GkJhB"o'ih B/ nzrq/Ih oki dh P'Pe BhshnK dk nBktoD eo fdsk ns/ fejk fe T[j oki Gkos Bz{ fdB gqshfdBb[ND ftu o~s/ jB. fJ;/ gqeko nkBzd ukob{, nkoHn?BH w[X'beo, fdBPk tkuk, r'gkb feqPB r'yb/,wdBw'jB wkbthnk nkfd j'o okPNoh B/sktK B/ nzrq/Ih oki d/ Y'b dh g'b y'b fdZsh ns/ df;nk fe fJ;oki dk n;b o{g ftu e/tb P'Pe jh j?. ;qh ow/Puzdo d~s ns/ ihHphH i'Ph B/ nzrq/Ih G{wh N?e; ftt;Ekdk mhe–mke w[bKeD ehsk. ;qh ;[o/AdoBkE p?Boih B/ Jj ;gPN ehsk fe ;/tktK dh Gosh ftu nzr/Ihdh eEBh s/ eoBh ftu pj[s fInkdk nzso j?. eKro; d/ d{i/ nfXt/PB ftu jh Gkos dh tXdh j'Jhrohph d/ gk;/ fXnkB eotkfJnk frnk ns/ fJj gq;skt jo ;kb gkfos ehsk frnk iKdk ;h. fJ;d/ bJhT[BQK B/ ;?fBe ns/ n;?fBe gdK T[s/ T[uh–T[uh sBykj (i' ;wekbhB ;z;ko ftu ;G s'A fInkdk ;h) rqfjPk;B d/ tXd/ j'J/ you/ G/dGkt g{oB nkfJnks s/ fBfonks dh Bhsh, nd{odoPh G{wh eo Bhsh, Gkosd/ T[d:'rheoB d/ gqsh T[dk;hBsk ns/ GkoshnK Bz{ uzr/ gdK s/ ;/tktK s'A d{o oyDk nkfd s~EK B{z T[sodkJhmfjokfJnk. okBkv/ dh ‘n?Z;/ fJB fJzvhnB fJeB'fwe;’ dkdk GkJh B"o'ih dh ‘fJzvhnB gktoNh n?AvnBfpqfNP o{b nkc fJzvhnk (1910)’ ns/ nkoH;hH d~s dh ‘fJe'B'fwe fj;Noh nkc fJzvhnk (1901)’ nkfdg[;seK B/ wj~stg{oB G{fwek fBGkJh. BthA ghVh d/ B/sktK B/ fJBQK g[;seK d/ s~EK Bz{ b? e/ nzrq/Ih okidh nb'uBk ehsh.

2H tXd/ j'J/ gSwheoB d/ fto[X gqshfeqnk–2H tXd/ j'J/ gSwheoB d/ fto[X gqshfeqnk–2H tXd/ j'J/ gSwheoB d/ fto[X gqshfeqnk–2H tXd/ j'J/ gSwheoB d/ fto[X gqshfeqnk–2H tXd/ j'J/ gSwheoB d/ fto[X gqshfeqnk–fJ; BthB B/sk ghVh B/ tXd/ j'J/ gSwheoB T[s/ rfjohfuzsk ftnes ehsh. Gkosh ihtB, fuzsB ns/ okiBhsh ftu g~Sw dk gqGkt tX fojk ;h. Gkosh ;z;feqshdk gqGkt xN j' fojk ;h. fJBQK b'eK dk p"fXe ns/ GktBkswe g/qoDk dk ;q's Gkos ;h ns/ T[BQK B/ GkoshfJfsjk; d/ thoK dh ejkDhnK s'A gq/oDk fbsh. pzfewuzdo, ftt/ekBzd ns/ ;tkwh dfJnkBzd d/ b/yK B/ T[BQKBz{ gqGkfts ehsk ;h. pzfewuzdo B/ 1886 ftu fby/ feqPB ufo~so Gkr gfjb/ ftu Gkos d/ T[; tor/ g[oydh nrtkJh ftu Gkos dh J/esk d/ ;o{gB d/y/. T[BQK B/ ;qhfeqPB Bz{ fJe tho :'Xk, fJe us[o Bhsh, ns/ ;cb;woki–fBowksk d/ o{g ftu d/fynk. ftt/ekBzd B/ Gkosh t/dKs Bkb ;z;ko Bz{ ueku"AX eo fdsk ns/ nkgDhgqkuhB gozgoktK ns/ ftok;s ftu fJe BthA nk;Ek T[sgzB ehsh s/ fJe BtK nkswftPtk; irkfJnk. ;tkwh


B ØN


dfJnkBzd B/ g~Swh ftfPNsk dh g'b y'b fdsh. T[BQK B/ t?fde ;z;feqsh dk T[j o{g do;kfJnk i' T[; ;w/A senDd/fynk ehsh iKdk ;h. T[BQK B/ df;nk fe fi; ;w/A :[o'gtk;h n;~fGn s/ nfrnkB d/ yZv/ ftu fvr ;B,t?fde ekb ftu Gkos ftu fJe T[u ;fGnsk, ;z;feqsh doPb s/ Xow dk ftek; j' frnk ;h ns/ fJ; gqekoT[BQKB/ fJe Bt/A nkswftPtk; Bz{ irkfJnk s/ fu~NhnK ikshnK dhnK ekbhnK ns/ pokT[B ikshnK s'A Pq/Pmskdh GktBk Bz{ u[D'sh fdsh T[;sk okiBhfse ;zd/P “Gkos GkoshnK d/ bJh j?.”

3H eKro; dh T[gbpXhnK Bkb n;zs'y–3H eKro; dh T[gbpXhnK Bkb n;zs'y–3H eKro; dh T[gbpXhnK Bkb n;zs'y–3H eKro; dh T[gbpXhnK Bkb n;zs'y–3H eKro; dh T[gbpXhnK Bkb n;zs'y–eKro; d/ gfjb/ gzdoK–thj ;kbK dh T[gbpXhnK Bkb so[D b'e;zs[PN BjhA ;B. T[BK dk nzrq/IK dh fBnKfgqnsk ns/ pokpoh dh GktBk T[s/ e'Jh ftPtk; BjhA ofj frnk;h. T[j b'e PKsh tkb/ ns/ ;zt?XkfBe Yzrk d/ nb'ue pD rJ/ ;B s/ T[j ;wMd/ ;B fe ikuBk, gqkEBk s/gqshtkd (Patition, Prayer and Protest) eoB dh Bhsh Bkb e[M BjhA fwbD tkbk. T[BQK B/ :[o'gh ;wokitkdBz{ ysw eoB bJh :[o'gh Yzr jh ngBkT[D s/ pb fdsk.

1905 ftu bkbk bkigs okJ/ B/ fJzrb?Av s'A tkg; nkT[D s/ nkgD/ d/Ptk;hnK Bz{ fJj df;nk fe nzrq/Ih gqikszsonkgDh jh ;wf;nktK ftu fJzBk T[bfMnk j'fJnk j? fe T[BQK d/ e'b ;kvhnK ;wf;nktK bJh e'Jh ;wK BjhA.T[E'A d/ ;wkuko g~so ;kvk g~y gq;s[s BjhA eoKr/ ns/ T[E/ fe;/ Bz{ nkgDh rb ;[DkT[D dk nt;o gqkgs eoBkpj[s w[Pfeb j?. T[BQK B/ fejk fe i/eo nkg ;[szsosk ukj[zd/ jK sK nkg ezw eoBk gt/rk ns/ nkgDh ssgoskd/ ;gPN gqwkD d/D/ j'Dr/.1

eKro; dk so[D db fi;Bz{ okPNotkdh T[rqtkdh th efjzd/ ;B, g[okDh ghVh Bkb g{oBsk Bky[P ;h. T[;d/nB[;ko eKro; dk okiBhfse Xow, e/tb eokT[B d/ gqsh okiGrsh gqrN eoBk, T[d/P e/tb nkgD/ bJh gqKses/ e/Adoh ftXkB gfoPdK ftu w?ApofPg gqkgs eoBk ns/ gq'rokw e/tb fInkdk GkPD d/Dk s/ ;kb d/ d;zpowjhB/ ftu eKro; ftu nfXt/PB ftu T[g;fEs j'Dk ;h. T[BKQ s/ fJj d'P brkfJnk frnk fe T[j e/tb wZXtorh p~[XhihthnK d/ bJh ezw eod/ jB ns/ eKro; dh w?ApofPg fJBQK w~X torh b'eK se jh ;hws j?. T[BQKBz{ vo j? fe i/ iB ;kXkoB fJ; nzd'bB ftu nk rJ/ sK T[BQK dh nrtkJh ysw j' ikJ/rh. fJ;bJh T[dkotkdhdb tkfbnK Bz{ d/PGrsh d/ Bkw T[s/ ftT[gko eoB dk d'Ph mfjokfJnk frnk. fsbe B/ eKro; Bz{ ukgb{;Kdk ;zw/bB (Congress of flatterers)2 ns/ eKro; d/ nfXt/PB Bz{ S[~NhnK dk wB'oziB (a holiday recreation)df;nk ns/ bkbk bkigs okJ/ B/ eKro; ;zw/bBK Bz{ “f;fyns GkoshnK dk ;kbkBk okPNoh w/bk”3 (The annualnational festival of educated Indians) d't/A jh eKro; d/ ezwK d/ ;ys nb'ue ;B. fsbe B/ sK fJE'Ase fejk ;h, “i/eo n;hA ;kb ftu fJe tko v~v{ dh GKs No–No eohJ/ sK ;kB{z e[M BjhA fwb/rk.”

4H Gkos dh ftrVdh j'Jh nkofEe ;fEsh–4H Gkos dh ftrVdh j'Jh nkofEe ;fEsh–4H Gkos dh ftrVdh j'Jh nkofEe ;fEsh–4H Gkos dh ftrVdh j'Jh nkofEe ;fEsh–4H Gkos dh ftrVdh j'Jh nkofEe ;fEsh–T[BhthA Pskpdh d/ nzfsw ;kbK ftu Gkos dh ftrVdh j'JhnkofEe ;fEsh B/ Gkosh okPNoh gqfeqnk ftu T[rqtkd d/ T[d/ ftu ftP/P :'rdkB fdsk. 1896–97 ns/ 1899–1900 d/ fGnkBe nekb ns/ wjkokPNo dh gb/r Bkb b~yK b'e wo rJ/. ;oekoh ;jkfJsk ekoi pj[s E'Vk;h ns/ pj[s j'bh–j'bh j[zdk ;h s/ ftt;Ek th mhe BjhA ;h. fsbe d/ nB[;ko ;oekoh nfXekoh em'o s/ GqPN;B ns/ ;jkfJe d/ ;EkB T[s/ B[e;kBdkfJe ;B. T[BQK B/ sK fJE'A se fejk, “gb/r ;kv/ bJh ;oekoh isBKs'A xN fBodJh j?. 4 d~eB ftu dzr/ j' rJ/. ;oeko B/ b'e ws s/ dzfrnK Bz{ dpkT[D dk isB ehsk. iBskB/ nekbK B{z th ;oeko dh BhshnK dk Bshik jh df;nk. 1983 dh eKro; d/ w[yh GkPD ftu bkb w'jB x'PB/ 1902 d/ dopko dk T[b/y fJ; soQK ehsk, “fJe ;oeko dk rohp iBsk T[s/ Gkoh N?e; brk e/ fJe t~v/;wko'j dk wBkT[Dk fi; ftu nksPpkIh ns/ Gftn fdqPK T[s/ o[gfJnk you ehsk ikt/, idfe bZyK b'e G[~yBkb wo oj/ jB, fJ; s'A fInkdk fjod/jhBsk e[M BjhA j' ;edh.”

5H ;wekbhB nzso–okPNoh gqGkt–5H ;wekbhB nzso–okPNoh gqGkt–5H ;wekbhB nzso–okPNoh gqGkt–5H ;wekbhB nzso–okPNoh gqGkt–5H ;wekbhB nzso–okPNoh gqGkt–ftd/P ftu j'JhnK xNBktK dk so[D b'eK T[s/ fInkdk gqGktj'fJnk. GkoshnK d/ Bkb nzrq/Ih T[gfBt/PK ftu–ftP/Peo d~yDh ncohek ftu j'J/ d[oftT[jko Bkbnzrq/I–fto'Xh GktBktK ikr rJhnK. fJ;s' fJbktk fw;o, fJokB, s[oeh, ns/ o{; ftu okPNotkdhnzd'bBK dk gqGkt j'fJnk fJE'ghnk dk fJNbh B{z jokT[Dk (1896) ns/ ikgkB dh o{; T[s/ fi~s (1905) dkGkosh okPNotkdhnK T[s/ fInkdk gqGkt j'fJnk. :[o'g nfi~s dk ikd{ N~[N u[ek ;h.

6H eoIB dh gqshfeqnktkdh BhshnK–6H eoIB dh gqshfeqnktkdh BhshnK–6H eoIB dh gqshfeqnktkdh BhshnK–6H eoIB dh gqshfeqnktkdh BhshnK–6H eoIB dh gqshfeqnktkdh BhshnK–eoIB d/ Gkos ftu 7 ;kb dk Pk;B “fPPNwzvbK, G[ZbK s/nk:'rK” (missions, omissions and commissions) bJh gqf;~X ;h fi;dh GkoshnK d/ wB T[s/ ;ysgqshfeqnk j'Jh. eoIB B/ Gkos Bz{ fJe okPNo BjhA wzfBnk ns/ eKro; d/ ;ko/ ezw B{z e/tb “wB d/


B ØN


T[drko eZYDk” (letting off go gas) jh wzfBnk. T[;dh fdqPNh ftu Gkosh ufo~so dk w[b pj[s xZN;h. T[j T[BQK B{z M{m/ ns/ wZeko jh wzBdk ;h. T[;B/ ebe~sk ftPtftfdnkbk d/ fdfynKs ;wko'j ftup'bd/ j'J/ fejk ;h, “;Zu dk wkB g~Sw ftu fInkdk ;h ns/ g{op ftu n?;k pj[s ;w/A d/ pknd j'fJnkj?.” T[/;d/ fInkdkso nfXfBnwK ftu iksh P/qPmsk dh GktBk Mbedh ;h ns/ 1902 dk fd~bh dopkopj[s nyok ftP/Peo fJ; bJh fe d/P ni/ nekb d/ gqGkt Bkb g{oB o{g Bkb ;zGb th BjhA ;fenk ;h.

7H pzrkb dk ftGkiB–7H pzrkb dk ftGkiB–7H pzrkb dk ftGkiB–7H pzrkb dk ftGkiB–7H pzrkb dk ftGkiB– ;zGt s"o s/ eoIB dk ;G s'A fxoDk tkbk ezw pzrkb Bz{ d' GkrK ns/ pzrkbs/ g{oph pzrkb ns/ n;w ftu ftGkiB eoBk ;h (1905). fJj ezw pzrkb ns/ okPNoh eKro; d/ ;ysfto'X dh T[g/fynk eoe/ ehsk frnk. fJ; Bkb fJj f;~X j' frnk fe eoiB s/ bzdB ;fEs rqfj ;oekoGkos d/ b'e ws dh fe; soQK fBokdoh eod/ ;B. fJj ;gPN ;h fe tzv Xow d/ Bkw T[s/ ehsh rJhns/ fjzd{–w[;fbw dt/P B{z e[o/dD dk isB ;h. j[D fJj ;gPN ;h fe ikuBk ns/ gqsho'X gqrN eoB Bkbe[M BjhA j'D tkbk.

rowgzEh db d/ T[d/P rowgzEh db d/ T[d/P rowgzEh db d/ T[d/P rowgzEh db d/ T[d/P rowgzEh db d/ T[d/P (Objectives of the Extremist Group)Gkosh okiBhsh ftu fJe BtK d"o, d' o{g ftu gqrN j'fJnk–(1) eKro; d/ nzdo T[rqtkdh db dk T[d/, (2)d/P ftu nkszetkdh ns/ eqKshekoh db dk T[d/.

uko gqw[Zy eKro; B/sktK–b'ewkfBnk fsbe, ftfgBuzdo gkb, noftzd x'P ns/ bkbk bkigs okJ/–B/ fJ;Bt/A db dhnK BhshnK dh gohGkPk ehsh, fJBKQ dhnK fJ~SktK Bz{ ftnes ehsk ns/ fJBQK d/ ezw dk wkordoPBehsk. fsbe B/ fJj efj e/ fe “;toki w/ok iBwf;~X nfXeko j? ns/ w?A fJ;Bz{ b? e/ ojKrk” fJBQK b'eK Bz{fJe Bkok fdsk. T[BQK B/ fejk ;h–“;toki s/ ;t?Pk;B, ;t? Xow bJh io{oh j?. ;toki d/ fpBK e'Jh ;wkie;[Xko BjhA j' ;ed/, Bk e'Jh T[d:'fre gqrsh, Bk e'Jh T[g:'rh f;fynk ns/ Bk jh okPNoh ihtB dhgohg{oBsk. fJjh n;hA ukj[zd/ jK s/ fJ; bJh JhPto B/ w?Bz{ fJ; ;z;ko ftu G/fink j?.”

ftfgBuzdo gkb B/ fJ; db dh wzrK dh fJBQK PpdK ftu ftnkfynk ehsh–“d/P ftu BtK ;[Xko BjhA gog[BormB dh Io{os j?. fJzrb?Av Bz{ Gkosh ;oeko dh Bhsh fBowkD dk nfXeko SZv d/Dk ukjhdk ns/fJe ftd/Ph ;oeko Bz{ i' ekBz{ ukj/ pDk ;eD dk s/ nkgDh fJ~Sk Bkb i?;k ukj[zD Pk;B eoB, fJj nfXekofsnkr d/Dk ukjhdk j?. T[BQK B{z nkgDh fJ~Sk Bkb N?e; brkT[D, ns/ nkgDh fJ~Sk Bkb XB Bz{ you eoBdk nfXeko th S~vdk j't/rk.”

noftzd x'P ;toki Bz{ “Gkos d/ gqkuhB ihtB ftu nkX[fBe goh;fEshnK ftu gohg{oB j'Dk ns/ okPNohr"ot dk ;s:[r wzBd/ ;h fi; ftu Gkos fJe r[o{ ns/ wkordoPe d/ o{g ftu nkgDh G{fwek fBGkJ/b'eK dh nksw w[esh j't/ sKfe okiBhfse ihtB ftu t/dKs d/ nkdoP gqkgs ehs/ ik ;eD, fJjh GkosbJh ;Zuk ;toki j'J/rk. T[BQK d/ nB[;ko, “okiBhfse ;[szsosk, fJe okPNo dk ihtB ;tk; j?. fpBKokiBhfse ;[szsosk d/ ;wkie ns/ f;fyne ;[xko, T[d:'fre gq;ko, fJe iksh dh B?fse soZeh nkfddh rZb ;'uDk w{oysk dh uow ;hwk j?.”

bkigs okJ/ d/ nB[;ko, “fit/A dk; dh nkswk BjhA j[zdk fJ;/ gqeko dk; iks dh e'Jh nkswk BjhA j[zdh.ns/ nkswk d/ fpBk wB[Zy e/tb gP{ j?. fJ; bJh d/P bJh ;toki gow io{oh j? s/ ;[Xko ns/ T[sw okifJ;d/ ftebg BjhA j' ;ed/.”


J Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk d;zpo 1885 ftu j'Jh. T[; ;w/ d/ 72 okiBhse ekoieosktK B/fJ;dh Bhj oZyh ;h. nfyb Gkosh gZXo T[s/ fJj Gkosh okPNotkd dh gfjbh ;[fB:'fis nfGftnesh;h. fJZe ntekP gqkgs nzrq/ia nkJhH;hHn?;H nfXekoh J/HUH fjT{w B/ eKro; dh ;EkgBk ftuwjZstg{oB G{fwek fBGkJh ;h. ;tkb T[mdk j? fe fJBQK 72 b'eK B/ eKro; dh ;EkgBk feT[ ehshns/ fJ;d/ bJh fJjh ;wK feT[ u[fDnk<


B ØN


J ‘:zr fJzvhnk* ftu 1916 ftZu gqekPs ngD/ b/y ftu BowgzEh B/sk bkbk bkigs okJ/ B/ *;[oZfynktkbt* dh fJ; gfoebgBk dk fJ;s/wkb eKro; d/ BowgzEh gZy T[s/ wko eoB d/ bJh ehsk ;h.‘;[oZfynk tkbt* dh gfoebgBk T[s/ bzph uouk eod/ j'J/ nkgD/ b/y ftu T[BQK B/ fejk ;h fe “eKro;bkov vcfoB d/ fdwkr dh T[gi j?.@

J fJ;d/ eohp 25–30 ;kbK pknd fJ; ftP/ *s/ oiBhgkw dZs d/ ‘gqwkfDe nfXn?B’ B/ sK ‘;[oZfynktkbt’ d/ fwEe Bz{ tkwgzEh d/ ‘eZu/ wkb’ d/ o{g ftu jh ;Ekgs eo fdZsk.

J fJ;d/ bJh “tkfJ;okJ/ d/ Bkb fwb e/ fJZe r[g–u[g :'iBk” fsnko ehsh rJh ;h, sKfe T[; ;w/A T[mojh “fpqfNP–fto'Xh bfjo ns/ iB n;zs'P dh skesK Bkb fpqfNP Pk;B dh oZfynk d/ bJh fJ;dk(eKro; dk) fJ;s/wkb jfEnko d/ s"o *s/” ehsk ikt/.

J fJZe ;zrmB d/ o{g ftu fJ;dk fJj ‘d'jok ufoZso’ fe fJ; Bz{ ;oeko B/ pDkfJnk ns/ fco fJj;woki–fto'Xh nzd'bB dh nkr{ pDh, “fJ;d/ ;w{u/ fJfsjk; ftu Bio nkT[Adk j?.” fJ;B/ ;wokitkdd/ fybkc ;zxoP ehsk ns/ T[;d/ Bkb ;fj:'r th ehsk.

J r'btbeo d/ nB[;ko, fjT{w, ekNB ns/ t/vopoB d[nkok 1885 ftu s?n ehsh rJh BhshnK jh fizw/tko ;h –“fJBQK b'eK B/ T[; ;w/A ‘T[pb oj/ okPNotkd’ d/ fybkc ‘;[oZfynk tkbt’ d/ s"o *s/ eKro; dh ;EkgBk ehsh.T[; ;w/A ikr oj/ fJe ftPkb d/t ƒ ;[tK d/D d/ bJh fJj fJe fyv"Dk ;h, okPNoh u/sBk ƒ spkj eo d/D dkjfEnko ;h ns/ fiZE/ se T[BQK b'eK d/ T[d/P dh rb j? T[j fJ; ftu g{oh soKQ ;cb oj/.”

J id'A nkg vcfoB ns/ T[BQK d/ T[dkotkdh ;fj:'rh (pzpJh ns/ wdok; d/ rtoBo) th eKro; Bkbjwdodh BjhA oyd/ ;h,

J 1885 ftu T[BQK B/ o/ (Reay) Bz{ fuZmh fby e/ u/sktBh fdZsh ;h fe fjT{w dh eKro; s'A ;ktXkB oj'.“;[XkotkdhnK ns/ dZyDgzEhnK ftu'A fe;/ d/ th bkr/ Bk ikU.” i{B 1885 ftu o/ B/ fJ;dk itkpfbfynk. BthA okiBhfse ;orowh Bkb vo/ j'J/ o/ B/ vcfoB Bz{ Gkosh gqshfBXhnK s'A ;ktXkB ofjDbJh fejk.

J tk;st ftu wJh 1885 d/ pknd s'A jh vcfoB, fjT{w Bkb Bcos eoB bZr/ ;h ns/ T[BQK s'A d{oofjD bZr/ ;h. fJjh BjhA, fJ;d/ pknd s'A vcfoB B/ pzrkbh pkp{nK ns/ wokmh pqkjwDK T[s/ jwbkp'bDk P[o{ eo fdZsk. vcfoB dk wzBDk ;h fe fJBQK dk T[d/P ;zd/j tkbk j? ns/ fJj Gkos ftunkfJob?Av–tork eqKshekoh ftdo'jh nzd'bB ubkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB.

J 1885 ftu Gkosh okFPnNoh eKro; dh ;EkgBk Bk s/ nB'yh xNBk ;h s/ Bk jh e'Jh fJfsjk;ed[oxNBk. 1860 ns/ 1870 d/ dPe s'A jh GkoshnK ftu okiBhfse u/sBk g?dk j'D bZrh ;h. eKro;dh ;EkgBk fJ; tXdh u/sBk dh gokekPmk ;h.

J pkb rzrkXo fsbe S/ ;kb dh bzwh ;ik eZND s'A pknd 16 i{B, 1914 Bz{ i/b s'A S[~N/. e?d dk fInkdkso;wK wzvkb/ i/b (powk) ftu phfsnk ;h. Gkos tkg; nkJ/, sK T[BQK Bz{ bZfrnk fe T[j fi; d/P Bz[ S~v e/rJ/ ;h, T[j ekch pdb frnk j?.

J fsbe B/ ;'funk ;G s'A gfjbK sK eKro; ftu fco s'A Pkwb j'fJnk ikt/ ns/ pkehBowgzEhnK B{ z th fJ; ftu tkfVnk ikt/. fsbe Bz { fJj ftPtk; j' ufbnk ;h fe GkoshokPNoh eKro;, Gkosh okPNoh nzd'bB dk gqnkfJ pD u[Zeh j? ns/ fpBK fJ;dh fJikis d/ e'Jh thokiBhfse nzd'bB ;cb BjhA j' ;edk.

J J/Bh p/;/AN j[D/ jkb jh ftu eKro; ftu Pkwb j'Jh ;h. 1914 ftu T[j 66 ;kbK dh ;h, T[BQK d/okiBhfse ihtB dh P[o{nks fJzrb?Av ftu j'Jh ;h, fi~E/ T[BQK B/ ;[szso fuzsB (cqh EkN), T[rq–;[Xkotkd (o?vhefbiw), cfpnBtkd ns/ pqjwftfdnk (fEn';kch) d/ gquko ftu fjZ;k fbnk.

J 1914 ftu J/Bh p/;/AN B/ nkgDh rshftXhnK dk dkfJok tXkT[D dk fBoDk fbnk ns/ ‘nkfJob?Av dhj'wo{b bhr’ dh soQK Gkos ftu th ;t?Pk;B dh wzr Bz{ b? e/ nzd'bB ubkT[D dh :'iBk pDkJh. T[BKB{z b~frnk fe fJ;d/ bJh eKro; dh nkfrnk ns/ rowgzEh nzd'bBekohnK dk ;fj:'r b?Dk Io{oh j?.


B ØN


J 1915 d/ P[o{ ftu J/Bh p/;/AN B/ d' nypkoK–‘fBT[ fJzvhnk’ (New India) ns/ ‘ekwBthb’ (Commonweal)d/ d[nkok nzd'bB S/V fdZsk. iB;GktK ns/ ;zw/bB nk:'fis ehs/. T[BQK dh wzr ;h fe fi; soQK Bkb r'o/T[gfBt/P ftu T[E'A dh iBsk Bz{ nkgDh ;oeko pDkT[D dk nfXeko fdZsk frnk j?, Gkosh iBsk Bz{ th;t?Pk;B dk nfXeko fwb/. ngq?b 1915 d/ pknd J/Bh p/;/AN B/ j'o th seVk s/ i[Mko{ o[y nyfsnkoehsk.

J fsbe B/ 1915 ftu g{Bk ftu nkgD/ ;woEeK Bz{ fJe ;zw/bB p[bkfJnk, fi; ftu fJj c?;bk ehskfrnk fe g/Av{ iBsk Bz{ eKro; d/ T[d/PK ns/ T[;dh rshftXhnK Bkb ikD{ eokT[D bJh fJe ;z;EkB dkrmB ehsk ikt/.

J fd;zpo 1915 ftu eKro; dk ;kbkBk nfXt/PB j'fJnk ns/ fsbe s/ J/Bh p/;/AN dhnK e'fPPK Bkb;cbsk fwbh. rowgzEhnK Bz{ eKro; ftu tkg; b?D dk c?;bk ehsk frnk. fco'iPkj w/jsk d/ d/jKsekoB pzpJh d/ BowgzEh dk fto'X p/n;o ;kps j'fJnk. r'yb/ dk th d/jKs j' u[~ek ;h. rowgzEhnKBz{ eKro; ftu tkg; fbnkT[D ftu sK J/Bh p/;/AN ;cb ojh, go ‘j'w o{b bhr’ d/ rmB d/ nkgD/gq;skt T[s/ T[j eKro; ns/ w[;fbw bhr dh wzi{oh Bjh b? ;eh.


• i[Mko{ L ;zxoP eoD tk+k

• st~i' L fJ~Is d/Dk

• y/wk L gkoNh, db


1. eKro; gkoNh dh ;EkgBk d/ fg~S/ fjT{w d/ eh T[d/P ;B. ;gPN eo'.

2. eKro; ;EkgBk d/ ;/cNh tkbt f;XKs dh ftnkfynk eo'.

3. j'w o{b nzd'bB s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< b'ewkB: fsbe ns/ n?Bh p/;?AN dh G{fwek dh ftnkfynk eo'.

4. BowgzEh ns/ rowgzEh B/sk e"D ;B ns/ ;[szsosk nzd'bB ft~u fJjBK dh G{fwek ;gPN eo'.


1H 1H (b) 2H (a) 3H (c) 4H (b) 5H (a)

2H 1H 6 ;kb 2H ekwBthb 3H p/brKt 4H 60tK 5H f;szpo 16





p[e;

fJekJh^10L okPNoh nzd'bB ns/ Gkosh ;[szsoskfJekJh^10L okPNoh nzd'bB ns/ Gkosh ;[szsoskfJekJh^10L okPNoh nzd'bB ns/ Gkosh ;[szsoskfJekJh^10L okPNoh nzd'bB ns/ Gkosh ;[szsoskfJekJh^10L okPNoh nzd'bB ns/ Gkosh ;[szsosk

B ØN


fJekJh 10L okPNoh nzd'bB ns/ Gkosh ;[szsoskfJekJh 10L okPNoh nzd'bB ns/ Gkosh ;[szsoskfJekJh 10L okPNoh nzd'bB ns/ Gkosh ;[szsoskfJekJh 10L okPNoh nzd'bB ns/ Gkosh ;[szsoskfJekJh 10L okPNoh nzd'bB ns/ Gkosh ;[szsoskL(National Movement and Indian Independence)



10H1 n;fj:'r nzd'bB (Non-Co-operation Movement)

10H2 ;ftB/n ntfrnk nzd'bB (Civil disobidience Movement)

10H3 Gkos S~v' nzd'bB (Quit India Movement)10H4 Gkosh ;[szsosk ns/ tzv (Indian Independence and Partition)10H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)10H6 Ppde'P (Keywords)10H7 nfGnk;^gqPB (Review Questions)



fJ; fJekJh d/ nfXn?B sØA pknd ftfdnkoEh :Ør j ØDr/L

• n;fj:'r nzd'bB dh ftnkfynk eoB ftul

• ;ftB/n ntfrnk ns/ Gkos S~v' nzd'bB dk ftt/uB eoB ftul

• Gkosh ;[szsosk ns/ tzv dk ftPb/PD eoB ftu.


thjthA ;dh d/ d{i/ dPe dk nzfsw ;kb :kBh 1920 Gkosh iBsk bJh fBokPk ns/ d[yd dk ;kb ;h. iBskT[whd brk e/ p?mh ;h fe gfjb/ ftPt :[X dh ;wkgsh d/ pknd je{ws T[BQK bJh e[M eo/rh, gqzs{ o'bNn?eN, ifbnKtkbk pkr eKv ns/ gzikp ftu wkoPb bk B/ T[;dh ;koh T[whdK T[s/ gkDh c/o fdsk. iBsk;wM rJh fe nzrq/Ih je{ws f;tkfJ dwB d/ T[;Bz{ e[M Bjh dt/rh.

wkNKfrT[ u/w;c'ov ;[XkoK dk we;d th d[joh Pk;B gqDkbh bkr{ eoBk ;h, Bk fe iBsk Bz{ okjs d/Dk.fJ; Bkb th n;zs'y T[Gfonk. w[;bwkBK Bz{ wfj;{; j'D brk fe nzrq/Ih je{ws B/ T[BQK Bz{ th X'yk fdskj?. gfjb/ ftPt :[X ftu w[;bwkBK dk ;fj:'r b?D d/ bJh nzrq/IK B/ s[oeh d/ gqsh T[dko otJhnkngBkT[D dk tkfJdk ehsk ;h, go pknd ftu T[j w[eo rJ/.

Gkos d/ w[;bwkB s[oeh d/ ybhck B{z nkgDk Xowr[o{ wzBd/ ;B. T[BQK Bz{ bfrnk fe j[D s[oeh d/ Xown;EkBK T[s/ ybhck dk fBnzsoD BjhA ofj ikJ/rk. Gkosh w[;bwkB fJ; Bkb pj[s d[yh j'J/. rKXh ihns/ T[BQK tor/ swkw b'e, i' fJj T[whd brk e/ p?m/ ;B fe ifbnKtkbk pkr eKv ns/ gzikp ftu T[gdqtKdh fBog~y iKu j'J/rh ns/ fpqfNP ;oeko ns/ iBsk fJ;dh fJe nktkI ftu fBzdk eo/rh, j[D fBokPj' ub/ ;h. ‘jzNo ew/Nh’ d[nkok fJBKQ xNBktK dh iKu fi; soQK ehsh ik ojh ;h, T[; Bkb fJj b'e ekchd[yh ;h. T[Xo fpqfNP ;z;d ftP/Peo ‘jkT[; nkc bkov;’ ftu iBob vkfJo d/ ekoBkfwnK Bz{ T[fuseoko fdsk frnk ;h ns/ ‘w'ofBzr g';N’ B/ vkfJo bJh 30 jIko g'Av dk e'P fJeZmk ehsk ;h. fJj ;kohekor[IkohnK nzr/qIh je{ws dk godkckP eoB bJh ekch ;B.


B ØN


ngq?b 1920 se fpqfNP ;oeko d/ e'b nkgD/ rbs edwK Bz{ ;jh mfjokT[D d/ ;ko/ soe w[e rJ/ ;h.fybkcs B/sktK Bz{ ;kc–;kc efj fdsk frnk ;h fe T[j j[D j'o fInkdk T[whd Bk oyD. s[oeh d/ Bkb1920 ftu j'Jh ;zXh fJ; r~b dk ;p{s ;h fe s[oeh d/ tzv dk c?;bk nzfsw j?. rKXh ih Bz{ fJ; Bkbth rfjok d[~y gj[zfunk. T[j fybkcs B/B/sktK d/ fw~so ;h. Btzpo 1919 ftu fybkcs ;zw/bB ftu T[BQKBz{ ftP/P wfjwkB d/ o{g ftu p[bkfJnk frnk ;h. rKXh ih Bz{ th nfj;k; j'fJnk fe nzr/qIk B/ X'yk fd~skj?.

1920 ftu rKXh ih B/ fybkc ew/Nh Bz{ nzrq/Ih je{ws d/ fybkc nfjz;e n;fj:'r nzd'bB S/VD dh ;bkjfdsh. 9 i{B 1920 Bz{ fJbkjkpkd ftu fybkcs ew/Nh B/ fJ; ;bkj Bz{ ;op ;zwsh Bkb ;theko eo fbnkns/ rKXhih Bz{ fJ; nzd'bB dh nrtkJh eoB dk nfXeko ;"Afgnk.

fJ; ftu eKro; B{z th wfj;{; j'D brk ;h fe ;zftXkfBe s"o sohfenK Bkb e[M jk;b j'D tkbk BjhAj?. gzikp T[gdqtK dh iKu eoB tkbh ew/Nh dh fog'oN Bkb th eKro; Bz{ fBokPk jh j~E brh. eKro;B/ y[d fJBQK xNBktK dh iKu eokJh ns/ ;~u dk gsk brkfJnk. fJ; soQK fpqfNP je{ws d/ ot~JhJ/ s'Ad[yh eKro; th n;fj:'r nzd'bB dk o;sk nyfsnko eoB Bz{ fsnko ;h. wJh 1920 ftu nfyb GkosheKro; ew/Nh dh p?me j'Jh ns/ ;szpo ftu eKro; dk ftP/P nfXt/PB nk:'fis eoB dk c?;bk ehskfrnk. T[d/P ;h–nZr/ dh oDBhsh s?n eoBk.

d/P dh iBsk th nzrq/Ih je{ws s'A yko ykJ/ p?mh ;h. fJ; s'A gfjbK d/ uko dPeK d/ okPNoh nzd'bB B/iBsk d/ fJe pj[s t~v/ spe/ B{z okiBhfse o{g ftu Pkwb ehsk ;h. nzr/qIh je{ws dh X'y/pkih ns/ dwBBkb iBsk sVc T[mh ;h. T[;Bz{ br fojk ;h fe j[D u[~g ofjDk ekfJosk j't/rh.

fJ;d/ nbktk nkofEe w[PfebK B/ th iBsk Bz{ ;zxoP bJh T[e;kfJnk. gfjb/ ftPt :[~X d/ ekoB wfjzrkJhpj[s tX rJh ;h. BroK ns/ e;fpnK ftu ofjD tkb/ wId{o d;seko, w~X tor ns/ Bht/A–w~X tor;ko/ go/PkB ;B. ykD dh ewh sK ;h jh, ehwsK th n;wkB S{j ojhnK ;B. w[dok;chsh brksko tXdhik ojh ;h. ftPt:[X ;wkgs j'D d/ pknd th fJj eqw ysw BjhA j'fJnk. fgzvK ftu fe;kB ns/ y/shjowid{o ;[~ek, wjkwkoh ns/ gb/r Bkb i{M oj/ ;B. fJBQK wjkwkohnK dh ug/N ftu nke/ jIkoK b'e worJ/. fJ; soQK PfjoK–fgzvK ns/ e;fpnK ftu, ;koh irQk nzrq/Ih je{ws d/ fybkc b'e sVc oj/ ;h. fto'Xdh fJ; T{oik Bz{ ;jh fdPk d/D Go dh Io{os ;h.

gfjbh nr;s 1920 Bz{ nzd'bB fSV frnk. rKXh ih B/ 22 i{B Bz{ jh tkfJ;okJ/ Bz{ fJe B'fN; fdsk ;h,fi; ftu fbfynk ;h, “e[Pk;B eoB tkb/ Pk;e Bz{ ;fj:'r d/D s'A fJBeko eoB dk nfXeko jo nkdwhBz{ j?.” gfjbh nr;s B{z jh ;t/o/ fsbe dk d/jKs j' frnk. fsbe d/ d/jKs T[s/ P'e ns/ nzd'bB dh P[o{nksd'tK b'eK B/ T[gtk; ofynk.

;szpo ftu ebe~sk ftu eKro; dk nfXt/PB j'fJnk. eJh tfoPm B/sktK d/ fto'X d/ pkti{d n;fj:'rnzd'bB B{z eKro; B/ wzi{oh d/ fdsh, fJ; Bz{ nkgDk nzd'bB wzB fbnk. fto'XhnK ftu gqw[~y ;hHnkoH dk;.T[BQK dk fto'X ftXkB gfoPdK (b/fi;b/fNt n;?Apbh) d/ pfjPeko Bz{ b? e/ ;h. e[M jh fdB pknd T[BKQdhnK u'DK j'D tkbhnK ;B. gqzs{ pfjPeko d/ ftuko Bkb n;fjwsh oyD tkfbnK B/ th eKro; d/ nB[Pk;Bdk gkbB ehsk ns/ u'DK ftu Gkr BjhA fbnk. fInkdkso wsdksktK B/ th fJ;dk pfjPeko ehsk.

10H1 n;fj:'r nzd'bB 10H1 n;fj:'r nzd'bB 10H1 n;fj:'r nzd'bB 10H1 n;fj:'r nzd'bB 10H1 n;fj:'r nzd'bB (Non-Co-operation Movement)

d;zpo ftu Bkrg[o ftu eKro; dk ;kbkBk nfXt/PB j'fJnk. fJ; ;w/A se eKro; ftu nzdo{Bh fto'XbrGr ysw j' u[~ek ;h. ftXkB gfoPdK dhnK u'DK j' u[ehnK ;B, fJ; bJh fJ;d/ pfjPeko dk fttkdtkbk w[~dk th ysw j' frnk ;h. ;hHnkoH dk; B/ th fJ; ;zw/bB ftu n;fj:'r nzd'bB Bkb ;zpX gq;sktofynk. fJj gq;skt ekch bzwk–u"Vk ;h. n;fj:'r nzd'bB g'qrokw d/ sfjs swkw uhIK nkT[Adhnk ;h,fit/A T[gkXhnK ns/ wkBgZso dk tkg; eoBk, ;oekoh ;e{bK, ekbiK, ndkbsK, ftd/Ph e~gfVnK dkpfjPeko. fJ; gq;skt ftu fJj th fejk frnk fe pknd ftu iBsk Bz{ ;oekoh B"eohnK s'A n;shckd/D ns/ ekBz{B dh ntfrnk—fi; ftu N?e; ndkfJrh Bk eoBk th Pkwb j't/– d/ bJh th fejk ik ;edk


B ØN


;h. okPNoh ftfdnkbK dh ;EkgBk ns/ ;EkBe fttkdK d/ fBgNko/ d/ bJh gzukfJsK d/ rmB dk th gq;skt;h. j~E Bkb eskJh–p[DkJh B{z T[s;kj d/D ns/ fjzd{–w[;fbw J/esk Bz{ tkXk d/D s/ ftP/P i'o d/D dh rZbejh rJh ;h. S{nkS{s Bz{ fwNkT[D ns/ jo jkb ftu nfjz;k dk gkbB eoB dk ;ys fBod/P ;h. rKXhih B/ fdbk;k fd~sk fe i/eo fJBQK g'qrokwK s/ g{oh soQK nwb j'fJnk, sK fJe ;kb d/ nzdo jh nkikdh fwbikJ/rh. fJ; soQK Bkrg[o eKro; ;zw/bB B/ iB nzd'bB d/ ;zftXkB d/ sohe/ ngDkT[D dh x'PDk eo fdsh.eqKshekoh nkszetkdhnK d/ swkw r[NK B/ (fInkdkso pzrkb d/) fJ; nzd'bB Bz{ ;woED fdsk.

Bt/A gq'rokwK T[s/ nwb eoB bJh eKro; d/ ;zrmBkswe YKu/ ftu th eJh gfotosB ehs/ rJ/, T[d/Pth pdb frnk. gfjb/ T[gd/P ;h ;zt?XkfBe ns/ t?XkfBe sohfenK Bkb ;t?Pk;B (;/bc rtoBw?AN) dhgqkgsh, j[D T[d/P ;h nfjz;e ns/ T[fus sohfenK Bkb ;toki dh gqkgsh. rKXh ih d[nkok fsnko eKro;d/ Bt/A ;zftXkB B/ th eKro; d/ ufoZso Bz{ ekch jd se pdfbnk.

j[D eKro; d/ o'Iw~ok d/ ezw B{z d/yD bJh 15 w?Apoh ekoiekoDh rfms ehsh rJh. fsbe B/ 1916 ftujh fJ;dk gq;skt ofynk ;h, go BowgzEh eKro;hnK d/ fto'X d/ ekoB fJ;Bz{ wzi{oh jh fwbh. rKXhih ikDd/ ;h fe fe;/ nzd'bB B{ bzw/ ;w/A se ubkT[D bJh e'Jh n?;h ew/Nh j'Dh ukjhdh j?, i' ;kb Go;kok ezweki d/ydh oj/. ;EkBe g~Xo s/ g'qrokw T[s/ nwbh ikwk gkT[D bJh gqd/P eKro; ;whshnK dkrmB ehsk frnk. fJjBK dk rmB GkPkJh nkXko s/ ehsk frnk, fi; Bkb fJ; ftu ;EkBe b'eK dhfInkdk s'A fInkdk Gkrhdkoh j't/. fJ; d/ pknd eKro; B/ fgzvK–e;fpnK se gj[zuD dk fBPkBkpDkfJnk. fJ; soQK eKro; ;zrmB dk dkfJok th tfXnk ns/ T[;dk fte/AdoheoB th j'fJnk. eKro;B/ fJj th s?n ehsk fe fiE/ se ;zGt j't/, fjzdh Bz{ jh ps"o ;zgoe GkPk fJ;s/wkb ehsk ikt/.

eKro; d[nkok fJ;Bz{ ngDkT[D d/ cb;o{g n;fj:'r nzd'bB dh BthA Pesh Goh. iBtoh 1921 s'A g{o/d/P ftu nzd'bB dh b'efgqnsk tXD brh. rKXh ih B/ fybkcs B/sk nbh GkJhnK d/ Bkb g{o/ d/P dk d"okehsk, ;?AeV/ ;GktK ftu GkPD fd~s/ ns/ okiBhfse ekoieosktK Bkb w[bkeks ehsh, T[BQK Bkb rZbpksehsh. gfjb/ wjhB/ ftu jh jIkoK ftfdnkohEhnK B/ (fJe nKeV/ d/ nB[;ko 90,000) ;oekoh ;e{bK ns/ekbiK Bz{ S~v fdZsk ns/ okPNoh ;e{bK ns/ ekbiK ftu Gosh j' rJ/. T[; ;w/A d/P ftu 800 okPNoh;e{b ns/ ekbi ;B. f;fynk dk pfjPeko gZSwh pzrkb ftu ;G s'A fInkdk ;cb fojk. ebe~sk d/ftfdnkoEhnK B/ okiftnkgh jVskb ehsh. T[BQK dh wzr ;h fe ;e{bK d/ gqpzXe ;oeko Bkb nkgDk foPsks'VD. ;hHnkoH dk; B/ fJ; nzd'bB B{z pj[s T[s;kfjs ehsk ns/ ;[GkPuzdo p'; ‘B?PBb ekbi’ (ebe~sk)d/ fgzq;hgb pD rJ/. gzikp ftu th t~v/ g?wkB/ T[s/ f;fynk dk pfjPeko ehsk frnk. pzrkb d/ pkndfJ;/ dk Bzpo ;h. bkbk bkigs okJ/ B/ fJE/ t~vk ezw ehsk, jkbKfe P[o{ ftu T[j fJ;d/ ;woEe BjhA ;h.pzpJh, T[Zso gqd/P, fpjko, T[Vh;k, n;w ftu th fJ; g'qrokw T[s/ ekch nwb j'fJnk, gqzs{ wdok; ftufJ; Bz{ ;cbsk BjhA fwbh.

tehbK B/ t~v/ g?wkB/ T[s/ ndkbsK dk pfjPeko sK BjhA ehsk, gqzs{ d/P d/ ikB/–wkB/ tehbK, fit/A ;hHnkoHdk;, w'shbkb Bfjo{, n?wHnkoH i?eo, feub{, tb~G GkJh gN/b, ;hH okir'gkbkukoh, NhH gqekPw ns/nk;c nbh d/ tekbs S~vD Bkb b'e pj[s T[s;kjs j'J/. frDsh dh fdqPNh Bkb fJ; tko th pzrkb gfjb/Bzpo s/ fojk, T[;d/ pknd nKXo, T[Zso gqd/P, eoBkNe ns/ gzikp.

gqG{dk; rKXh wjkswk rKXh d/ Bkb d/P d/ d"o/ s/ rJ/ ;B. T[j d;d/ jB fe d{o doki d/ ;N/PBK T[s/, id'Ar~vh yVh j[zdh, sK rKXh ih ;N/PB s/ yV/ b'eK Bz{ efjzd/ fe s[;hA b'e g{ok egVk Bk ;jh, fto'X iskT[D bJhnkgDh grVh, d[g~Nk iK N'gh Bz{ jh T[sko d/t'. b'e c'oB nkgDk d[g~Nk, N'gh iK grVh fi; d/ e'b i'j[zdk, T[sko fdzd/.

fgzvK ns/ e;fpnK ftu th eKro; ;whshnK rms ehsh rJhnK. w?ApofPgch; uko nkB/ ;kb dh eo fdsh rJh fi; Bkb rohp b'e th w?Apo pD ;eD.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ jØ


B ØN


gqG{dk; rKXh d;d/ jB fe fit/A jh ;kvh rZvh n~r/ tXdh, fJBQK egfVnK dh j'bh ibkJh iKdh. Nq/B dhfyVeh s'A bgNK T[mdhnK fdykJh fdzdhnK. ftd/Ph egV/ t/uD tkbh d[ekBK T[s/ XoBk th pfjPeko nzd'bBftu Pkwb ;h. fJ;dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe 1920–21 ftu fiE/ fJe nop d' eo'V w[~b d/ ftd/PhegfVnK dk nk:ks ;h, T[E/ 1921–22 ftu fJj xN e/ 57 eo'V j' frnk.

fJ; nzd'bB ftu fJe j'o ekotkJh, i' pj[s b'efgqn j'Jh, T[j ;h skVh dh d[ekBK T[s/ XoBk. jkbKfefJj w{b g'qrokw BjhA ;h. ;oeko Bz{ fJ; Bkb pj[s nkofEe B[e;kB gj[zfunk ns/ T[j wip{o j' e/ fJ;d/gquko ftu i[N rJh. T[j d~;D brh fe skVh ghD d/ fezB/ ckfJd/ jB. fpjko ns/ T[Vh;k dh ;oeko B/sK fJfsjk; d/ pzfdnK d/ BK se frDtkJ/ fe fezB/ wjkB–wjkB b'e Pokp dk ;/tB eod/ ;B. (w{;k,f;ezdo, i{bhn; ;hIo, B/g'bhnB, P/e;ghno, rb?v;NkB, N/Bh;B ns/ fp;wkod dk Bkw fbnk frnk).

wkou 1921 ftu fti/tkVk ftu eKro; ;zw/bB j'fJnk. ekoieosktK B{z nkd/P fdsk frnk fe T[j nrb/fszB wjhB/ se nkgDk ;kok fXnkB e'P fJe~mk eoB, w?Apo pDkT[D ns/ uoyk tzvD T[s/ d/D. w?ApofPgdk beP fJe eo'V ofynk frnk ;h. fJj beP sK g{ok BjhA j'fJnk, gqzs{ frDsh 50 b~y se gj[zuk fdshrJh. ‘fsbe ;toki czv’ nkgD/ beP s'A th nr/ fBeb frnk. fJe eo'V s'A fInkdk o[gJ/ fJeZm/ eobJ/ rJ/. uoy/ ns/ ykdh dk y{p gquko j'fJnk. ykdh sK okPNoh nzd'bB dh gqshe pD rJh.ftfdnkoEhnK dh fJe ;Gk ftu rKXh ih ykdh gfjBD dh nghb eo oj/ ;B, sK e[M b'eK B/ fPekfJsehsh fe ykdh pj[s wfjzrh j?. rKXh ih B/ ;[Mkn fd~sk fe x~N egV/ gkU, rKXhih B/ y[d T[; fdB s'Ae[osk s/ X'sh gkT[Dk Sv fdsk, bzr'Nh gkT[D br/ ns/ ihtB Go nXBzr/ ceho dh soQK oj/.

i[bkJh 1921 ftu ;oeko d/ ;kjwD/ fJe BthA u[D'sh nk yVh j'Jh. 8 i[bkJh B{z eokuh ftu fybkcs ;zw/bB ftu w[jzwd nbh B/ x'PDk ehsh fe fe;h th w[;bwkB dk ;?Bk ftu ofjDk Xow d/ fybkc j?. T[BQKB/ b'eK Bz{ fejk fe T[j fJ; ;zd/P B{z jo w[;bwkB ;?fBe se gj[zukT[D. fJ; GkPD d/ s[ozs pknd w[jzwdnbh nkgD/ ;kEhnK ;w/s frocsko eo bJ/ rJ/. fJ; frocskoh dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe fJ;d/ fto'Xftu nk:'fis ;GktK ftu fJ; nghb Bz{ pko–pko d[jokfJnk frnk, T[;dk y{p gquko j'fJnk.

4 nes{po Bz{ rKXh ;w/s eKro; d/ 47 tfoPm B/sktK B/ fJe fpnkB ikoh eo w[jzwd nbh d/ fpnkBdh fJe soQK Bkb g[PNh sK ehsh jh, Bkb jh fJj th fejk fe jo Gkosh Bkrfoe ns/ ;?fBe dk coIj? fe T[j dwBekoh ;~sk s'A nkgDk Bksk s'V b?D, T[;Bz{ fe;/ soQK dk ;fj:'r Bk d/D. nrb/ fdB eKro;ekoiekoDh B/ fJ; soQK dk fJe gq;skt gk; ehsk ns/ 16 nes{po Bz{ g{o/ d/P ftu ftfGzB eKro;;whshnK dh p?me ftu fJ;Bz{ wzi{oh fdsh rJh. ;oeko B/ nkgDh jko wzB bJh, pj[s p/fJIsh j'Jh,T[;B/ fJ; xNBk Bz{ nDd/yk eo fdsk.

fJ;d/ pknd j'Jh fgqz; nkc t/b; dh Gkos :ksok, i' 17 Btzpo 1921 Bz{ P[o{ j'Jh ;h. fi; fdB T[jpzpJh nkJ/, g{o/ Gkos ftu jVskb ;h. T[;/ fdB rKXh ih B/ pzpJh ftu n?bfcA;NB fwb d/ pokwd/ ftuwId{oK dh ;Gk ftu GkPD fdsk. ftd/Ph egfVnK dh j'bh ibkJh rJh. gqzs{ d[oGkr Bkb fJ;/ fdB pzpJhdh ;VeK T[s/ y{B–yokpk j' frnk. rKXh ih dh ;Gk s'A tkg; nkT[D tkfbnK ns/ fgqz; d/ ;tkrs ;wko'jftu Gkr b?D tkfbnK ftu ;zxoP j' frnk. Pfjo ftu dzrk GVe T[fmnk ns/ fJ;d/ fInkdkso fPekoj'J/ gko;h, Jh;kJh, ns/ n?Arb'–fJzvhnB. fJBQK Bz{ nzrq/Ih je{ws dk ;woEe wzfBnK iKdk ;h. fszB fdBKse fjz;kswe tkodksK j[zdhnK ojhnK. fjz;k ns/ g[fb; d[nkok r'bh ubkJ/ ikD ftu 58 ftnesh wko/rJ//. rKXh ih id fszB fdB se nBPB s/ p?m/, sK fes/ ik e/ fjz;k dh n~r mzvh gJh. rKXh ih fJBQKfjz;kswe tkodksK Bkb pj[s d[yh j'J/.

pfjPeko nzd'bB ftu ;G s'A fInkdk ;cb ;h–ftd/Ph egfVnK d/ pfjPeko dk g'qrokw.ekoieosk xo–xo ik e/ ftd/Ph egV/ fJeZm/ eod/, ;EkBe b'e fJe irk fJeZm/ jz[d/ns/ fJBQK egfVnK dh j'bh ibkJh iKdh.

B ØN;


B ØN


‘fgqz; nkc t/b;’ fiZE/ th rJ/, thokB ;VeK ns/ pzd dotkfinK B/ jh T[BQK dk ;tkrs ehsk. n;fj:'rnzd'bBekohnK dk j"A;bk tXdk jh ik fojk ;h. eKro; dh ;t?;/th e'o, fdB p fdB PeshPkbh j[zdh ikojh ;h, wkB' ;wKso g[fb; d;s/ dk rmB j' fojk j't/. todh ns/ ezw d/ sohe/ d/y, ;oeko dk fuzss j'Dk;[Gkte ;h. eKro; B/ gqd/P eKro; ;whshnK Bz{ fJj fJikIs d/ fdsh ;h fe id th T[BQK Bz{ br/ fe iBskekBz{B ntfrnk nzd'bB d/ bJh fsnko j?, T[j nzd'bB S/V ;edh j?. fwdBkg[o (pzrkb) ns/ r[AN{o fIb/(nKXo) d/ fuokbk–fgokbk ns/ g/vkBzvhgkv{ skb[ek ftu sK N?e; ndk Bk eoB dk nzd'bB fSV frnk ;h.

n;fj:'r nzd'bB ngqs~y o{g Bkb th gqGkt gk fojk ;h. ntX (T[so gqd/P) ftu fe;kB ;Gk ns/ fe;kBnzd'bB 1918 ftu jh I'o cVd/ ik oj/ ;B. n;fj:'r d/ gquko Bkb, fi;Bz{ eod/ j'J/ itkjobkb Bfjo{ thntX d/ d/jksK ftu xz[w oj/ ;h, fJ;Bz{ pb fwfbnk. e[M jh fdBK ftu fJj gsk brkT[Dk w[Pfeb j' frnkfe p?me fe;kB ;Gk dh j? iK n;fj:'r nzd'bBekohnK dh. e/ob ftu wbkpko ftu n;fj:'r nzd'bB ns/fybkcs nzd'bB B/ y/shjo w[;bwkBK Bz{ T[BQK Bz{ T[BQK dh iwhB d/ wkbeK d/ fybkc ;zxoP S/VD d/ bJhGVekfJnk, gqzs{ d[oGkr Bkb nzd'bB B/ fJE/ fes/–fes/ ;zgodkfJesk dk o[y nyfsnko eo fbnk.

n;w ftu ukj–prkBK d/ wid{o jVskb s/ ub/ rJ/. ;oeko B/ id jVskbh wid{oK T[s/ r'bh ubkJh sK;Nhwo s/ ezw eoB tkb/ wid{o th jVskb s/ ub/ rJ/. n;w–pzrkb o/bt/ eowukohnK B/ th jVskb eoe/fJBQK dk ;kE fdsk. pzrkb d/ okPNotkdh B/sk i/Hn?wH ;/Br[gs B/ fJ; d"okB wj~stg{oB G{fwek fBGkJh.fwdBkg[o ftu fJe r'oh iwhAdkoh ezgBh d/ fybkc ekPsekoK dh jVskb dh nrtkJh ehsh, ebe~sk w?vhebekbi d/ fJe ftfdnkoEh B/. nKXo ftu tD–ekB{zB d/ fybkc nzd'bB fSfVnk. oki;EkB ftu fe;kBK ns/nkdhtk;hnK B/ nzd'bB S/fVnk. gzikp ftu nekbhnK B/ r[[od[tkfonK T[s/ GqPN wjzsK d/ epI/ d/ fybkc nzd'bBS/fVnk. fJj tk;st ftu d/Pftnkgh n;fj:'r nzd'bB dk jh fJe fjZ;k ;h. swkw dwB d/ pkti{d nekbhnzd'bBekoh nfjz;k d/ o;s/ s'A fvZr/ BjhA. fJ; soQK d/ jIko T[dkjoD fds/ ik ;ed/ jB. ;kvk efjD dk we;df;oc fJzBk j? fe n;fj:'r nzd'bB B/ swkw ;EkBe nzd'bBK Bz{ iBw fd~sk ns/ i' gfjb/ s'A ub oj/ ;B T[BKBz{ j'o skes fd~sh. r~b fJj j? fe fJj nzd'bB fes/–fes/ n;fj:'r nzd'bB dh BhshnK ns/ nfjz;k d/ f;XKsBkb w/b BjhA yKd/ ;B.

n?;h jkbs ftu ;oeko ;wM rJh fe j[D wkwb/ B{z nDd/yk eoB Bkb ezw ubD tkbk BjhA j?, dwB dko;sk nyfsnko eoBk jh j't/rk. ;szpo 1920 ftu id nzd'bB P[o{ j'fJnk ;h, ;oeko dk wzBDk ;h fedwB Bkb ftdo'j dh n~r j'o GVe/rh ns/ i' b'e wko/ ikDr/, T[BQK Bz{ iBsk Pjhd dk doIk d/t/rh. wJh1921 ftu Bt/A tkfJ;okJ/ bkov o?fvzr B/ rKXh ih Bkb w[bkeks ehsh ns/ rKXh ih Bz{ fejk fe T[j nbhGoktK Bz{ nkgD/ GkPDK ftu fjz;k GVekT[D tkbh rZbK Bk efjD bJh wBkU. ;oeko dk T[d/P ;h–rKXhih ns/ nbh GoktK ftu nkg;h c[~N gkT[Dk. gqzs{ T[j fJ; ftu n;cb j'J/ ns/ rKXh–o?fvzr r~bpks fJE/jh ysw j' rJh. fd;zpo nkT[Ad/–nkT[Ad/ ;oeko B{z wfj;{; j' frnk fe wkwbk j~E ftu'A fBebdk ik fojkj?. T[;B/ nkgDh BhshnK ft~u gfotosB dh x'PDk ehsh. ;t?;/th ;zrmBK Bz{ r?o ekBz{Bh x'fPs ehsk frnkns/ fJ;d/ w?ApoK Bz{ frocsko ehsk ikD brk.

;G s'A gfjbK ;hHnkoH dk; Bz{ frocsko ehsk frnk ns/ pknd ftu T[BQK dh gsBh pk;zsh d/th Bz{. fJ;frocskoh dk pzrkb ftu ftnkge g?wkB/ T[s/ fto'X j'fJnk ns/ jIkoK b'eK B/ frocskohnK fd~shnK. nrb/d' wjhB/ d/ nzdo g{o/ d/P ftu brGr 30 jIko b'e frocsko ehs/ rJ/. pknd ftu sK t~v/ B/sktK ftu'Ae/tb rKXh ih jh pkjo ofj rJ/ ;B.

fd;zpo d/ w~X ftu wkbthnk ih d/ wkfXnw Bkb r~bpks eoe/ wkwbk ;[bMkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh rJh, gofJ; d/ Bkb i' PosK i[VhnK j'JhnK ;B, fybkcs nzd'bBekohnK d/ fjsK d/ fto[X ;B. rKXh ih B/ fJ;Bz{ ;theko BjhA ehsk. t?;/ th fpqN/B dh ;oeko ;wM"s/ d/ w{V ftu BjhA ;h ns/ T[;B/ tkfJ;okJ/ bkovo?fvzr B{z nkd/P fdsk fe T[j rZbpks B{z T[E/ jh ysw eo d/D.

u"ohu"ok eKvu"ohu"ok eKvu"ohu"ok eKvu"ohu"ok eKvu"ohu"ok eKvT[ZXo rKXh ih T[Zs/ okPNoh g~Xo s/ ekBz{B dh ;ftB/n ntfrnk nzd'bB S/VB d/ bJh brksko dpkn g?fojk ;h. fd;zpo 1921 ftu nfjwdkpkd eKro; ;zw/bB ftu jh eKro; B/ Gkth oDBhsh s?n eoB dh


B ØN


g{oh fIzw/tkoh rKXh ih T[s/ ;"Ag fdsh. T[Xo ;oeko d/ otJhJ/ ftu e'Jh gfotosB BjhA fdykJh d/ fojk;h. iBtoh 1922 ftu ;op dbK d/ ;zw/bB dh nghb ns/ tkfJ;okJ/ d/ BK rKXh ih d/ g~so dk ;oekoT[s/ e'Jh n;o BjhA g? fojk ;h. rKXh ih B/ fbfynk fe i/eo ;oeko Bkrfoe ;[szsosk pjkb BjhAeo/rh, okiBhfse pzdhnK B{z fojk BjhA eo/rh, sK T[j d/P ftnkgh ;ftB/n ntfrnk nzd'bB S/VB Bz{ wip{oj' ikDr/. ;oeko T[s/ id'A fe;/ soQK dk e'Jh n;o BjhA j'fJnk, sK rKXh ih B/ wip{o j' e/ ;ftB/nntfrnk nzd'bD S/VB dh x'PDk ehsh. fJj nzd'bB pkod'bh skb[ek (;{os) Bkb P[o{ j'D tkbk ;h.rKXhih B/ d/P dh iBsk Bz{ nghb ehsh fe T[j g{oh soQK nB[Pkf;s ns/ PKs ofjD, fi; Bkb ;kok fXnkBpkod'bh T[s/ jh e/Afdqs ehsk ik ;e/.gqzs{ fJ; soQK j'fJnk BjhA. u"oku"oh (r'oyg[o, T[so gqd/P) eKv B/pkod'bh ftu gq;skfts nzd'bB B{z S/ ;kbK bJh o'e fdsk.

5 cotoh 1922 Bz{ u"ohu"ok ftu eKro; ns/ fybkcs dk fJe ib{; e~fYnk frnk ;h. e[M g[fb; tkfbnKB/ fJBQK d/ Bkb p[ok fttjko ehsk, fi;dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe ib{; ftu Pkwb fJe i~E/ B/ g[fb; T[s/jwbk p'b fdsk. g[fb; B/ r'bh ubkJh. g[fb; dh r'bhpkoh ftu ib{; ftu Pkwb ;ko/ b'e T[s/fis j'rJ/ ns/ g[fb; T[s/ jwbk p'b fdsk. f;gkjh G~i e/ EkD/ ftu tV rJ/, sK GhV B/ EkD/ Bz{ n~r brk fdsh.i' f;gkjh GZiD dh e'fPP ft~u pkjo nkJ/ T[BQK Bz{ GhV B/ wko ;[fNnk ns/ n~r ftu ;[N fdsk. 22g[fb;eowh wko/ rJ/. fJ; xNBk dh ypo fwbd/ jh rKXh ih B/ nzd'bB tkg; b?D dh x'PDk eo fdsh.T[BQK B/ eKro; ekoiekoDh d/ fJ; c?;b/ Bz{ ;theko eoB dh nghb ehsh. 12 cotoh 1922 Bz{ n;fj:'rnzd'bB ysw j' frnk.

w'shbkb Bfjo{, ;hHnkoH dk;, itkjobkb Bfjo{, ;[GkPuzdo p'; s/ j'o B/sk fJj ypo ;[D e/ j?okB ofjrJ/. T[BQK Bz{ fJj ;wM ftu BjhA nk fojk ;h fe fJe d{o doki d/ fgzv ftu e[M b'eK dh rbs joesKdk ykfwnkik g{ok d/P feT[A G[rs/. eJh b'eK Bz{ gsk b~rk fe wjkswk rKXh ftu j[D nrtkJh dh :'rskBjhA ofj rJh j?. T[j n;cb j' rJ/ jB ns/ T[BQK dh b'efgqnsk d/ fdB j[D ysw j' oj/ jB.

fpqskBh wkoe;tkd oiBhgkw d~s ns/ T[BQK dh pDkJh j'Jh gozgok T[s/ ubD tkb/ eJh j'o NhekekoKB/ th rKXh ih d/ fBoD/ dh nb'uBk ehsh. rKXh ih d/ fJ; fBoD/ Bz{ T[j ps"o ;p{s g/P eod/ jBfe rKXh ih nwho torK d/ fjsK dk fynkb oyd/ ;B. fJBQK dk soe j? fe rKXh B/ fJj fBoDk wfjifJ; bJh BjhA ehsk fe u"ohu"ok dh xNBk T[BQK d/ nfjz;e f;XKs d/ fto[X ;h, pbfe T[BQK B{z fJjwfj;{; j'D brk ;h fe Gkosh iBsk j[D i[Mko{ ;zxoP d/ fbJh fsnko j' ojh j?, nwho P'PeK d/ fybkcewo e; ojh j?. rKXh B{z bfrnk fe nzd'bB dh tkrv'o T[BQK d/ jEK u'A fBeb e/ bVke{ skesK d/j~EK ftu ikD tkbh j?. T[BQK Bz{ bfrnk fe g{zihgshnK ns/ iwhB d/ ;tkwhnK d/ fybkc bVkJh j'Djh tkbh j?. fJBQK d/ fjsK Bz{ w~d/Bio oyd/ j'J/ T[BQK B/ nzd'bB tkg; fbnk. fJj b'e nkgd/ soed/ bJh ‘pkod'bh gq;skt’ (12 cotoh 1922 Bz{ pkod'bh ftu eKro; ekoiekoDh dh p?me j'Jh ;h, fiE/fJj gq;skt gkfos j'fJnk i' pkod'bh gq;skt d/ BK Bkb wPj{o j?) Bz{ ps"o ;p{s g/P eod/ jB. fJBQK dkefjDk j? fe rKXh ih B/ nzd'bB tkg; b?D dh x'PDk d/ Bkb–Bkb fe;kBK e'b' N?e; ns/ ekPsekoK e'b' brkBd/D dh nghb th ehsh ;h. nzd'bB tkg; b?D d/ fgS/ rKXh dk n;bh we;d fJjh ;h.

;kv/ fynkb ftu rKXh ih d/ nb'ueK B/ T[BQK d/ Bkb g{oh soQK fBnK BjhA ehsk. fJe d{o doki d/ fgzv ftufjz;kswe tkodks nzd'bB tkg; b?D dk ekoB BjhA j' ;edh, fJj soe tIBdko BjhA fdydk. rKXh B/ pko–pko fejk ;h fe pkod'bh ftu ntfrnk nzd'bB d/ d"okB d/P d/ j'o fjf;nK ftu fe;/ th soQK dk nzd'bB BjhAj'Dk ukjhdk–nfjz;e nzd'bB th BjhA. nKXo gqd/P eKro; ew/Nh B/ e[M fIbk fJekJhnK B{z ntfrnk nzd'bBubkT[D dh nkfrnk d/ fd~sh ;h. rKXh ih B/ fBod/P fdsk fe T[j nkgDh nkfrnk tkg; b? b?D.

rKXh ih PkfJd ;'ud/ ;B fe fJ; ;w/A d/Pftnkgh nzd'bB S/VD Bkb fjz;k GVe T[mD dk ysok j?, fit/A fe1921 ftu pzpJh ft~u ns/ pknd ft~u u"ohu"ok ftu j'fJnk ;h. fJ; soQK dh tkodksK Bkb ;oeko Bz{ g{o/d/P ftu nzd'bB d/ fybkc dwBkswe edw u[eD dk pjkBk fwbdk. rKXh ih B{z nPzek ;h fe fJ; soQK dhekotkJhnK Bkb nfjz;e n;fj:'r nzd'bB dh oDBhsh ftcb j' ikJ/rh. nfjz;e nzd'bB dh oDBhsh fJj ;hfe dwBekoh ;~sk i/eo fJ; nzd'bB d/ fybkc dwBkswe ekotkJh eo/rh sK T[;dk ufo~so p/Bekp j' ikt/rkfeT[Afe nfjz;e ns/ fBj~E/ b'eK T[s/ jwb/ Bkb g{ok iBws T[BQK d/ fybkc j' ikJ/rk.


B ØN


fJ; gqeko fJj efjDk rbs j? fe u"ohu"ok eKv ns/ pkod'bh nzd'bB gqeoD dk e'Jh nkg;h ;zpzX BjhA;h. pkod'bh nzd'bB Bz{ dpkT[D bJh ;oeko B{z u"ohu"ok dh xNBk dk pjkBk fwb iKdk, ;oeko jh fJj;zpzX pDk fdzdh.

rKXh ih dk PkfJd nzdkik ;h fe u"ohu"ok eKv B/, pkod'bh Bkb ftnkge ntfrnk nzd'bB S/VB dh ;zGktBkB{z ekch jd se xZN eo fdsk j?. T[BQK dk wzBDk ;h fe i/eo fJ; ;w/A pkod'bh ftu nzd'bB P[o{ j'fJnk,sK ;oeko u"ohu"ok eKv dk pjkBk b? e/ ekoieosktK dk dwB eo/rh ns/ ntfrnk nzd'bB P[o{ ftu jhn;cb j' ikJ/rk. nzd'bB tkg; b?D d/ fgS/ rKXh ih dh wzPk nzd'bB dh T{oik Bz{ poeoko oyD s/ iBskBz{ T[s;kfjs j'D s'A pukT[D dh ;h. jkbKfe nzd'bB tkg; b?D dh x'PDk Bkb th iBsk dk fJe pj[s t~vkspek fBokP j'fJnk ;h, gqzs{ i/eo ;~sk Bz{ dwB dk pjkBk fwbdk ns/ T[j dwB T[Zs/ T[sko{ j' iKdh, sKiBsk ftu fJ; Bkb fes/ fInkdk fBokPk ftnkgs jz[dh (fit/A 1932 ftu j'fJnk).

fJj BjhA G[bDk ukjhdk fe n;fj:'r nzd'bB, nzr/qIh je{ws d/ fybkc d/Pftnkgh iB;zxoP dh gfjbhe'fPP ;h. P[o{nksh d"o ftu fJ; TZ[s/ fe;/ soKQ dk jwbk wko{ f;X j[zdk. nzd'bBekohnK ftu jh BjhA,iBsk ftu th fBokPk ftnkgs j' iKdh.

d{ik soe fe, rKXh ih B/ bVke{ skesK d/ tXd/ gqGkt s'A vo e/ nzd'bB tkg; fbnk, ;~ukJh s'A d{o j?.u"ohu"ok eKv Bz{ ps"o ;p{s g/P ehsk iKdk j?. go u"ohu"ok ftu g[fb; EkD/ T[s/ jwbk eoB tkbh GhVB/ n?;k e'Jh ezw BjhA ehsk ;h, fi; Bkb fJj b~r/ fe fJj b'e iwhdkoK, g{zihgshnK d/ fybkc ;zrfmsj' oj/ ;h iK ;zxoP eo oj/ ;h. nkofEe ;zpzXK d/ fybkc nzd'bB S/VB torh th e'Jh rb BjhA ;h. fJjb'e g[fb; d/ d[ofttjko Bkb Bkoki j' rJ/ ;h ns/ nkgDk r[ ~;k T[BQK B/ g[fb; s/ jh T[skfonk.T[Zso gqd/P ns/ wkbkpko ftu fe;kB nzd'bB sK pj[s gfjb/ jh ysw j' u[fenk ;h. ntX d/ g/Av{fJbkfenK ftu fes/–fes/ J/ek nzd'bB ub fojk ;h, go fJj iwhdkoh Bz{ g[~N ;[~ND bJh ;h. fJ; nzd'bBdh wzr ;h fe iwhdko nt?X N?e; Bk t;{b eoB ns/ wBwkB/ Yzr Bkb wkbr[Ikoh Bk tXkT[D. J/ek nzd'bBftu Pkwb eoB s'A gfjbK w?ApoK B{z i' e;w fdbtkJh iKdh ;h T[; ftu fJe e;w fJj th ;h fe ‘n;hAyohc ns/ oph ftu fBnfws o{g Bkb brkB fdzd/ ojKr/.’ nKXo d/ r[AN{o fIb/ ftu N?e;–ndkfJrh BkeoB dk nzd'bB sK n;fj:'r nzd'bB dk jh fJe fj~;k ;h. fJj ;oeko d/ fybkc ;h ns/ g{oh soK nfjz;e;h. fJ; soQK fJj gsk BjhA br ;edk fe T[j fejVhnK i[Mko{ s/ bVke{ skesK ;B, fiBQK Bkb rKXh ihvo rJ/ ;B.

shik soe fJj j? fe pkod'bh gq;skt B/ fe;kBK ns/ ekPsekoK e'b'A N?e; ns/ brkB dh ndkfJrh eoBBz{ fejk ns/ iwhdkoK Bz{ fJj ftPtk; dtkfJnk fe T[BQK d/ nfXekoK B{z x~N eoB dk eKro; dk fJokdkBjhA j?. nko'g j? fe nzd'bB tkg; b?D d/ fgS/ tk;sfte T[d/P iwhdkoK d/ fjsK dh ofynk eoBk ;h,fJj nko'g rbs j?. eKro; dk fJ;d/ fgS/ e'Jh ‘S[fgnk wzst’ BjhA ;h. ;u sK fJj j? fe g{o/ nzd'bBd/ d"okB eKro; B/ edh th Iwhdko d/ nfXeko T[s/ gqPB fuBQ brkfJnk jh BjhA ;h, ns/ pkod'bh gq;sktB/ fJ; w[~d/ T[s/ eKro; dh BhshnK dh wfji g[PNh ehsh ;h. N?e; Bk ndk eoB dk nzd'bB dk fJefj~;k ;h. id'A n;fj:'r nzd'bB tkg; b? fbnk frnk, sK N?e; ndk Bk eoB dk nzd'bB fet/A ubdk<

rKXh ih d[nkok nzd'bB tkg; b?D d/ fgS/ PkfJd fJe j'o ekoB ;h. 1921 dh d{ih Swkjh d/ P[o{ j[zd/–j[zd/ nzd'bBewI'o g?D brk. ftfdnkoEh ;e{bK ftu ns/ tehb ndkbsK ftu nkT[D br/ ;h. tgkoh tor ftd/Ph egfVnKd/ ‘;Nke’ Bkb fuzfss j'D b~rk ;h, p?meK ns/ o?bhnK ftu b'eK dh frDsh x~N jz[dh ik ojh ;h. jkbKfe e[M;EkBK fit/A pkod'bh (r[ioks) ns/ r[AN{o (nKXo) ftu okiBhfse rshftXhnK ekch s/I ;B ns/ b'e ;zxoPd/ bJh fsnko ;B.gqzs{ 1921 d/ P[o{ ftu g{o/ d/P ftu nzd'bB d/ gqsh i' T[s;kj ;h. j[D T[j BjhA ofj frnk;h.

ekoiPhb okiBhfse ekoieosk ns/ B/sk sK ukj[zd/ ;B fe nzd'bB B{z nr/ tXkfJnk ikt/, T[;Bz{ s/I ehskikt/, go fe;/ iB nzd'bB dh ;cbsk iK n;cbsk fJ; rb TZ[s/ fBoGo eodh j? fe iBsk dk fezBk t~vkfj~;k fJ; ftu Pkwb j?. n;hA fJj rZb dkt/ d/ Bkb BjhA efj oj/ jK fe rKXh ih B/ nzd'bB d/ gqsh xNd/T[s;kj d/ ekoB jh fJ;B{z tkg; fbnk feT[Afe fJ; ftP/ T[s/ P'X ekoi ni/ ng{oD j?, ns/ ;kvk efjDkj? fe fJ; pko/ ftu e'Jh fBPeoP eZYd/ ;w/A fJ; ;zGktBk Bz{ th fXnkB ftu ofynk ikt/.


B ØN


rKXh d/ nb'ue ne;o fJj G[b iKd/ jB fe e'Jh th iBnzd'bB brksko BjhA ubdk. T[; ftu gVknnkT[Adk j?. e[M g"VhnK uVQD d/ pknd T[j ;[;skT[Adk j?, EektN d[o eodk j? ns/ n~r/ tXD d/ bJh io{ohT{oik i[NkT[Adk j?. fJ;dk w{b ekoB fJj j? fe iBsk dh dwB ;fjD ns/ e[opkBh eoB dh Pesh n;hwsBjhA j[zdh. fJ; soQK edh nzd'bB tkg; b?D dh x'PDk iK edh ;wM"sktkdh o[y nyfsnko eoBk iBskT[s/ nkXkos okiBhfse ;zxoP dh ;jh oDBhsh j?. nzd'bB Bz{ tkg; b?Dk ftPtk;xks BjhA eodk, fJjsK oDBhsh dk fj~;k j?. jK fJ; r~b s/ pfj; j' ;edh j? fe nzd'bB ;jh ;w/A T[s/ tkg; fbnk frnk j?iK rbs ;w/A T[s/.

tkg; b?D dk ;wK nk jh frnk j?, n?;k ;'uD d/ bJh PkfJd rKXh ih d/ ;kjwD/ ekch ekoD ;h. rKXhih B/ id'A fJj fBoDk ehsk, sK nzd'bB Bz{ brGr fJe ;kb s'A fInkdk j' u[ek ;h, nzrq/Ih ;oeko dknVhnb otJhnk poeoko ;h. fJ; s'A gfjbK fe nzd'bB dh nkgDh ewI'ohnK T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[AdhnKns/ ;wogD dh B"ps nkT[Adh, u"ohu"ok eKv B/ nzd'bB tkg; b?D dk fJe w"ek fdsk.

rKXh ih B/ tkfJdk ehsk ;h i/eo T[BQK dhnK BhshnK T[s/ mhe Yzr Bkb nwb ehsk frnk, sK fJe ;kbftu ;toki dh ;EkgBk j' ikt/rh. ;kb ysw j' frnk. ;toki dh r~b sK d{o, nzrq/Ih je{ws S'Nh–w'NhfonkfJsK th d/D B{z fsnko BjhA ;h, b/feB eh ;w{uk ;zxoP fBooEe ;h< nzd'bB n;cb fojk< fJ;dkitkp ‘jK’ ftu BjhA fdsk ik ;edk.

n;fj:'r nzd'bB dhnK nB/e ;cbsktK–T[gbpXhnK jB. fJ;/ nzd'bB B/ gfjbh tko d/P dh iBsk Bz{fJeZmk ehsk. j[D Gkosh okPNoh eKro; T[s/ e'Jh fJj nko'g BjhA brk ;edk ;h fe T[j e[M w[~mh Gob'eK dk gqshfBXhst eodh j?. j[D fJBQK d/ Bkb fe;kB, wid{o, d;seko, tgkoh, fpiB; tkb/, eowukoh,wod, n"osK, pZu/, p[~Y/ ;ko/ b'e ;B. g{o/ d/P ftu fes/ e'Jh n?;h irk BjhA ;h, fiE/ fJ; nzd'bB dkn;o Bk fgnk j't/. rb fJj j? fes/ n;o s/I ;h, fes/ xZN.

fJ;/ nzd'bB B/ fJj fdykfJnk fe fjzd[;skB dh T[j iBsk, fi;B{z fcozrh w{oy, dhB–jhD ;wMd/ ;B.nkX[fBe okPNotkdh okiBhsh dh tkje j' ;edh j?, okiBhfse ;zxoP P[o{ eo ;edh j?. Gkosh iBskd/ fsnkr ns/ e[opkBh B/ dwBekoh ;~sk Bz{ isk fdsk fe d/P dh nkikdh dh G[~y gV/Q–fbfynk Bz{ jh BjhA,nBgVQ iBsk B{z th ;skT[Adh j?. nkikdh d/ bJh r[bkw d/P dk jo Bkrfoe ;zxoP eo/rk. fJj rb nbrj? fe ;ko/ b'e nkikdh d/ bJh ;zxoP d/ ;ko/ dkn g/u fJ~e dw Bkb BjhA ;wM ;ed/ ;B, nB[Pk;B BjhAtos gkT[Ad/ ;B, gqzs{ n;fj:'r nzd'bB dh ;G s'A tvh ;cbsk fJjh ojh fe T[;B/ iBsk Bz{ nkX[fBeokiBhsh Bkb gohfus eokfJnk, nkIkdh dh G[y irkJh. fJj gfjbk nt;o ;h, id okPNohnsk B/ fgzvK,e;fpnK, ;e{bK ;kfonK B{z gqGkt ftu b? fbnk. P[o{nksh d"o ;h T[j. ewhnK swkw ;B, fJ;bJh;cbsktK th x~N fwbhnK. gqzs{ i' e[M th jk;b j'fJnk, T[j nkrkwh ;zxoP dh g[PmG{wh fsnko eoBftu ;jkfJe j'fJnk.

wkbkpko dh xNBktK d/ pkti{d fJ; nzd'bB ftu tv/ g?wkB/ s/ w[;bwkBK dh Gkrhdkoh ns/ ;zgodkfJeJ/esk nzd'bB dh e'Jh S'Nh T[gbpXh BjhA ;h. w[;bwkBK dh Gkrhdkoh B/ jh fJ; nzd'bB Bz{ iBnzd'bBdk ;o{g fdsk, e[M y/soK ftu sK frocsko b'eK ftu'A d' fsjkJh w[;bwkB ;B. gqzs{ d[oGkr dh r~b sKfJj j? fe pknd d/ ;kbK ftu, id'A ;zgodkfJesk B/ I'o cV fbnk, sK okPNoh nzd'bBK ftu ;zgodkfJe;dGktBk dk ufoso poeoko Bk ofj ;fenk. n;fj:'r nzd'bB ftu rKXh ih s/ j'o B/sk w;fIdK ftuGkPD fdzd/ ;B, rKXh ih B/ w[;bwkB n"osK dh ;Gk ftu GkPD ehsk. gqzs{ fJj ;"jkod ns/ J/esk nkikdhd/ bJh pknd d/ ;zxoPK ftu BjhA fdyh.

fcbjkb, 12 cotoh 1922 Bz{ nzd'bB ftu i' gVkn nkfJnk ;h, T[j n;EkJh ;kps j'fJnk. wkNKfrT[ns/ poe/Bj/v B/ u[D'sh fdsh ;h fe “Gkos, d[Bhnk dh ;G s'A PeshPkbh ;~sk B{z u[D'sh Bjh d/ ;edkns/ i/eo u[D'sh fdsh rJh, sK fJ;dk TZ[so g{oh skes Bkb fdZsk ikt/rk.” rKXh ih B/ nzd'bB tkg;b?D d/ pknd 23 cotoh 1922 Bz{ ‘:zr fJzvhnk’ ftu nkgD/ b/y ft~u fJ; u[D'sh dk T[Zso fdsk. “nzrq/IKBz{ fJj ikD b?Dk ukjhdk j? fe 1920 ftu fSfVnk ;zxoP nzfsw ;zxoP j?, fBoDkfJe ;zxoP j?, c?;bkj' e/ oj/rk, ukj/ fJe wjhBk br ikJ/ iK fJe ;kb br ikt/, eJh wjhB/ br ikD iK eJh ;kb br ikD.nzrq/Ih je{ws ukj/ T[zBK jh dwB eo/ fizBk 1857 d/ ftdo'j d/ ;w/A ehsk ;h, c?;bk j' e/ oj/rk.”


B ØN


;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD (Self Assessment)

1H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' 1H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' 1H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' 1H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' 1H ykbh ;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (Fill in the blanks) – – – – –

1H n;fj:'r nzd'bB f;szpoHHHHHHHHH ftu nkozG j'fJnk.

2H 5 cotoh 1922 Bz{ u"ohu"ok Bkwe ;EkB T[s/ GhV B/ HHHHHHHHHH Bz{ EkD/ ftu fizdk ibk fdsk.

3H rKXh ih B/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Bz{ nzd'bB tkg; b? fbnk.

4H pfjPeko nzd'bB ftu ;G s'A ;cb ;h HHHHHHHHHHHHH dk pfjPeko nzd'bB.

5H n;fj:'r nzd'bB ftu fJe j'o ekotkJh b'efgqn j'Jh, T[j ;h HHHHHHHHHH T[s/ XoBk.

10H2 ;ftB/n ntfrnk nzd'bB 1930–31 10H2 ;ftB/n ntfrnk nzd'bB 1930–31 10H2 ;ftB/n ntfrnk nzd'bB 1930–31 10H2 ;ftB/n ntfrnk nzd'bB 1930–31 10H2 ;ftB/n ntfrnk nzd'bB 1930–31 (Civil Disobidience Movement)

eKro; dh ekoiekoDh dh 1929 ftu j'Jh bkj"o eKro; ftu fJj nfXeko fdsk frnk ;h fe T[jd/P ftu ;ftB/n ntfrnk (f;ftb BkcowkBh) nzd'b'B S/V/. fJ; nzd'bB ftu N?e; Bk ndk eoBkPkwb ;h. fJ; B/ ftXkB ;Gk d/ w?ApoK Bkb ftXkfJe gd s'A n;shck d/D dk th nkjtkB ehsk ;h.1930 dh cotoh ftu ;kpowsh nkPow ftu eKro; ekoiekoDh ;whsh dh p?me j'Jh fi; ftu rKXhih Bz{ fJ; r~b dk nfXeko fdsk frnk fe T[j nkgDh fJ~Sk Bkb id' s/ fi; gk;/ s'A ukj[D, ;ftB/nntfrnk nzd'bB dk P[G nkozG eo ;ed/ jB. rKXh ih iB–nzd'bBK d/ wzB/ j'J/ ftP/P ftnesh ;B,T[j “rzGhosk Bkb iB ;zxoP S/VD bJh gqGkth sohek sbkP eo oj/ ;B.” jo gqeko Bkb x~N s'Ax~N wzrK tkbh 31 iBtoh dh T[BQK dh u/sktBh Goh wzr B{z, fi; ftu x~N s'A x~N wzrK dk 11–;{sohwzrgZso g/P ehsk frnk ;h, bkov fJoftB B/ nDd/yk eo fdsk ;h. fJ; bJh j[D f;oc fJe jho;sk pfunk ;h – ;ftB/n ntfrnk dk.

cotoh d/ nzs ftu fit/A–fit/A rKXh ih B/ Bwe dh r~b eoBh P[o{ ehsh, ;fsnkrqfj dk ;{so ;gPN j'Dbrk ns/ 2 wkou Bz{ rKXh ih B/ tkfJ;okJ/ Bz{ nkgDk g~so fbfynk fi; ftu T[BQK B/ ft;sko Bkb ;gPNehsk fe T[j feT[A fpqfNP oki Bz{ nfGPkg wzBd/ jB. “brksko P'PD eoB tkbh ftt;Ek ekfJw eoe/fJ;B/ nDfrDs dhBjhD b'eK B{z dfo~dq pDk fdsk j?HHH okiBhfse o{g Bkb fJ;d/ ekoB ;kvh nt;EkiwhBh r[bkwK torh j' rJh ;h. fJ;B/ ;kvh ;z;feqsh dhnK u{bK fjbk fdshnk jBHHH fJ;d/ ekoB ;kvknkfXnkswe gsB j'fJnk j?.” fJ;d/ pknd rKXh ih B/ nkgDh Gkth ekoi:'iBk dh ;{uBk fdsh ;h,fit/A fe T[BQK dk ftPtk; ;h fe jo ;fsnkrqjh Bz{ eoBk ukjhdk j?–

‘HHHfJ; wjhB/ dh 11thA sohe Bz{ w?A nkPow d/ nkgD/ e[M n?;/ ;fj:'rh ekoieosktK Bz{ btKrk, fiBQKB{z w?A b? ;edk jK ns/ Bwe ekBz{B s'VKrk. w?A ikDdk jK fe s[;h w?Bz{A frocsko eoe/ w?Bz{ fJ; soQKeoB s'A o'e ;ed/ j' go w?Bz{ T[whd j? fe w/o/ pknd th jIkoK–bZyK b'e fJ; ezw Bz{ fJedwnB[Pk;s Yzr Bkb eoB bJh fsnko ofjDr/. fJ; Bwe ekBz{B Bz{ s'VB ftu T[BQK B{z i' th ;ikfdsh ikt/rh T[; Bz{ G[rsD bJh fsnko ojKr/, n?;k ekBz{B i' ekBz{B dh g[;se ftu ebze torkj?.”

fJ;dh :'iBk pj[s ;wMdkoh Bkb pDkJh rJh id fe P[o{ ftu fJ;dh x'PDk d/ ;w/A pj[s x~N b'eK B/fJ;d/ wj~st Bz{ ;wfMnk ;h. rKXh ih Bz{, ;kpowsh nkPow d/ nkgD/ 78 ;fj:'rhnK d/ Bkb nfjwdkpkdw[fynkbk s'A r[ioks d/ fgzvK ftu j[zd/ j'J/ 240 whb dh :ksok eoBh ;h. T[BQK d/ fJ; ekoi d/ ;fj:'rhnKftu Gkos d/ ;ko/ y/soK ns/ Xow d/ b'e Pkwb ;B. dKvh ftu ;w[zdo d/ feBko/ gj[zu e/ rKXh ih Bz{ BweekBz{B s'VBk ;h. T[go'A B[e;kBofjs fdyD tkbk nzd'bB fGnzeo ;kps j'fJnk. Gfty ftu j'D tkbh fJ;BkNeh xNBk dh T[whd ftu b'e jIkoK dh frDsh ftu gfjbK s'A jh ;kpowsh nkPow ftu fJe~so j'Dbr/ ;h. rKXh ih B/ nfsnzs fwjBs Bkb b'eK Bz{ nkgDh :'iBk ;wMkJh, GftZy dh ekotkjh d/ bJhfBod/P fds/, b'eK B{z nfjz;k dk wj~st ;wMkfJnk ns/ fJ; rZb bJh fsnko ehsk fe ;oeo Bkb T[BQKBz{ fe; r~b dh T[whd eoBh ukjhdh j? ns/ fe;/ r~b dh T[whd BjhA eoBh ukjhdh–


B ØN


fiE/ th j' ;e/ Bwe ekBz{B Bz{ b? e/ f;ftb BkcowkBh P[o{ ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. Pokp ns/ ftd/Ph e~gfVnKdh d[ekBK d/ ;kjwD/ XoBk fdsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. i/eo ;kv/ b'eK ftu ng/efPs Pesh j't/ sK n;hA N?e;ndk eoBk n;theko eo ;ed/ jK. tehb nkgDh tekbs pzd eo ;ed/ jB. nkw b'e nkgD/ w[e~dw/eufjoh se Bk b? ike/ T[;dk pfjPeko eo ;ed/ jB. ;oekoh B"eo nkgD/ gdK s'A n;shck d/ ;ed/ jBHHHw?A e/tb fJe Pos oydk jK. ;toki gkT[D dh ;u ns/ nfjz;k dh ;kvh gqfsfrnk dk fJwkBdkoh BkbgkbD ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

f;ftb BkcowkBh dh skes dh ftnkfynk eod/ j'J/ rKXh ih B/ fejk–

“wzB bU fe Gkos d/ 7 bZy fgzvK ftu'A jo fJe Bkb d; ftnesh ;fsnkrqfj ftu Gkr b? e/ Bwe ekBz{Bs'Vd/ jB, t?;h ;fEsh ftu s[jkv/ ftuko ftu fJj ;oeko eh eo ;edh j?. fGnzeo skBkPkj th, s[;hA;'u' fe PKshg{oD Yzr Bkb gqsho'X eoB tkbh ftPkb iB ;/Bk Bz{ s'g dh Bbh Bkb BjhA T[Vk ;edk. i/eo s[;hA E'Vk pj[s th fJ; ezw ftu br rJ/, sK n;hA s[jkBz{ ftPtk; fdtkT[Ad/ jK fe pj[s x~N ;w/A ftun;hA fJ; ;oeko Bz{ Eek d//tKr/.”

rKXh ih B/ fJj th ;gPN ehsk fe fe; gqeko nfjz;k d/ ekoB fInkdk s'A fInkdk b'eK dh fJ; ftuGkrhdkoh ;zGt j? ns/ fJ; Bkb ;oeko nihp ePweP ftu c; ikt/rh. 10 wkou B{z nkPow gj[zuhiBsk dh GhV Bz{ ;zp'fXs eod/ j'J/ rKXh ih B/ fejk ;h–

“Gkt/A bVkJh fJe d' fdBK pknd nkozG j'D tkbh j?, fet/A ;zGt j'fJnk fe s[;hA p/yNe/ fJE/ gj[zu rJ/< w?ABjhA ;wMdk fe i/eo nkg Bz{ r'bh ns/ pzp dk ;kjwDk eoBk jz[dk sK nkg ftu'A e'Jh th ftnesh fJE/ fdykJhBjhA fdzdk. feT[A< wzB bt' fe i/eo fJj x'PDk eodk fe w?A nfjz;e nfGnkB nkozG eoB ik fojk jK io{ohBjhA fe fJ; ftu Gkrhdko b'e pzd{eK Bkb b?; j'D, T[j bkmh, vzv/ ns/ gZEoK Bkb th b?; j' ;ed/ jB. sKeh s[;hA ;'ud/ j' fe ;oeko w?B{z y[~bk S~v fdzdh< eh fJfsjk; ftu s[;hA n?;h fw;kb g/P eo ;ed/ j' ukj/ nwohekj't/, fJzrb?Av j't/ Gkt/A o{; j't/ fiE/ dh oki;~sk B/ fjz;kg{oB ftdo'j Bz{ fJe fdB bJh th podkPs ehskj't/< go fJE/ s[;hA d/y oj/ j' fe ;oeko d[ftXk ns/ go/PkBh ftu g? rJh j?.”

nkgD/ ;wofgs ekoieosktK d/ Bkb j~E ftu bkmh b? e/ rKXh ih B/ id'A fJj :ksok P[o{ ehsh sK fJ;fdqP ftu e[M n?;k ikd{ ;h fe b'eK dk wB nzd'fbs j' T[fmnk. rKXh ih d/ nr/ tXD dk ;wkuko nypkoKd/ IohJ/ d/P d/ e'B/–e'B/ se gj[zuD brk. T[BQK d/ ftnkfynkBK d/ pko/ ftu, jIkoK b'eK d[nkok T[BQK dk;tkrs eoB ns/ :ksok ftu T[BQK d/ Bkb j' b?D d/ ftP/ ftu, wkor ftu s'oD–d[nko nkfd pDk e/ ns/T[; T[s/ Mzv/ nkfd brk e/ T[B d/ gqsh fgnko iskT[D d/ pko/ ftu, fiE'A rKXh ih r[iod/ ;B T[E/ ;Ved/ feBko/ p?m uoyk ubk e/ T[BQK d/ gqsh b'eK d[nkok ;BwkB iskT[D d/ pko/ ftu, rKXhih dh p/Bsh s/r[ioks d/ 300 rqkw nfXekohnK d[nkok nkgD/ gdK s'A fsnkr g~so d/D d/ pko/ ftu th ypoK nypkoKB/ gqekPs ehshnK ns/ ;w{u/ d/P Bz{ fJBQK rshftXhnK Bkb ntrs eokfJnk. jIkoK eKro; ekoieosktKB/ ftnkfynkBK d/ iohJ/ iBsk d/ ;kjwD/ fJ;dh ihtzs s;tho g/P ehsh. id rKXh ih dKvh gj[zu/ sd;w{uk d/P T[s/fis j' e/ T[whd Goh BIoK Bkb d/yD b~rk ;h ns/ rKXh ih d[nkok nzfsw fBod/P dk fJzsikoeoB brk ;h. 1930 Bz{ 6 ng?qb d/ fdB fJe w[~mh Bwe j~E ftu b? e/ rKXh ih B/ f;ftb BkcowkBh nzd'bBdk ;qhrD/P ehsk. fJj n?;k nzd'bB ;h i' okPNoh nzd'bB d/ fJfsjk; ftu nkw iBsk dh Gkrhdkoh dhfdqPNh ftu p/fw;kb ;h.

fi; ;w/A rKXh ih dKvh t~b nr/ tX oj/ ;B, T; ;w/A eKro; d/ B/sk ns/ ekoieosk ftfGzB gXoK T[s/;zrmB–;zpzXh efmB ezwK ftu ftn;s ;B. ;t?;/teK ns/ w?Apo dh Gosh eo oj/ ;B, fBub/ gXo TZ[s/eKro; ;whshnK dk rmB eo oj/ ;B, e'P fJeso eo oj/ ;B ns/ fgzvK s/ e;fpnK ftu xz[w x[zw e/okPNoh ;zd/P gj[zuk oj/ ;B. Bwe ;fsnkrqfj dh P[o{nks d/ bJh fsnkohnK ehshnK rJhnK, ;EkBK dhu'D ehsh rJh, ;t?;/teK B{z fsnko ehsk frnk ns/ ;zxoP d/ bJh ;kXBK dk fj;kp brkfJnk frnk.

fJe tko id'A rKXh ih B/ dKvh ftu Bwe j~E ftu b? e/ fJ; dh P[o{ j'D dh o;w g{oh eo fdsh sK BweekB{zB s'VB dk ;fsnkrqfj ;w{u/ d/P ftu P[o{ j' frnk. sfwbBkv{ ftu szi'o d/ ;wz[doh sN T[s/ ueotoshokir'gkbukoh B/, fsqfuBkgZbh s'A t/dkofDnw dh Bwe :ksok nkozG ehsh ns/ 30 ngq?b Bz{ id'A T[BQK


B ØN


B{z frocsko ehsk frnk sK T[BQK d/ fPto ftu fJzB/ fInkdk b'e fJe~so j' u[e/ ;B fe T[BQK dh wdd BkbfJj ;fsnkrqfj ekch ;w/A se ubdk fojk. wkbkpko ftu t?ew ;fsnkrqfj d/ BkfJe B/ Bwe ekBz{B s'VBbJh ekbheN s'A gfJnkBo s~e dh :ksok ehsh. ;fsnkrqjhnK dk fJe db nk;kw d/ f;bjN ;EkB s'Apzrkb d/ B'tkykbh ;w[zdo sN se Bwe pDkT[D d/ bJh gj[zfunk ;h. nKXo gqd/P d/ ftfGzB fIfbnK ftuBwe ;fsnkrqfj d/ w[fynkbk d/ o{g ftu ezw eoB d/ T[d/P Bkb ‘fPftow’ (;?fBe fPftoK dh soi T[s/) ;Ekgsehs/ rJ/ ;B ns/ ;fsnkrqjhnK d/ iE/ fgzvK s'A j[zd/ ;w[zdo sN dh soc Bwe ekBz{B Bz{ u[D'sh d/D d/ bJh tXd/ub/ rJ/ ;h. tkg; nkT[Ad/ ;w/A T[j d{i/–d{i/ fgzv s'A j[zd/ j'J/ nkJ/ ;B. Bwe ekBz{B Gzr eoB T[s/ ;oeko rKXhih Bz{ frocsko eoB ftu n;cb ojh. ;EkBe g~Xo d/ B/sktK B/ fJ;Bz{ nkgD/ g~y ftu fJ;s/wkb ehsk ns/b'eK Bz{ fJj ;wMk e/ gqGkts ehsk fe “;kv/ b'eK s'A ;oeko G?Ghs j' rJh j?.” ns/ fJj fe “id s'A Bwe;fsnkrqfj nkozG j'fnk j?, ;oeko rkfJp j' rJh j?. fJj fes/ ik e/ S[g rJh j? s/ rKXh ih dh ;oeko ekfJwj' rJh j?.” 14 ngq?b Bz{ Bwe ekBz{B s'VD d/ i[ow ftu itkjobkb Bfjo{ Bz{ frocsko eo fbnk frnk. fJ;d/itkp ftu wdok;, ebe~sk ns/ eokuh nkfd BroK ftu gqdoPB j'J/ ns/ gqdoPBekohnK dh ftPkb GhV ns/g[fb; d/ ftu Neokt j'J/.

g/Pkto (g~Sw'so gqKs) ftu iB nkeo'P dh nfGftnesh eJh o{gK ftu d/yD Bz{ fwbh fiE/ eKro; B/sktK dhfrocskoh Bz{ b? e/ iBsk B/ nG{sg{ot gqdoPB ehsk. fJ; fJbke/ ftu ykB ncd[b rcko yK ;kbK s'A ekoiPhb;B ns/ T[BQK d[nkok iBsk ftu ehs/ rJ/ ezw dh tikj Bkb nfjz;e eqKshekohnK d/ pjkd[o i~E/ :kBh y[dkJhfydwsrkoK d/ db fsnko j'J/ ;B. fJj b'e ‘bkb e[osh’ d/ BK Bkb ikD/ iKd/ ;B. f;ftb BkcowkBh nzd'bBftu fJBQK dh G{fwek ekch ekoiPhb ;h. T[; iwkB/ ftu T[BQK d/ ezw d/ ekoB i' wkj"b pfDnk ;h, g/Pktoftu iB–T[Gko d/ fgS/ T[;dk pj[s tvk j~E ;h fi;d/ ekoB fJe jcs/ s'A th fInkdk ;w/A se g/Pkto T[s/nkw b'eK dk epIk fojk. g/Pkto dh xNBktK fJ; bJh th ekch wj~stg{oB ;B fe rVtkb o?ihw?AN d/f;gkjhnK B/ fBj~Eh GhV T[s/ r'bh ubkT[D s'A fJBeko eo fdsk ;h.

j'bh–j'bh fJj r~b ;kc j[zdh ik ojh ;h fe ;oeko d[nkok y/fvnk frnk i{nk T[; bJh ckfJd/wzd BjhAj'fJnk. ;oeko B/ ;'funk ;h fe i/eo nzd'bB ftu j;sy/g Bk ehsk frnk sK fJj nkgD/ nkg NKJ/ NKJ/fc; j' ikJ/rk ns/ rKXh ih dh Bwe dh oDBhsh dk e'Jh Bshik BjhA fBeb/rk. ;oeko Bz{ gsk jh BjhA;h fe fJ; nzd'bB d/ gqsh T[j eh o;sk ngDkJ/ ns/ fit/A fe rKXh ih B/ nzdkik bkfJnk ;h, ;oeko“Gofws ns/ j?okB” ofj rJh ;h. ;oeko fi; d[ftXk ftu c;h ;h, T[;Bz{ T[; d[fpXk ftu gkT[D bJhjh rKXh ih B/ nfjz;kswe sohe/ d/ ;ftB/n ntfrnk nzd'bB dh oDBhsh pDkJh ;h. ;oeko ipod;s;zeN ftu ;h, “fJ;Bz{ dpkT[D ftu ;zeN ns/ Bk dpkT[D ftu th ;zeN, :kBh fe i/eo ;oeko fJ; nzd'bBBz{ BjhA dpkT[Adh sK y[b/nkw T[;d/ ekBz{B dh X~ihnK T[V iKdhnK jB, fJ; Bkb gqPk;B dh skes ewI'oj[zdh j? ns/ iBsk T[s/ geV fYbh j[zdh j?. gozs{ i/eo ;oeko fJ;dk dwB eodh j? sK b'eK dh fBrkjftu fJ;dh fJe fBoPz; ns/ iB–fto'Xh ;oeko dh Sth pDdh j?, n?;h ;oeko fi;B/ PKshg{oBnzd'bB B{z dpkT[D bJh fjz;e sohek nyfsnko ehsk j?. i/eo n;hA e[M fInkdk ejhJ/ sK eKro;uhy e/ ej/rh ‘dwB j' fojk j?’, ns/ i/eo n;hA Bkwwkso dk gqsho'X eohJ/ sK eKro; ej/rh–‘n;hAfi~s rJ/’ wdok; d/ fJe ;oekoh nfXekoh B/ 1930 ftu nkgDh d[ftXkrq;s ;fEsh B{z ftnes eod/ j'J/fJj rb ejh ;h. d'tK jh ;fEshnK ftu fpqfNP ;oeko d/ gqG[st Bz{ X~ek brDk ;h.

s/ih Bkb c?bd/ j'J/ nzd'bB d/ ekoB ;oeko Bz{ nkgD/ fujo/ T[s/ gJh goik–tks;bsk dk Bekp u[eDk gt/rkns/ T[;B/ c"i dk fJ;s/wkb ehsk. nfXekohnK, rtoBoK ns/ ;?fBe nfXekohnK dh soc'A dpkn g?D br/ ;h.nzssL 4 wJh Bz{ tkfJ;okJ/ B/ nkd/P ikoh ehsk fe rKXh ih Bz{ frocsko ehsk ikt/. rKXh ih B/ n?bkB ehsk;h fe ‘Xok;Bk Bwe fBowkDPkbk’ T[s/ nkgD/ ;kEhnK Bz{ b? e/ T[j jwbk p'bDr/ ns/ fJ; soQK T[j nkgDkBwe ekBz{B s'VB dk ezw ikoh oyDr/. fJ; gqeko gqPk;B Bz{ wip{o j'Dk fgnk gqzs{ frocskoh d/ ;w/A dh u'Dpj[s rbs ;h. sK fJ; Bkb ;oeko Bz{ T[j bkG BjhA fwfbnk j[zdk ns/ rKXh ih B{z nzd'bB ftu s/Ih fbnkT[Ds'A o'e fdsk j[zdk, Bk fJ;Bz{ ;oeko dh fJ; Bhsh Bz{ ;cbsk fwbh fe fJj sK nkgD/ nkg jh ysw j' ikJ/rk.fi;dk ;oeko B{z ckfJdk fwb/rk. nzd'bB ftu s/ih nkT[D s'A pknd Bshik T[bNk j'fJnk ns/ fJ; BkbrshftXhnK ftu j'o s/ih nk rJh. fJj ;oeko d/ bJh p/P[wko go/PkBhnK dk ekoB pfDnk.


B ØN


rKXh ih dh frocskoh dk b'eK B/ Ipod;s fto'X ehsk. pzpJh ftu b'eK dh pj[s tvh GhV ;VeK ns/rbhnK ftu fBeb nkJh. fJj GhV fJzBh fInkdk ;h fe g[fb; Bz{ fgS/ jNDk fgnk. fJ; ftu o/bt/ ns/;{sh fwbK ftu ezw eoB tkb/ wId{o jIkoK dh frDsh ftu iwk ;h. egVk tgkohnK B/ S/ fdB dh jVskboyh. fdZbh ns/ ebe~sk ftu g[fb; Bkb Neokt j'J/ ns/ r'bh th ubh. go wjkokPNo d/ P'bkg[o Bro ftufJ;dh gqfeqnk ;G s'A T[rq ;h. fJ; e;p/ ftu ;{sh fwb wId{oK dh skdkd pj[s fInkdk ;h. 7 wJh s'A T[jjVskb s/ ub/ rJ/ ns/ e;p/ d/ j'o BkrfoeK d/ Bkb fwb e/ T[BQK b'eK B/ Pokp dh d[ekBK ibkJhnK s/ T[BQK;kfonK gqshPmkBK T[s/ jwbk eoB bJh fBeb gJ/ i' ;oeko dh Pesh d/ gqshe ;B :kBh o/bt/ ;N/PB ns/Brogkfbek d/ GtB nkfd. T[BQK b'eK B/ e;p/ T[s/ epik eo fbnk ns/ brGr fJe ;wBKso ;oeko ekfJeeo bJh s/ 16 wJh Bz{ wkoPb bk bkr{ eoB s'A pknd jh fJ;Bz{ ysw ehsk ik ;fenk ;h.

21 wJh Bz{ ;o'fiBh BkfJv{ (fiBQK Bz{ nfyb Gkosh eKro; dh gfjbh wfjbk w[yh j'D dk ;[Gkr gqkgs j'fJnk;h), rKXh ih d/ ncohek ;zxoP d/ fdBK ftu d';s fJwkw ;kfjp s/ rKXhih d/ g[~so wDhbkb 2000ekoieosktK Bz{ nkgd/ Bkb b? e/ fJBQK dh nrtkJh eod/ j'J/ T[; x/o/ dh soc fdqVskg{ope tX/ ik Xok;BkBwe ekoykB/ dh ofynk bJh pDkfJnk frnk ;h. fit/A jh T[j Bidhe gj[zu/ T[t/A jh b'j/ dh w[mtkbh bkmhb? e/ g[fb; nr/ tXh ns/ fBj~E/ ;fsnkrqjhnK T[s/ se se bkmh ubkT[Adh ojh id se fe c~NV j'e/ T[j IwhBs/ BjhA fvr BjhA gJ/. c~NVK Bz{ T[E'A jNkT[D dk ezw T[BQK d/ j'o ;fsnkrqjh ;kEhnK B/ ehsk ns/ T[BQK dh irkjd{ik i~Ek nr/ tfXnk. T[BQK BKb th T[jh j'fJnk s/ fJjh eqw nr/ se ikoh fojk. fJ;h soQK i~Ek nr/ tXdkfojk. E'V/ ;w/A pknd T[; x/o/ Bz{ s'VB dh pikJ/ b'e o;s/ ftu p?m iKd/ ;h s/ g[fb; dh bkmhnK dk fJzsikoeod/ ;h. ofynk bJh fe;/ B/ nkgDk j~E se BjhA u[fenk. 11 ti/ d[gfjo se, idfe SK ftu skgwkB 46cko/BjkJhN ;h, 320 b'e c~NV j' u[e/ ;B s/ d' b'e nkgDh ikB rtk u[e/ ;B. nwoheh g~soeko fwbo B/fJ;dk fpUok fdsk j?. T[;d/ fpUo/ ftu Gkosh okPNotkd dh y[Pp{ j? fi; Bz{ eJh d/PK se gj[zukfJnk ;hns/ T[;d/ d[nkok ;fsnkrqjhnK dh pjkdoh gqdoPB d/ b/y B/ pj[s gqGktPkbh sohe/ Bkb ;gPN ehsk fenfjz;kswe gqsho'X e'Jh ekfJoK dk ezw BjhA j?. T[;d/ fttoD dk ;zy/g fJ; gqeko j?–

“thj–fJe d/PK ftu ;wkuko G/iD d/ nkgD/ ekoiekb d/ 18 ;kbK d/ d"okB w?A n;zy Bkrfoe ftdo'j d/y/ jB,dzr/ rbh–e{funK ftu wkoekN s/ ftdo'j d/y/ jB, b/feB Xok;Bk tork fGnkBe fdqP nkgD/ ihtB ftu edhBjhA d/fynk j?.”

Bwe ;fsnkrqfj d/ Bt/A o{g Bz{ iBsk B/ pV/ T[s;kj Bkb ngDk fbnk ns/ d/yd/–d/yd/ fJj iB nzd'bBftu pdb frnk. pzpJh d/ pkjoh feBko/ T[s/ ;fEs pVkbk ftu Bwe d/ ekoykfBnK T[s/ jwbk p'fbnkfrnk. 1 i{B Bz{ 15,000 b'eK dh GhV B/ ;kw{fje ekotkjh eo fdsh, fJj ekotkjh g{optosh ekoi dhgfjDsh ;h. fJj b'e pjkd[oh Bkb g[fb; B{z u[D'sh fdzd/ j'J/ x/ok s'V e/ T[E'A Bwe b? rJ/. eoBkNe ftu10,000 b'eK B/ ;?Bhe~oNk Bwe ekoykB/ T[s/ jwbk p'fbnk ns/ bkmhnK s/ r'bhn ykXhnK. wdok; ftuBwe ekBz{B s'VD d/ ekoB iBsk s/ g[fb; ftu Neokn j'J/ ns/ 23 ngq?b Bz{ ;w[zdo d/ feBko/ fto'X iskT[DbJh iB;Gk nk:'fis ehsh rJh. fJ; gqdoPB ftu iBsk Bz{ nk;/–gk;/ eoB d/ bJh g[fb; B/ bkmhnKs/ r'bhnK dk fJ;s/wkb ehsk ;h s/ fsz b'eK dh w"s j' rJh ;h. fJ; xNBk Bkb g{ok Pfjo d' fjf;nKftu tzv frnk. fJE'A se fe T[dko s'A T[dko ftnesh B/ th fJ; dh fBzdk ehsh s/ T[j okPNotkdheKro;hnK dk ;woEoe pD frnk. nKXo gqd/P ftu n"osK d/ iZE/ whbK ub e/ Bwe ekBz{B B{z u[D'shd/D gj[zu/ ;h ns/ pzrkb ftu g[okD/ rKXhtkdh nkPowK ftu BroK s'A pj[s frDsh ftu ;t?w;/teKd/ nkT[D Bkb fco s'A ik nk rJh. fJ; Bkb fwdBKg[o d/ fJbke/ ftu Bwe ;fsnkrqfj ekch ;w/A seubdk fojk. fJ;d/ Bkb D{i/ fJbkfenK ftu th Bwe ;fsrqfj ubkfJnk frnk. T[Vh;k ftu pkbk;'o, g[ohns/ eNe fIb/ r?oekBz{Bh s"o T[s/ Bwe fBowkD d/ w[~y e/Ado pD/ oj/.

bkb e[osh nzd'bB s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<Nk;e


B ØN


fJ; d"o ftu oki;~sk Bz{ fdsh ikD tkbh nB/e gqeko dhnK u[D'shnK B{z tkXk d/D bJh ‘Bwe ;fsnkrqfj’B/ nkozG ftu T[sg/qoe dk ezw ehsk. frocskoh d/ gfjb/ jh rKXhih B/ i'odko sohfenK Bkb ftd/PhegfVnK s/ Pokp d/ pfjPeko dh p/Bsh ehsh ;h. T[BQK B/ n"osK Bz{ ftP/P o{g u fJ; ftu nr/ j'e/ G{fwekfBGkT[D bJh fejk ;h. rKXhih B/ fJe tko fejk ;h, “n"osK Bz{ ewI'o efjDk T[BQK dk ngwkB j? fJjwodK dk n"osK d/ gqsh nfBnK j?.” 1930 ftu Gkos dh n"osK B/ ftP/P o{g ftu fJj fdyk fdsk feT[j Pesh s/ ;kwoE ftu fe;/ s'A xN BjhA jB. i' n"osK fJeZb/ edh nkgDh d/joh s'A pkjo BjhA fBebh;h, i' god/ ftu ojh ;h, T[j B"itkB wksktK ns/ ftXtktK s/ nDftnkjhnK bVehnK ne;o ;t/o/ s'Ab? e/ Pkw se Pokp dh d[ekBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ ftd/Ph egfVnK dh d[ekBK s/ BPhb/ gdkoEK dh d[ekBK d/nr/ XoBk fdzd/ Bio nkT[AdhnK ;B. T[; ;w/A fJj fdqP pj[s nkw ;h. T[j u[gukg b/feB fdqVskg{opeb'eK Bz{ (rqkjeK Bz{) p/Bsh eodhnk ;B, fe T[j nkgDk fdqPNhe'D pdbD.

ftd/Ph egfVnK ns/ Pokp d/ pfjPeko ftu ftfdnkoEhnK s/ B'itkBK dh G{fwek th ekch wj~stg{oB ;h.T[dkjoB bJh pzpJh ftu ezw–eko tkb/ fJbkfenK ftu fBnfws o{g ftu eKro; d/ ;zsohnK Bz{ fB:[esehsk iKdk ;h fe T[j d/yD fe e'Jh th ftT[gkoh iK fteq/sk ftd/Ph ;wkB d/ pfjPeko d/ ;fsnkrqfj dkT[bzxDk Bk eo/. fJ; pfjPeko Bz{ feqnkPhb eoB ftu ftT[gkohnK d/ ;zrmB y[d th ekch ekoiPhb ;B.eJh fwbwkbeK B/ ftd/Ph Xkr/ dk fJ;s/wkb pzd eo fdsk ns/ e;w ykXh fe T[j e'Jh n?;k w'Nk egVkBjhA pDkT[Dr/ fi;dh ;goXk ykdh Bkb j't/. fiBQK b'eK B/ fJ;dk T[bzxD ehsk, T[; T[s/ ;zx$;zrmB dhsoc'A dzv brkJ/ rJ/, T[BQK dk ;wkie pfjPeko ehsk frnk. eKro; B/ T[BQK Bz{ ‘ekbh ;{uh’ ftu ofynkns/ T[BQK dhnK d[ekBK d/ ;kjwd/ XoB/ fds/ rJ/. Pokp d/ pfjPeko d/ ekoB nkpekoh P[be xN j' frnk.fJ; Bkb ;oekoh oki;t Bz{ ekch B[e;kB j'fJnk. fJ; nzd'bB B/ fJe soQK sK iB nzd'bB dk o{g rqfjDehsk ns/ skVh d/ doysK dk f;o b'eK B/ eN ;[fNnk.

Pokp ns/ BPhbh uhIk d/ pfjPeko dk ekoB Gkosh iBsk d/ ftu T[j b'efgqn gozgok ;h fi; ftu wfdokBk ghD Bz{ r[D wzfBnK iKdk ;h ns/ T[; ftnesh Bz{ ;BwkB dh fdqPNh Bkb d/fynk iKdk ;h. fJ; gozgokdh vz{xhnK iVK Bz{ fJ; sE Bkb ;wfMnk ik ;edk j? fe i' th BhthA iks d/ b'e ikshrs ;'gkB ftu T[s/T[mdk ukj[zd/ jB sK Pokp Sv e/ T[uh iks d/ j'D dh j?;hns ekfJw eoB dh e'fPP eod/ jB. wk; ykDkth Sv fdzd/ jB.

N?e; Bk ndk eoB d/ nfGnkB dk w[y ;EkB g{oph Gkos ;h fiE/ u"ehdkoK bJh N?e; ndk eoB s'A b'eKBz{ wBk eo fdsk. yk; s"o s/ fgzvK s'A i' N?e; fdsk frnk ;h T[;dk fJe fj~;k u"ehdkoK bJh j'fJnk eodk;h. u"ehdko fgzv d/ ofyne j[zd/ ;B ns/ g[fb; pb dh S'Nh fJekJh d/ g{oe d/ o{g ftu ezw eod/ ofjzd/;B. g{oph y/so ftu fJBQK dh w[y G{fwek ;h. fJBQK u"ehdkoK Bkb b'e pj[s Bcos eod/ ;B feT[Afe;oeko dh soc'A fJj y[chnkfroh eod/ ;B s/ IwhdkoK d/ fJj gkbs{ j[zd/ ;B. fJ; N?e; d/ fybkc ns/u"ehdkoK s/ u"ehdko gzukfJs d/ gqGktPkbh w?ApoK d/ n;shc/ dh wzr Bz{ b? e/ Ipod;s nzd'bB ubkfJnkfrnk. fJj jh w?Apo u"ehdkoK Bz{ fB:[es eod/ ;B. fJ; nzd'bB dk PqhrD/P wJh d/ wjhB/ ftu fpjkoftu ehsk frnk feT[Afe ;w[zdo Bk j'D d/ ekoD T[E/ Bwe nzd'bB dh e'Jh r[zikfJP BjhA ;h. T[dkjoDd/ o{g ftu w[zr/o, Gkrbg[o ns/ ;koB fIfbnK ftu N?e; ndk eoB s'A b'eK Bz{ wBk eo fdsk frnk s/u"ehdkoK Bz{ fsnkr–g~so d/D bJh gq/fos ehsk frnk. fiBQK b'eK B/ e'Jh nkBkekBh ehsh iK gqsho'XiskfJnk, T[BQK dk ;wkfie pfjPeko ehsk frnk. ;oeko B/ e[M o[gfJnK d/ pdb/ ;?AeV/ jIkoK dh ;zgshIps eoe/ fJ;dk pdbk fbnk. b'eK Bz{ wkfonk–e[fNnk frnk, s;hj/ fds/ rJ/. wkwbk sd'A nkgDh uow;hwk T[s/ gj[zfunk id 31 wJh Bz{ Gkrbg[o fIb/ d/ fpjg[o fgzv ftu nkgD/ ysw jz[d/ j'J/ gqGkt Bz[ d[pkokgqshPfms eoB d/ bJh g[fb; B/ eKro; nkPow Bz{ nkgD/ epI/ ftu b? fbnk. fJ; y/so ftu okPNotkdhrshftXhnK dk fJj w[fynkbk ;h. nkPow T[s/ g[fb; d/ epIk eoB d/ o'I–o'I nkPow d/ pkjo gqdoPBj'D/ nkozG j' rJ/. gNBk s'A oki/Adogq;kd ns/ npd[b pkoh id T[E/ d"o/ s/ rJ/ sK fJe ftPkb o?bh dknk:'iB ehsk frnk. fJ; o?bh B{z s'VD bJh g[fb; B/ bkmhnK dk fJ;s/wkb ehsk. j'o b'eK d/ Bkboki/Ado gq;kd B{z th ;~NK brhnK. j'o irkj dh soK fJE/ th dwB d/ ekoB okPNotkdh rshftXhnK dhPesh j'o tX rJh ns/ ;fEsh n?;h j' rJh fe d/jksh fJbkfenK ftu g[fb; dk ikDk n;zGt j' frnk.


B ØN


pzrkb ftu wkB;{B ukb{ j'D d/ Bwe pDkT[D ftu fd~es nkJh fJ; bJh nzd'b Bwe s'A jN e/ u"ehdkohns/ :[BhnB p'ov fto'Xh nzd'bB ftu pdb frnk. fJE/ th fgzvK d/ b'eK B{z fGnzeo dwB dk ;kjwDkeoBk gt/rk. jIkoK dh ;zgsh Ips ehsh rJh iK BPN eo fdsh rJh. g[fb; d/ nkeq'P s'A puD bJhb'eK Bz{ Gi e/ izrbK ftu th S[gDk fgnk.

r[ioks ftu y/Vk fIb/ ftu, pkod'bh sfj;hb (;{os fIbk) ftu ns/ GV"Au fIb/ d/ izp{;o ftu N?e; Bkndk eoB dk fJe ;pb nzd'bB s/Ih Bkb ubkfJnk ik fojk ;h. fJE/ b'eK B? G{wheo (G{oki;t) ndkeoB s'A fJBeko eo fdsk ;h. jIkoK dh sdkd ftu nkgD/ gfotko d/ b'eK, wt/PhnK s/ xo dhnK uhIKb? e/ fgzv d/ b'e fpqfNP fB:zsoD tkb/ Gkos s'A fBeb e/ pV"dk tor/ oitkV/ fJbke/ ftu ub/ rJ/ ;h s/T[E/ wjhfBnK w?dkBK ftu v/ok gke/ oj/.

T[BQK d/ xoK Bz{ s'Ve/ ns/ T[; ftu tV e/ uhIK BPN eo fdsh rJhnK. g[fb; B/ sK ;odko tb~GGkJhgN/b dh 80 ;kb dh wK Bz{ th BjhA pyfPnk, i' eow;kV d/ nkgD/ fgzv d/ wekB ftu p?mh ykDk gek ojh;h. T[BQK d/ ykDk gekT[D d/ posBK Bz{ u[e e/ ;[N fdsk frnk, T[BQK ftu ezeV–g~Eo ns/ fw~Nh dk s/bGo fdsk frnk. 1930 d/ d"okB tb~GGkJh gN/b fInkdkso ;w/A t/b ftu oj/ fe;kBK Bz{ brksko Go';kd[tkT[Ad/ s/ T[s;kjs eod/ oj/. Gkt/A T[BQK d/ E'V/ pj[s ;kXB ibdh jh u[e rJ/, T[BQK d/ wB ftu jko xoeoB brh b/feB jko Bk wzB e/ T[j izrb ftu vN/ oj/. T[j T[d'A jh nkgD/ xoK Bz{ tkg; nkJ/ id wkou1931 Bz{ PKsh ekfJw j' rJh.

wjkokPNo, eoBkNe ns/ w~X Gkos ftu tB fBnwK d/ T[bzxD dk nzd'bB th ftPkb iB nzd'bB dko{g b? u[fenk ;h. fJ; ftu ftP/P o{g ftu T[j y/so Pkwb ;B fiBQK ftu iB–ikshnK ofjzdhnK;B. T[gfBt/Ptkdh ;oeko B/ izrbK d/ T[g:'r s/ ;ys gqshpzX brk oy/ ;h ns/ T[BQK gqshpzXK s'A fJjb'e pj[s fInkdk gqGkfts ;B. e[M ;EkBK ftu sK izrb ekBz{B s'VD tkbh GhV dk nkeko fJzBk tvk j'iKdk ;h fe b'eK dh frDsh 70,000 s'A th fInkdk j' ikfJnk eodh ;h.

n;w ftu e[fynks “efBzxw ;oe[bo” d/ fto'X ftu ftfdnkoEhnK dh nrtkJh ftu fJe PeshPkbhnzd'bB ubkfJnk frnk ;h fi; ftu ftfdnkoEhnK ns/ nfGGkteK Bkb ;dftT[jko dk gqwkD–g~so gq;s[seoB d/ bJh fejk frnk ;h.

brdk j? fe iBsk B/ itkjobkb Bfjo{ d/ ;zd/P Bz{ fjod/ Bkb XkoB eo fbnk ;h. d;zpo 1929 ftu bkj"oftu okPNoh Mzvk cfjokT[Ad/ j'J/ itkjobkb Bfjo B/ ngD/ ;zd/P ftu fejk ;h–“fJe tko fco s[jkBz{ :kdoyDk j? fe j[D fJj Mzvk cfjok fdsk frnk, id se fJe th fjzd[;skBh wod, n"os iK pZuk fizdk j?,fJ; Bz{ M[eDk BjhA ukjhdk.” fGnzeo ns/ efmB fBoPz;sk d/ ;kjwD/ th okPNoh Mzv/ d/ ;BwkB dh ofynkdh e'fPP pj[sXk tfu~so gqeko dh pjkd[oh dk o{g XkoB eo fbsk ;h. nKXo gqd/P d/ sN tkb/ fJbkfenKp[Ad[j ftu N'Nk Bo;Jhnk BkfJv{, g[fb; pb d 15 b'KeK d/ db Bkb wko yKd/–yKd/ p/j'P j'e/ fvr rJ/b/feB okPNoh Mzvk BjhA Sfvnk. ekbheN ftu ghH feqPB fg~b? T[s/ i' pknd ftu ub e/ pj[s tv/efwT{fB;N B/sk pD/–t?;k jh bkmh dk cZN wkfonk frnk fit/A BkfJv{ T[s/ ehsk frnk ;h. ;{os ftu S'N/–S'N/ p~funK B/ g[fb; B{z u[D'sh d/D bJh nkgDh ftb~yD gqshGk dk fJ;s/wkb ehsk. id T[BQK d/ j~E s'Apko–pko okPNoh Mzvk fyfunk frnk sK go/PkB j'e/ T[BQK B/ fJe BtK sohek efYnk. T[BQK b'eK B/ fsozr/dh jh nkgDh vq?; ;[tK bJh. T[; vq?; B{z gfjD e/ PkB Bkb ;VeK ns/ rbhnK ftu T[j ;ko/ ihT[Ad/ Mzv/xz[wd/ oj/ ns/ g[fb; B{z u[D'sh fdzd/ oj/. g[fb; T[BQK d/ fJ; okPNoh Mzv/ Bz{ T[BQK e'b'A BjhA fyZu ;e/.okPNoh u/sBk dk gqshe okPNoh Mzvk j[D d{o–dokI d/ fgzvK ftu th fdykJh g??D br/ ;h.

T[so gqd/P ftu nzd'bB dk fdqP j'o th nbZv fe;w dk ;h. fJE/ ‘N?e; Bk d', brkB Bk d'’ dk nzd'bBubkfJnk frnk. N?e; Bk d/D dh p/Bsh iwhdkoK bJh ;h. T[BQK Bz{ p/Bsh ehsh rJh ;h fe ;oeko Bz{oki~;t Bk d/D ns/ brkB Bk d/D dh p/Bsh fe;kBK bJh ;h sKfe iwhdkoK B{z T[j brkB Bk d/D. feT[AfefInksko iwhAdko ;oeko d/ gqsh tckdko ;B, fJ; bJh, :EkoE o{g ftu brkB–fto'Xh nzd'bB dko{g jh gqw[~y fojk. nkozGe wjhfBnK ftu ;ftB/n ntfrnk nzd'bB ekch wip{s ;h b/feB ;oekodwB–ueq d/ ekoB pknd ftu fJ;dh geV ewI'o g? rJh ns/ wkbr[ikoh B d/D dk nfGnkB pzdBjhA j'fJnk. b/feB nes{po ftu fJ;B/ fco i'o cfVnk. id itkjo bkb Bfjo{ E'v/ ;w/A d/ bJh


B ØN


i/b s'A S[N e/ pkjo nkJ/ sK T[BQK B/ T[so gqd/P ;whsh Bz{ wkbr[ikoh–fto'Xh nzd'bB ubkT[D dh nkfrnkfdsh. d' wjhB/ s'A rzGho o{g ftu fsnko j'D ns/ T[;dk ftnkge gquko eoB ftu br/. fJ;d/ pknd;szpo ftu d[pkok nfGnkB S/fVnk frnk. iBtoh se dwB dk fJzBk fInkdk i'o j'fJnk fe wip{o j'e/pj[s fe;kB fgzv Sv e/ Gi rJ/. nkrok ns/ okJ/po/bh d/ fIb/ fJ; nfGnkB d/ w[~y e/Ado ;B.

iBsk Bz{ joes ftu fbnkT[D d/ nB/e o{gK ftu fJ; nzd'bB B/ b'efgqn pDkfJnk. fgzvK ns/ e;fpnKftu ‘gqGks c/ohnK’ fBnw–fijhnK j' rJhnK ;B fi; ftu n"os ns/ p~u/ ;t/o/ M[zv pDk e/ okPNohrkBrkT[Ad/ j'J/ rbh–rbh x[zfwnk eod/ ;B. g~fsqektK ns/ r?oekBz{Bh ;{uBk g~so i' edh sK j~EK Bkb fby/j[zd/ ;B s/ edh ;kJheb';NkJhb o{g ftu j'fJnk eod/ ;B, Bcos tkb/ gq?; nfXfBnw Bz{ s'VD d/ bJhpDkJh rJh oDBhsh d/ nfGzB nzr ;B ns/ fJBQK dh ;zg{oB d/P ftu wkB' jV fijk nkfJnk j'fJnk ;h.fgzvK se okPNoh ;zd/P gj[zukT[D bh ‘ikd{Jh bkbN?BK ezw ftu fbnkJhnK iKdhnK ;B. ns/ gfjb/ dh soQKjh, ekoieosktK ns/ B/sktK d[nkok brksko d"o/, fJ;sqh–g[oP d/ dbK d[nkok d"o/ ns/ T[;d/ d"okB ;GktK,p?meK ns/ S'Nh tvhnK iB ;GktK nzd'bB dk e/Adoh nkXo ojhnK. p~funK dh ‘tkBo ;?Bk’ ;zrms ehshrJh ns/ fJe n;EkB T[s/ bVehn B/ nbr s'A nkgDh wki/oh ;?Bk pDkT[D dh wzr oyh.

g{o/ 1930 d/ d"okB ;oeko d[fpXkg{oB o[y nyfsnko eoe/ ojh. ekch ;'u ftuko eoe/ pknd ftu ube/ rKXhih B{z frocsko ehsk frnk ;h. T[;d/ pknd iBsk d/ Bkrfoe nfXekoK ftu eN"sh d/ nfXnkd/P tkoh ehs/ rJ/ s/ gqKse ;oekoK Bz{ f;ftb BkcowkBh tkb/ ;zrmBK T[s/ gqshpzX brkT[D dh S[N fdshrJh. b/feB i{B d/ nzs se eKro; ekoiekoBh Bz{ r?oekBz{Bh Bjh x'fPs ehsk frnk ;h ns/ w'shbkbBfjo{ Bz{ T[; skohy se w[es ofynk frnk ;h T[j T[; ;w/A eKro; d/ w[yh dh j?;hns Bkb ezw eo oj/;B. nr;se se pj[s ;koh ;EkBe eKro; ;whshnK T[s/ th gqshpzX BjhA bfrnk ;h. fJ; ftu;kJhwB nk:'r dh fog'oN gqekPs j'Jh. fJ; ftu Gkos Bz{ ‘v'whnB ;N/N;’ d/ nfXeko fds/ ikD dhe'Jh uouk se BjhA ehsh rJh ;h. fJe gqeko Bkb fJj fgS/ fy~uD tkbk d;skt/i ;h, fJ; dhnK BhshnKdwBkswe ;B. fJ; B/ ;oeko Bz{ j'o nb~r–Eb~r eo fdsk–fJE'A se fe rowdbhJ/ ftuko e/ okiB/skth fJ; Bkb Bkoki j'J/ ns/ wdBw'jB wkbthnk ns/ n?;Hn?;H nD/ tor/ b'eK B/ frocskoh fdsh. 9i[bkJh B{z ;wM"sktkdh o[y dk ;ze/s fdzd/ j'J/ tkfJ;okJ/ B/ fJe r'bw/I ;zw/bB dk ;[Mkn fdsk sEkv'whfBnB ;N/N; tkb/ we;d T[s/ fco s'A i'o fdsk. e/Adoh ftXkfJek d/ 40 w?ApoK d[nkok fds/ rJ/ ;[MknBz{ th tkfJ;okJ/ B/ ;theko ehsk fe s/i pjkdo ;go{ ns/ n?wHnko I?eo Bz{ eKro; ns/ ;oeko d/ w~XPKsh–;EkgBk dh ;zGktBktK dk gsk brkT[D d/ bJh fejk ikJ/. fJBQK rZbK Bz{ nr/ tXkT[D d/ T[d/P Bkbitkjobkb ns/ w'shbkb B{z rKXhih Bkb fwbkT[D bJh :opdk i/b NoK;co ehsk frnk sKfe fJj b'e rKXhihd/ Bkb ;wM"s/ dh ;zGktBk Bz{ b? e/ ftuko–ftwoP eo ;eD. fJ; r~bpks dk eJh Bshik BjhA fBefbnk b/feB ;ze/sK Bkb fJj ;[fBPfus j' frnk fe e[M b'e Btzpo d/ wjhB/ ftu r'bw/I ;zw/bB ftu th Gkrb?Dr/. fpaqfNP Pk;eK ns/ GkoshnK Bz{ pokpo dh j?;hns d/e/ ehsh ikD tkbh fJj gfjbh p?me ;h. fJ;ftu brGr jo gqshfBXh B/ fJ; rb Bz{ pko–pko o/yKfes ehsk fe ;zt?XkfBe ftuko–ftwoP dh e'Jh thekotkjh fpBk eKro; Bz{ Pkwb ehs/ e'Jh wsbp BjhA oydh. T[; ekotkjh Bkb fJj th ;gPN j'fJnk fe i/eo ;oeko B{z pukT[D bJh oDBhsh dk nkXko ;zt?XkfBe ;[ftXktK B{z pDkfJnk iKdk j? sK fJ; ftu eKro;dh Gkrhdkoh io{oh j?. r'bw/i ;zw/bB d/ ;wkgB T[s/ p'bd/ j'J/ fpqN/B d/ gqXkBwzsoh B/ ;gPN s"o T[s/ fJ;;zGktBk dh soc fJPkok ehsk ;h. T[BQK B/ fJj T[whd ftu iskJh fe pknd ftu j'D tkb/ fJ; ;kb d/ ftuko–ftwoP ftu eKro; io{o Gkr bt/rh. 25 iBtoh B{z tkfJ;okJ/ B/ fpBk Pos rKXhih dh fojkJh dh x'PDkehsh. Bkb jh eKro; ekoiekoBh d/ j'o ;kfonK w?ApoK dh fojkJh dh th x'PDk ehsh rJh sKfe T[j ;[szsoo{g Bkb fpBK fe;/ vo–G? d/ gqXkBwzsoh d/ test: T[s/ nkgD/ ftuko Ikjo eo ;eD.

fszB jcs/ se nkg;h ftuko–ftwoP d/ pknd ns/ i' gqshfBXh bzdB s'A Gkr b?e/ tkg; nkJ/ ;B T[BQKBkb ;bkj–wPtok eoB d/ pknd, ns/ ;wki d/ ftfGzB spfenK d/ B[wkfJzfdnK d/ Bkb r~bpks eoe/eKro; ekoiekoBh B/ rKXhih Bz{ tkfJ;okJ/ Bkb r~bpks nkozG eoB d/ bJh nfXfeqs ehsk. 5 wkou 1931Bz{ rKXh–fJoftB ;w"s/ d/ o{g ftu 15 fdB d/ bzw/ ftuko–ftwoP d/ pknd fJe d;skt/i ;kjwD/ nkfJnk.fJ; Bz{ e[M b'eK B/ ‘PKsh ;wM"sk’ ns/ e[M B/ ‘n;EkJh eoko’ Bkw fdsk.


B ØN


fJ; ;wM"s/ T[s/ eKro; dh soc'A rKXhih B/ d;sys ehs/ ns/ ;oeko dh soc'A bkov fJoftB B/d;sys ehs/. B"eoPkjh d/ bJh fJj tfu~so rb ;h feT[Afe fJ; ftu eKro; ns/ ;oeko ftu;wkBsk d/ g~Xo s/ ofynk frnk ;h. ;wM"s/ dh PosK ftu i' r~bK Pkwb ;B T[j fJ; gqeko jB–fiBQK b'eK Bz{ pzdh pDkfJnk frnk j? T[BQK ;kfonK okiBhfse pzdhnK dh fojkJh (fJ; ftu fjz;eekotkjh ftu Pohe pzdh B{z BjhA fbnk frnk ;h). fJ; ;w/A i' dzv br/ ;h ns/ T[BQK Bz{ t;{b BjhAehsk frnk ;h, T[BQK dh wkch, Ipsh IwhB dh tkg;h i/eo shi/ gZy Bz{ pukfJnk Bk frnk j't/, ns/fiBQK ;oekoh eowukohnK B/ fsnko–g~so d/ fdsk ;h, T[BQK Bkb Bowh dk poskt. ;oeko B/ sNtkb/ fJbkfenK ftu ofjD tkb/ g/Av{nK Bz{ xo/b{ fJ;s/wkb d/ bJh Bwe pDkT[D d/ nfXeko th fds/ns/ PKshg{oB sohe/ Bkb fpBK jwbk ehs/ j'J/ b'eK B{z XoBk d/D d/ nfXeko th gqkgs j'J/. g[fb;dh fInkdshnK dh iKu d/ bJh iBsk dh iKu ;whsh pD/ eKro; dh fJ; wzr Bz{ ;theko BjhA ehskfrnk b/feB rKXhih B/ iKu dh wzr pko–pko d[jokJh ;h, fJ;dk fIeo ;wM"s/ ftu ehsk frnk.nkgDh soc'A eKro; B/ f;ftb BkcowkBh ysw eoB dh Pos wzB fbsh ;h. ;wM"s/ ftu fJj thnzsofBfjs ;h fe nrbh r'bw/i p?me ftu eKro; Gkrhdko pD/rh.

fiBQK PosK T[s/ ;wM"s/ T[s/ d;sys ehs/ rJ/, T[BQK Bz{ b? e/ fJ; ekb d/ b'eK ftu ns/ fJfsjk;ekoK ftuth nkg; ftu ekch wsG/d ns/ fttkd ;B. fJ;d/ w[Zy ekoB jB–fJ;dk ;w/A, d;sys eod/ ;w/A rKXhihd/ fJokd/, Grs f;zx ns/ T[BQK d/ ;kEhnK dh cK;h dh ;ik wkc eoB dh Pos d/ o{g ftu Bk oyDk(Gkt/A b'e wzBd/ jB fe rKXhih B/ tkfJ;okJ/ B{ fJ: w[~d/ T[s/ okIh eoB dk :sB ehsk). fJ; ;wM"s/dh b'eK B/ nb~r–nb~r o{g ftu ftnkfynk ehsh j?. e[M B/ fJ;B{z X'y/ dh ;zfrnk fdsh j?, e[M B/ fJ;Bz{Gkosh g{zihgshnK d/ Y[bw[b ;[Gkn dk ns/ rKXh ih dk T[BQK d/ dpkn ftu nke/ ezw eoB dk gqwkD wzfBnk.fJj fejk frnk j? fe rKXhih ns/ Gkosh g{zihgsh d'tK B/ jh iBnzd'bB s'A G?Ghs ;B i' ekch eqKshekohw'V b? fojk ;h, sK e[M b'eK B/ fejk fe fe;kBK d/ Bkb X'yk ehsk frnk feT[Afe T[BQK dh Ips ehsh j'Jhi' IwhB shi/ g~y Bz{ t/u fdsh rJh ;h T[;Bz{ tkg; fdbkT[D dh Pos ;wM"s/ ftu BjhA ;h. fJ; ftur[ioks d/ fe;kB ftP/P o{g Bkb gqGkts ;B, nkfd.

1922 ftu u"ohu"ok eKv d/ ekoD n;fj:'r nzd'bB tkg; b? fbnk frnk ns/ T[;Bz{ b? e/ i' soe fds/rJ/ ;h, fJ; tko th b'e T[;/ nkXko T[s/ nko'g brk oj/ ;B b'eK dh fJ; gqeko dh ;wMdkoh dki' nkXko j?, T[j Gkosh okPNoh nzd'bB dh oDBhsh ns/ T[;d/ ;o{g Bz{ gSkBD ftu n;woE j?.gfjbh rb fAJj j? fe fJ; ;wMdkoh ftu fJ; rb dh nDd/yh eo fdsh iKdh j? fe iB nzd'bB dhT[wo pj[s bzwh BjhA j[zdh, T[BQK Bz{ nBzsekb se ikoh BjhA ofynk ik ;edk j?. ekoiPhb okiBhfsrdh soQK nkw iBsk dh fsnko dh :'rsk nBzs BjhA j[zdh. ns/ nzd'bB ftu fBPfus o{g ftu EekBd/ bePD BIo nkT[D br/ ;h–yk; s"o s/ nzd'bB d/ tv/ ns/ wj~stg{oB spe/ bJh sK fJj rbfBPfus o{g ftu ;u j?. e;fpnK ftu B"itkbk ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK ftu sK T[oik ni/ th pDh j'Jh;h b/feB ;"dkroK ns/ d[ekBdkoK d/ bJh bzw/ ;w/A se B[e;kB u[eDk w[Pfeb j[zdk ik fojk ;h.pfjPeko Bz{ ;cb pDkT[D d/ bJh fJ; tor dk ;fj:'r io{oh th ;h. b/feB 1930 d/ ;szpo sefJBQK dk ;woED ewI'o j'D brk ;h. fgzvK d/ T[BQK y/soK ftu, fiE/ ;kb d/ P[o{ ftu jh nzd'bB nkozGehsk ik u[ek ;h. ;kb d/ T[sokXo ftu nke/ T[BQK ftu EektN nkT[D brh ;h. i' fe g[fb; d/ Bkb;zxoP dh soc T[BQK s/ jwb/ dh fSNg[N xNBktK sK xNdhnK ;B ns/ fJj rb pzrkb, fpjko, nKXogqd/P ns/ r[ioks ;kohnK irkj bJh ;u ;h. T[so gqd/P d/ e[M fJbkfenk ftu brkB B d/D dknzd'bB ;kb d/ nzs ftu P[o{ j'fJnk ;h. T[BQK ftu bVD dk go:kgs wkj"b ni/ th poeoko ;h.b/feB eh d[M fJbkfenK ftu gqsho'X dh fJBQK fJ~eh–d[~eh xNBktK s'A fJj Bshik efYnk ik ;edkj? fe fJ; ftPkb d/P dh ;w{uh iBsk ;zxoP ikoh oyD ftu ;fynw ;h. ns/ fJ; rb dh eh rkozNh;h fe id fJBQK dh Pesh u[e iKdh fit/A fe nr/–fgS/ j'D dh th ;zGktBk ;h, sK fJ;d/ pknd ;oekorbpks d/ bJh fsnko j[zdh jh. 1931 dk ;kb t?;k Bjhi ;h fit/A eh 1946 ;h ns/ fit/A fe 1912ftu j'fJnk j[zdk fe ;oeko g?Asok pdb e/ s/ih Bkb dwBueq ubkT[Adh ns/ ekch gqGkth sohfenKBkb nzd'bB Bz{ e[ub fdzdh.


B ØN


fJ; ftu Pe BjhA fe B"itkB ekch fBokP j'J/ ;B feT[Afe o'D Bkb ns/ ft;{oB dh s[bBk ftu wo fwNDBz{ io{oh ;wMd/ ;B. fJ; ftu Pe BjhA fe r[ioks d/ fe;kB y[P BjhA ;B feT[Afe T[BQK dhnK e[M iwhBKT[BQK ssekb tkg; BjhA fwb ;ehnK ;B (T[BQK Bz{ fJj sd'A tkg; fwbhnK id 1937 ftu pzpJh ftueKro; wzsohwzvb ;~sk ftu nkfJnk) b/feB ftPkb iB ;w[dkfJ dk fInkdkso fj~;k fJ; rb s'A gqGkts;h fe PeshPkbh fpqfNP ;woki ns/ T[;dh ;oeko Bz{ T[BQK d/ nzd'bB Bz{ wj~st d/Dk fgnk ns/ T[BQK d/B/sktK d/ Bkb pokpoh dk ;b{e eoBk fgnk ns/ T[BQK d/ Bkb ;wM"sk th eoBk fgnk. fJ; Bkb T[BQK Bz{bfrnk fe T[BQK dh Pesh Bz{ wkBsk fwbh j? ns/ ;oeko T[s/ T[BQK dh fi~s gqkss j'Jh j?. fJ; ;wM"s/ d/ekoB i' jIkoK b'e i/b s'A fBeb e/ pkjo nkJ/ T[BQK Bz{ :[X d/ w?dkB ftu fi~s gqkgs eoe/ tkg; nkT[Dtkb/ f;gkjhnK tork ;BwkB fdsk frnk. T[BQK Bz{ jok e/ ns/ ngwkB ;fj e/ tkg; nkJ/ :[Xpzdh BjhApDkfJnk frnk. T[BQK dk gsk ;h fe PKshg{oB ;wM"sk nksw–;wogD BjhA j[zdk j? ns/ fJj fe i/ d[PwDukj/ sK bVkJh d[pkok S/Vh ik ;edh j?. fJ; ftu fJj :'X/ nkokw eo ;eDr/ ns/ Gkth ;zrqkw d/ bJhnkgD/ Bz{ fsnko eoDr/. T[BQK B/ nkgD/ B/sk ns/ nkgD/ nkg T[s/ g{ok ftPtk; ;h.

;wokitkd–fto'Xh ;zxoP ftu 1930–31 dk f;ftb BkcowkBh nzd'bB fJe nfsnzs wj~stg{oB d"oBz{ o/yKfes eodk j?. fJ; ftu i/b ikD tkfbnK dh nzdkiB frDsh 90,000 d/ eohpB ;h. fJjfrDsh 1920–22 d/ n;fj:'r nzd'bB ftu Gkr b?D tkfbnK s'A fszB r[Dh s'I th fInkdk ;h. fpqN/B s'A nkfJfss egV/ dh wksok fvr e/ fJe fsjkjh ofj rJh ;h. j'o nkfJfss uhiK, fit/A f;roNdk th T[jh jkb j'fJnk ;h. Pokp ns/ G{oki~;t s'A j'D tkbh ;oeko dh nkwdBh p[oh soQK gqGktsj'Jh ;h. ftXkB ;GktK dhnK u'DK dk pfjPeko nfsnzs gqGkth sohe/ Bkb ehsk frnk ;h. fjzd[;skBd/ pj[s tv/ ;wkfie tor Bz{ okiBhfse o{g ftu ikro{e pDk e/ T[BQK ftu okPNohnsk d/ gqsh M[ektg?dk ehsk ik u[~ek ;h. fJe soc i/ sfwbBkv{ ns/ gzikp d/ Pfjoh ftt;kJh tor Bz{ ns/ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fInkdk ekoiPhb pDk fdsk frnk sK r[ioks, ;z:[es gqKs, pzrkb, fpjko ns/ nKXogqd/P d/ fe;kB gfjbh bkJhB ftu nke/ yv/ j' rJ/ ;h ns/ w~X Gkos, wjkokPNo, eoBkNe ns/ pzrkbdh iB–ikshnk th fe;/ s'A fgS/ BjhA ;B. wid{o tor th fJ; gfofdqP s'A pkjo BjhA ;h. fJBQKb'eK B/ pzpJh, ebe~sk ns/ wdok; ftu eJh ftPkb ;w{je gqdoPBK ftu Gkr fbnk ;h. P'bkg[o d/wId{o fJBQK ftu'A ;G s'A nrbh bkJhB ftu ;B.

f;ftb BkcowkBh nzd'bB ftu w[;bwkBK dh Gkrhdkoh fBPfus o{g ftu 1920–22 d/ nzd'bB dh s[bBkftu Bk pokpo ;h. ;zgodkfJe B/sktK B/ nb~r ofjD dh nghb ehsh ;h. fJ;/ d/ Bkb ;oeko B/okPNotkdh PeshnK Bz{ ewI'o eoB d/ bJh ;zgodkfJe wsG/dK Bz{ jtk fdsh ;h. fJBQK rZbK dk n;onzd'bB t[s/ th fgnk ;h. fJBQK r~bK d/ pkti{d w[;bwkBK dh Gkrhdkoh Bz{ wj~stjhB BjhI fejk ik ;edk.g~Sw'so gqKsK ftu, fit/A fe ;G Bz{ gsk j?, T[BQK dh Gkrhdkoh pVh Ipod;s ;h. T[dkjoD d/ o{g ftusfBek ;oeko B/ doPkfJnk j/ fe pzrkb ftu ;/B j~Nk, fsqg[ok, r?pzXk, pKr[ok ns/ B'tkykbh ftu wZXtorhw[;bwkBK dh Gkrhdkoh pj[s wj~stg{oB ;h. Ykek ftu w[;bwkB ftfdnkoeh, d[ekBdko ns/ fJE'A sefe Bht/A spe/ dh nkw iBsk B/ th nzd'bB Bz{ nkgDk ;woEB fdsk ;h. T[u torh ns/ w~Xtorh w[;bwkBn"osK th ekoiPhb ;B. fpjko Bz{ nfsns gqGktPkbh sohfenK Bkb nzd'bB ftu bkwpzd ehsk frnk ;hfit/A fe d/P d/ d{i/ fj~f;nK ftu d{i/ torK Bz{ ehsk frnk ;h.

fJ; nzd'bB Bz{ i' ;woED rohpK ns/ nBgVQ b'eK s'A gqkgs j'fJnk ;h, e;fpnK ns/ fgzvK d'tK ;EkBKT[s/, T[j tk;st ftu ndG[s ns/ ng{op ;h. T[BQK dh GkrhXkoh dh Mbe i/b ikD tkfbnK dh ;zfynkd/ ;oekoh nzefVnK s'A th fwbdh j? ns/ nB/e o{gK ftu nzd'bBK ftu Gkrhdkoh dk fJe o{g i/b ikdkth ;h. pzrkb d/ g[fb; fJz;g?eNo iBob B/ fJ; rb T[s/ r'o eod/ j'J/ nkw ;oekoh d[fpXk Bz{ ftnesehsk ;h. T[BQK B/ fejk ;h, “w?Bz{ fJ; rb dk ed/ nzdkIk BjhA ;h fe eKro; Bz{ fJ; gqeko d/ nfrnkBhns/ rtko b'eK dk th ;fj:'r gqkgs j'J/rk.”

Gkosh n"osK bJh fJj nzd'bb T[; ;w/A se d/ nzd'bBK ftu ;G s'A fInkdk w[eshdkJh ;h ns/ fejk ik;edk j? fe fJ;/ d/ IohJ/ T[BQK B/ iB–ihtB ftu nkgDk n;EkB pDkfJnk.


B ØN


;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD (Self Assessment)2H ;jh ftebg u[D' (2H ;jh ftebg u[D' (2H ;jh ftebg u[D' (2H ;jh ftebg u[D' (2H ;jh ftebg u[D' (Choose the Correct option)–

1H ;ftB/n ntfrnk nzd'bB P[o{ eoB dk nfXeko eKro; ekoiekoBh B/ eKro; Bz{ ed'A fdsk–

(a) bkj"o (b) ebe~sk (1929)

(c) pzpJh 1929 (d) wdok; 1929

2H rKXhih Bz{ Bwe ekBz{B s'VD d/ bJh nfjwdkpkd w[fynkbk ftu r[ioks d/ fgzvK ftu j[zd/ j'J/fezB/ whb :ksok eoBh gJh ;h–

(a) 200 whb (b) 220 whb (c) 240 whb (d) 250 whb

3H rKXh ih B/ w[~mh ftu Bwe jE ftu b? e/ f;ftb ntfrnk nzd'bB dk PqhrD/P fe; sohy Bz{ehsk–

(a) 6 ng?qb 1929 (b) 6 ngq?b 1930

(c) 6 ngq?b 1932 (d) 6 ngq?b 1936

4H T[j ;EkB fiE/ rVtkb o?ihw?AN d/ f;gkjhnK B/ fBj~Eh GhV s/ r'bh ubkT[D s'A fJBeko eofdsk—

(a) bkj"o (b) g/Pkto (c) pzpJh (d) ebe~sk

5H f;ftb ntfrnk nzd'bB d/ d"okB wjKokPNo d/ fe; ;EkB T[s/ b'eK B/ brGr ;wkBKso ;oekoekfJw eo bJh–

(a) P'bkg[o (b) Bkrg[o (c) pzpJh (d) EkDk

10H3 Gkos S~v' nzd'bB 10H3 Gkos S~v' nzd'bB 10H3 Gkos S~v' nzd'bB 10H3 Gkos S~v' nzd'bB 10H3 Gkos S~v' nzd'bB (Quit India Movement)

Gkos S~v' nzd'bB, fi; Bz{ nr;s eqKsh th fejk iKdk j?, Gkosh iBsk dh pjkdoh ns/ bVke{gB dh nd[shfw;kb j?. T[BQK dk dwb th T[BQK jh gkPfte ns/ nG{sg{op ;h. :[X dh nkV b? e/ ;oeko B/ nkgD/ Bz{;ys s'A ;ys ekBz{B Bkb b?; eo fbnk ;h ns/PKshg{oB okiBhfse rshftXhnK Bz{ th gqshpzfXs eo fdskfrnk ;h.

gfjbh rb sK fJj j? fJj wkou 1942 ftu feqg; fwPB dh n;cbsk Bkb fJj ;gPN j' frnk ;h fefpqfNP ;oeko :[X ftu Gkos dh nDfJS[e ;kM/dkoh Bz{ sK poeoko oyDk ukj[zdh j?, b/feb fe;/;BwkBiBe ;wM"s/ bJh fsnko BjhA j?. Bfjo{ ns/ rKXh tor/ b'e th ;B, i' fJ; ckf;;N–fto'Xh :[XBz{ fe;/ th soQK ewI'o eoBk BjhA ukj[zd/ ;B, fJ; fBPeoP T[s/ gj[zu rJ/ ;h ns/ fInkdk u[g ofjdk;theko eo b?Dk j? fe fpqfNP ;oekko Bz{ Gkosh iBsk dh fJ~Sk ikD/ pr?o Gkos dk Gkr s?n eoD dknfXeko j?. ‘eo' iK wo'’ tkb/ nkgD/ GkPD ftu th rKXhih B/ ;kc–;kc fejk ;h fe “w?A o{; iK uhBdh jko dk n"iko pDBk BjhA ukj[zdk.” b/feB 1942 d/ p;zs se T[BQK Bz{ brD bfrnk ;h fe ;zxoPngfojko/ j?. feqg; dh tkg;h d/ fJe gytkV/ pknd jh T[BQK B/ eKro; ekoi;whsh d/ bJh fJe gq;sktfsnko ehsk, fi; ftu fpqN/B Bz{ Gkos S~vD d/ bJh fejk frjk ;h ns/ Gkosh iBsk Bz{ fejk frnk ;hfe ikgkB dk jwbk j't/, sK T[j nfjz;e n;fj:'r eoD. Bfjo{ nr;s se ;zxo: d/ fybkc oj/, gonzssL T[j th ;fjws j' rJ/.

;zxoP ngfojko/n fJ; bJh th j[zdk ik fojk ;h fe :[X d/ ekoB tXdh ehwsK ns/ Io{oh uhIK d/ nGkt d/iB;kXkoB ftu pj[s n;zs'y ;h. pzrkb ns/ T[Vh;k dh BktK Bz{ ikgkBhnK d[nkok T[BQK d/ ;zGkts fJ;s/wkbBz{ o'eD d/ bJh ;oeko d[nkok Ips eo fbnk frnk ;h, fi; Bkb b'eK Bz{ fd~es j' ojh ;h. f;zukJh dh BfjoKdk fes/ ikgkBh ‘ib–gfotjB d/ bJh fJ;s/ Bk eo bt/, fJj ;'u e/ BfjoK dk gkDh tjk fdsk frnk, fi;Bkb y/s ;[eD br/ ;h. wekBK ns/ w'No rZvhnK T[s/ th ;?Bk B/ epIk eo fbnk ;h. iBsk y[Ph–y[Ph :[X


B ØN


ftu Pkwb jz[dh, sK T[; Bz{ fJj ;G BjhA nyodk, b/feB fJE/ sK ;G e[M T[; T[s/ bfdnk ik fojk ;h. Bkbjh T[; Bz{ fJj th br fojk ;h fe fpqN/B dh jko j'D tkbh j?. d~yD g{op J/Phnk s'A fpqN/B jN frnk ;h ns/n;w–powk ;hwk Bkb nkT[D tkbh o/brZvhnK cZNV f;gkjhnK Bkb Goh j[zdhnK ;B. id f;zrkg[o ns/ ozr{BT[s/ ck;htkdh skesK dk epIk j' frnk ns/ ebe~sk T[s/ pw ;[N/ ikD br/ sK GrdV wu rJh–1942 d/ i{Bns/ i[bkJh ftu 46 b'e iwP/dg[o s'A Gi rJ/ ns/ g{oph :{HghH ns/ fpjko s'A GZi e/ 50 jiko nkdwh ekBg[ogj[zu/. wbkfJnk ns/ ;EkBe b'eK Bz{ T[BQK d/ Gkr T[s/ Sv fdsk frnk ;h. Gkos d/ b'e ;'uD br gJ/ ;h fei/eo ikgkBh jwbk j'fJnk sK nzrq/I fJE/ th T[;h soQK ftPtk;xks eoDr/. okPNoh nzd'bB d/ B/sktK Bz{ ;zxoPS/VD dh Io{os fJ;bJh th wfj;{; j'Jh fe b'eK ftu fBokPk c?b ojh ;h ns/ fJj T[whd g?dk j' rJh ;hfe fes/ ikgkBh jwb/ dk iBsk d[nkok e'Jh gqsho'X jh Bk j't/.

j'bh–j'bh fpqfNP Pk;B ftu iB;kXkoB dh nk;Ek fJzBh xN rJh fe b'e p?eK ns/ vkexoK s'A nkgDk o[gJhnKeZYD br/ ns/ nkgDh pus Bz{ ;'B/, uKdh ns/ f;~fenK ftu pdb e/ oyD br/. g{oph ;z:[es gqKs (:{Hgh)ns/ fpjko ftu nBki dh iwky'oh fJzBh tX rJh fe fpjko d/ okigkb ;NhtkoN B/ ;oeko Bz{ fbfynk–“uktbdh e'Jh ewh BjhA j?, go T[j pkiko ftu BjhA nkJ/rk. ;oekoh nfXrqfjD s'A puD bJh ftT[gkohnK B/ nkgD/iyhfonK Bz{ p?AeK d/ e'b pzXe oy fdsk j?. gsk ufbnk j? fe T[so fpjko ftu p?AeK d/ e'b pzXe nBki T[;dkfszB r[Dk j?, fisBk fJ; w";w ftu nkw s"o s/ ofjzdk j?.”

t?;/ sK rKXhih nkT[D tkb/ ;zxoP d/ pko/ ftu uouk eod/ jh nk oj/ ;B, T[j j[D d/o eoBk T[BQKBz{ rbs brD brk ;h TBQK B/ eKro; Bz{ fJj u[D'sh th d/ fdsh fe nro T[;B/ ;zxoP dk T[BQK dkgq;skt ;theko BjhA ehsk sK “w?A d/P dh fw~Nh Bkb jh eKro; Bkb'A th tvk nzd'bB yVk eo d/tKrk.”BshiB eKro; ekoi;whsh B/ toxk dh nkgdh p?me (14 i[bkJh 1942) ftu ;zxoP d/ fBoD/ Bz{nkgDh ;thfeqsh d/ fdsh. nrb/ wjhB/ nfyb Gkosh eKro; ;whsh dh p?me j'D tkbh ;h, fi; ftufJ; gq;skt dk nB[w'dB j'Dk ;h. fJfsjk;e ;Gk pzpJh d/ rtkbhnk N?Ae ftu j'Jh. iBsk dk T[s;kjd/yd/ jh pDdk ;h. nzdo sK B/sk ftfGzB w[fdnK T[s/ ftuko–ftwoP eo oj/ ;B ns/ pkjo iB;w[zdoT[wV fojk ;h. B/sktK B/ fBoDk ikDB dh T[s;[esk fJzBh ;h fe y[b/ nfXt/PB ftu id GkPD j'Dbr/ sK jIkoK dh GhV j'D d/ pkti{d ;Gk ftu g{oh PKsh ;h.

eo' iK wo'eo' iK wo'eo' iK wo'eo' iK wo'eo' iK wo'rKXhih d/ GkPD dk fpibh tork n;o j'fJnk. ;G s'A gfjbK sK T[BQK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe “n;bh ;zxoP fJ;/gb P[o{ BjhA j' fojk j?. s;hA nkgDk c?;bk eoB dk ;zg{oB nfXeko w?Bz{ ;"Afgnk j?. j[D w?A tkfJ;okJ/ Bkb fwbKrkns/ T[BQK Bz{ ejKrk fe T[j eKro; dk gq;skt ;theko eo b?D. fJ; ftu d' fszB jcs/ br ikDr/.” b/feB “fJzBks[;hA fBPfus ikD bt' fe w?A wzsohwzvbK tr?ok T[s/ tkfJ;okJ/ Bkb e'Jh ;wM"sk eoB BjhA ik fojk jK. ;zg{oB nkikdhs'A xN fe;h th uhi s'A w?A ;zs[PN j'D tkbk BjhA. j' ;edk j? fe T[j Bwe N?e;, Pokpy'oh nkfd ysw eoB dkgq;skt d/D. b/feB w/o/ Ppd j'Dr/, ‘nkikdh s'A xN e[M th BjhA.’” fJ;d/ pknd jh T[BQK B/ ‘eo' iK wo'’ dk Bkokfdsk, “fJe wzso, i' w?A s[jkBz{ fdzdk jK. T[;Bz{ nkg nkgD/ fjod/ ftu nzfes eo ;ed/ j' ns/ nkgD/ ;kj–;kj d[nkokftnes eo ;ed/ j'. T[j wzso j?, eo' iK wo', iK s/ n;hA Gkos Bz{ nkIkd eoktKr/ iK fJ; e'fPP ftu nkgDh ikBd/ d/tKr/. nkgDh r[bkwh dk ;EkJhst d/yD bJh n;hA fIzdk BjhA ojKr/.”

rKXh ih d/ GkPD ftu ftfGzB torK Bz{ ;kc–;kc fBod/P fds/ rJ/ ;B. ;oekoh eowukoh B"eoh B Sv',b/feB eKro; d/ gqsh nkgDh fBPmk dh x'PDk eo d/D. ;?fBe nkgD/ d/Ptk;hnK T[s/ r'bh ubkT[D s'AfJBeko eo d/D. okik–wjkokik Gkosh iBsk dh gqG{;Zsk ;theko eoB ns/ T[BQK dhnK fonk;s ftu ofjDtkbh iBsk nkgD/ Bz{ Gkosh okPNo dk nzr x'fPs eo d/D ns/ okfinK dh nrtkJh sd'A wzI{o eoB, idT[j nkgDk GftZy iBsk d/ Bkb i'V b?D. ftfdnkoEh gVQkJh sd'A S~vD, id nkIkdh jk;b j' ikD senkgd/ fJ; fBoD/ T[s/ fdqV ofj ;eD. 7 nr;s Bz{ rKXhih B/ nkgD/ fABod/P eKro; ekoi;whsh ftuoy/ ;h. T[BQK ftu fe;kBk B{z fejk frnk ;h fe fi; ftu ;kj; j't/ ns/ i' nkgDk ;G e[M dkn T[s/ brkT[DbJh fsnko j'D, T[BQK Bz{ wkbr[Ikoh d/D s'A fJBeko eo d/Dk ukjhdk j? ekPsekoK d/ bJh ;zd/P ;h, “eKro;wzB;h j? fe IwhB T[BQK dh j?, i' T[;Bz{ i'sd/ jB—fe;/ j'o dh BjhA. fiE/ iwhAdkoh gqEk j?, T[E/ iwhAdkonro ekPsekoK dk ;kE d/D, sK nkg;h oIkwzdh Bkb s?n eoe/ T[;dk fj~;k T[;Bz{ fdsk ikDk ukjhdk j?,


B ØN


b/feB iwhAdko nro ;oeko dk ;kE d/D, sK T[;Bz{ e'Jh N?e; d/D dh Io{os BjhA j?.” nke;fwe frocskohnKd/ ekoB fJj fBod/P ikoh sK BjhA ehs/ ik ;e/, go fJBQK Bkb rKXhih d/ fJokd/ ;gPN j' iKd/ jB.

9 nr;s d/ sVe/ jh eKro; d ;ko/ t~v/ B/sktK Bz{ frocsko eo nfrnks n;EkBK s/ G/i fdsk frnk.;oeko :[X d/ pknd s'A jh fJj edw u[eD dh fsnkoh eo ojh ;h ns/ 1940 ftu jh T[;B/ fJe ft;fsqseqKshekoh nKd'bB nfXnkd/P ikoh eo fdsk ;h.

nr;s 1940 B{z tkfJ;okJ/ B/ okigkbK B{z fJe gZso ftu fbfynk ;h, “w?A rfjokJh Bkb wfj;{; eodkjK fe w"i{dk jkbks ftu i/eo eKro; dk e'Jh fj~;k ‘:[X dh x'PDk’ eo fdzdk j?, sK T[;dk fJe wkso;zGt itkp fJjh j' ;edk j? fe g{o/ ;zrmB Bz{ jh e[ubD dk fJokdk x'fPs eo fdsk ikt/.” rKXhih pVh;ktXkBh Bkb ibdpkih Bkb fJ; ikb ftu c;D s'A pud/ nk oj/ ;B ns/ ftneshrs ;fsnkrqfj,brksko gquko s/ ;zrmBkswe ekoiK Bkb nzd'bB dk wkj"ob pDkJ/ j'J/ ;h. b/feB j[D ;oeko T[BQK Bz{ j'o;wK d/D Bz{ okIh BjhA ;h. fJ;d/ gfjb/ fe nfyb Gkosh eKro; ;whsh Gkos S~v' gq;skt gkfoseo/, frocskoh ns/ dwB d/ ;oekoh fBod/P ikoh j' rJ/.

;oeko d/ fJ; nukBe jwb/ Bkb d/P Go ftu s[ckB fijk nk frnk. pzpJh ftu bZyK b'e rtkbhnk N?Ae d/gk;/ T[wV gJ/, fiE/ fJe iB;Gk j'D dh x'PDk ehsh rJh ;h. nfXekohnK Bkb Neokn th j'fJnk.nfjwdkpkd ns/ g{Bk ftu th fJj jh j'fJnk. 10 nr;s Bz{ fdZbh, ekBg[o, fJbkjkpkd, tkokB;h, gNBk nkfdPfjoK ftu jVskb ojh ns/ t~v/–t~v/ ib{; fBeb/. fJ;d/ Bkb jh ;oeko B/ gq?; T[s/ jwbk p'b fdsk. eJhnypko e[M fdBK se pzd oj/. ‘B?PBb j?okbv’ ns/ ‘johiB’ sK g{o/ nzd'bB d/ d"okB BjhA fBeb/.

gqKshJ/ ns/ ;EkBe g~Xo d/ B/sk frocsko j'D s'A pu rJ/ ;h, T[j nkgD/–nkgd/ fJbke/ ftu ub/ rJ/ ns/gqsho'Xkswe rshftXhnK ftu br rJ/. d/jks ftu th fit/A jh ypo gj[zuD brh, sK T[E/ th ftdo'jdk f;bf;bk ub fgnk. S/–;~s jcs/ se d/P Go ftu s[w[b nzd'bB fojk. e[M jh ;EkBK T[s/ b'eK dhftPkb GhV B/ g[fb; EkfDnK, vke xoK, eufjohnK, o/bt/ ;N/PBK ns/ ;oekoh ;~sk d/ d{i/ gqsheK T[s/jwbk ehsk. ;kotifBe GtBK T[s/ fsozrk cfjokfJnk frnk. fgzvK tkfbnK B/ jIkoK dh frDsh ftu fJem/j' e/ o/b dh gNVhnK g[N fdshnK. g[b T[vk fds/ rJ/ ns/ N/bhc'B s/ sko dh bkJhBK eN fdshnK rJhnK.sfj;hbK ns/ fIbk w[fynkbK ftu ;fsnkrqjhnK B/ frocskoh th fdsh. ;e{b–ekbi ftu jVskb j' rJhns/ ftfdnkoEh ib{; eZYD ns/ r?oekBz{Bh gou/ fbyD ns/ tzvD ftu br rJ/. n?;h eJh ;" r?o–ekBz{BhgfsqektK d/P Go ftu fBebdh ojhnK. ftfdnkoEhnK B/ T[God/ j'J/ r[gs ;zrmBK ftu th ;zd/P b? ikDtr?ok B/ ezw ehsk. wId{o th fgS/ BjhA oj/. nfjwdkpkd ftu ekoykB/ ;kY/ fszB wjhB/ se pzd oj/,pzpJh ftu fJe jcs/ s'A fInkdk se ns/ iwP/dg[o ftu 13 fdB se. nfjwdkpkd ns/ g{Bk d/ wId{oeJh wjhB/ se ekoiPhb oj/.

ftdo'j dk wkj"bftdo'j dk wkj"bftdo'j dk wkj"bftdo'j dk wkj"bftdo'j dk wkj"bfpjko ns/ :{HghH ftu sK ftdo'j tork wkj"b pD frnk. nr;s d/ w~X se ftfdnkoEhnK ns/ j'o okiBhfseekoieosktK d/ IohJ/ nzd'bB dh ypo fgzvK se gj[zuD brh. ekPh ftPtftfdnkbk d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B/ ‘GkosS~v'’ dk ;zd/P c?bkT[D bJh fgzvK ftu ikD dk c?;bk ehsk. T[BQK d/ Bko/ ;B, EkDk ibkU, ;N/PB ;kV fdU,nzzrq/I Gi frnk nkfd. T[BQK B/ o/br~vhnK T[s/ okPNoh Mzvk cfjokfJnk. ftdo'j B/ fInkdkso Jj o{g XkoBehsk fe t~vh frDsh ftu fe;kB e'b d/ e;p/ ftu i[Nd/ ns/ ;oekoh ;~sk d/ ;ko/ gqsheK T[s/ jwbkp'b fdzd/. fes/ n~r brk fdsh iKdh, fes/ ;oekoh nfXekohnK Bkb w[mG/V j[zdh. dwb j[zdk, b/feBfJ; Bkb iBsk dk T[s;kj xN BjhA j'fJnk. fpjko d/ fsoj[s gqyzv ftu sK d' jcs/ se e'Jh ;oeko jhBjhA ;h. ;futkfb: r'bh eKv d/ pknd gNBk d' fdB se p/ekp{ fojk. T[so ns/ w~X fpjko d/ 80 gqshPsEkfDnK T[s/ iBsk dk oki j' frnk ;h. e[M ;EkB T[s/ r'fonK dk ftneshrs jwbk th j'fJnk. g{oph :{HghHftu nkiwrV, pbhnk ns/ r'oyg[o s/ fpjko ftu rfJnk, Gkrbg[o, ;koB, g{oDhnK, Pkjkpkd, w[i~cog[ons/ uzgkoD ;tsL;c[os iB–ftdo'j d/ w[y e/Ado oj/.

;oekoh nKefVnK d/ nB[;ko, B/sktK dh frocskoh d/ gfjb/ jcs/ d/ nzdo 250 o/bt/ ;N/PB iK sK BPNeo fds/ rJ/ iK B[e;kB gj[zukfJnk frnk ns/ 500 s'A fInkdk vkexoK ns/ 150 EkfDnK T[s/ jwbk


B ØN


j'fJnk. g{oph :{HghH ns/ fpjko ftu o/br~vhnK dk nktkrwB eJh jcs/ se n;s–ftn;s fojk. f;oceoBkNe ftu N?bhc'B d/ sko eND dh 1600 xNBktK j'JhnK ns/ 28 o/bt/ ;N/PBK ns/ 32 vkexoK T[s/jwbk j'fJnk. fBj~Eh GhV B/ 532 nt;oK T[s/ g[fb; ns/ ;?Bk dh r'bhpkoh dk ;kjwBk ehsk–fJE'a sefe jtkJh ijkI Bkb wPhB rBK th ubkJhnK rJhnK. dwB d/ j'o o{g ;h–;w{je i[owkBk (e[b 90 b~yo[gJ/ fJ; soQK t;{b ehs/ rJ/), P~eh b'eK Bz{ e'fVnK Bkb e[NDk ns/ fiBQK fgzvK d/ b'e Gi rJ/ ;B, T[BQKftu n~r brk d/Dh. 1942 d/ nzs se 60 jIko s'A fInkdk b'eK Bz{ frocsko ehsk ik u[ek ;h, brGr26 jIko b'eK Bz{ ;Ik j'Jh ns/ 18 jIko b'eK B{z Gkos ofynk fB:wK d/ sfjs pzd ofynk frnk. wkoPbbk bkr{ BjhA ehsk frnk ;h ns/ jkbKfe ;?Bk efjD Bz{ Bkrfoe gqPk;B d/ sfjs ezw eo ojh ;h, godon;b T[j wBwkBh eo ojh ;h. dwB T[BK jh ;ys ;h fiBK wkoPb bk d/ nzsors j' ;edk ;h.

;oeko Bz{ iBsk d/ y[b/ nkw ftdo'j T[s/ ekp{ gkT[D ftu S/ s'A ;~s jcs/ br/. go fJ; ftu d/P d/ ftfGzB fj~f;nKftu nzd'bB dk fJe G{whrs ;zrmBkswe YKuk th fsnko j' fojk ;h. nzd'bB dh tkrv'o nfu:[s gNtoX, no{Dknk;c nbh, okwwB'jo b'jhnk, ;[u/sk feqgbkBh, S'N{GkJh g[okfDe, phi{ gNBkfJe, nkoHghH r'fJBek ns/ pknd ftui/b s'A fBeb G~iD d/ pknd i?gqekP BkokfJD tor/ nfyb Gkosh B/sktK B/ coko ofjzd/ j'J/ ;zGkb fbsh ;h. fJjb'e g?;k ns/ pw, jfEnko, pko{d nkfd ;w~rqh fJe~mk eod/ ns/ d/P Go ftu fSsokJ/ j'J/ r[gs ;w{jK ftu tzvd/;h. eoBk eh j?, fJ;dk fBoDk ;EkBe g~Xo T[s/ jh j[zdk ;h. fJj r[gs ;w{j iK G{whrs ;zrmB fJBKQ fJbkfenKftu fInkdk ekoiPhb ;B–pzpJh, g{Bk, ;skok, pV"dk, eoBkNe, e/ob, nKXo, :{HghH, fpjko ns/ fd~bh. eKro;;'Pfb;N gkoNh d/ w?Apo jh nkw s"o s/ fJBQK rshftXhnK dh nrtkJh eo oj/ ;B, go rKXhtkdh, ckotov pbked/ w?Apo ns/ nkszetkdh th ekch ekoiPhb ;B.

G{whrs ekotkjhnK ftu Pkwb b'eK dh ;zfynk p/Pe x~N ;h, go T[BQK Bz{ ftnkge ;fj:'r fwb fojk ;h.ftt;kJh tor B/ nkgDhnK E?bhnK y'b fdshnk ;h. T[dkjoD d/ bJh ;[wsh w'okoih B/, i' pknd ftud/P dh gqw[~y wfjbk T[d:'rgsh pDh, nfu:[s gNtoXB d/ bJh o'I fJe BthA eko dh ftt;Ek ehsh ns/frocskoh j'D s'A pukfJnk. pj[s b'eK B/ G{whrs B/sktK B{z S[gD dh irkQ fd~sh. ftfdnkoEh ypo ns/gou/ b? ikD dk ezw eod/ ;B. gkfJbN ns/ o/b vokJhto pw ns/ ;wkB fJXo s'A T[Xo gj[zukT[Ad/ ;h.;oekoh nfXekoh ns/ g[fb; tkb/ se frocskohnK dh nfrqw ;{uh d/ fdzd/ ;B.

fJ; G{whrs nzd'bB dh w[y rshftXh fJj j[zdh ;h fe g[bK Bz[{ T[vk eo, N/bhrqkc s/ N/bhc'B d/ sko eN e/ ns/o/bK dh gNVh g[N e/ ;zuko d/ ;kXB BPN eo fds/ ikD. ;oekoh ns/ g[fb; nfXkekohnK ns/ g[fb; d/ w[yfpoKT[s/ th fes/–fes/ jwb/ j'J/. fJj ;u j? fe ;zuko d/ wkfXnwK Bz{ BPN eoB ftu nzd'bBekohnK Bz{ ;hws ;cbskjh fwbh j't/rh, go n?;/ ;w/A ftu id ;oeko popo dwB go T[sko{ ;h ns/ y[b/–nkw okiBhfse rshftXhnK Bz{n;zGt pDk fdsk frnk ;h, fJBQK ekotkjhnK Bkb iBsk dk wB'pb poeoko ofynk frnk.

rKXh ih dk T[gtk;rKXh ih dk T[gtk;rKXh ih dk T[gtk;rKXh ih dk T[gtk;rKXh ih dk T[gtk;cotoh 1943 ftu fJe wj~stg{oB xNBk j'Jh. rKXhih B/ i/b ftu 10 cotoh ftu T[gtk; P[o{ eo fdskns/ x'PDk ehsh fe T[j 21 fdBK se ub/rk. ;oeko rKXhih T[s/ brksko dpkn gk ojh ;h fe T[j GkosS~v' nzd'bB d/ d"okB j' ojh fjz;k dh fBzdk eo/. b/feB rKXhih dk efjDk ;h fe nzd'bB dh fJ; fjz;k d/ bJh;oeko jh fIzw/tko j?. rKXhih dk T[gtk; T[; ;oekoh dwB dk jh itkp ;h, fi;d/ sfjs jIkoK eKro;hnKBz{ p/tikj i/b ftu gkfJnk frnk ;h.

T[BQK fdBK nzd'b'B d/ ;wkuko gj[zukT[Dk th fJe wj~stg{oB ezw ;h. fJ; fdqPNh ftu;G s'A BkNeh wkwbk fojk pzpJh Pfjo d/ ftfGzB e/AdoK Bkb eKro; o/vhU dk r[gs o{gftu ;zukbB. fJ;d/ gq;koDK B{z wdok; se ;[fDnk ik ;edk ;h. okwwB'jo b'jhnkfBnfws o{g ftu eKro; o/vhU T[s/ p'bd/ ;B. Btzpo 1942 ftu g[fb; B/ fJ; Bz{ bGfbnk ns/ ips eo fbnk.

BØN;


B ØN


rKXhih d/ T[gtk; dh ypo fit/A–fit/A c?bD brh, b'eK dk nkeo'P tXdk frnk. d/P Go ftu jVskbK,gqdoPBK ns/ ib{;K dk sKsk br frnk. ebe~sk ns/ nfjwdkpkd fJ; fdPk ftu yk; s"o Bkb ekoiPhb;B. i/bK d/ nzdo ns/ pkjo rKXhih d/ ;woEB ftu T[gtk; j'J/. eJh ;w{j nkrk yK g?b/; (fiE/ rKXhihBz{ BIopzd ofynk frnk ;h.) d/ pkjo ;fsnkrqfj eoB d/ bJh S[g e/ g{Bk gj[zu rJ/. iB;GktK eo e/rKXhih dh fojkJh dh wzr ehsh rJh ns/ ftfdnkoEh, B"itkBK, ftT[gkohnK s/ T[d:'rgshnK, tehbK,nkw BkrfoeK ns/ Pqfwe ;zmBK ns/ ;wki d/ ;ko/ torK dh soc'A ;oeko d/ e'b jIkoK fu~mhnK G/ihrJhnK, fi; ftu fJjh wzr ehsh rJh ;h.

19–20 cotoh Bz{ fd~bh ftu B/sktK dk fJe ;zw/bB (bhvo; ekBco?A;) j'fJnk, fi; ftu gqshPfms s/wj~stg{oB ftneshnK B/ fj~;k fbnk. T[BQK ;kfonK dh wzr ;h fe rKXhih B{z s[ozs fojk eo fdsk ikDkukjhdk j?. eKro; d/ Bkb fiBKQ dh jwdodh BjhA ;h, n?;/ b'eK ftu'A th fInkdk so dk fJjh wzBDk ;hfe ;oeko j[D fInkdsh eo ojh j?. ;oeko dh gqshPmk ;G s'A fInkdk X~ek T[; ;w/A brk, id tkfJ;okJ/dh ekoi gfoPd d/ fszB w?Apo, n?wHn?;H n?Bh, n?BHnkoH ;oeko ns/ n?uHghH w'dh B/ fJ; ;tkb T[s/n;shck d/ fdsk. 1942 d/ nzd'bB d/ dwB ftu fJBQK b'eK B/ ;oeko dk ;kE fdsk ;h, go fJj rKXhihdh w"s Bkb ;kM/dko pDBk BjhA ukj[zd/ ;B.

b/feB tkfJ;okJ/ ns/ T[BQK d/ nc;o iok th ftufbs BjhA j'J/. fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh ftz;NB uofub dhfJ; x'Pdk fe “id d[BhnK ftu n;hA jo fes/ fi~s oj/ jK, n?;/ tes ftu n;hA fJe ewpys p[~Y/ d/;kjwD/ fet/A M[e ;ed/ jK, i' jw/Pk ;kvk d[PwD fojk j?,” T[BQK dk d[;;kj; ekch tfXnk j'fJnk gqshsj'fJnk. rKXhih dh w"s dh T[BQK Bz{ iok th fuzsk BjhA ;h. tkfJ;okJ/ d/ fJe tes~ftn s'A fJ; soQK brdkj? fe T[j fJ; ;zGktBk d/ xfNs j'D Bkb y[P jh j[zd/, “;kv/ ;zukbBK d/ bJh Gkos fes/ fInkdk Go';/wzd e/Ado j' ikJ/rk. fJ;d/ nbktk rKXh d/ Bk ofjD s/, i' ;kbK ftu ;wM"sk Bk j'D d/D d/ bJh jo e'fPPeodk fojk j?, ;wM"s/ dh ;zGktBk ekch tX ikJ/rh.” jkbs fJj ;h fe fJe soc sK g{ok d/P rKXhihdh ikB pukT[D dh nghb eo fojk ;h ns/ d{ih soc ;oeko nzfsw ;z;eko dh fsnkoh ftu wPr{b ;h.;?Bk dh N[evhnK Bz{ fe;/ th ngks;fEsh d/ bJh fsnko ofjD Bz{ efj fdsk frnk ;h. ;kotifBePt:ksok ns/ rKXhih dh G;w B{z b? ikD d/ bJh ftwkB dh ftt;Ek bJh ‘dko’ gqktXkB ehs/ rJ/ ;B ns/;oekoh dcsK ftu n~X/ fdB dh S[~Nh x'fPs eoB dh :'iBk ;h. go rKXhih B/ jw/Pk dh soQK, nkgD/ fto'XhnKB{z jko d/ fdsh s/ woB Bkb fJBQK d/ eo ;oekoh fJokfdnK T[s/ gkDh c/o fdsk.

pfjojkb, rKXhih d/ T[gtk; dk i' T[d/P ;h, T[j Gbh–GKs g{ok j'fJnk. fJ; Bkb Bk e/tbiB;kXkoB dk wB'pb T[uk j'fJnk ns/ fpqfNP–fto'Xh GktBktK ftu T[Gko nkfJnk, pbfe ;kohd[BhnK d/ ;kjwD/ T[j T[ikro j' frnk fe ;oekoh dwB d/ s"o–sohe/ fezB/ ;ys jB. ;oeko 1942d/ dwB dk i' Ufufsn ;kps eoBk ukj[zdh ;h, T[j ysw j' frnk ns/ fJj ;kps j' frnk fe rbsh;oeko dh jh j?.

;wkBKso ;oekoK;wkBKso ;oekoK;wkBKso ;oekoK;wkBKso ;oekoK;wkBKso ;oekoKGkos S~v' nzd'bB dh fJe wj~stg{oB ftP/Psk ;h d/P d/ e[M fj~f;nK ftu ;wkBKso ;oekoK dh ;EkgBk.gfjbh n?;h ;oeko pDh pbhnk ftu, fu~s{ gKv/ dh nrtkJh ftu. fu~s{ gKv/ nkgD/ Bz{ rKXhtkdh efjzd/;B. T[BQK dh ;oeko B/ eb?eNo d/ ;ko/ nfXeko b? bJ/ ns/ ;ko/ frocsko eKro;h B/sktK B{z fojk eo

ftd/P ftu Bk e/tb w?Bu/;No rkofvnB, fBT[ ;N/N;w?B, B/PB, fBT{I eqkfBebns/ fPekr' ;B B/, pbfe fpqN/B dh efwT{fB;N gkoNh, bzdB ns/ w?Bu/;No d/BkrfoeK, t{w?A; fJzNoB?PBb bhr, nk;Nq/bhnB ekT[A;b nkc Nq/v :[BhnB; ns/;hb'B ;N/N ekT[Af;b B/ th rKXh ih Bz{ fojk eoB dh ;bkj fdsh. fJ;d/ bJh;z:[es oki nwohek dh ;oeko dk th dpkn fgnk.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ jØ


B ØN


fdsk, b/feB T[;dk gqG[st fInkdk ;w/A se ekfJw BjhA ofj ;fenk. fJe jcs/ pknd id fpqfNP ;?fBeT[E/ gj[zu/, sK T[BQK Bz{ T[E/ fJe th B/sk BjhA fwfbnk.

pzrkb d/ fwdBkg[o fIb/ d/ skwb[e Bkwe ;EkB T[s/ 17 d;zpo B{z ‘ikshJ/ ;oeko’ (okPNoh ;oeko) dkrmB ehsk frnk. T[;dk n;fs~st ;szpo 1944 se fojk. skwb[e ftu rKXhtkdh ouBkswe ezw ns/iBnzd'bB ekch j'J/ ;B. ‘ikshJ/ ;oeko’ B/ tv/ g?wkB/ T[s/ s/Ih Bkb okjs dk ezw ubkfJnk, ;e{bK B{z nB[dkBfds/ ns/ fJe P;so ftX:[s tkfjBh dk th rmB ehsk. nkg; ftu ;wM"sk eoB d/ bh ndkbsK pDkJhnKrJhnK s/ nwho b'eK dk ckbs{ XB rohpK ftu tzv fdsk frnk. feT[Afe skwb[e dh G'r'fbe ;fEsh nb~r–nb~r ;h, ;' fJE/ dh ;tkXhB ;oeko e[M fInkdk ;w/A se ub ;eh.

;skok (wjkokPNo) dh ;wkBKso ;oeko ;G s'A fInkdk dhoxihth ;kps j'Jh. Gkos S~v' nzd'bB dhP[o{nks Bkb jh fJj y/so ekch ekoiPhb fojk ;h. nzd'bB d/ gfjb/ uoB ftu ;oeko d/ ;EkBe w[fynkbkftu jIkoK b'eK dk ib{; efYnk frnk. fJ:d/ pknd vkexoK s/ jwbk, p?AeK dh b[N, N/bhrqkc d/ skoKBz{ eN d/Dk nkfd dk f;bf;bk P[o{ j'fJnk. tkJhHphH utjkD fJE/ d/ ;G s'A wj~stg{oB B/sk ;h. T[BQKdk nfu:[si gNtoXB ns/ j'o G{whrs B/sktK Bkb th ;zgoe ;h. b/feB 1942 d/ nzs se brGr 2000b'eK Bz{ frocsko eoB Bkb iB nzd'bB dh rsh o[e rJh. 1943 dh P[o{nks s'A G{whrs ekoieosktKB/ nkgD/ B{z g[Bo;zrms eoBk nkozG ehsk ns/ brGr S/ wjhB/ ftu T[BQK dk ;zrmB fsnko j' frnk,gqfs;oeko (;wkBKso ;oeko) dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh. BkBk gkNhb fJ;d/ wj~stg{oB B/sktK ftu'A ;B.fJ; d"o ftu ;oeko d/ ;fj:'r eoB tkb/ b'K ns/ w[yfpoK ns/ S'N/ nc;oK T[s/ jwbk ehsk frnk ns/okfpBj[v P?bh ftu p?Ae ve?shnK gkJhnK rJhnK. fBnKdkB wzvb iK iB ndkbsK P[o{ ehshnK rJhnK.Pokppzdh bkr{ eo fdsh rJh ns/ ‘rKXh ftnkjK’ dk nk:'iB j'fJnk, fiBQK ftu e'Jh sVe–GVe BjhAjz[dh ;h ns/ nS{sK B{z th ;Zdk–g~so fdsk iKdk ;h. fgzvK ftu g[;sekbk y'bQ/ rJ/. n"AX fonk;s d/ okikB/–fi;d/ oki dk ;zftXkB rKXhih d[nkok fsnko ehsk frnk ;h–fJ; ;G ftu ekch wdd ehsh. ;skokdh gqsh;oeeko 1945 se ekfJw ojh.

‘Gkos S~v'’ nzd'bB ftu nkw iBsk dh fj~;/dkoh s/ ;woEB fJe BthA ;hwk se gj[zfunk. g{optoshnzd'bB dh soQK ‘Gkos S~v'’ ftu th B"itkB tor ekch ekoiPhb fojk. ;e{bK ns/ ekbiK d/ ftfdnkoEhnKdk T[s;kj d/yd/ jh pDdk ;h. n"osK B/ th ekch wj~stg{oB G{fwek fBGkJh–yk; s"o s/ ftfdnkoEhnKB/. no[Dk nk;c nbh ns/ ;[u/sk feqgbkBh B? G{whrs ekotkjhnK d/ ;zrm dk ekch ezw ehsk ns/ T{Pkw/jsk T[; S'N/ fij/ ;wz{j dh wj~stg{oB w?Apo ;h, i' eKro; o/vhU ubkT[Adk ;h. g[fb; dwB M/bd/ j'J/ thbzph–bzph jVskbK eoe/ wId{oK B/ wj~stg{oB e[opkBh fdsh.

d/P Go d/ fe;kB, ukj/ T[j nwho j'D iK rohp, fJ; nzd'bB dh ikB ;B. g{oph :{Hgh ns/ fpjko, pzrkb(fwdBkg[o) wjkokPNo (;skok) ftu sK T[BQK B/ ftP/P ekoiPhbsk fdykJh, b/feB d{i/ fj~f;nK, fit/A nKXo,e/ob ns/ r[ioks d/ fe;kB th ekoiPhb oj/. eJh S'N/ iwhAdkoK B/ th nzd'bB ftu fj~;k fbnk–yk;eo :{HghHns/ fpjko ftu. tv/ iwhAdkoK B/ sN;Ek dk o[g ngDkfJnk s/ ;oekoh dwB ftu ;fj:'r BjhA ehsk. doGzrkd/ okik B/, i' ekch tv/ iwhAdkoK ftu'A ;B, Bk e/tb ;oeko B{z nkgD/ ;Pso b'eK dh ;/tktK d/D s'A fJBekoeo fdsk, pbfe frocsko b'eK dh wdd th ehsh. nzd'bB dh fJe y{ph fJj th ojh fe fe;kBK B/ w"ek fwbDd/ pkti{d iwhAdkoK d/ fybkc fjz;k BjhA ehsh ns/ nkgDh rshftXhnK dk beP fpqfNP ;~sk d/ gqsheK Bz{ jhpDkfJnk. t?;/ ;oekoh nfXekohnK B/ th–yk; s"o Bkb g[fb; ns/ gqPk;B d/ fBub/ spe/ d/ nfXekohnK B/–jo soQK Bkb nzd'bBekohnK dh wdd ehsh. i/b nfXekoh pzdhnK d/ gqsh T[dko j' rJ/. ;' T[BQK fdBK fpqfNPPk;B dh BhAj jh fjb rJh ;h.

fJj ;u j? fe Gkos S~v' nzd'bB ftu w[;bwkBK dh fj~;/dkoh pj[s T[b/yBhn BjhA ojh. b/feB fJ; ftuth ;zd/j BjhA fe w[;fbw bhr d/ ;woEeK B/ th w[yfpoh BjhA ehsh, pbfe io{os g?D T[s/ G{whrsekoieosktK dh PoD jh ;h. fes/ e'Jh ;zgdokfJe dzrk BjhA j'fJnk, i' fJ; rb dk gqshe ;h fe Gb/jh nzd'bB B/ w[;fbw iBsk ftu T[s;kj Bk irkfJnk j't/, go e'Jh o'P th g?dk BjhA ehsk ;h.

Gkos S~v' nzd'bB d/ ;zw'jB dh ;{uBk fJ; r~b Bkb th fwbdh j? fe efwT[fB;N gkoNh dk fBoDk nzd'bBdk pfjPeko ;h. fco th ;EkBe g~Xo T[s/ ;?AefVnK efwT[fB;NK B/ fJ; ftu fj~;/dkoh ehsh. fJBQK


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ekoieosktK Bz{ nkgD/ B/sktK d/ T[rq ck;htkd–fto'X Bkb g{ok brkU ;h. fco th fJj nzd'bB d/ ikd{Bkb nS{s/ BjhA ofj ;e/ – yk;eo P[o{ d/ fdBK ftu.

Gkos S~v' nzd'bB T[s/ fJfsjk;ekoK B/ w[y s"o s/ d' fdqPNhnK s/ ftuko ehsk j?. gfjbk, eh fJj ;t~sL;c[osftdo'j ;h iK ;zrms u/Pmk ;h< d{ik, fJ; ;zxoP d/ d"okB iBsk B/ i' fjz;k ehsh, T[;dh ;zrsh nfjz;e bVkJhdh eKro; Bhsh Bkb fet/A fpmkJh ikt/<

fJ; ftu ;zd/j BjhA fe g{optosh nzd'bBK dh s[bBk ftu 1942 d/ nzd'bBK ftu ;t~sL;c[osk dk s~s fes/ fInkdk;h, sK th 1919–22, 1930–31 ns/ 1931–32 ftu th eKro; dh nrtkJh B/ iBsk dh gfjb ns/ ;t~sL;c[osT[GkoK bJh ekch r[zikfJP S~vh ;h. ;' rKXhoknh iB nzd'bB dk g?NoB fJj ;h fe nrtkJh g'qrokw dh w'N/ s"o s/o{g o/yk pDk fdzdk ns/ T[;dk ekoi ;EkBe g~Xo d/ ekoieosktK s/ iB;XkoB d/ jE ftu S~v fdsk iKdk ;h. t?;/th, Gkosh okPNoh nzd'bB d/ d"okB j'J? fe;/ fJe ;zxoP dh fsnkoh dk nzdkIk T[;/ ;w/A ehs/ rJ/ ;zrmBkswe ekoiKs'A BjhA brkfJnk ik ;edk. fJ;d/ bJh g{o/ okPNoh nzd'bB T[s/ iBsk s/ fezBk gqGkt j'fJnk j?, T[;Bz{ fezBk ;woEBfwfbnk j?, T[;dk nzdkIk brkT[Dk Io{oh j?.

fJj ;u j? fe 1942 ftu fJj o{go/yk th ;gPN BjhA ehsh rJh ;h, feT[Afe nrtkJh Bz{ nzd'bB S/VBdk nt;o jh BjhA fwfbnk. b/feB iBsk B/ nkgDh soc s'A i' gfjb ehsh, T[;dh ;thfeqsh nrtkJhfJe soQK Bkb d/ u[fenk ;h. 8 nr;s 1942 Bz{ nfyb gkosh eKro; ;whsh d[nkok gkfos gq;skt ftu;kc–;kc fejk frnk ;h fe “fJe n?;k ;w/A nk ;edk j?, id fod/P ikoh eoBk ;zGt Bk j' ;e/ iKfBod/P b'eK se gj[zu jh Bk ;e/ iK e'Jh eKro; ;whsh ekoi Bk eo ;e/. nro n?;k j[zdk j?, sK jo/e g[oP s/ fJ;sqh Bz{, i' fJ; nzd'bB ftu Gkr b? fojk j?, ikoh ehs/ rJ/ fBod/PK dh u"j~dh ftu nkgD/ezw dk y[d jh c?;bk eoBk j'J/rk. jo Gkosh Bz{, i' nkIkdh ukj[zdk j? ns/ T[;d/ bJh :sBPhb j?, nkgDkwkordoPe y[d pDBk j'J/rk.”

fJ;d/ nbktk eKro; fJ; ;zxoP d/ bJh gfjbK s'A fsnkoh eodh nk ojh ;h. 1937 d/ pknd eKro;;zrmB Bz{ u[;s ehsk frnk. g{oph :{HghH ns/ fpjko d/ nkgD/ nfXn?B ftu uzdB fw~so B/ ;gPN ehskj? fe 1942 d/ d"okB T[E/ ;G s'A fInkdk gqsho'X j'fJnk, fiE/ 1937 d/ pknd s'A iB–ikrqsh ns/ ;zrmBdk ftt;fEs ekoi j'fJnk ;h. ;odko gN/b i{B 1942 s'A jh pkod'bh ns/ r[ioki d/ j'o fJbkfdnK ftub'e Bz{ nkT[D tkb/ ;zxoP d pko/ ftu u/sktBh d/ oj/ ;B. g{Bk d/ eKro;h ;wkitkdh th sKjh ekoieosktKd/ f;ybkJh fPfto brk oj/ ;B. rKXhih y[d th ftneshrs ;fsnkrqfj d/ IohJ/ s/ 1942 dh P[o{nksd/ f;~X/ s"o T[s/ b'eK Bz{ nk;zB :[X d/ bJh fsnko eo oj/ ;h. T[BQK dk efjDk ;h fe fJj bVkJh E'V/;w/A se jh ub/rk, go s/I j'J/rh.

j[D fojk ;tkb fe 1942 dh fjz;k dh ;zrsh eKro; dh nfjz;e Bhsh Bkb fet/A fpmkJh ikt/< gfjbh rZbsK fJj j? n?;/ pj[s b'e ;B, fiBQK fJ; nzd'bB d/ d"okB th fjz;k dk ;jkok b?D s'A fJBeko eo fdsk. fiBQKb'eK B/ fjz;e ;kXBK dk gq:'r ehsk, T[BQK ftu 'A pj[fsnK dk wzBDk ;h fe jkbksK dh fJjh wzr ;h. T[BQK ftu'Ath nB/e fBPmktkB rKXhtkdh th ;B. e[M dk soe ;h fe N?bhrqkc d/ skoK dk eNdk iK g[bK dk T[vk d/DkiK o/b dh gNVhnK g[N d/DhnK sd se wkVk BjhA j?, id se fJ; Bkb fe;/ dh ikB B{z ysok BjhA gj[zuk.e[M B/ fJj efj e/ ;kcr'Jh fdykJh j? fe T[BQK dk fjz;k ftu ftPtk; BjhA ;h, fco th T[BKQ B/ fjz;k ehsh.rKXh ih B/ y[d 1942 ftu fjz;k dh fBzdk eoB s'A fJBeko eo fdsk ;h. t[QK dk efjDk ;h fe fJj ;~sk dhtvh fjz;k dk itkp ;h. cqKf;; jfuz; dk wzBDk j? fe fjz;k T[s/ rKXhih dh fInkdk nkg~sh fJ; bJh ;h fefJ; Bkb iB–Gkrhdko xNdh ;h, b/feB 1942 ftu rKXh ih B/ d/fynk fe fJ; ;fEsh n?;h BjhA j?.

fJ; fJfsjk;e nzd'bB dh fJe tvh y{ph fJj ojh fe fJ;d/ d[nkok nkIkdh dh wzr okPNoh nzd'bB dhgfjbh wzr pD rJh. ‘Gkos S~v'’ d/ pknd j[D fgS/ BjhA w[fVnk ik ;edk ;h. fpqfNP ;oeko d/ Gft~yftu i' th rbpks j'Dh ;h, T[; ftu ;~sk d/ j;sKsoD dk ;tkb nkT[Dk jh ;h ns/ fJ; ;tkb T[s/ e'Jhw'bGkt BjhA ehsk ik ;edk ;h, fit/A fe :[X d/ pknd ;gPN th j' frnk.

rKXhih Bz{ fpwkoh d/ nkXko T[s/ 6 wJh 1944 Bz{ fojk eo fdsk frnk ns/ fJ;d/ Bkb jh okiBhfse rshftXhnK fturowh nk rJh. ouBkswe ekoi fJ; ;w/A eKro; dh w[y rshftXh ftu ;h. eKro; wPhBoh Bz{ w[V rms eoB


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T[s/ th ftP/P ;whshnK Bz{ w[V ihts ehsk frnk. fJ; Bkb eKro; T[s/ bfrnk gqshpzX nkgD/ nkg gqGktjhB j'frnk. ekoieosktK d/ f;ybkJh w?ApofPg nfGnkB s/ e'P ;zrqfj dk ezw th P[o{ ehsk frnk. eKro; d/ ouBksweezwK Bz{ ;oeko ;zd/j dh BIo BKb d/ydh ;h. T[;Bz{ vo ;h fe fJj ;G nrb/ ;zxoP dh fsnkoh dk fj~;k j?. ;' fJBQKezwK T[s/ th ;ys BIo oyh iKdh ;h, jkbKfe dwB dk o;sk BjhA nyfsnko ehsk frnk. ;oeko fJe n?;k gq;sktfbnkT[D dh th e'fPP eo ojh ;h, fi; Bkb ;zxoP d/ fJ; d{i/ d"o B{z o'fenk ik ;e/. fJ;B{z e/tb gq;skt iK ‘fPwbk;zw/bB’ fejk iKdk j?. fPwbk ;zw/bB i{B 1945 ftu j'fJnk ns/ T[; s'A gfjbK ;ko/ gqw[~y eKro; B/sktK Bz{ fojk ehskik u[ek ;h. fJ; soQK w[mG/V dk d"o ysw j'fJnk, iØ nr;s 1942 s'A ub fojk ;h.

nkIkd fjzd c'i nkIkd fjzd c'i nkIkd fjzd c'i nkIkd fjzd c'i nkIkd fjzd c'i (Indian National Army)nkIkd fjzd c"i dk fynkb ;G s'A gfjb/ w'jB f;zx d/ wB u wbkfJnk ftu nkfJnk. T[j fpqN/B dh gkosh;?Bk d/ nc;o ;B. id fpqfNP ;?Bk fgS/ jN ojh ;h. sK w'jB f;zx ikgkBhnK d/ Bkb j' rJ/. T[j ikgkBhGkoshnK ftu fpqfNP–fto'Xh GktBktK sK GVekT[Ad/ oj/, b/feB T[BQK B/ GkoshnK Bz{ ;?fBe g~Xo T[s/ ;zrmseo d/ pko/ ftu BjhA ;'funk.

ikgkBhnK B/ id Gkosh :[X–pzdhnK Bz{ w'jo f;zx d/ ;g[od eo fdsk, sK T[j T[BQK ftu'A b'eK Bz{ nkIkd fjzdc"i ftu Gosh eoB br/. f;zrkg[o dk ikgkBhnK d/ jE ftu nkT[dk fJ; fdqPNh Bkb pj[s wj~stg{oB ;h,feT[Afe fJ; Bkb 45 jIko Gkosh :[X–pzdh w'jB f;zx d/ gqGkt y/so ftu nk rJ/. 1942 d/ nzs se 40 jIkob'e nkIkd fjzd c"i ftu Pkwb j'd d/ fJ~S[e j' ub/ ;B. GkoshnK dh nrtkJh eoB tkb/ ftneshnK ns/Gkosh ;?fBe nfXekohnK d/ ftu ftfGzB p?meK ftu fJj pko–pko ;gPN ehsk frnk fe nkIkd fjzd c"i eKro;ns/ Gkosh iBsk d/ nkjtkB T[s/ jh joes ftu nkJ/rh. pj[s fij/ b'e fJJ th wzBd/ ;B fe nkIkd fjzdc"i d/ ekoB d~yD–g{op J/Phnk ftu ikgkB gkoshnK Bkb d[oftT[jko BjhA eo/rk iK Gkos T[s/ epIk eoBd/ pko/ ftu BjhA ;'u/rk.

Gkos S~v' nzd'bB Bkb nkIkd fjzd c"i B{z th fJe BthA skes fwbh. wbkfJnk ftu fpqfNP–fto'Xh gqdoPBehs/ rJ/. 1 ;szpo 1942 Bz{ nkIkd fjzd c"i dh gfjbh fvthIB dk rmB 16,300 ;?fBeK B{z b? e/ ehsk frnk.ikgkBh sd se Gkos T[s/ jwbk eoB dh ;'uD br/ ; ns/ T[BQK B/ GkoshnK dk ;?fBe o{g ftu ;zrms j'dkbkGdkfJe gqshs j' fojk ;h. b/feB d;zpo 1942 d/ nkT[Ad/–iKd/ nkIkd fjzd c"i dh G{fwek d/ pko/ ftu ikgkBhns/ Gkosh nfXekohnK ftu rfjo/ wsG/d g?dk j' rJ/ ;B. w'jB f;zx ns/ fBoziB f;zx frb Bz{ frocsko eofbnk frnk. don;b, ikgkBh ukj[zd/ ;B fe Gkosh c"i 2000 ;?fBeK dh j't/ :kBh gqshekswe j't/, idfew'jB f;zx dk beP d' b~y f;gkjhnK dk ;h.

nkIkd fjzd c"i dk d{ik uoB T[; tes P[o{ j'fJnk, id ;[GkPuzdo p'; B{z iowB ns/ ikgkBh gBv[ZphnKd[nkok 2 i[bkJh 1943 Bz{ f;zrkg[o fbnkfJnk frnk. T[E'A T[j N'ehU rJ/ ns/ T[;d/ pknd jh ikgkB d/gqXkBwzsoh s'i' B/ x'PDk ehsh fe ikgkB Gkos T[s/ epIk eoBk BjhA ukj[zdk. p'; f;zrkg[o tkg; rJ/ ns/T[E'A T[BQK B/ 21 nes{po 1943 dk ;tkXhB Gkos dh ;oeko rms eh. fJ; ;oeko B/ fpqN/B ns/ ;z:[esoki nwohek d/ fybkc :[X dh x'PDk eo fdsh. iowBh, ikgkB ns/ T[BQK d/ ;woEe d/PK B/ fJ; ;oekoB{z wkBsk th d/ fdsh.

fJ;d/ pknd ;[GkP uzdo p'; B/ nkIkd fjzd c"i d/ w[fynkbk ozr{B ns/ f;zrkg[o ftu pD/ ns/ c"i Bz{ w[Vrms eoBk P[o{ eo fdsk. BkrfoeK ftu'A th GoshnK ehsh rJhnK, g?;k iwk ehsk frnk ns/ okDh MK;ho?ihw/AN d/ Bkw s'A fJ;sqh ;?fBeK dk th fJe db pDkfJnk frnk. 6 i[bkJh, 1944 Bz{ ;[GkPuzdo p'; B/nkIkd fjzd o/vhU T[s/ p'bd/ j'J/ rKXhih Bz{ ;zp'fXs ehsk, “Gkos dh ;tkXhBsk dk nkfyoh :[X P[o{ j'u[ek j?. okPNohnsk Gkos dh w[esh d/ fJ; gft~so :[X ftu n;hA s[jkvk nkPhotkd ns/ P[GekwBktKukj[zd/ jK.”

nkIkd fjzd c"i dh fJe pNkbhnB Pkj Btki dh ewkB ftu ikgkBh c"i d/ Bkb Gkos–powk ;hwk T[s/fJzckb d/ jwb/ ftu Gkr b?D d/ bJh G/ih rJh. b/feB T[E'A Gkosh ;?fBeK d/ Bkb d[oftUjko j'Jnk, T[;Bkb T[BQK dk wB'pb N[N frnk. T[BQK Bz{ Bk e/tb o;d ns/ jfEnko s'A tzfus ofynk frnk, pbfe ikgkBh;?fBeK d/ bJh BhthA Pq/Dh d/ ezw eoB d/ bJh th wip{o ehsk frnk. fJzckb T[s/ jwbk n;cb fojk ns/


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ikgkBh ;?fBe fgS/ w[VD br/. fJ; d/ pknd sK fJ; rb dh e'Jh T[whd jh BjhA ojh fe nkIkd fjzdc"i Gkos Bz{ w[es eok ;edh j?. ikgkB d/ nksw;wogD d/ pknd id nkIkd fjzd c"i d/ f;gkjhnK Bz{:[X–pzdh d/ o{g ftu Gkos fbnkfJnk frnk ns/ T[BQK Bz{ ;ys ;Ik d/D dh sithi j'd brh, sK fJe j'onzd'bB fSV frnk.

10H4 Gkosh ;[szsosk ns/ tzv 10H4 Gkosh ;[szsosk ns/ tzv 10H4 Gkosh ;[szsosk ns/ tzv 10H4 Gkosh ;[szsosk ns/ tzv 10H4 Gkosh ;[szsosk ns/ tzv (Indian Independence and Partition)

Gkosh ;wki T[s/ j'Ad ekfJw eoB d/ ;zxoP ftu okPNotkdh PeshnK dh ;cbsk d{i/ ftPt :[X d/ nzsse ;kc BIo nkT[D brh ;h. fpqfNP Pk;e, fjNbo d/ fybkc :[X fi~s rJ/ ;B, b/feB Gkosh w'ou/T[s/ T[j jko u[e/ ;B. ‘oki’ d/ gqGkt Bkb okPNoh nzd'bB dk gqGkt ekch tvk j' u[ek ;h. nkIkd fjzdc"i d/ w[e~dfwnK d/ ekoB T[BQK torK ns/ T[BQK nzubK se th okiBhfse u/sBk c?b rJh ;h, i' nzd'bBdh w[y Xkok Bkb'A nbr–Ebr ;h. fit/A fe n;hA fgSb/ nfXnkJ/ ftu d; u[e/ jK, c"i ns/ B"eoPkjhd/ b'eK B/ th y[bQ/nkw ;GktK ftu ikDk, uzdk d/Dk ns/ eKro; B{z t'N d/Dk P[o{ eo fdsk frnk ;h ns/T[j fJ; Bz{ S[gkT[Ad/ th BjhA ;B. okiBhfse o{g Bkb ikrqs ;w{jK dk bVke{gB 1942 d/ thosk g{oB;zxoP ftu T[ikro j' u[ek ;h. ftfdnkoEhnK ns/ j'o b'eK B/ ekch fBoG?sk d/ Bkb nkIkd fjzd c"i s/okfJb fJzvhnB B/th d/ ftdo'jh BkfteK d/ Bkb nkgDh fJei[Nsk dk fJIjko ehsk ;h.

okPNoh nzd'bB dh ;cbsk dk wkBfu~so pDkT[D d/ bJh ;kBz{ T[BQK fdBK dh T[wVdh GhV ns/ okPNotkdhGktBk d/ ftnkge gq;ko s/ shto T[seNsk dh :kd eoBh j'J/rh. fJ;d/ Bkb jh ;kBz{ fpqfNP nc;oK d/fvr/ j'J/ wB'pb ns/ Gkosh nfXekohnK ns/ nzrq/Igq;sK dh pdbdh j'Jh tckdkoh T[s/ th fXnkB d/Dkj'J/rk. okPNoh nzd'bB dh ;cbsk dh ejkDh ;kBz{ ej/rh b/feB nbr Yzr Bkb. fJBQK dh ejkDh ftuokPNotkd dk fJ; o{g ftu fIeo BjhA j'J/rk fe T[;B/ fpqfNP ;~sk d/ bJh Gkos ftu e'Jh irkj jh BjhAS~vh ;h. fJj ejkDh d;/rh fe okPNoh nzd'bB B/ fe; soQK ;wokitkd d/ n;o dk ykswk ehsk,UgfBt/fPe YKu/ Bz{ BPN ehsk ns/ fpqN/B dh okiBhfse oDBhsh d/ nzsofto'X Bz{ vz{xk eo fdsk.

fJj th :kd j't/rk fe Gkos ftu fpqfNP Pk;B ub fojk ;h, sK T[;dk nzPe ekoB Gkosh iBsk d/ pj[fsnKfj~f;nK dh ;fjwsh iK w{e ;thfeqsh th ;h. UgfBt/Pe Pk;B dk ;wkie nkXko iwhAdkoK, T[u torK,;oekogq;sK nkfd d/ ftu ;hws ;h, i' ftd/Ph ;oeko d/ ftP/P o{g Bkb feqgk d/ gkso ;B. fJj T[jb'e ;B, i' gqPk;B ubkT[Ad/ ;B, ;oekoh BshnK dk ;woEB eod/ ;B ns/ T[BQK ;[Xko–g'qrokwK T[s/ nwbeod/ ;B, fiBQK Bz{ ;oeko pVh fjue d/ Bkb ns/ d/o Bkb bkr{ eodh ;h. ‘oki’ dk eki gqshPmk T[s/ubdk ;h ns/ fJ; gqshPmk dk w{os o{g ;h fIbk nfXekoh, i' fJzvhnB f;ftb ;oft; (nkJhH;hHn?;H)dk nzr j[zdk ;h. fJ; ‘;tor'dG{s ;/tk’ Bz{ ‘oki d/ fJ;gksh cq/w d/ o{g ftu th :kd ehsk iKdk j? idfJj ;oekogq;s b'e fpqfNP jkt d/ ijkI s'A Skb wkoB br/, ‘gqshPmk’ yke ftu fwbD brh, fIbknfXeko ns/ ;futkfbn d/ b'e gstko S~vD br/, sK fJj ;kc j' frnk fe ijki v[p fojk j? ns/ s/IhBkb v[p fojk j?. fJj ;kbK d/ sfj; Bfj; dk Bshik ;h. itki Bk e/tb nzdo'A ;V fojk ;h, pbfe T[;T[s/ pkjo'A brksko jwbk j' fojk ;h.

fJe sK nkJhH;hHn?;H d/ bJh :[o'gh BjhA fwbd/ ;B. d{i/, iBsk dh wzr T[s/ ;oeko Bz{ GkosheoB dhBhsh ;theko eoBh gJh ;h. fJ:dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe gfjb/ ftPt :[X d/ ;w/A se nkJhH;hHn?;Hftu fpqfNP oki ysw j' u[ek ;h. 1939 se fJ; ;G s'A fInkdk wkB tkbh ;/tk ftu fpaqfNP ns/ Gkoshfj~;/dkoh pokpo–pokpo j' u[eh ;h. fJ; ;zs[bB Bz{ ekfJw oyD d/ bJh gfjb/ sK Gosh ftu eN"sh eofdsh rJh ns/ fco 1943 ftu Gosh fJedw pzd eo fdsh rJh. 1940 s'A 1946 d/ ;w/A ftunkJhH;hHn?;H nc;oK dh ;zfynk 1201 s'A xN e/ 939 j' rJh (fpqfNP nc;oK dh 587 ftu'A 429 ns/Gkosh nc;oK dh 614 ftu'A 510). 1946 se pzrkb ftu 65 gdK bJh 19 fpqfNP nkJhH;hHn?;H nc;ojh T[gbpX ;B. fJ;d/ nbktk nkJhH;hHn?;H ftu T[BQK nfGiks gfotkoK d/ nke;c'ov ns/ e?Afpqi ftuf;fyns B"itkB j[D BjhA nk oj/ ;B, fiBQK d/ g{oti, Gkos ftu Pk;B eo u[e/ ;B ns/ i' fJj wzBd/;B fe Gkos d/ ‘fPP[ wkBf;esk tkb/ b'eK’ T[s/ Pk;B eoBk fJzrb?Av dh fBnsh j?. T[BQK dk n;EkB rqkwo;e{b ns/ gkbhfNe; d/ w[zv/ b?Ad/ ik oj/ ;h, fiBQK d/ bJh ‘oki’ dh ;/tk fwPB BjhA, ihftek ;h. :[X


B ØN


d/ ekoB th ;wf;nk T[bM rJh ;h. 1945 se fpqN/B d/ b'e :[X s'A Ee u[e/ ;B ns/ bzw/–bzw/ ;w/A sed/P s'A d{o ofjD d/ ekoB T[BQK dk T[s;kj xN j'D brk ;h. w[dok;chsh d/ ekoB nkofEe fuzsktK th;skT[D brhnK. pj[fsnK b'eK d/ ;/tkw[es j'D dh skohy eohp nk ojh ;h s/ i' pu/ ;B, T[BQK d/ pko/ftu wzfBnk iKdk ;h fe T[j ;w/A s'A gfjbK jh ;/tkw[es j' ikDk g;zd eoDr/. fJ; soQK 1945 ftu Gkosftu i' B"eoPkjh w"i{d ;h, T[j ;zfynk s/ wB'pb, d'tK fdqPNhnK Bkb ewI'o ;h ns/ 1945 d/ nzd'bBB/ T[;Bz{ s'V fdsk ;h.

gqzs{ okPNotkd dk w[ekpbk eoB d/ bJh fpqfNP ;~sk B/ i' oDBhsh ngDkJh ;h, T[;d/ nzsofto'XhnK B/nkJhH;hHn?;H nc;o tor ns/ ‘oki’ Bz{ ;G s'A fInkdk ewI'o eo fdsk ;h. nzr/qI ;wM"sk ns/ dwB, d'tKo;fsnK T[s/ ub oj/ ;B. fJe gk;/, 1942 d/ feqg; gq;sktK d/ pknd j[D T[j j'o eh d/ ;ed/ ;B f;tkJ/nkIkdh d/. d{i/ gk;/, 1942 d/ ysoBkwe dwB B/ T[dkotkdhnK ns/ ;oekogq;sK, d'tK dh ;zt/dBk Bz{ ;N wkoh;h. cotoh–wkou 1943 ftu nkgD/ 21 fdB d/ T[gtk; d/ d"okB rKXh ih w"s d/ eohp gj[zu rJ/ brd/;B, fco th ;oeko B/ T[BK Bz{ fojk eoB s'A fJBeko eo fdsk ;h. fJ; s'A th b'e d[yh j'J/. nkIkdfjzd c"i d/ :[XpzdhnK Bz{ w[es eod/D dh nghb T[dkotkdhnK ns/ ;oekogq;sK, d'tK B/ ehsh ;h. b/feB;oeko w[e~dwk ubkT[D d/ nkgD/ c?;b/ T[s/ nfvr ojh. fpqfNP oki d/ Gkosh d';s sK 1945–46 ftufJj d/y e/ n;fEo j' rJ? fe T[j nkgD/ d[PwD eKro; d/ Bkb ;wM"sk eoB ns/ ;oeko ftu T[;dhfj~;/dkoh bJh T[s;[e jB. fiBQK d/ j~EK ftu ;~sk ;h, T[j fesB/ dhB BIo nkT[D br/ ns/ fJj rb;oekogq;sK Bz{ j?okB eo ojh ;h. id eKro; d/ B/sktK d/ T[s/ie GkPD jtk ftu rz{i oj/ ;B, sd nc;oe'b jh yV/ N[eo–N[eo sed/ ofjzd/ ;B. fJ; Bkb ‘oki’ dh skes ftu ;oekogq;sK dh nk;Ek jh fjbkfdsh.

B""eoPkjh dk ;zeNB""eoPkjh dk ;zeNB""eoPkjh dk ;zeNB""eoPkjh dk ;zeNB""eoPkjh dk ;zeN;oekogq;sK dk ;zeN nk;Ek dk ;h, sK B"eoPkjh dk ;zeN eow dk ;h. B"eoPkjh sKjh fBoDkfJe Yzr BkbnkgDk ezw eo ;edh ;h, id Bhsh ;gPN j't/ :kBh ;wM"skoknh iK dwB, d'tK ftu'A eoBk eh j?, fJj ;kcj't/. d'tK Bz{ fwbk e/ ubD dh Bhsh Bkb) sK ;wf;nktK jh g?dk j' ;edhnk ;B, feT[Afe fe jh nfXekoh torB{z d't/A ezw eoB/ ;h. fJj ;zeN gfjbh tko 1930 d/ dPe d/ w~X u g?dk j'fJnk, id eKro; dh ;oekoK pDBtkbh ;h. nfXekoh fJ; ;zGktBk Bkb fuzss ;B fe fiBQK B/sktK dk T[BQK B/ ;ftB/n ntfrnk nzd'bBd/ d"okB dwB ehsk ;h, j[D T[BQK dk j[ew wzB e/ ubBk gt/rk. n~m gqKsK ftu fJj ;zGktBk ;keko thj' rJh.

;zt?XkfBe ;zxoP B/ th B"eoPkjh d wB'pb Bz{ T[ABk jh v/frnk, fizBk T[;s'A gfjbK d/ nzd'bB B/, jkbKfefJ;dk nfj;k; xN jh fdykJh g?Adk j?. ;w{je nfjz;e ekotkjhnK d[nkok ;~sk dk vo ysw j' fojk ;h,sK ‘eKro; oki’ d/ ekoB b'eK ftu nkswftPtk; dk ;zuko th j' fojk ;h. wdok; d/ fpqfNP w[y ;fptth ykdh gfjBD br/ ;h ns/ pzpJh d/ oki~;t ;fut, i' fpqN/B d/ ;B, id oki~;t wzsoh w'okoih d/;kJhd/ Bkb :ksok s/ j[zd/, sK r~vh o[eD T[s/ nkgD/ gfjb/ doi/ d/ v~p/ s'A fBeb e/ shi/ doi/ d/ v~p/ dh socGid/, sKfe wkB:'r wzsoh ih Bz{ fJzsIko Bk eoBk gt/. Gkosh nfXekohnK ftu fpqfNP ;~sk d/ gqshntfrnk sK BjhA fdykJh g? ojh ;h, b/feB gfjb/ fiE/ T[j ;oeko d/ gqsh nkgDh tckdkoh dk gqdoPBy[b/Qnkw eod/ ;B, T[E/ j[D nkgDh d/PGrsh dk gqdoPB eoB br gJ/.

gqKse ;oeko dk ;G s'A wj~stg{o Bshik ;h fe Gfty ftu eKro;–nzd'bBK dk ;kjwDk eod/ ;w/AnfXekohnK d/ fxnkB ftu j[D fJj ofjD brk ;h fe eKro; d/ fco ;~sk ftu nkT[D dh ;zGktBk ;h.;oeko d/ fBod/PK dk fes/ th T[bzxD BjhA j'fJnk gozs{ T[so gqd/P ns/ fpjko ftu fes/–fes/ ftneshrs;fsnkrqfj s/ 1942 d/ nzd'bB d/ fto[X nfXekohnK d/ nBwB/ wB Bkb ekotkjh ehsh. b/feB 1942 ftu;XkoB s"o s/ dwB dh ;ys Bhsh ngDkJh rJh ns/ fJ;dk Bshik :[X dh ;wkgsh T[s/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnkid eKro; B/sk fojk j'J/ fIBQK Bz{ fJj T[whd ;h fe T[j gqKse ;oekoK ;zGkbDr/. dwB ns/ ;wM"s/ dhBhshnK nkg; ftu T[bM rJhnK. id eKro; d/ B/sktK B/ iKu dh wzr u[eh, pdbk b?D dh XwehnKfdshnK s/ ;oeko u[gukg d/ydh ojh, sK nfXekohnK dk wB'pb fvr frnk. ;oeko dk efjdk ;h feu'D–nfGnkB d/ d"okB :Ek;zGt nkIkdh d/Dk Io{oh ;h. nfXekohnK Bz{ nPzek ;h fe eKro; d/ dpkn


B ØN


d/ nr/ ;oeko M[e ikJ/rh ns/ G{sg{ot tkfJ;okJ/ bkov fbBfbEr' d/ fe;/ gqeko dh iKu B j'D d/D d/fdbk;/ T[s/ nwb BjhA j't/rk. tkfJ;okJ/ bkov t/tb B? th ;theko ehsk fe gqKse ;oekoK dh ;EkgBkBkb i' ;wf;nktK yVhnK j'JhnK ;B T[BQK ftu'A ;G s'A w[Pfeb iKu dh jh ;wf;nk ;h.

;' :[X d/ nzs se T[BQK nfXekohnK ns/ Bhsh–fBowksktK d/ nr/ Gfty dh fdPk ;gPN j' u[eh ;h, i';~sk d/ frnkswe ufosq Bz{ ;wMd/ ;B. ;?Bk d/ b'eK d[nkok jh nkIkd fjzd c"i d/ ;?fBeK d/ gqsh Bowhdh wzr ns/ B";?Bk d/ fJe tor ftu ftdo'j dh xNBktK Bkb jh d{ofdqPNh tkb/ nfXekohnK B/ ;wM fbnk;h fe fJ; tko i' s[ckB T[fmnk j/ T[j fpBk fe;/ tvh T[Eb–g[Eb d/ o[eD tkbk BjhA j?. fiBQK Bz{ fpqfNP;~sk ftu i' e[M fInkdk jh ftPtk; ;h, T[BK dhnK nZyK y'bD bJh sK PkfJd g{oB ftdo'j dh jh Io{os;h. Pk;B dk YKuk j[D th poeoko ;h, b/'feB fJj vo io{o g?dk j' frnk ;h fe i/eo eKro; B/ u'Ds'A pknd 1942 dh soQK dk iB nzd'bB fco S/fVnk sK B"eoPkjh ns/ c"i Go';/wzd BjhA th ;kps j' ;edhj? ns/ gqKse ;oekoK fJ; nzd'bB Bz{ o'eDrhnK BjhA, pbfe T[; ftu wdd th eoDrhnK. tkfJ;okJ/ d/PpdK ftu “n;hA j[D th PkfJd nzd'bB dk dwB eo d/tKr/”, b/feB efmBkJh fJj j? fe fJ;d/ bJhnc;oK dk ;jkok b?Dk j'J/rk ns/ “:'r nc;o io{oh ;zfynk ftu w"i{d BjhA jB.” (Gkos d/ oki ;futBz{ g~so, 27 d;zpo 1945)

fJe tko id fJj rb wzB bJh rJh fe fpqfNP ;~sk g[okD/ Yzr s'A fInkdk fdB se ekfJw BjhA ofj ;edh,sK fco fpqfNP Bhsh–fBowksktK dk yeP fJjh j' frnk fe ;Zsk d/ j;sKsoD dk ;o{g ns/ nkIkdh d/ pkndGkos ns/ fpqN/B dk foPsk eh oj/rk, fJ; pko/ ftu ;wM"sk eo ;BwkBg{oB Gkos Sv fdsk ikJ/. T[BQK d/;kjwD/ d{ik ftebg fJj ;h fe T[j fpqfNP oki d/ s"o–sohe/ pdbD, ;ysh ns/ ;t/Skofjs Bkb ezw b?D s/fAJ; soQK 15–20 ;kb se je{ws eod/ ofjD. b/feB fJ; ftebg Bz{ nfttjkoe wzB e/ fsnko fdsk frnk.Bk sK b/po gkoNh—i' T[; tes fpqN/B ftu ;~sko{V ;h—d/ ekoieosktK Bzz{ fJj ftebg wzi{o j[zdk s/ Bk fpqfNPns/ nwoheh iBws Bz{. fJ;d/ nbktk ;t/Sk;pkjh pk;B ubkT[D d/ bJh fpqfNP ;?fBe th T[gbpX BjhI ;B.fJ; ;G d/ pkti{d fJj o;sk ngdkfJnk th iKdk, sK 15–20 ;kb d/ pknd eh j[zdk< nzrq/IK Bz{ p/fJIs j'e/Gkos SvDk g?dk ns/ Gkos–fpqN/B d/ foPfsnK ftu e"VkgB nk iKdk. fpqfNP ;oeko d/ ;kjwD/ fJj ;gPN;h fe Gfty d/ n~S/ ;zpzXK d/ bJh ns/ ;zGkfts iBnzd'bB dh nPzek ysw eoB d/ bJh ;wM"s/ s'A pfunk BjhAik ;edk.

fonkfJsK n?;h j'Dh ukjhdh j? i' eKro; dh w{b wzrK dh g{osh eo ;eD feT[Afe fpqfNP ;oeko ;wM"s/dh n;cbsk podkPs BjhA eo ;edh ;h. eKro; dh wzr ;h “Gkos S~v'” ns/ fpqfNP ;oeko B/ fBoDkfbnk fe wkou 1946 ftu fJe e?fpB/N fwPB G/fink ikt/ i' okPNoh ;oeko dh ;EkgBk dh rbpks eo/rk. fwPB dk T[d/P Pesh–j;sKsoD dh ekoigqDkbh dk gqpzX eoBk th ;h. e?fpB/N fwPB feqnkswefwPB dh soQK ykbh jE BjhA nkfJnk fwPB bzw/ ;w/A se ofjD Bz{ fsnko ;h.

;wM"s/ d/ bJh eKro; th fsnko ;h. nzd'bB dh fsnkoh ;h io{o–;zrmB ftu u[;sh fbnk e/, u'D gquko d/d[nkok ns/ nkIkd fjzd c"i Bkb ;zpzfXs w[e~dfwnK d/ ftnkge gqshokn Bkb fJj wkj"b pDk fdsk frnk ;hfe fe;/ th ;w/A e'Jh t~vk nzd'bB S/fVnk ik ;edk j?–b/feB T[;dk w[y beP ;oeko T[s/ ;wM"s/ bJh dpknpDkJ/ oyDk jh ;h. ;wM"sk n;cb j' ikD s/ jh eKro; nzd'bB d/ pko/ ftu ;'uD Bz{ fsnko ;h. 22 ;szpo1945 Bz{ nfyb Gkosh eKro; ;whsh B/ eKro; dh Bhsh T[s/ i' gq;skt gkfos ehsk ;h., T[;/ ftu fJ;rb dk ;ze/s d/ fdsk frnk ;h, “;' eKro; dk wkordoPe f;XKs fJjh oj/rk ;zGt j't/ sK rbpks ns/;wM"sk s/ ioo{h j't/ sK n;fj:'r s/ f;~Xh ekotkJh.”

fJ;d/ nbktk 1946 d/ wkj"b ftu eKro; d/ B/sk fJ; rb Bkb ikD{ ;B fe Gkos dh iBsk nkikdh jk;beoB bJh fdqV j? T[j fJj wfj;{; eod/ ;h fe, “fpqN/B d' u'A gzi ;kbK ftu Gkos S~v d/t/rk” (Bfjo{). fpqfNP;oeko th, 1 iBtoh 1946 Bz{ Gkos d/ oki ;fut d[nkok Bt/A ;kb d/ T[gbeP ftu fds/ rJ/ test d[nkokns/ e?fpB/N fwPB dh x'PDk d/ ;w/A nkgDk fJokdk ;gPN eo u[eh ;h. rKXhih d/ PpdK ftu, “Pk;eK B/(Gkos) ‘SvD’ ns/ Gkosh Pk;B ;Ekgs eoB dk nkgDk fJokdk x'fPs eo fdsk j?HHH fpqN/B dh x'PDktK ftunftPtk; eoBk, nkgDh soc'A s/ e[d wzB e/ ebfj P[o{ eo d/Dk fBPfus o{g ftu nd{odofPsk dk gfou?d/Dk j't/rk. eh fJj ;oekoh fPPNwzvb fJe wjkBV okPNo d/ Bkb Sb eoB d/ bJh nk fojk j?< fJzsiko


B ØN


eoB ftu joI eh j?< rbpks ftu Pkwb j'dk fJ;bJh th io{oh j' frnk ;h fe t?;k BjhA eoB s/ gqshfeqnktkdhns/ ;zgqdkfJe skesK d/ bJh w?dkB ;kc j' iKdk. fJj vo th ;h fe rbpks dk gq;skt P[o{ ftu jh m[eokd/D s/ d[BhnK dh fBrkjK ftu, yk;eo T[; fpqfNP ;w{j dh fBrkj ftu, i' Gkos dh nkikdh dk gZy eodk;h, eKro; jh d'Ph mfjokT[Adh.

;wM"s/ bJh ;w/A T[g:[es ;h feT[Afe fJe soc ;wokitkdh Pk;eK Bz{ fJ;dh io{os dh ;wM ;h ns/ d{ihsoc okPNotkdh B/sk th rbpks eoB Bz{ fsnko ;h. b/feB y{B dh BdhnK tfjD d/ pknd jh nr;s 1947Bz{ ;[szsosk gqkgs j'Jh idfd 1946 d/ P[o{ ftu fJ;Bz{ w"B ;thfeqsh fwb rJh ;h. ;wokitkd ns/ okPNotkddk ;zxoP, fi;dk ;?XKfse s"o T[s/ jb j' frnk ;h, 1946 d/ nkozG ftu jh god/ s'A fgS/ jN frnk. j[D fJeBt/A ;zxoP B/ T[;dk n;EkB fbnk i' fpqfNP ;oeko, eKro; ns/ w[;fbw bhr dh Gfty dh soQK–soQK dhebgBktK d/ ftu ;h. ;wokitkd d/ fgS/ jDD d/ pknd Bt/A Gkosh dh eh fdPk j't/rh< eKro; dh wzr ;hfe ;G s'A gfjbK fJe e/Adoh fJekJh Bz{ ;~sk ;"Agh ikJ/. T[;d/ pknd xNfrDsh ;zgdktK dh ;wf;nktK dk jbefYnk ikt/rk–w[;fbw pj[ws gqKsK Bz{ ;tkfJssk d/e/ iK fco nkswfBoD/ d[nkok Gkosh ;zx Bkb ;zpzXs'V e/, b/feB fJJ ;c sKjh j't/rk id nzr/qI ;oeko ;~sk j;sKsoD eo d/rh. fpqfNP ;oeko nyzv Gkosukj[zdh ;h i' fpqN/B Bkb fw~sosk d/ Bkb–Bkb okPNowzvb dh ;[ofynk :'iBktK dk ftu ;koEe G[fwekfBGkJ/. tzfvnk Gkos dh nkswofynk dh :'rsk ;hws ;h ns/ ;zGt ;h fe T[j ;zz:[es ;[ofynk :'iBktK Bz{fBooEe pDkJ/ ns/ fpqfNP e{NBhsh T[s/ X~pk pD e/ ofj ikJ/. nkIkdh d/ gfjb/ w[;fbw bhr d/ gqsh gq's;kjBdh fpqfNP uhsh ns/ toswkB ftPt–okiBhsh ftu gkfe;skB dk gSwh ;woktkdh skesk d/ Bkb rmpzXB Bz{d/yd/ j'J/ fJj ;[Gkte fijk brk j? fe nkIkd j'D T[s/ Gfty ftu gkfe;skB jh fpqN/B dk fw~so d/P pD/ gofpqfNP ;oeko dh fJdK dh XkoBk BjhA ;h.

gfjb/ dh fpqfNP Bhsh d// ftgohs, 1946–47 ftu i' Bhsh d/ tke ikoh ehs/ rJ/, T[; Bkb ;gPN ;hfe fpqN/B j[D Gkos Bz{ yzfvs eoD d/ gy ftu BjhA ;h. t/tb B/ fizBk Bz{ fJ; rb dh S[N fdsh ;h feT[j ;ko/ w[;bwkB B/sktK d/ BkwKeB dh fid eo fPwbk ;zw/bB Bz{ n;cb eo d/D, b/feB J/Nbh B/ 15wkou 1946 Bz{ fJj ;gPn fpnk fdsk fe “nbgws Bz{ pj[ws dh gqrsh o'eD dh S[N BjhA fdsh ikJ/rh.” e?fpB/N fwP:B dh :'iB ftu bhr dh wzr d/ bJh rzikfJP eYD d/ bJh gqKsK d/ ;tkfJs Pk;Bns/ nbr j'D d/ nfXeko Bz{ wzB fbnk frnk ;h, b/feB j[D th T[;dh ebgBk fJe ;z:[es e/Ado dh ;h,i' gqshofynk, ftd/P Bhsh ns/ ;zuko dh d/ygkb eo/rk. gN/b B/ th wzfBnk fe fwPB dh :'iBk ftugkfe;skB dh rb BjhA ;h, bhr d/ t'NK Bz{ fBo;s ehsk ik u[fenk ;h ns/ g{o/ d/; d/ bJh fJe jh ;zftXkB;Gk dh ebgBk ehsh rJh ;h. ;szpo 1946 ftu nzsfow ;oeko pDh, sK f;oc eKro; Bz{ b? e/ ns/Bfjo{ T[;d/ gqXkB fB:[es ehs/ rJ/. ikjo ;h fe bhr dh fJ; wzr Bz{ dofeBko eo fdsk frnk ;h febhr dh wzi{oh d/ pr?o e'Jh th ;wM"sk Bk j't/. ;' fpqfNP ;oeko dh Bhsh j[D g{oh soQK gbNk yk u[eh.nkgDk Pk;B poeko oyD d/ bJh T[;B/ ;zgqdkfJe PeshnK Bz{ gq's;kfjs eoB ns/ eKro; Bz{ ;zg{oB GkoshiBsk dk gqshfBXh BjhA wzBD dh Bhsh nyfsnko ehsh ;h. b/feB j[D idfe gkos Bz{ nkikdh d/D dkfBoDk j' u[ek ;h, fpqfNP ;oeko dk fjs fJ;h ftu ;h fe Gkos nyzv oj/.

b/feB fpqfNP ;oeko B/ fi; w[;fwb bhr Bz{ ;ozePD d/e/ yVk ehsk ;h, T[;Bz{ fJsBh ibdh G{whrs eoBk;zGt BjhA ;h. fizBk B/ eKro; ns/ fpqfNP ;oeko d/ fybkc nkgDh g{oh skes brk fdsh ;h. eKro;wzBdh ;h fe tzv nro io{oh j? sK T[;dk c?;bk nkikdh d/ pknd j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fizBk dh fid ;h, gfjb/tzv, sd nkikdh. w[;fbw bhr B/ fwPB dh :'iBk T[; jd se ;theko eo bJh, fi; jd se T[; ftugkfe;skB Bz{ wkBsk fdsh rJh ;h. bhr Bz{ fJj fdbk;k jk;b eo b?D dh T[whd ;h fe gqKsK dk ;w{jheoBwoih BjhA, Io{{{oh j't/rk. b/feB id fJj fdbk;k fwbdk BjhA fdykJh fdsk sK ;oeko B/ th eKro;d/ fJ; fpnkB Bz{ u[D'sh BjhA fdsh fe ;zftXkB ;Gk ;zgqG{ j't/rh ns/ nkgDh ekoi gqfeqnk y[d s?neo/rh, sK bhr B/ 29 i[bkJh 1946 Bz{ e?fpB/N fwPB d/ 16 wJh d/ tke dh nkgDh wzi{oh tkg; b? bJhns/ fpqN/B T[s/ no'g brkfJnk fe T[j w[;bwkBK d/ Bkb ftPtk;xks eo fojk j?. fizBk B/ J/Nbh Bz{ P[o{ftu iok d~ph nktki ftu Xweh fdsh fe fpqN/B “w[;bwkBK Bz{ nkgDk y{B pDkT[D d/ bJh wip{o” Bkeo/, fco ‘vkfJo?eN n?ePB’ dh fg;s"b dkr fdsh ns/ “b? e/ ojKr/ gkfe;skB, bV e/ btKr/ gkfe;skB”


B ØN


dh :[X x'PDk eo fdsh. nkgDh fJ; Bhsh T[s/ ubd/ j'J/ bhr B/ 16 nr;s 1946 Bz{ ebe~sk ftu i';zgodkfJe gkrbgB c?bkfJnki, T[; ftu gzi jIko b'e wko/ rJ? ns/ Bkrfoe ftt;Ek g{oh soQK fSzB–fGzB j' rJh. fizBk dh fJe wkso fizw/tkoh “;VeK T[s/ c?b/ j'J/ wsdkskwzvb” (nkoHi/H w{o, fJ;e/g cokwn?AgkfJo) d/ gqsh ofj rJh. sK nkszfes fpqfNP ;oeko bhr Bz{ ;zs[PN eoB ftu br rJh. e/tb ftobkgeoB br/ fe n;hA fi; G;wk;[o Bz{ Pesh gqdkB ehsh, T[; s/ ;kvk fB:zsoD BjhA fojk. b/feB pj[sftbzp j' u[ek ;h.

t/tb B/ w[;fbw bhr Bz{ nzsfow ;oeko ftu Pkwbh eo fbnk, jkbKfe T[;B/ e?fpB/N fwPB d/ fe;/ th,nbgekbhB iK dhoxekbhB, gqktXkB Bz{ ;theko BjhA ehsk ;h. Gkos d/ oki ;fut bko/A; B/ th ;theko ehskfe bhr Bz{ ;oeko ftu Pkwb BjhA ehsk iKdk, sK “rqfj :[X io{o j' frnk j[zdk”. b/feB fJj ibdh jh ;gPNj' frnk fe bhr nzsfow ;oeko Bz{ ubD d/Dk BjhA ukjz[dh ;h. T[;B/ d{ih P/qDh d/ B/sktK Bz{ nkgDk gqshfBXhpDkfJnk ;h. ikjo j? fe fizBk Bz{ f;oc skes ukjhdh ;h ns/ T[j th ;oeko Bz{ s'VD d/ bJh. T[j ;wMd/;B fe gqPk;B Bz{ eKro; d/ jE ftu g{oh soQK Sv d/Dk nkswxksh j'J/rk. Bkb jh gkfe;skB d/ bJh bVBkj?, sK ;oeko ftu fj;/dkoh io{oh j?. n?;H r'gkb dh fJ; fNgDh Bz{ fe “;wM"s/–tkosktK rqfj:[X Bz{ ikohoyD dk d{ik wkfXnw ;h” (itkjobkb Bfjo{–J/ pkfJUrqkch, yzv fJe) nzsfow ;oeko T[s/ th bkr{ ehsk ik;edk j?. bhr d/ wzshnK dh ;oeko–Gzie ubkehnK B/ Bfjo{ ns/ eKro; d/ j'o B/sktK d/ ;kjwD/ fJj T[ikroeo fdsk fe T[d/P eKro;–bhr ;oeko j?, sK nzsfow ;oeko Bz{ ikoh oyDk p/eko j?. id bhr B/ ;zftXkB;Gk ftu Pkwb j'D s'A fJBeko eo fdsk, sK Bfjo{ t/tb Bz{ fJj efjD d/ bJh wip{o j' rJ/ fe bhr iK sKe?fpBN fwPB :'iB Bz{ ;theko eo/ iK ;oeko d/ pkjo fBeb ikJ/. fJ; Bkb fJe BtK ;zrN nkT[D Bz{ jh;h fe J/Nbh B/ 20 cotoh 1947 Bz{ x'PDk ehsh fe i{B 1948 se fpqfNP ;oeko Gkos Bz{ w[es eo d/t/rh.Bt/A tkfJ;okJ/ wkT[ANp/NB dh fB:[esh dh x'PDk ehsh rJh. fJ;d/ Bkb jh fJe BtK d"o P[o{ j'fJnk.

b/po ;oeko B/ fJe tko fco ;wM"s/ d[nkok jb Bz{ ;otT[u wj~st fdsk ;h. ;zxoP dk y/so ekBcoz;jkb s'A ;VeK T[s/ ub/ ikDk s/ t/tb d[nkok fJ; ;zGktBk dh ;thfeqsh Bkb fe fpqN/B Bz{ Gkos s'A nukBejNBk g? ;edk j?, T[;Bz{ br fojk ;h fe ;wM"s/ dh nfjfwns ysw j' ojh j?. b/po ;oeko t/tb dhngksekbhB :'iBk T[s/ ftuko eoBk sK d{o, T[;dh ;zGktBk s'A th nkszfes ;h. fpqN/B dk fpBk ;wM"s/d/ Gkos s'A jN ikDk ysoBke ;zGktBktK Bkb Gfonk j'fJnk ;h. fJ; Bkb Bk e/tb T[;dh nzsookPNoh;fEsh Bz{ B[e;kB gj[zukT[Adh ns/ T[;dh gqshPmk th fw~Nh ftu fwb iKdh, e'Jh n?;h Pesh Bk ofjzdh,fi; Bkb fpqN/B ;wM"sk eo ;edk.

;fjwsh Bkb jb d/ bJh wkT[ANp/NB dk sohek eh ;h< gfjb/ gsk brkT[Dk fe eKro; ns/ bhr feBQKr~bK T[s/ fJews j' ;edh j?, fco T[BQK rZbK T[s/ T[BQK dh s/ b/po ;oeko dh ;fjwsh gqkgs eoBk, T[BQKftu e'Jh nkgDk ftuko pdb/, fJ; s'A gfjbK jh ;wM"sk eok d/Dk ns/ fe;h itko ns/ fw~Nh d/ fJBQkfefbnK Bz{ tjk d/D d/ gfjb'A jh Gkos s'A ftdk b? b?Dk. Gkos gj[zuD d/ d' wjhB/ d/ nzdo jh T[BQK B/ e?fpB/N fwPB :'iBk ns/ Gkos d/ ftyzvheoB dh ebgBk Bz{ ykoi eo fdsk. T[BQK dk n;EkB b/ fbnk 3 i{B:'iBk B/, i' wkT[ANp/NB dh :'iBk dk d{ik Bkw ;h. wkT[ANp/NB dh :'iBk ;h Gkos dh d'joh v'whfBnbj?;hns gqdkB eoBk ns/ 15 nr;s 1947 se ;~sk dk j;sKsoD. fJ;Bz{ xN s'A xN e[M ;w/A se sKGkos okPNoe[b ftu fbnkT[D dh sithi g/P ehsh ;h, go Gkos dh w?ApofPg Bz{ fInkdk wj~st fdskik fojk ;h, feT[Afe Gkos dh nkofEe ns/ gqshofynk :'rsk d/ pko/ ftu fynkb ehsk iKdk ;h fe T[jfInkdk fdqV j't/rh s/ fpqN/B Bz{ ftT[gko ns/ ftfB:'r dk fInkdk w"ek fwb/rk.

bkov fJ;w B/, i' T[; ;w/A ofynkwzsoh d/ uhc ;Nkc ;B, 30 wkou 1946 dh fog'oN uhc ;Nkc d/ ftukog/P ehs/–;?fBe fdqPNh s'A fJj nfsnzs wj~stg{oB ;h fe Gkos okPNowzvb ftu oj/.” wkT[ANp/NB Bz{ T[whd;h fe d'tK d/PK dk rtoBo iBob pD e/, T[j ;z:[es ;[ofynk :'iBk dh ;EkgBk eo ;eDr/ s/ d/;h okiKd/ Gkosh :[BhnB ftu Pkwb j'D dh ;wf;nk Bz{ ;[bMk b?Dr/.

fpqfNP ;oeko B/ gq;EkB dh fwsh nr/ fbnk e/ 15 nr;s fBPfus ehsh. wkT[ANp/NB d/ nB[;ko “;fEshnfsnzs ft;c'Ne ;h,” ;' 15 nr;s dh sohy fBPfus eoe/ fpqN/B B/ fInkdk ibdh BjhA ehsh, pbfeT[;Bz{ sK T[; Bkb'A fes/ gfjbK Gkos Sv d/Dk ukjhdk ;h. j'o n;EkBK T[s/ ;zgodkfJe dzr/ c[ND


B ØN


Bkb ekBz{B ns/ ftt;Ek dh ;fEsh ftrV u[eh ;h. fJj nPzek ;h fe fes/ n?;h yokp ;fEsh Bk g?dkj' ikJ/ fi; ftu fB:zsoD dk T[sodkfJst sK j't/ go T[; Bz{ fBGkT[D dh :'r Bk oj/. gqPk;fBe;/tk ns/ ;?fBe dbK ftu pj[;zfynk ftu nfXekoh ;zgodkfJe r[NK ftu tzv u[e/ ;B. fJfsjk; dhftvzpDk ;h fe ;zgodkfJesk fi;Bz{ fpqfNP Pk;eK B/ nkgDh ;fEsh Bz{ fdqV pDkT[D d/ bJh ngDkfJnk;h, j[D T[BKQ d/ ;woki d/ nzs dh xVh B{z j'o bkr/ b? nkJh.

Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe eKro; fonkfJsK fdzdh rJh b/feB ;zgodkfJe PeshnK dh BhAj ewI'o g?D dh pikJ/j'o fdaqV j[zdh rJh. w[;fbw bhr dh ;cbsk s'A gqGkts j'e/ ns/ fInkdk w[;bwkB T[BQK dh Sso–SkfJnk ftunkT[D br/ ;h. fizBk B/ id d/fynk fe eKro; M[e ojh j? sK T[BQK B/ nkgDh wzrK j'o tXk fdshnK. d{ih socfjzd{ B/sktK dkntk ehsk fe T[j jh fjzd{ fjsK d/ ;ozePe jB, fiBQK dk pfbdkB eKro; okPNoh J/esk d/ Bkws/ brksko eodh nk ojh j?. fJj gquko ekch ;cb fojk ns/ fjzd{ ;zgodkfJe s~sK dk gqGkt tfXnk.

eKro; ns/ tzveKro; ns/ tzveKro; ns/ tzveKro; ns/ tzveKro; ns/ tzvb/feB eKro; B/ tzv feT[A ns/ fet/A wzi{o eo bJh< w[;fbw bhr fe;/ th ehws T[s/ nkgDk je b?D bJhnV rJh ns/ fpqfNP ;oeko Bz{ nkgD/ jh pDkJ/ ikb ftu'A Bk fBeb gkT[D d/ ekoB T[BQK dh wzr B{z wzi{oeoBk fgnk, fJj rb sK ;wM ftu nkT[Adh j?. b/feB Gkos dh nyzvsk ftu ftPtk; oyD tkbh eKro;B/ tzv feT[A ;theko ehsk, fJj j[d th fJe w[Pfeb ;tkb j?. nkfyo r~b eh ;h fe Bfjo{ ns/ gN/bB/ 3 i{B :'iBk dh tekbs ehsh ns/ eKro; ekoi;whsh ns/ (nfyb Gkosh) eKro; ;whsh B/ T[;d/g~y ftu gq;skt gkfos eo fdsk< ;G s'A j?okBh dh r~b sK fJj j? fe rKXhih se B/ nkgDh w{e ;thfeqshd/ fdsh. feT[A< ;kfwnktkdhnK ns/ rKXhtkdhnK, d'tK B/ wzfBnk j? fe Bfjo{ ns/ gN/b B/ tzv B{z fJ;bJh ;theko ehsk, feT[Afe ;~sk dk fJzsIko T[BQK bJh n;fjB j' fojk ;h. fejk iKdk j? fe fJ; bJhT[BQK B/ rKXhih dh ;bkj Bz{ nDd/yk eo fdsk. fi; Bkb rKXhih fJzB/ d[yh j'J/ fe T[BQK dh j'o ihT[Ddh fJ~Sk ysw j' rJh. b/feB fco th T[BQK B/ ;zgodkfJe Bcos dk fJe~fbnK jh w[ekpbk ehsk, fi; dhgqPz;k ftu wkT[ANp/NB B/ T[BQK Bz{ fJe “tBw?B pkT[Avoh c'o;” fejk.

fJ; ;zdoG ftu fJj G[bk fdsk iKdk j? fe 1947 ftu Bfjo{, gN/b ns/ rKXh d/ ;kjwD/ tzv Bz{ ;theko eoBd/ f;tkJ/ e'Jh j'o o;sk th BjhA ofj frnk ;h. feT[Afe eKro; w[;fbw iB;w{j B{z okPNoh nzd'bB ftu BjhAfyu ;eh ;h ns/ w[;fbw ;zgodkfJesk d/ itko B{z o'e gkT[D ftu n:'r ;kps j'Jh ;h, fJ; bJh j[D T[;d/e'b ftebg jh eh ;h< eKro; dh ftcbsk 1046 d/ u'DK ftu fJedw ;kc j' u[eh ;h. fJBQK u'DK ftu bhrB{z 90 gqshPs w[;fbw ;hNK fwbhnK ;B. sK eKro; fizBk d/ fybkc nkgDh bVkJh 1946 ftu jh jko u[eh;h, gozs{ id ebe~sk ns/ oktbfgzvh dh ;VeK T[s/ ns/ B'nkykbh s/ fpjko d/ fgzvK ftu ;zgodkfJe dzr/ c[NgJ/, sK T[;B/ nkgDh jko ;theko th eo bJh. i{B 1947 se eKro; d/ B/sk wfj;{; eoB br/ ;h fe ;~skd/ s[ozs j;sKsoD Bkb jh fJj ;zgodkfJe gkrbgB o'fenk ik ;edk j?. nzsfow ;oeko dh ngzrsk B/ thgkfe;skB Bz{ fJe ngfojkfon tk;sftesk pDk fdsk. nfyb Gkosh eKro; ;whsh dh p?me ftu 14 i{B1947 B{z gN/b B/ fejk fe n;hA fJ; ;ukJh s'A d{o BjhA Gi ;ed/ fe gzikp, pzrkb ns/ nzsfow ;oeko ftugkfe;skB dh ;EkgBk j' u[eh ;h ns/ T[;B/ ezw eoBk P[o{ eo fdsk j?. nzsfow ;oeko d/ :[Xy/so ftu pdbikD Bkb Bfjo{ th j?okB ;h. wzsoh b'e nkg; ftu sz{–sz{ w?A–w?A eod/, ns/ nbr–nbr p?meK ftu fBoDkeod/. fJ;bJh p?meK s'A pud/ ofjzd/ ns/ fbnkes nbh yK, fiBQK d/ e'b ft~s ftGkr ;h, d{i/ ftGkrK d/ ezwftu o[ektN gkT[Ad/. rtoBo bhr dk ;kE d/ oj/ ;B, gqKse ;oekoK fBPfeqn ;h, pbfe fes/–fes/ dzfrnkftu y[d th Pkwb ;h ns/ b'e wko/ ik oj/ ;B. Bfjo{ B{z br fojk ;h fe nro fJBQK uhIK Bz{ nzsfow ;oekoo'e BjhA gk ojh j?, sK fco T[; ftu ;kv/ pD/ ofjD dk eh noE j?< ;~sk d/ j;sKsoD Bkb xN s'A xN fJzBks/ j'J/rk fe fJe n?;h ;oeko pD/rh i' ;uw[u fB:zsoD eo ;e/.

d' v'whfBnw okiK Bz{ ssekfbe ;~sk j;sKsoD dh :'iBk ;theko eoB dk fe j'o ekoD ;h. fJ; BkbGkos d/ ftyzvheoB dh nPzek BPN j' iKdh, feT[Afe fJ; :'iBk ftu gqqKsK ns/ fonk;sK Bz{ nbr s'A;[szsosk d/D dh rb BjhA ;h. pknd ftu j'fJnk th fJjh–nkgDh swkw nfB~Sk d/ pkti{d fonk;sK B{zfJ; iK T[; d/P ftu Pkwb j'Dk fgnk. fJj e'Jh wkw{bh T[gbpXh BjhA ;h. fonk;sK nro nkgDk ;[szsoj'Ad pDkJ/ oydh, sK Gkos dh J/esk d/ bJh T[j gkfe;skB s'A th tvk ysok ;kps j[zdh.


B ØN


fJ; soQK 1947 ftu eKro; d[nkok tzv dh ;thfeqsh w[;fbw bhr dh fJe ;zgqG{ w[;fbw oki dh dbhbB{z edw–do–edw ;theko eoB dh gqfeqnk dk jh nkfyoh uoB ;h. 1942 ftu feqg; fwPB d/ ;w/A jhw[;fbw pj[b gqKsK dh ;tkfJsk wzi{o eo bJh rJh ;h. rKXhih fJe edw j'o nr/ tX rJ/ ns/ 1944ftu fizBk B/ nkgDh tkosktK d/ d"okB T[BQK B/ w[;fbw pj[b gqKsK d/ nksw–fBoD/ dk nfXeko th wzBfbnk. i{B 1946 ftu eKro; B/ fJ; ;zGktBk B{z th ;theko eo fbnk fe w[;fbw pj[b gqKs (fiBQKBz{ e?fpB/N fwPB :"iBk ftu ro[~g ‘ph’ ns/ ‘;h’ ftu ofynk frnk ;h) nkgDh nbr ;zftXkB ;Gk pDk;ed/ jB, jkbKfe T[;B/ io{oh ;w{jheoB (ro[fgzr) dk fto'X ehsk ns/ fejk fe T[so–g~Sw ;hwk gqKsns/ n;w Bz{ fJj nfXeko j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe T[j ukj[D sK nkgD/ ro[~g ftu Pkwb Bk j'D gozs{ ;kb phsd/–phsd/ Bfjo{ B/ efj fdsk fe ;w{jheoB io{oh oj/rk iK fJ~Ss, fJ; T[s/ ;zxhJ/ e'oN dk fBoD/ T[BQk Bz{wzi{o j'J/rk. fco id d;zpo ftu fpqfNP wzsohwzvb B/ fJj ;gPNheoB ehsk fe ;w{jheoB io{oh j?,sK eKro; B? fJ;dk fto'X BjhA ehsk. nfXekfoe s"o T[s/ tzv dh rZb eKro; B/ wkou 1947 ftu wzBbJh id eKro; ekoi ;whsh d[nkok fJj gq;skt gkfos ehsk frnk fe i/eo d/P dh tzv j[zdh j?, sK gzikp(ns/ fJ;h ftu fBfjs ;h fe pzrkb) dh th tzv j'Dh jh ukjhdh j?. bhr d/ ;kjwD/ i{B 1847 ftu jhg{oB ;wogD ehsk ik u[ek ;h, id eKro; B/ fJj fJ~Sk ikjo ehsh ;h fe i/eo ssekbhB nzsfow ;oekoBz{ ;~sk dk j;sKsoD eo fdsk ikt/. sK T[j v'whfBnw dk doik ;theko eo bt/rh. b/feB nzssL T[;B/tzv ns/ v'whfBnw dk doik, d'BK B/ ;theko eo bJ/.

eKro; d/ B/sk r~bK sK tvhnK–tvhnK eo oj/ ;B, gozs{ Nq/fivh fJj ;h fe j'bh–j'bh nkgDh iwhB thSvd/ ik oj/ ;h. eKro; ;zftXkB ;Gk Bz{ ;zgqG{sk T[s/ i'o d/ ojh ;h. gozs{ T[;B/ u[gukg io{oh ;w{jheoB;theko eo fbsk ns/ T[so–g~Sw ;hwk gqKs Bz{ gkfe;skB dk nzr wzB fbsk. eKro; d/ B/sktK B/ tzvd/ bJh fJ;/ ekoB jkwh Goh, feT[Afe T[j ;zgodkfJe dzfrnK Bz{ o'e BjhA gk oj/ ;h, gozs{ fjz;k d/ nr/nksw ;wogD Bk eoB dh rb th T[j d[jokT[Ad/ ik oj/ ;h. Bfjo{ d/ Ppd ;h–“n;hA eksb Bkb jEfwbkT[D BjhA ik oj/ jK ns/ Bk T[;B{z d/P dh Bhsh s?n eoB dh fJikIs jh d/tKr/.” rKXhih B/ tkfJ;okJ/Bkb r~b eod/ j'J/ fdqV ;[o ftu fejk ;h, “nro Gkos y{B Bkb BjkT[Dk ukj[zdk j?, sK fJjh j't/rk” T[jne;o fejk eod/ ;B fe fjz;k d/ nr/ nksw;wogD Bkb nokiesk uzrh j?.”

rKXh dh ;fEshrKXh dh ;fEshrKXh dh ;fEshrKXh dh ;fEshrKXh dh ;fEshrKXhih dh eh ;fEsh ;h< T[BQK dh Bky[Ph ns/ n;jkJ/ ;fEsh dk ne;b fieo ehsk frnk j?. T[BQK dhfBPfeqnsk dh ftnkfynk fJj efj e/ ehsh rJh j? fe eKro; dh c?;bk b?D tkbh ;whshnK ftu T[BQKdh e'Jh nktki BjhA ofj rJh ;h ns/ T[j nkgD/ fPP, Bfjo{ ns/ gN/b dh, fJ; nkXko T[s/ nkb'uBkeoB ftu :'r BjhA ;B fe T[j ;~sk d/ bkbu ftu g? e/ M[e rJ/, feT[Afe T[j T[jh b'e ;B, i' eJh ;kbKs'I fBPmkg{ope T[BQK dk nB[;oB eod/ nk oj/ ;h ns/ T[BQK B/ ekch e[opkBh th fdsh ;h.

;kvh fdqPNh ftu rKXh ih dk n;jkJ/ ;fEsh dk ekoB Bk sK fizBk dk d[okrqfj ;h ns/ Bk T[BQK d/ nkgD/u/b/nK dh sEkefEs ;~sk–b'b[gsk. T[j, don;b, nkgD/ jh b'eK d/ ;zgodkfJe j' ikD s'A n;jkJ/ ;B.nkgDh 4 i{B 1947 dh gqkoEBk ;Gk ftu T[BQK B/ fejk fe eKro; B/ tzv B{z fJ; bJh ;theko ehsk, feT[Afeb'e n?;k jh ukj[zd/ ;B. fJj wzr wzi{o ehsh rJh, feT[Afe s[;hA b'eK B/ fJzi ukfjnk. eKro; B/ fJjwzr edh BjhA ehsh, gozs{ eKro; ftu iBsk dh BpI ;wMD dh :'rsk j?, T[;B/ wfj;{; ehsk fe ykb;kns/ fjzd{, d'tK dh fJ~Sk fJjh j?. sK fJj tzv d/ bJh f;~yK ns/ fjzd{nK dh nks[osk ;h. fi;B/ rKXhihBz{ ftnoE, fdPkjhB ns/ n:'r pDk fdsk ;h, rKXhih iB B/sk ;h ns/ iB B/sk dh T[; tes nfjfwnsjh eh ofj iKdh j?, id T[;dk iB jh T[;dk nB[;oB eoB s'A fJBeko eo d/t/< eh T[j ;zgodkfJeskd/ fybkc nzd'bB ;zgodkJe iBsk d/ pb T[s/ S/Vd/, sK T[BQK dh rZb ;[DB tkbk e"D ;h< ekoD, T[BQKd/ nkgD/ b'eK ftu ;zgodkfesk tV rJh ;h. rKXhih eKro; d/ B/sktK dh ntj/bBk sK eo ;ed/ ;h,fit/A fe T[BQK B/ 1942 ftu ehsk ;h, id T[BQK B/ d/fynk fe ;wK ;zxoP d/ bJh ;jh j? . b/feB sd T[jtv/ g?wkB/ T[s/ e[M BjhA eo gkT[Ad/. n?BHe/H p'; B/ id T[BQK Bz{ fejk fe T[j fJe nB[e{b ;fEsh T[sgzBeoB, sK rKXhih B/ fJwkBdkoh Bkb n;woEsk d;h. T[BQK dk ftP/P r[D, T[BQK d/ nkgD/ jh PpdK ftu,fJjh ;h fe T[j ;fji fposh Bkb fJj ikD gkT[Ad/ ;B fe b'eK d/ fdbK Bz{ eh wE fojk j? ns/ i' uhI


B ØN


gfjb/ s'A jh w"i{d ofjzdh ;h, T[;Bz{ fJe nkeko d/ fdzd/ ;h. 1947 ftu ‘n~SkJh dh skesK’ ;h jh BjhA,fiB=K d/ nkXko T[s/ T[j e'Jh g'qrokw b? gkT[Ad/–ni w?Bz{ fJ; gqeko th ;t;E GktBk dk fes/ e'Jh fuzBQfdykJh BjhA fdzdk. ;' T[g:[es ;w/A nkT[D se w?B{z fJsiko eoBk gt/rk.

b/feB ‘fJe fdqPNhjhD ftnesh jB/o/ ftu fBjkfJs fJe~fbnK bGd/ j'J/’ gqekP dh fe;/ feoB se gj[zudk,sd se okiBhsh fJzsiko BjhA eo ;edh ;h. wkT[ANp/NB :'iBk T[BQK dk fgsk eo ojh ;h ns/ rKXh ih;wM oj/ ;B fe dzfrnK ns/ nzsfow ;oeko dh n:'rsk d/ ekoB tzv ngfojko/ j' frnk j?, ;' T[j 14i{B 1947 dh nfyb Gkosh eKro; ;whsh dh p?me ftu fdqV edwK Bkb rJ/ ns/ eKro;iBK Bz{ tzv Bz{fJe io{os d/ o{g ftu ;theko eoB bJh fejk, b/feB T[BQK B/ fJj ;bkj th fdsh fe T[j fJ;Bz{ fjod/Bkb Bk ;theko eoD ns/ fJ;Bz{ fBo;s eoB dk dhxoekbh g'qrokw pDkT[D. rKXhih B/ nkg jh tzvfjod/ Bkb ;theko BjhA ehsh ns/ Bfjo{ dh soQK Gkosh iBsk ftu T[BQK dh nk;Ek pDh ojh. jK, nkgD/s"o s/ T[BQK B/ fJe~b/ ubD dk c?;bk ehsk, T[j B'nkybh d/ fgzvk ftu g?db xz[wd/ oj/, fpjko d/ w[;bwkBKBz{ ftPtk; dtkT[Ad/ oj/ ns/ ebe~sk ftu dzrk o'eD d/ bJh Bk e/tb b'eK Bz{ ;wMkT[Ad/ oj/, pbfe T[gtko;dh Xweh th fdzd/ oj/. t?;/ th ‘ifd s'o vke P[B/ e/T[ B nkP/, sp/ J/ebk ub' o/’ (i/eo s[jkv/ ej/ s/ e'JhBjhA nkT[Adk, sK fJe~fbnK ub') no;/ s'A T[BQK dk wBGkT[Adk rkDk ;h, T[jh T[BQK B/ ehsk.

15 nr;s 1947 dh ;t/o nkikdh ns/ tzv dh dt?X tk;sftesk d/ Bkb fJ; T[gwjkd/P s/ T[soh. jw/Pk dh soQK, rKXh ns/ Bfjo{ d't/A jh Gkosh iBsk dh GktBktK Bz{ gqshfpzps eo oj/ ;B, rKXhih nkgDhgqkoEBk d/ iohJ/ jB/o/ ftu j' ojh jbub, esb, ngjoD ns/ pbksekoK dk gqsheko eo oj/ ;B, sK Bfjo{dh nZyK T[Go oj/ gqekP s/ fNehnK ;B, fiE/ ;[szso Gkos dk T[d?n j' fojk ;h–n~Xh oks B{z pkoQK dkxzNk tid/ jh, id d[BhnK ;[~sh j'Jh j?, Gkos ir/rk ns/ o'PBh ns/ nkIkdh jk;b eo/rk. T[BQK d/ fJBQKeftskg{oB PpdK B/ fe “;kbK gfjb/ n;hA fBnsh d/ Bkb fJe eoko ehsk ;h’ b'eK Bz{ :kd dtkfJnk feT[BQK dh fezeost ftw{Vsk jh fJe wkso ;u BjhA j?, T[;s'A th tvk ;u j? T[j r"otg{oB ;zxoP i'i~d'ifjd Bkb Gfonk ;h, fi;d/ d"okB pj[s b'e Pjhd j'J/ ns/ ‘n;zy b'eK B/ e[opkBhnK fdshnK, T[;fdB dk ;gBk d/yd/ j'J/, id Gkos nkIkd j'J/rk, T[j fdB nk frnk ;h.”


• n;fj:'r nzd'bB g'qrokw d/ sfjs swkw uhIK nkT[Adhnk ;h, fit/A T[gkXhnK ns/ wkBgZso dk tkg;eoBk, ;oekoh ;e{bK, ekbiK, ndkbsK, ftd/Ph egfVnK dk pfjPeko. fJ; gq;skt ftu fJj th fejkfrnk fe pknd ftu iBsk Bz{ ;oekoh B"eohnK s'A n;shck d/D ns/ ekBz{B dh ntfrnk—fi; ftu N?e;ndkfJrh Bk eoBk th Pkwb j't/–d/ bJh th fejk ik ;edk ;h. okPNoh ftfdnkbK dh ;EkgBk ns/;EkBe fttkdK d/ fBgNko/ d/ bJh gzukfJsK d/ rmB dk th gq;skt ;h. jE Bkb eskJh–p[DkJh B{z T[s;kjd/D ns/ fjzd{–w[;fbw J/esk Bz{ tkXk d/D s/ ftP/P i'o d/D dh rZb ejh rJh ;h. S{nkS{s Bz{ fwNkT[D ns/jo jkb ftu nfjz;k dk gkbB eoB dk ;ys fBod/P ;h.

• ebe~sk d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B/ okiftnkgh jVskb ehsh. T[BQK dh wzr ;h fe ;e{bK d/ gqpzXe ;oeko BkbnkgDk foPsk s'VD. ;hHnkoH dk; B/ fJ; nzd'bB B{z pj[s T[s;kfjs ehsk ns/ ;[GkPuzdo p'; ‘B?PBbekbi’ (ebe~sk) d/ fgzq;hgb pD rJ/. gzikp ftu th t~v/ g?wkB/ T[s/ f;fynk dk pfjPeko ehsk frnk.pzrkb d/ pknd fJ;/ dk Bzpo ;h. bkbk bkigs okJ/ B/ fJE/ t~vk ezw ehsk, jkbKfe P[o{ ftu T[j fJ;d/;woEe BjhA ;h. pzpJh, T[so gqd/P, fpjko, T[Vh;k, n;w ftu th fJ; g'qrokw T[s/ ekch nwbj'fJnk, b/feB wdok; ftu fJ; Bz{ ;cbsk BjhA fwbh.

• fJ; nzd'bB ftu fJe j'o ekotkjh, i' pj[s b'efgqn j'Jh, T[j ;h skVh dh d[ekBK T[s/ XoBk. jkbKfefJj w{b g'qrokw BjhA ;h. ;oeko Bz{ fJ; Bkb pj[s nkofEe B[e;kB gj[zfunk ns/ T[j wip{o j'e/fJ;d/ gquko ftu i[N rJh. T[j d;D brh fe skVh ghD d/ fezB/ ckfJd/ jB.

• ‘fsbe ;toki czv’ nkgD/ byP s'I th nr/ fBeb frnk. fJe eo'V s'A fInkdk o[gJ/ fJeZm/ eo fb~s/rJ/. uoy/ ns/ ykdh dk y{p gquko j'fJnk. ykdh sK okPNoh nzd'bB dh gqshe pD rJh. ftfdnkoEhnK


B ØN


dh fJe ;Gk ftu rKXhih ykdh gfjBD dh nghb eo oj/ ;B, sK e[M b'eK B/ fPekfJs ehsh fe ykdhpj[s wfjzrh j?. rKXhih B/ ;[Mkn fd~sk fe x~N egV/ gkU, rKXhih B/ y[d T[; fdB s'A e[osk s/ X'shgkT[Dk Sv fdsk, bzr'Nh gkT[D br/ ns/ ihtB go nXBzr/ ceho dh soQK oj/.

• fJ;d/ pknd j'Jh fgqz; nkc t/b; dh Gkos :ksok, i' 17 Btzpo 1921 Bz{ P[o{ j'Jh ;h. fi; fdB T[jpzpJh nkJ/ g{o/ Gkos ftu jVskb ;h.

• ‘fgqz; nkc t/b;’ fiE/ th rJ/, thokB ;VeK ns/ pzd dotkfinK B/ jh T[BQK dk ;tkrs ehsk. n;fj:'rnzd'bBekohnK dk j"A;bk tXdk jh ik fojk ;h. eKro; dh ;t?w;/th e'o, fdB p fdB PeshPkbh j[zdh ikojh ;h, wkB' ;wKso g[fb; d;s/ dk rmB j' fojk j't/. todh ns/ ezw d/ sohe/ d/y, ;oeko dk fuzss j'Dk;[Gkte ;h.

• wJh 1921 ftu Bt/A tkfJ;okJ/ bkov o?fvzr B/ rKXhih Bkb w[bkeks ehsh ns/ rKXhih Bz{ fejk fe T[jnbh GoktK Bz{ nkgD/ GkPDK ftu fjz;k GVekT[D tkbh rZbK Bk efjD bJh wBkU. ;oeko dk T[d/P;h–rKXhih ns/ nbh GoktK ftu nkg;h c[N gkT[Dk. b/feB T[j fJ; ftu n;cb j'J/ ns/ rKXh–o?fvzr r~bpks fJE/ jh ysw j' rJh.

• 5 cotoh 1922 Bz{ u"ohu"ok ftu eKro; ns/ fybkcs dk fJe ib{; e~fYnk frnk ;h. e[M g[fb;tkfbnK B/ fJBQK d/ Bkb p[ok ftUjko ehsk, fi;dk shik fJj j'fJnk fe ib{; ftu Pkwb fJe i~E/ B/g[fb; T[s/ jwbk p'b fdsk. g[fb; B/ r'bh ubkJh. g[fb; dh r'bhpkoh ftu ib{; ftu Pkwb ;ko/ b'eT[s/fis j' rJ/ ns/ g[fb; T[s/ jwbk p'b fdsk. f;gkjh Gi e/ EkD/ ftu tV rJ/, sK GhV B/ EkD/ Bz{ n~rbrk fdsh. i' f;gkjh GZiD dh e'fPP ftu pkjo nkJ/ T[BQK Bz{ GhV B/ wko ;[fNnk ns/ n~r ftu ;[Nfdsk. 22 g[fb;eowh wko/ rJ/. fJ; xNBk dh ypo fwbd/ jh rKXhih B? nzd'bB tkg; b?D dh x'PDk eofdsh. T[BQK B/ eKro; ekoiekoBh d/ fJ; c?;b/ Bz{ ;theko eoB dh nghb ehsh. 12 cotoh 1922 Bz{n;fj:'r nzd'bB ysw j' frnk.

• eKro; dh ekoiekoBh dh 1929 ftu j'Jh bkj"o eKro; ftu fJj nfXeko fdsk frnk ;h fe T[j d/Pftu ;ftB/n ntfrnk (f;ftb BkcowkBh) nzd'b'B S/V/. fJ; nzd'bB ftu N?e; Bk ndk eoBk Pkwb;h. fJ; B/ ftXkB ;Gk d/ w?ApoK Bkb ftXkfJe gd s'A n;shck d/D dk th nkjtkB ehsk ;h.

• rKXhih Bz{, ;kpowsh nkPow d/ nkgD/ 78 ;fj:'rhnK d/ Bkb nfjwdkpkd w[fynkbk s'A r[ioks d/fgzvK ftu j[zd/ j'J/ 240 whb dh :ksok eoBh ;h. T[BQK d/ fJ; ekoi d/ ;fj:'rhnK ftu Gkos d/ ;ko/y/soK ns/ Xow d/ b'e Pkwb ;B. dKvh ftu ;w[zdo d/ feBko/ gj[zu e/ rKXhih Bz{ Bwe ekBz{B s'VBk;h. T[go'A B[e;kBofjs fdyD tkbk nzd'bB fGnzeo ;kps j'fJnk.

• nkgD/ ;wofgs ekoieosktK d/ Bkb jE ftu bkmh b? e/ rKXhih B/ id'A fJj :ksok P[o{ ehsh sK fJ;fdqP ftu e[M n?;k ikd{ ;h fe b'eK dk wB nzd'fbs j' T[fmnk. rKXhih d/ nr/ tXD dk ;wkukonypkoK d/ IohJ/ d/P d/ e'B/–e'B/ se gj[zuD brk.

• rKXhih d/ p/Bsh s/ r[ioks d/ 300 rqkw nfXekohnK d[nkok nkgD/ gdK s'A fsnkr gso d/D d/ pko/ftu th ypoK nypko/ gqekPs ehshnK ns/ ;w{u/ d/P Bz{ fJBQK rshftXhnK Bkb ntrs eokfJnk.

• 1930 Bz{ 6 ng?qb d/ fdB fJe w[~mh Bwe jE ftu b? e/ rKXhih B/ f;ftb BkcowkBh nzd'bB dk ;qhrD/Pehsk. fJj n?;k nzd'bB ;h i' okPNoh nzd'bB d/ fJfsjk; ftu nkw iBsk dh Gkrhdkoh dh fdqPNh ftup/fw;kb ;h.

• fJe tko id'A rKXh ih B/ dKvh ftu Bwe jE ftu b? e/ fJ; dh P[o{ j'D dh o;w g{oh eo fdsh sK BweekB{zB s'VB dk ;fsnkrqfj ;w{u/ d/P ftu P[o{ j' frnk. sfwbBkv{ ftu szi'o d/ ;wz[doh sN T[s/ ueotoshokir'gkbukoh B/, fsqfuBkgZbh s'A t/dkofDnw dh Bwe :ksok nkozG ehsh ns/ 30 ngq?b Bz{ id'A T[BQKB{z frocsko ehsk frnk sK T[BQK d/ fPto ftu fJzB/ fInkdk b'e fJeso j' u[e/ ;B fe T[BQK dh wddBkb fJj ;fsnkrqfj ekch ;w/A se ubdk fojk. wkbkpko ftu t?ew ;fsnkrqfj d/ BkfJe B/ BweekBz{B s'VB bJh ekbheN s'A gfJnkBo se dh :ksok ehsh. ;fsnkrqjhnK dk fJe db n;w d/f;bjN n;EkB s'A pzrkb d/ B'tkykbh ;w[zdo sN se Bwe pDkT[D d/ bJh gj[zfunk ;h.


B ØN


• Bwe ekBz{B Gzr eoB T[s/ ;oeko rKXhih Bz{ frocsko eoB ftu n;cb ojh. ;EkBe g~Xo d/ B/sktKB/ fJ;Bz{ nkgD/ gy ftu fJ;s/wkb ehsk ns/ b'eK Bz{ fJj ;wMk e/ gqGkts ehsk fe “;kv/ b'eK s'A;oeko G? Ghs j' rJh j?.” ns/ fJj fe “id s'A Bwe ;fsnkrqfj nkozG j'fnk j?, ;oeko rkfJp j' rJhj?. fJj fes/ ik e/ S[g rJh j? s/ rKXhih dh ;oeko ekfJw j' rJh j?.”

• g/Pkto (g~Sw'so gqKs) ftu iB nkeo'P dh nfGftnesh eJh o{gK ftu d/yD Bz{ fwbh fiE/ eKro; B/sktK dh frocskoh Bz{ b? e/ iBsk B/ nG{sg{op gqdoPB ehsk. fJ; fJbke/ ftu ykB ncd[b rcko yK;kbK s'A ekoiPhb ;B ns/ T[BQK d[nkok iBsk ftu ehs/ rJ/ ezw dh tikj Bkb nfjz;e eqKshekohnK d/pjkd[o iE/ :kBh y[dkJh fydwsrkoK d/ db fsnko j'J/ ;B. fJj b'e ‘bkb e[osh’ d/ BK Bkb ikD/ iKd/;B. f;ftb BkcowkBh nzd'bB ftu fJBQK dh G{fwek ekch ekoiPhb ;h.

• g/Pkto dh xNBktK fJ; bJh th ekch wj~stg{oB ;B fe rVtkb o?ihw?AN d/ f;gkjhnK B/ fBj~Eh GhVT[s/ r'bh ubkT[D s'A fJBeko eo fdsk ;h.

• rKXhih dh frocskoh dk b'eK B/ Ipod;s fto'X ehsk. pzpJh ftu b'eK dh pj[s tvh GhV ;VeK ns/rbhnK ftu fBeb nkJh. fJj GhV fJzBh fInkdk ;h fe g[fb; Bz{ fgS/ jNDk fgnk. fJ; ftu o/bt/ns/ ;{sh fwbK ftu ezw eoB tkb/ wId{o jIkoK dh frDsh ftu iwk ;h. egVk ftT[gkohnK B/ S/ fdBdh jVskb oyh. fdZbh ns/ ebe~sk ftu g[fb; Bkb Neokn j'J/ ns/ r'bh th ubh. b/feB wjkokPNod/ P'bkg[o Bro ftu fJ;dh gqfeqnk ;G s'A T[rq ;h.

• 21 wJh Bz{ ;o'fiBh BkfJv{ (fiBQK Bz{ nfyb Gkosh eKro; dh gfjbh wfjbk w[yh j'D dk ;[Gkr gqkgsj'fJnk ;h), rKXhih d/ ncohek ;zxoP d/ fdBK ftu d';s fJwkw ;kfjp s/ rKXhih d/ g[~so wDhbkb2000 ekoieosktK Bz{ nkgd/ Bkb b? e/ fJBQK dh nrtkJh eod/ j'J/ T[; x/o/ dh soc fdqVskg{ope tX/ik Xok;Bk Bwe ekoykB/ dh ofynk bJh pDkfJnk frnk ;h. fit/A jh T[j Bidhe gj[zu/ T[t/A jh b'j/dh w[mtkbh bkmh b? e/ g[fb; nr/ tXh ns/ fBj~E/ ;fsnkrqjhnK T[s/ se se bkmh ubkT[Adh ojh idse fe c~NV j'e/ T[j IwhB s/ BjhA fvr BjhA gJ/.

• N?e; Bk ndk eoB d/ nfGnkB dk w[y ;EkB g{oph Gkos ;h fiE/ u"ehdkoK bJh N?e; ndk eoB s'Ab'eK Bz{ wBk eo fdsk. yk; s"o s/ fgzvK s'A i' N?e; fdsk frnk ;h T[;dk fJe fj~;k u"ehdkoK bJhj'fJnk eodk ;h. u"ehdko fgzv d/ ofyne j[zd/ ;B ns/ g[fb; pb dh S'Nh fJekJh d/ g{oe d/ o{g ftuezw eod/ ofjzd/ ;B. g{oph y/so ftu fJBQK dh w[y G{fwek ;h.

• g[fb; B/ sK ;odko tb~GGkJh gN/b dh 80 ;kb dh wK Bz{ th BjhA pyfPnk, i' eow;kV d/ nkgD/ fgzvd/ wekB ftu p?mh ykDk gek ojh ;h. T[BQK d/ ykDk gekT[D d/ posBK Bz{ u[e e/ ;[N fdsk frnk, T[BQKftu ezeV–g~Eo ns/ fw~Nh dk s/b Go fdsk frnk. 1930 d/ d"okB tb~GGkJh gN/b fInkdkso ;w/A t/b ftu oj/ fe;kBK Bz{ brksko Go';k d[tkT[Ad/ s/ T[s;kjs eod/ oj/.

• wjkokPNo, eoBkNe ns/ w~X Gkos ftu tB fBnwK d/ T[bzxD dk nzd'bB th ftPkb iB nzd'bB dko{g b? u[fenk ;h. fJ; ftu ftP/P o{g ftu T[j y/so Pkwb ;B fiBQK ftu iB–ikshnK ofjzdhnK;B.

• T[so gqd/P ftu nzd'bB dk fdqP j'o th nbZr fe;w dk ;h. fJE/ ‘N?e; Bk d', brkB Bk d'’ dk nzd'bBubkfJnk frnk. N?e; Bk d/D dh p/Bsh iwhdkoK bJh ;h. T[BQK Bz{ p/Bsh ehsh rJh ;h fe ;oeko Bz{oki~;t Bk d/D ns/ brkB Bk d/D dh p/Bsh fe;kBK bJh ;h sKfe iwhdkoK B{z T[j brkB Bk d/D.

• 5 wkou 1931 Bz{ rKXh–fJoftB ;w"s/ d/ o{g ftu 15 fdB d/ bzw/ ftuko–ftwoP d/ pknd fJe d;skt/i ;kjwD/ nkfJnk. fJ; Bz{ e[M b'eK B/ ‘PKsh ;wM"sk’ ns/ e[M B/ ‘n;EkJh eoko’ Bkw fdsk.

• fJ; ;wM"s/ T[s/ eKro; dh soc'A rKXhih B/ d;sys ehs/ ns/ ;oeko dh soc'A bkov fJoftB B/d;sys ehs/. B"eoPkjh d/ bJh fJj tfu~so rb ;h feT[Afe fJ; ftu eKro; ns/ ;oeko ftu;wkBsk d/ g~Xo s/ ofynk frnk ;h.

• fpjko d/ fsoj[s gqyzv ftu sK d' jcs/ se e'Jh ;oeko jh BjhA ;h. ;futkfb: r'bh eKv d/ pkndgNBk d' fdB se p/ekp{ fojk. T[so ns/ w~X fpjko d/ 80 gqshPs EkfDnK T[s/ iBsk dk oki j' frnk


B ØN


;h. e[M ;EkB T[s/ r'fonK dk ftneshrs jwbk th j'fJnk. g{oph :{HghH ftu nkiwrV, pbhnkns/ r'oyg[o s/ fpjko ftu rfJnk, Gkrbg[o, ;koB, g{oDhnK, Pkjkpkd, w[i~cog[o ns/ uzgkoD;tsL;c[os iB–ftdo'j d/ w[y e/Ado oj/.

• T[BQK fdBK nzd'b'B d/ ;wkuko gj[zukT[Dk th fJe wj~stg{oB ezw ;h. fJ; fdqPNh ftu ;G s'A BkNehwkwbk fojk pzpJh Pfjo d/ ftfGzB e/AdoK Bkb eKro; o/vhU dk r[gs o{g ftu ;zukbB. fJ;d/gq;koDK B{z wdok; se ;[fDnk ik ;edk ;h. okwwB'jo b'jhnk fBnfws o{g ftu eKro; o/vhU T[s/p'bd/ ;B. Btzpo 1942 ftu g[fb; B/ fJ; Bz{ bG fbnk ns/ ips eo fbnk.

• cotoh 1943 ftu fJe wj~stg{oB xNBk j'Jh. rKXhih B/ i/b ftu 10 cotoh ftu T[gtk; P[o{ eofdsk ns/ x'PDk ehsh fe T[j 21 fdBK se ub/rk.

• ftd/P ftu Bk e/tb w?Bu/;No rkofvnB, fBT[ ;N/N;w?B, B/PB, fBT{I eqkfBeb ns/ fPekr' ;B B/,pbfe fpqN/B dh efwT{fB;N gkoNh, bzdB ns/ w?Bu/;No d/ BkrfoeK, t{w?A; fJzNoB?PBb bhr, nk;Nq/bhnB ekT[A;b nkc Nq/v :[BhnB; ns/ ;hb'B ;N/N ekT[Af;b B/ th rKXh ih Bz{ fojk eoB dh ;bkjfdsh. fJ;d/ bJh ;z:[es oki nwohek dh ;oeko dk th dpkn fgnk.

• ;oeko dh gqshPmk ;G s'A fInkdk X~ek T[; ;w/A brk, id tkfJ;okJ/ dh ekoi gfoPd d/ fszBw?Apo, n?wHn?;H n?Bh, n?BHnkoH ;oeko ns/ n?uHghH w'dh B/ fJ; ;tkb T[s/ n;shck d/ fdsk.1942 d/ nzd'bB d/ dwB ftu fJBQK b'eK B/ ;oeko dk ;kE fdsk ;h, go fJj rKXhih dh w"s Bkb;kM/dko pDBk BjhA ukj[zd/ ;B.

• fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh ftz;NB uofub dh fJ; x'Pdk fe “id d[BhnK ftu n;hA jo fes/ fi~s oj/ jK,n?;/ tes ftu n;hA fJe ewpys p[~Y/ d/ ;kjwD/ fet/A M[e ;ed/ jK, i' jw/Pk ;kvk d[PwD fojk j?,”

• Gkos S~v' nzd'bB dh fJe wj~stg{oB ftP/Psk ;h d/P d/ e[M fj~f;nK ftu ;wkBKso ;oekoK dh;EkgBk. gfjbh n?;h ;oeko pDh pbhnk ftu, fu~s{ gKv/ dh nrtkJh ftu. fu~s{ gKv/ nkgD/ Bz{rKXhtkdh efjzd/ ;B. T[BQK dh ;oeko B/ eb?eNo d/ ;ko/ nfXeko b? bJ/ ns/ ;ko/ frocsko eKro;hB/sktK B{z fojk eo fdsk, b/feB T[;dk gqG[st fInkdk ;w/A se ekfJw BjhA ofj ;fenk.

• pzrkb d/ fwdBkg[o fIb/ d/ skwb[e Bkwe ;EkB T[s/ 17 d;zpo B{z ‘ikshJ/ ;oeko’ (okPNoh ;oeko)dk rmB ehsk frnk. T[;dk n;fs~st ;szpo 1944 se fojk.

• ‘ikshJ/ ;oeko’ B/ tv/ g?wkB/ T[s/ s/Ih Bkb okjs dk ezw ubkfJnk, ;e{bK B{z nB[dkB fds/ ns/ fJeP;so ftX:[s tkfjBh dk th rmB ehsk.

• ;skok (wjkokPNo) dh ;wkBKso ;oeko ;G s'A fInkdk dhoxihth ;kps j'Jh. Gkos S~v' nzd'bB dhP[o{nks Bkb jh fJj y/so ekch ekoiPhb fojk ;h.

• tkJhHphH utjkD fJE/ d/ ;G s'A wj~stg{oB B/sk ;h. T[BQK dk nfu:[si gNtoXB ns/ j'oG{whrs B/sktK Bkb th ;zgoe ;h.

• fJ; fJfsjk;e nzd'bB dh fJe tvh y{ph fJj ojh fe fJ;d/ d[nkok nkIkdh dh wzr okPNoh nzd'bBdh gfjbh wzr pD rJh. ‘Gkos S~v'’ d/ pknd j[D fgS/ BjhA w[fVnk ik ;edk ;h.

• rKXhih Bz{ fpwkoh d/ nkXko T[s/ 6 wJh 1944 Bz{ fojk eo fdsk frnk ns/ fJ;d/ Bkb jh okiBhfsershftXhnK ftu rowh nk rJh. ouBkswe ekoi fJ; ;w/A eKro; dh w[y rshftXh ftu ;h.

• fJ; ;zdoG ftu fJj G[bk fdsk iKdk j? fe 1947 ftu Bfjo{, gN/b ns/ rKXh d/ ;kjwD/ tzv Bz{;theko eoB d/ f;tkJ/ e'Jh j'o o;sk th BjhA ofj frnk ;h.

• i{B 1947 se eKro; d/ B/sk wfj;{; eoB br/ ;h fe ;~sk d/ s[ozs j;sKsoD Bkb jh fJj ;zgodkfJegkrbgB o'fenk ik ;edk j?. nzsfow ;oeko dh ngzrsk B/ th gkfe;skB Bz{ fJe ngfojkfontk;sftesk pDk fdsk.

• nfXekfoe s"o T[s/ tzv dh rZb eKro; B/ wkou 1947 ftu wzB bJh id eKro; ekoi ;whsh d[nkokfJj gq;skt gkfos ehsk frnk fe i/eo d/P dh tzv j[zdh j?, sK gzikp (ns/ fJ;h ftu fBfjs ;h fe


B ØN


pzrkb) dh th tzv j'Dh jh ukjhdh j?. bhr d/ ;kjwD/ i{B 1847 ftu jh g{oB ;wogD ehsk ik u[ek;h, id eKro; B/ fJj fJ~Sk ikjo ehsh ;h fe i/eo ssekbhB nzsfow ;oeko Bz{ ;~sk dk j;sKsoDeo fdsk ikt/. sK T[j v'whfBnw dk doik ;theko eo bt/rh. b/feB nzssL T[;B/ tzv ns/v'whfBnw dk doik, d'BK B/ ;theko eo bJ/.

• rKXhih B/ tkfJ;okJ/ Bkb r~b eod/ j'J/ fdqV ;[o ftu fejk ;h, “nro Gkos y{B Bkb BjkT[Dk ukj[zdkj?, sK fJjh j't/rk” T[j ne;o fejk eod/ ;B fe fjz;k d/ nr/ nksw;wogD Bkb nokiesk uzrhj?.”


• G"uZe/ j?okB j'Dk

• ngfojko: fBPfus, fi;B{z Nkfbnk Bk ik ;e/.


1H Gkosh ;[szsosk ;zrokw ftZu n;fj:'r nzd'bB wjstg{oD ;EkB o~ydk j?. ;g~PN eo'.

2H rKXh ih d[nkok u"okû"oh eKv d/ pknd n;fj:'r nzd'bB Bz{ tkfg; b?D d/ fBoD/ dh p[~XhihthnK B/fJ~e ;[o ft~u fBzdk ehsh.nzd'bB tkfg; b?D d/ fBoD/ s'A s[;hA ;fjws j' iK n;fjws, ;gPN eo'.

3H ;ftBn nt~frnk nzd'bB dhnK ;cbsktK ns/ d[opbsktK s/ gqekP gkU.

4H Gkos S~v' nzd'bb dhnK ftP/PsktK dk ftPb/PD eo'.

5H Gkos Bz{ ;[szsosk sK fwbh fezs{ ftGkfis` ;whfynkswe toDB eo'.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment) 1H1H1H1H1H (i) 1920 (ii) 22 g[fb;tkb/ (iii) 12 cotoh 1922 (iv) ftd/Ph egfVnK (v) skVh dh d[ekB

2H2H2H2H2H (i) (a) (ii) (c) (iii) (b) (iv) (b)(v) (a)





p[e;


BØN


fJekJh 11L ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A 1964 s~e dk GkosfJekJh 11L ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A 1964 s~e dk GkosfJekJh 11L ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A 1964 s~e dk GkosfJekJh 11L ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A 1964 s~e dk GkosfJekJh 11L ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A 1964 s~e dk Gkos(India Independent to 1964)


T[d/P (Objectives)

ikDekoh (Introduction)11H1 ;z;dh ftt;Ek, XowfBog~ysk ns/ iBtkdh rDszso (A Parliamentary, Secular and

Democratic Republic)

11H2 ftef;s ;wkitkdh ;wki s/ itkjo bkb Bfjo{ dk doPB (Jawahar Lal Nehru's Visionof a Developed Socialist Society)

11H3 :'iBk ns/ oki fB:zsfos T[d:'rheoD (Planning and State ControlledIndustrialization)







• nkIkdh s'A pknd Gkos ft~u ;z;dh ftt;Ek, XowfBog~ysk ns/ iBtkdh rDszso d/ ftek; gqfeqnk dkftt/uB eoD ftZul

• ;wkitkdh ;wki d/ ftek; s/ itkjo bkb Bfjo{ d/ doPB Bz{ ;wMD ft~ul

• y/sh ;zpzXh ;[Xko, :'iBk ns/ oki fB:zsfos T[d:'rheoD dh ftnkfynk eoD ft~ul


1951 s'A 1964 se d/ ;kb gfenkJh ns/ T[gbpXhnK d/ ;kb ;B. fJj ;kb T[Zuh T[whd, nkeKPK ns/;obsk d/ gqsh T[i~tb nkPktkdh wkBf;esk ns/ nkswftPtk; d/ ;kb th oj/ jB. ngq?b 1953 ftuitkjo bkb Bfjo{ fJj x'PDk eo oj/ ;h–

w?A sd se nkokw Bkb BjhA p?m ;edk id se fe fJ; d/P d/ jo/e ftnesh, fJ;sqh ns/ p~u/ Bz{ fJeT[fus fttjko ns/ fBT{Bsw ihtB g~Xo dh ;[ftXk gqkgs Bjh j' iKdhHHH fJe okPNo Bz{ iKuD d/ bJhgzi–S/ ;kb dk ;wK pj[s S'Nk j[zdk j?. s[;hA d; ;kb j'o fJzsiko eo' ns/ s[;hA gkUr/ fe ;kvh :'iBktKfJ; d/P dk BIkok g{oh soQK fJzi pdb d/DrhnK fe d[BhnK j?okB ofj ikJ/rh.

ns/ d/P d/ fwiki B{z gqshfpzps eod/ j'J/ T[BQK B/ i{B 1955 ftu fbfynk–

;kv/ uko'A soc Y/o ;wf;nktK ns/ w[;hpsK d/ j[zd/ j'J/ th, i' ne;o brdk j? fe ;kv/ T[Zs/ jkth j' ojhnKjB, fJ; d/P ftu T[whd dk wkj"b pfDnk j'fJnk j?, Gft~y d/ gqsh fJe ftPtk; ns/ T[BQK w"fbe f;XKsKftu nk;Ek pDh j'Jh j? fiBQK B/ ;kBz{ fJE/ se gj[zukfJnk j?. ;t/o dh o"PBh c?b ojh j? ns/ Gkos d/dhox ns/ ifNb fJfsjk; ftu fJe Bt/A :[r dk nkozG j' fojk j?.”

fJekJh^11L ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A 1964 s~e dk GkosfJekJh^11L ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A 1964 s~e dk GkosfJekJh^11L ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A 1964 s~e dk GkosfJekJh^11L ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A 1964 s~e dk GkosfJekJh^11L ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A 1964 s~e dk Gkos

BØN


fJj T[j ;kb ;B id Gkos fttjkoe o{g ftu ;fEo ;h, fJ;dh okiBhfse gqDkbh fJe ftfPPN ;o{grqfjD eo ojh ;h, d/P jo fdPk ftu soZeh eo fojk ;h ns/ ;G s'A t~vh rb, okiBhfse ns/ nkofEeftt;Ek dk Gkoh g[BofBowkD nkozG j' u[ek ;h. nkw b'e th fJj wfj;{; eo oj/ ;B fe iBtkd, BkrfoenfXeko, Xow fBogZysk, ftfrnkfBe ns/ nzsookPNoh fdqPNhe'D, nkofEe ftek; ns/ fB:'iB s/;wkitkd d/ o;s/ T[Zs/ nr/ j'D dh P[o{nks j' u[eh j? w"fbe T[gbpXhnK d/ o;s/ T[Zs/ edw tX oj/ ;B,jkbKfe ftek; dh j'bh ocsko, yk;s"o s/ rohph ns/ p/o'irkoh dh ;wf;nk ns/ G{wh;[Xko d/ y/so ftugqrsh pj[s xZN ns/ n;zs'yiBe Yzr Bkb j' ojh soZeh Bkb p[~Xhihth b'eK ftu ekch Bkokirh th ;h.

nkgDh ;wf;nktK ns/ ewI'ohnK d/ pkti{d T[gbpXhnK ns/ gqrsh d/ e[M ftfPPN y/so fJ; gqeko ;B–

(i) okPNo dk ;w/eB ns/ GkPkJh s/ iBiksh ;wf;nk dk jb, (ii) ;[zsso ns/ fB:'fis nkofEe ftek;dh gqfeqnk dk P[GnkozG, (iii) ;[szso ns/ w"fbe ftd/P Bhsh dk ftek;, (iv) u"D gqfeqnk dh P[o{nks, (v)iBtkd dk nko'gD, (vi) gqPk;fBe ftt;Ek dh ;EkgBk, (vii) ftfrnkB ns/ seBhe dk ftek; ns/,(viii) efbnkDekoh oki dk nkozG.

11H111H111H111H111H1 ;z;dh ftt;Ek, Xow fBog/y ns/ iBtkdh rDszso;z;dh ftt;Ek, Xow fBog/y ns/ iBtkdh rDszso;z;dh ftt;Ek, Xow fBog/y ns/ iBtkdh rDszso;z;dh ftt;Ek, Xow fBog/y ns/ iBtkdh rDszso;z;dh ftt;Ek, Xow fBog/y ns/ iBtkdh rDszso(A Parliamentary, Secular and Democratic Republic)

okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh (President)–––––;zftXkB B/ ekoiekoDh d/ nfXeko okPNogsh B{z gqdkB ehs/ jB gqzs{ nzp/deo d/PpdK ftu T[j T[;/ g~Xo d/ okPNogsh (President) ;zt?XkfBe gqw[Zy jB fi; g~Xo d/ nzrq/Ih ;zftXkB ftuokik. T[j oki d/ gqw[~y jB, Bk fe ekoiekoDh d/. T[j okPNo dk gqshfBXhst eod/ jB gqzs{ T[; T[Zs/ Pk;BBjhA eod/. ekoiekoDh dk gqw~[y tk;st ftu gqXkBwzsoh j? i' wzsoh gfoPd gqw[~y jB, ns/ wzsoh gfoPd;z;d d/ gqsh fIzw/dko j?. Gkos dh ;z;dh gqDkbh fpqfNP gqDkbh s'A ;G Bkb'A fInkdk fwbdh j?. nzso fJj j?fe Gkos ftu e'Jh gozgokrs okik BjhA j?, pbfe u[fDnk frnk okPNogsh oki dk ;ze/se w[yhnk j?.

Gkosh ;zftXkB okPNogsh B{z Gkoh nfXeko gqdkB eodk j?, gqzs{ fJBekT[ gq:'r wzsohwzvb dh ;bkj d/nB[;ko jh ehsk ik ;edk j?. gqzs{ Bkb jh okPNogsh BKwwkso dk gqw[Zy BjhA j?, nfijh okiBhfsegoh;fEshnK g?dk j' ;edhnK jB fi; ftu okPNogsh B{z ekoiPhb j'Dk g? ;edk j?. T[BQK d/ Ugukfoens/ tk;sfte nfXekoK d/ ftu fJj sBkt gfjb/ okPNogsh vkH oki/Ado gq;kd d/ ;w/A s'A jh fdy g?Adk;h. T[BQK Bz{ fjzd{ e'v fpb d/ pko/ ftu rzGho fJsokI ;B. T[BQK B/ fJ; ;zdoG ftu ;szpo 1951 ftufejk fe okPNogsh dh G{fwek fInkdk ekoiPhb j[zdh j?. Bfjo{ B/ s[ozs ;zt?XkfBe ftP/P frnksk wdok;d/ nZbkdh feqPB;tkwh nJhno ns/ n?NkoBh iBob n?wH;hH ;hsbtkv d/ ftuko ikD/. Gkosh iBszsod/ ;[Gkr Bkb, d'tK jh wkfjoK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe gq?Ihv?AN oki/Ado gq;kd d/ ftuko ;theko eo b?D Bkbd/P dk ;w[~uk ;zt?XkfBe YKuk n;s–ftn;s j' ikJ/rk, ns/ okPNogsh d/ j~EK ftu skBkPkjh dh skesKth f;wN ;edhnK jB. oki/Ado gq;kd Bz{ fInkdk ;hws G{fwek ndk eoB d/ bJh wBtkfJnk frnk. T[BQKBz{ ;zftXkB ;Gk ftu T[BQK d/ d[nkok ej/ rJ/ PpdK dh :kd dtkJh rJh fi; ftu T[BQK B/ pfj; d/ d"okBT[whd gqrN ehsh ;h fe “Gkos ftu th T[jh gozgok gkbh ikJ/rh fi;d/ sfjs fJzrb?Av ftu okikjw/Pk jh nkgD/ wzsohnK dh ;bkj T[Zs/ jh ezw eodk j?HHH okPNogsh Bz{ jo wkwb/ ftu ;zt?XkfBeokPNogsh jh j'Dk ukjhdk j?.”

id fJe gkoNh dk ;gPN pj[ws j't/ sK okPNogsh d[nkok nkgDh PeshnK d/ gq:'r dh ;zGktBk xZN j[zdhj?. gqzs{ tzfvnk iBkd/P ns/ n;EkJh fwbh–i[bh ;oekoK dh ;fEsh ftu okPNogsh d/ fInkdk j;sy/g dh;zGktBk tX iKdh j?. fJzi gfjbh tko 1979 ftu j'fJnk id w'okoih d/;kJh dh nrtkJh ftu iBsk ;oekoPk;e gkoNh ftu c[ZN d/ ekoD fvr rJh. okPNogBh Bhbw ;ziht o/vh B/ nkgD/ nfXekoK dk gq:'r eoe/w'okoih d/;kJh Bz{ BthA ;oeko pDkT[D dh nkfrnk d/D s'A fJBeko eo fdsk. T[BQK B/ uoB f;zx s'A fBPfussohy se ftPtk; ws jk;b eoB Bz{ fejk. Bt/A gqXkBwzsoh uoB f;zx d[nkok b'e;Gk Gzr eoB dh ;bkjwBkT[D s'A gfjbK okPNogsh B/ j'o gkoNhnK d/ B/sktK Bkb ;bkj wPtok ehsk. fJ; n;fEo gfo;fEsh B/okPNogsh d/ bJh nkgD/ nfXekoK dk gq:'r eoB dh ;fEsh g?dk eo fdsh.


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jkb d/ ;kbK ftu, okPNogsh dh G{fwek d/ pko/ ftu fuzsktK tX rJhnK jB. fJzdok rKXh dh j~fsnk d/ pkndokiht rKXh d/ 1984–85 dhnK u'DK ftu ;~sk ft~u nkT[Dk T[j fgSbk w"ek ;h. id fe;h fJe gkoNh Bz{ ;gPNpj[ws fwfbnk. 1989, 1991, 1996 ns/ 1998 d/ u[BktK d/ BshfinK B/ okPNogsh d/ j;sy/g d/ bJh ekchnB[e{b gfo;fEshnK g?dk eo fdshnK. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, wkou 1998 dhnK u'D BshfinK d/ pknd GkigkB/ ;G s'A t~vh gkoNh j'D d/ Bks/ ;oeko pDkT[D dk dktk ehsk. T[;d/ dkt/ d/ nB[;ko T[;Bz{ j'o gkoNhnK s'Auzrk ;woEB jk;b ;h. ns/ fJ; bJh T[j b'e ;Gk ftu ftPtk; ws jk;b eo ;edh ;h. sd okPNogshBkokfJDB B/ Gkigk d/ B/sk nNb fpjkoh tkigkJh Bkb fJ; rb dk fbys gqwkD g/P eoD T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk feT[BQK dh gkoNh Bz{ ;uw[u pj[ws dk ;woEB jk;b j?. cb;to{g fJzsiko dk pj[s jh ePNdkfJe d"o P[o{j'fJnk. fJ; gkoNh dh fJe wj~stg{oD ;fj:'rh J/HnkJhHJ/HvhHn?wHe/H dh i/H i?bfbsk (fiBQK d/ ;woEBtkg; b?D T[Zs/ ngq?b 1999 ftu Gkigk ;oeko fro rJh) B/ ;woEB ;zpzXh fBoD/ T[Zs/ eJh tko w[Vftuko ehsk. fJ; gkoNh B/ nfijh ro[g p?meK ftu ekch w'b–s'b ehsk, fiBQK Bz{ ikD p[M e/ gqukfosehsk frnk ;h. sK jh J/HnkJhHJ/HvhHn?wHe/H B/ nkfyoeko Gkigk Bz{ ;woEB d/Dk ;theko ehsk. fJ;;zg{oB xNBk ftu okPNogsh dh G{fwek wj~stg{oD ojh. T[j ;woEB d/ g~so dk fJzsIko eoB s'AfJBeko eo ;ed/ ;B ns/ nrbh t~vh gkoNh iK ro[~g Bz{ ;oeko pDkT[D d/ bJh ;~dk d/ ;ed/ ;B. fJ;gqeko T[j Gkigk Bz{ ;oeko pDkT[D s'A o'e ;ed/ ;B i' t?;/ th pj[s xZN pj[ws T[Zs/ Go';k eo ojh ;h.fJ; gqeko fJj ;gPN j? fe n;EkJh iK n;gPN okiBhfse gfo;fEshnK ftu okPNogsh d[nkokj;sy/g ns/ nfXekoK d/ T[g:'r iK d[otos'A dh ;zGktBk tX iKdh j?.

gqzs{, ;EkJhst dh gfo;fEshnK ftu th eJh tko okPNogshnK B/ ftenshrs wj~steKPk iK;zftXkB d/ gqsh fizw/dkoh fBGkT[D d/ fJokd/ Bkb nkgD/ nfXkekoK dk gq:'r ehsk j?. ;G s'Awj~stg{oB T[dkjoD okPNogsh frnkBh i?b f;zx dk j?. T[j n?;/ gfjb/ okPNogsh ;h fiBQK B/ e'Jhfpb ;z;d Bz{ tkg; eo fdZsk ;h. Bkb jh T[BQK B/ gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ fJj th fbfynk fe T[BQK Bz{wj~stg{oB xNBktK dh ikDekoh BjhA fdsh ik ojh j?. fJ; s'A T[BQK Bz{ fJj d/yD dh ;zt?XkfBe fIzw/dko fBGkT[D ftu fd~es j' ojh j? fe ;oeko ;zftXkB dh XkoktK ns/ nkswk d/ nB[o{g ubkJh ikojh ;h. T[BQK d/ d[nkok gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ poyk;s eoB ;zpzXh nctkjK ekch i'o geV ojhnK ;B. T[;/;kb 1987 ftu pknd ftu gqshofynk yohdkoh ;zpzXh p'c'o; eKv c[N fgnk. nfijk gqshs j[zdk j?fe frnkBh i?b f;zx B/ ;uw[u ftfGzB okiBhfse B/sktK Bkb okiht rKXh Bz{ gqXkBwzsoh d/ o{g ftupoyk;s eoB dh ;zGktBk T[Zs/ ftuko–ftwoP ehsk ;h. gqzs{ nkfyo fJj BjhA j'fJnk. gqzs{ fJj;gPN j? fe ;z;d ftu gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ ;gPN pj[sws j'D d/ pkti{d okPNogsh d[nkok nkgD/nfXekoK dh gozgokrs ;hwktK s'A pkjo ikD dh ;zGktBk pDh ofjzdh j?. okiht rKXh dh nrtkJhftu eKro; Bz{ b'e;Gk ftu nZi se dk ;G s'A fInkdk pj[ws gqkgs ;h.

fttkd dk fJe j'o y/so oki ;oekoK Bz{ Gzr eoB ftu okPNogsh Bz{ G{fwek ns/ okPNogsh Pk;B bkr{eoB ;zpzXh j?. cotoh 1998 ftu, b'e;Gk u'DK d/ d"okB, T[Zso gqd/P ftu Gkigk dh nrtkJh ftuefbnkD f;zx dh ;oeko Bz{ rtoBo ow/P Gzvkoh B/ poyk;s eoe/ fJe j'o ftnesh Bz{ w[ywzsoh fB:[esehsk. jkJhe'oN B/ efbnkD f;zx B{z w[V ;Ekgs eo fdsk. rtoBo B/ e/Ado Bz{ n;?Apbh Gzr eoB ns/okPNogsh Pk;B bkr{ eoB dh ;bkj d/ Bkb fog'oN G/ih. wzsohwzvb B/ ekch ftuko ftwoP d/ pkndrtoBo dh fog'oN ;theko eo bJh, ns/ gqXkB wzsoh nkJhHe/H r[iokb B/ fog'oN dk nB[w'dB okPNogshBz{ G/i fdsk.gqzs{ okPNogsh BkokfJDB B/ n;fjwsh iskT[Ad/ j'J/ fJ;/ wzsohwzvb Bz{ w[V ftuko d/ bJhtkg; G/i fdsk. T[so gqd/P d/ rtoBo B/ n;shck d/ fdsk, s/ efbnkD f;zx ‘nkfJnk okwHHHfrnk okwA,’ngokXhnK ns/ j'o gqeko d/ s~sK d/ fwbktN tkb/ wzsohwzvb d/ Bkb w[ywzsoh pD/ oj/.

okiht rKXh dh nrtkJh ftu eKro; Bz{ b'e;Gk ftu ni se dk ;G s'A t~vkpj[ws gqkgs ;h.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ jØ


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fJ; wkwb/ ftu okPNogsh BkokfJDB d/ bJh e'Jh fBoDk b?Dk fJe efmB ezw ;h. efbnkD f;zx d/ e'b;woEB d/ nb~r–nb~r dkt/ ;h. g~y S~vD/–S[vkT[D/ ns/ tkg; nkT[D dh xNBktK j' ojhnK ;B, ns/fJ; ezw ftu XB d/ gq:'r dk th nko'g ;h. gqzs{ okPNogsh B/ s?n ehsk fe feT[Afe T[Zso gqd/P wzsohwzvbB/ nkgDk pj[sw ;dB ftu doPk fdZsk ;h, ukj/ T[j jk;b feT[A Bk ehsk frnk j't/, fJ; bJh T[BQK Bz{T[;Bz{ poyk;s eoB dk e'Jh nfXeko BjhA ;h. T[BQK d/ nkb'ueK dk soe j? pj[ws doPk d/Dk jh fJj;kps eoD bJh ekch BjhA j[zdk fe oki ftu ;zftXkBe wPhBoh N[N u[eh j?. vok–Xwek e/ jk;b ehs/rJ/ pj[ws T[Zs/ gqPB–fuzBQ brkfJnk ik ;edk j?.

44t/A ;zP'XB ftu okPNogsh Bz{ fJj nfXeko fdZsk frnk j? fe T[j wzsohgfoPd s'A nkgD/ fBoD/ T[Zs/d[pkok ftuko eoB dk nB[o'X eo/. gqzs{ i/eo wzsohgfoPd nkgD/ fBoD/ T[Zs/ ekfJw oj/ sK okPNogshBz{ T[j ;theko eoBk jh j't/rk. gqzs{ fit/A fe okPNogsh BkokfJDB ns/ T[Zso gqd/P d/ wkwb/ s'A ;gPNj[zdk j?, okPNogsh d[nkok wkwbk w[V ftuko d/ bJh tkg; G/fink ikDk fJe rzGho wkwbk j[zdk j? ns/T[;dh T[g/fynk eoBk nk;kB BjhA j?.

d{finK wkwfbnK ftu okPNogsh d/ nfXeko ;gPN jB. Xkok 111 d/ sfjs id e'Jh fpb T[BQK d/ ;kjwD/g/P ehsk iKdk j?, sK T[BQK Bz{ fJ; Bkb n;fjwsh iskT[D dk nfXeko j?, ns/ i/eo T[j ukj[D sK fJ;Bz{;z;d Bz{ w[V ftuko d/ bJh tkg; th G/i ;ed/ jB. i/eo d'B'A ;dB fJ; Bz{ fco gk; eo fdzd/ jB ns/T[BQK d/ e'b d[pkok G/i fdzd/ jB sK T[BQK Bz{ nkgDh ;fjwsh d/Dh jh g?Adh j?. gqzs{ XB ;zpzXh fpb d/ pko/ftu T[BQK Bz{ e'Jh nfXeko BjhA j?. e[M fwbk e/ T[BQK Bz{ thN' dk n;hws nfXeko BjhA j?.

1978 ftu ehs/ rJ/ 44t/A ;zP'XB d/ nB[;ko fJj ;gPN ehsk frnk j? fe okPNogsh sd jh nkgksekbdh x'PDk eo ;edk j? id fJ; ;zpzX ftu wzsohwzvb dk fbys fBoD/ T[BQK Bz{ gqkgs j't/. nkgksekb d/d"okB th T[BQK Bz{ wzsohwzvb dh ;bkj T[Zs/ jh ezw eoBk j't/rk. fJj fpbe[b ;gPN j? fe okPNogshd/ brGr ;ko/ jh nfXekoK, T[Zuso ndkbsK d/ i~iK dh fB:[esh, rtoBoK, okid{sK, n?NkoBh iBob,Gkod s/ eKgNq'bo ns/ nkfvNo iBob, nkfd dh fB:[esh, fij/ nfXekoK ;w/s j'oK dk T[g:'r wzsohwzvbdh ;bkj T[Zs/ jh j' ;edk j?. ;Pso ;?BktK d/ ;[gqhw ewKvo d/ o{g ftu ns/ ;z;d d/ nfXt/PB BjhAj'D dh ;fEsh ftu nfXnkd/P bkr{ eoB d/ T[BQK d/ nfXekoK T[Zs/ th fJjh rb bkr{ j[zdh j?.

okPNogsh dh u'D gzi ;kbK d/ bJh j[zdh j?. T[BQK Bz{ fco s'A u[fDnk ik ;edk j?. T[BQK Bz{ ;zftXkB d/ T[bzxDd/ nko'g ftu jNkfJnk th ik ;edk j?. T[BQK dh u'D ;z;d d/ d'B'A ;dBK d/ u[D/ j'J/ gqshfBXhnK, ns/ okin;?ApbhnK d/ w?ApoK d[nkok J/eb j;sKsoD t'N d/ iohJ/ ;wkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst d/ nkXko T[Zs/ j[zdkj?. jo/e n?wHghH iK n?wHn?bHJ/H d/ e'b J/eb j;sKsoD t'N j[zdk j? fi;dk w[~b T[;d/ d[nkok gqshfBXhstehs/ ikD tkbh iB;zfynk T[Zs/ nkXkos j[zdk j?.

T[gokPNogsh T[gokPNogsh T[gokPNogsh T[gokPNogsh T[gokPNogsh (Vice-President)i/eo okPNogsh dh w"s nkgD/ ekoiekb d/ d"okB jz[dh j?, iK T[j nkgDh r?ojkioh, fpwkoh, jNkJ/ ikDiK n;shck d/D d/ ekoB nkgD/ ezw ;zgkfds eoB ftu n;woE j't/, sK Xkok 65 d/ nB[;ko T[gokPNogshokPNogsh d/ o{g ftu ezw eoD brd/ jB. nfijk d' w"fenK TZ[s/ j'fJnk–id vkH ikfeo j[;?B ns/cyo{dhB nbh nfjwd dh nkgD/ ekoiekb ftu jh w"s j' rJh, sK T[gokPNogsh thHthH froh ns/ phHvhHiosh Bz{ ezw dk Gko ;zGkbDk fgnk. fJ; bJh, T[gokPNogsh dh u'D pj[s ;ktXkBh Bkb ehsh ikDhukjhdh j?. ;wkB ;fEsh ftu, T[gokPNogsh dk w[~y ekoi oki;Gk d/ w[yh dh fizw/tkoh ;zGkbDk j[zdk j?.T[BQK dh u"D ;z;d d/ d'BK ;dBk d[nkok gzi ;kbK d/ bJh j[zdh j?. gqzs{ T[j fe;/ th ftXkfJek s/ w?Apo BjhAj[zd/.

nkw ;fEsh ftu, T[gokPNogsh dk w[~y ezw oki;Gk d/ w[yh dh fizw/tkoh ;zGkbDk j[zdk j?.BØN;


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wzsoh gfoPd ns/ gqXkBwzsoh wzsoh gfoPd ns/ gqXkBwzsoh wzsoh gfoPd ns/ gqXkBwzsoh wzsoh gfoPd ns/ gqXkBwzsoh wzsoh gfoPd ns/ gqXkBwzsoh (Council of Minister nd Prime Minster);zftXkB d/ sfjs tk;sfte ekoiekoDh ;zpzXh nfXeko gqXkBwzsoh dh nrtkJh ftu b'e;Gk ftu pj[wstkbh gkoNh dk B/sk j''t/. i/eo fe;/ gkoNh Bz{ ;gPN pj[ws gqkgs BjhA j? sK n?;/ ftnesh Bz{ fB:[esehsk iKdk j? fi;Bz{ b'e;Gk d/ fInkdkso w?Apo dk ftPtk; gqkgs j't/. d{i/ wzsoh gqXkBwzsoh d[nkok u[D/iKd/ jB ns/ okPNogsh d[nkok fB:[es ehs/ iKd/ jB. wzsohnK dk ;z;d dk w?Apo j'Dk Io{oh BjhA j?,gqzs{ T[BQK Bz{ fB:[esh d/ S/ wjhB/ d/ nzdo jh fe;/ fJe ;dB dk w?Apo u'D iK wB'B:B d/ iohJ/ j'Dk io{ohj?. wzsohgfoPd ;w{je o{g ftu b'e;Gk d/ gqsh fIzw/tko j[zdh j?. i/eo T[j b'e;Gk dk ftPtk; r[nk b?Adhj? sK T[;Bz{ s[ozs n;shck d/ d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

Bfjo{ d/ PpdK ftu gqXkBwzsoh “;oeko dk e/Ado fpzd{” j[zdk j?. brGr ;ko/ nfXeko okPNogsh ftu Ugukoes"o s/ fBfjs j[zd/ j'J/ th tk;st ftu gqXkBwzsoh d[nkok gq:[es j[zd/ jB. okPNogsh, wzsohwzvb ns/ ;z;dd/ ftu eVh j[zdk j?. Gkos ftu gqXkBwzsoh d/ gd B/ ekch wj~st jk;b eo fbnk j?. fJ;dk nzfPe ekoDj? itkjobkb Bfjo{ dk gqXkBwzsoh j'Dk, i' brGr ;skoK ;kbK se fJ; gdth s/ pD/ oj/. T[BQK dh gqfsPmkns/ ;zwkB fJzBk fInkdk ;h fe T[;dk e[M gqGkt nkgD/ nkg gdth T[Zs/ th fgnk. u'DK ftu nkgDh fi~s ns/1971 d/ pzrbk d/P :[~X d/ pknd fJzdok rKXh fJzBh PeshPkbh pD rJh ;h fe okiBhfse gqDkbh ftugqXkBwzsoh gd B/ nfsnzs wj~st dh ;fEsh XkoB eo bJh. gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ wzsohnK dh u'D iK T[BQK dhpoyk;srh d/ g{oB nfXeko jB. fJ; Bkb gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ d{finK d/ T[Zs/ t~v/ g?wkB/ T[Zs/ nfXeko fwbd/ jB.

;zftXkB ftu wzsohnK dh ftfGzB Pq/DhnK dk T[b/y BjhA ehsk frnk j?, fit/A–wzsohwzvb–;soh wzzsoh, okiwzsoh ns/ T[gwzsoh. jK, Xkok 352 ftu ntZP jh wzsohwzvb Bz{ e?fpB/N g~Xo d/ wzsohnK dh gfoPddf;nk frnk j?. fJj wzsoh fBnfws o{g ftu gqXkBwzsoh d/ ;Gkgshst ftu e?fpB/N dh p?meK ftu fj~;kb?Ad/ jB. ;ko/ wj~st d/ fBoD/ e?fpB/N dh p?meK ftu bJ/ iKd/ jB.

;zftxkB ftu okZfinK d/ ;wkB e/Ado ftu ;zt?XkfBe wPhBoh d/ fpyoD dh fJikIs BjhA fdsh rJh j?ns/ gqsZy okPNogsh Pk;B dh th BjhA. e/Ado dk Pk;B jw/Pk jh wzsohgfoPd d/ j~EK ftu oj/rk.ftPtk; ws r[tk d/D ns/ wzsohgfoPd d/ n;shc/ d/ pkti{d okPNogsh T[; Bkb sd se pD/ ofjD dhp/Bsh eod/ jB id'A se Bt/A wzsohwzvb dk rmB BjhA j' iKdk.

Gkigk dh nrtkJh tkbh ;oeko B/ 17 ng?qb 1999 Bz{ ftPtk; ws r[nk fdsk. fJ; ;oeko B/ ezwubkT[;oeko d/ o{g ftu ezw eoB s'A fJBeko eo fdsk, fit/A fe j[D se jh gozgok ;h. cb;o{g fJe BtK;zt?XkfBe fttkd g?dk j' frnk. fto'Xh gkoNhnK d[nkok fto'X d/ pkti{d ;oeko B/ fJ; fpB? s/ ezwubkT{;oeko dk ftuko n;theko eo fdZsk fe ;zftXkB ftu fJ;dk e'Jh gqktXkB BjhA j?. fJ; T[Zs/ fttkdj' ;edk j? fe fJj soe fJe ;Ekgs gozgok dh nDd/yh eodk j? ns/ ;tkoE g/qfos j?. w[y u'D nk:[esB/ ;oeko Bz{ ;bkj fdsh fe T[j fJ; rb dk fXnkB o~y/ fe d/P u'D–;Bw[y j' u[ek j? jkbKfe tk;sfteu'D fsnkoh dk ;wK ni/ nkozG BjhA j'fJnk j?.gqzs{ fJ; ;bkj T[Zs/ e'Jh fXnkB BjhA fdZsk frnk. (jkbKfeb'e;Gk ngq?b 1999 ftu Gzr ehsh rJh, wkB;{B d/ ekoD ns/ t'No fb;NK d/ ;'X bJh Bt/A u'D ;szpoiK nes{po se w[bsth eo fds/ rJ/.) b'e;Gk Gzr ehs/ ikD d/ s[ozs pknd 3 wJh, 1999 Bz{ ;futgd d/ n~m nc;o (i' nc;oK dh gqDkbh ftu T[Zu gdth j[zdh j?) nukBe ;EkBKsfos eo fdshnK rJhnK.fJBQK ftu rqfj ;fut th Pkwb ;B, i' ekBz{B ns/ ftt;Ek d/ bJh fIzw/tko j[zd/ jB. wj~stg{oD gozgoktKftu'A fJe d/ nB[;ko u'D dh x'PDk eo fd~s/ ikD T[Zs/ nc;oK dh pdbh BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. d[y dhrb fJj j? fe ;zftXkB d/ nyoK dk ;jkok ;zt?XkfBe fttjko ysw eoB d/ T[d/P s'A fbnk ik fojk j?.

;z;d ;z;d ;z;d ;z;d ;z;d (Parliament)Gkosh ;z;d d/ d' ;dB j[zd/ jB–T[Zgoh ;dB oki;Gk iK okiK dh gfoPd j?, ns/ fBubh ;dB b'e;Gkdk iBsk dk ;dB j?. oki;Gk ftu 250 w?Apo j[zd/ jB. fJBQK ftu'A 238 dh u'D oki ftXkB;GktK d/ u[D/w?Apo J/eb j;sKsoD t'N gqDkbh d/ sfjs ;wkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst d/ nkXko T[Zs/ eod/ jB. j'o 12 dkwB'B:B ;oeko d/ ;[Mkt T[Zs/ okPNogsh eod/ jB. T[j ftfGzB ekoi y/soK dk gqshfBXhst eod/ jB,fit/A f;fynk, ;wkie ekoi, whvhnk, y/vK nkfd. oki;Gk d/ fJe–fsjkJh w?Apo jo d' ;kbK T[Zs/ foNkfJoj' iKd/ jB. gqzs{ w?ApoK dk ekoi ekb S/ ;kbK d/ bJh j[zdk j?. fJ; gqeko, oki;Gk fJe ;EkJh ;z;Ek j?.


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Gkos d/ T[gokPNogsh oki;Gk w[yh j[zd/ jB. ;Gk d/ w?Apo nkgD/ ftu'A jh fJe T[gokPNogsh dh u'Deod/ jB.

b'e;Gk dh u'D iBsk d[nkok gzi ;kbK se j[zdh j?. fJ;Bz{ fJ;dk ekoi ekb ysw j'D s'A gfjbK th Gzrehsk ik ;edk j?. nkgksekb d/ d"okB b'e;Gk dk ekoi ekb fJe tko ftu fJe ;kb d/ bJh tXkfJnkik ;edk j?, gqzs{ nkgksekb dh ;wkgsh s'A pknd S/ wjhfBnK s'A fInkdk d/ bJh BjhA. tk;st ftu,b'e;Gk dk ekoi ekb f;oc fJe jh tko, 1976 ftu, fJe ;kb d/ bJh tXkfJnk frnk ;h, id gqXkBwzsohfJzdok rKXh B/ nkgksekb dh x'PDk ehsh ;h.

nmkoK ;kb dh T[wo d/ iK T[; s'A fInkdk T[wo tkb/ ;ko/ Bkrfoe t'N d/D d/ nfXekoh jB. fi~fsnkT[whdtko T[j j[zdk j? i' “d"V ftu ;G s'A n~r/” j[zdk j?, noEks fi;B{z ;G s'A fInkdk t'N fwbd/jB. nfijk e'Jh fB:w BjhA j? fe fi~sD tkb/ T[whdktko Bz{ xZN s'A xZN 50 gqshPs tN' fwbD jh,fit/A fe eJh d/PK ftu j[zdk j?. eJh f;nkfDnK dk ws j? fe fJj gqDkbh ngDkJh ikDh ukjhdh j?sKfe u[D/ j'J/ T[whdtko dk ;o{g fInkdk gqshfBXh j't/ ns/ T[j nkgD/ t'N p?Ae s'A fInkdk ftnkgespfenK dh soc fXnkB d/t/. ;kvh gqDkbh ftu ;wkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst dk ;EkB BjhA j?.

wsdksk y/so G'r'fbe nkXko T[Zs/ j[zdh j?, fiBQK dk fJe w?Apoh gqshfBXhst j[zdk j?. fJj y/so okiK ftuiB;zfynk d/ nB[gks ftu pDkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK ftu e[M iBikshnK ns/ nkdhtk;hnK d/ bJh oki dhiB;zfynk ftu T[BQK d/ nB[gks ftu ;[ofyns oyh iKdh j?. fJ; gqeko i/eo nKXo gqd/P dh iB;zfynkdk 40 gqshPs iBikshnK ns/ 10 gqshPs nkdhtk;hnK dk j?, i' oki s'A b'e;Gk dh 40 gqshPs ;hNK T[Zs/f;oc iBikshnK d/ T[whdtko ns/ 10 gqshPs T[Zs/ f;oc nkdhtk;h T[whdtko jh u'D bV ;ed/ jB.gqzs{ T[BQK d/ wsdksk nbr BjhA j'Dr/, T[; y/so ftu ofjD tkbh ;koh iBsk T[BQK Bz{ u[D/rh. nkIkdh s'AgfjbK dh ;fEsh d/ ;wkB T[BQK d/ bJh nbr wsdksk BjhA jB.

jkb d/ ;kbK ftu fJe–fsjkJh wsdksk y/soK B{z n"osK d/ bJh nkoefPs eoD ;zpzX dpkn tX fojk j?.fJ; ;zzpzX ftu fJe fpb ;z;d ftu 1998 ftu g/P th ehsk frnk ;h. b/feB fJj ftfGzB ikshrs ns/Xowrs dbpzdhnK d/ dkftnK s/ fto'Xh dkftnK ftu cf;nk j'fJnk j?. T[j nkoePD d/ nzdo nkoePDdh wzr eo oj/ jB. T[BQK dk efjDk j? fe BjhA s/ f;oc T[Zuh ikshnK d/ spe/ dh fjzd{ fJ;sohnK jhfJ;sohnK d/ bJh nkoefPs ;hNK T[Zs/ epIk eo b?DrhnK. nzfsw Bshik ukj/ i' j't/, fttkd B/ ;gPNo{g Bkb nkoePD d/ f;XKs dk nKsfoe ftek; ;'qs do;kfJnk j?.

T[d/P ukj/ fezBk jh uzrk j't/, f;XKs–o{g ftu ;theko ehs/ ikD T[Zs/ T[BQK nfXeko d/ bJh j'oBK ro[~gKd/ dkftnK dh nDd/yh BjhA ehsk ik ;edh. nkoePD dk nB[Gt do;kT[Adk j? fe fJ;Bz{ tkg; b?Dk brGrn;zGt j?. ;zftXkB ftu nkoePD Bz{ d; ;kbK dk nbgekfbe gqktXkB ofynk frnk j?. fe;h th ;oekoB/ fJ;Bz{ jo tko d; ;kbK d/ bJh tXkT[D dk fto'X BjhA ehsk j?. cb;o{g, j[D se fJ;Bz{ gzikj ;kbKse d/ bJh tXkfJnk ik u[ek j? T[bN/, nkoePD dh wzr ns/ ;thfeqsh ftu tkXk jh j'fJnk j?. nkoePDe[M ro[g–gSkDK Bz{ pDkJh oydk j?. toswkB okiBhfse jkbsK ftu fJj gqPB efmB j? fe nkoePD;zftXkB ftu fBfjs Bkrfoesk d/ bJh pkXe j? iK BjhA. nfXeko tzfus ;w[dkJ/ ns/ T[BQK d/ B/sk ;wMd/jB fe nkoePD ;kohnK fpwkohnK dk fJbki j?. fJj PkfJd fJ; bJh fe n?;/ ;w[dkJ/$ro[gK d/ ;gPNns/ w[yo ;kfonK d/ bJh T[go T[mD dk nk;kB w"ek fwbdk j?. PkfJd fJ; bJh th fe Gfty dh n;gPNuhi d/ pikJ/ ;kjwD/ uhI jk;b eoBk fInkdk nk;kB j?.

b'e;Gk dh tX s'A tX ;hNK 552 j[zdhnK jB. fJBQK ftu' 550 G'r'fbe wsdksk y/so jB, ns/ d' n?Arb'–fJzvhnB ;w[dkJ/ d/ wB'Bhs w?Apo j[zd/ jB. w?ApoK dh T[wo xZN s'A xZN gZuh ;kb j'Dh ukjhdh. b'e;Gkd/ w[yh ti'A ;/tk ;gheo eod/ jB, ns/ T[BKQ dh r?ojkIoh ftu T[g–w[yh iK fvgNh ;gheo. d'tK jh dhu'D w?ApoK d/ ftu'A jh j[zdh j?. gozgok d/ nB[;ko ;gheo dk gd pj[wstkbh gkoNh Bz{ iKdk j?, ns/ fvgNh;gheo dk fto'Xh g~y B{z. fco th, jkb d/ ;kbK ftu yzfvs u'D BshfinK ns/ ;oeko d/ nzdo s/ pkjohfto'Xh r[NK d/ dkftnK B/ ;Ekgs gozgoktK T[bN eo fdshnK jB. j[D se ;gheo ns/ fvgNh ;gheodh u'D Bz{ fttkd s'A d{o ofynk iKdk ;h. sKfe T[;dh s;tho g~ygks s'A ofjs j't/. ;gheo nfijkftnesh j't/ fi; ftu ekch :'rsk s/ gqGkt j't/, fiBQK dk gq:'r T[j ;dB ftu eo ;eD. b/feB 1998


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ftu Gkigk dh nrtkJh tkbh ;oeko B/ gfjb/ sK ;kfonK d[nkok ;wofEs eKro; T[whdtko ghHJ/H ;zrwkd/ ;woEB dk tkfJdk ehsk. gqzs{ pknd ftu nkgD/ fJe xNe db s/b[r{ d/Pw gkoNh Bz{ y[P eoB d/ bJhfJe nDikD T[whdtko pkb:'rh Bz{ u[fDnk. fJj d[oGkrg{oD j?, feT[Afe ;zftXkB B/ ;gheo Bz{ Gkoh fizw/tkohnK ;"AghnK jB–b'e;Gk d/ nzdo fJ; Bkb ;zpzXs ;kfonK w;fbnK T[Zs/ ;gheo dk fBoD/ nzfsw j[zdkj?.

;z;d Bz{ ftnkge t?XkfBe nfXeko j?, ns/ fpb fe;h th ;dB ftu g/P ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. ekBz{B pDBd/ bJh fpb Bz{ d'tK ;dBK ftu gk; eoBk ns/ T[;Bz{ okPNogsh dk nB[w'dB fwbDk io{oh j?. okPNogsh,i/eo io{oh ;wM/ sK, fpb ;z;d iK ;oeko Bz{ tkg; w[V ftuko d/ bJh G/i ;ed/ jB.gqzs{ i/ T[j d[pkokgkfos eo fdZsk frnk j? sK okPNogsh T[;Bz{ nB[w'fds eoB s'A BjhA o'e ;ed/. gqzs{ XB–;zpzXh fpbgfjb/ b'e;Gk ftu g/P ehsk ikDk ukjhdk ns/ T[;Bz{ okPNogsh dk nB[w'dB gqkgs j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[;Bz{fco oki;Gk G/fink iKdk j?, ns/ i/eo u'dQK fdBK d/ nzdo tkg; BjhA ehsk iKdk, sK gk; j'fJnk wzBfbnk iKdk j?. XB–;zpzXh fpbK d/ pko/ ftu oki;Gk d/ ;[Mkn b'e;Gk wzBD Bz{ wip{o BjhA j?.

fJ; gqeko ;zftXkB B/ ;z;d B{z pj[s ;BwkBiBe ;EkB gqdkB ehsk j?, ns/ fJ;h d/ nB[o{g fJ;d/ w?ApoKBz{ ;[ftXktK gqdkB ehshnK jB. d[oGkr Bkb jkb d/ ;kbK ftu e[M w?ApoK ns/ gkoNhnK dk fttjko ;z;dd/ ;BwkB s'A ekch BhtK fojk j? fi; Bkb ftXkB fBowkD dh gqfeqnk ftu o'e j[zdh j?. T[; ftu nBoEetke nkT[N, P'o Pokpk, fJE'A se fe Pohoe rZ[EwrZ[Eh sZe j'J/ jB. fJ; Bkb iB nkeq'P tfXnk j?,ns/ fJj GktBk c?bh j? fe ;z;d N?e; d/D tkfbnK d/ bJh pj[s t~vh popkdh j?.

XowfBog~y oki XowfBog~y oki XowfBog~y oki XowfBog~y oki XowfBog~y oki (Secular State);zftXkB Gkos Bz{ fJe ;kotG"w, ;wkitkdh, Xow fBog/y ns/ iBsKsfoe rDszso x'fPs eodk j?.jkbKfe ‘XowfBog~y’ ns/ ‘;wkitkdh’ Ppd 1976 ftu 42t/A ;zP'XB d/ iohJ/ i'V/ rJ/ ;B, ;zftXkB dhnkswk XowfBogZy ;h. 1973 ftu ;[gqhw e'oN B/ ;zftXkB d/ XowfBogZy ufosq Bz{ fJ;d/ w{b b~SDKftu fJe df;nk. fJ;d/ nbktk fJ; ftu w{bG{s nfXekoK ftu Xow d/ nkXko T[Zs/ G/dGkt s/ o'e, nk;Ekdh nkikdh ;w/s Xkofwe nkikdh, Xow dk gquko ns/ fttjko, Xkofwe wkwfbnK dk gqpzXB, fe;/ th XowBz{ tkXk d/D d/ bJh N?e; nkIkdh, e[M f;fynk ;z;EkBK ftu Xkofwe g{ik iK Xkofwe T[gd/P ftu fj~;kb?Dk, x~N frDsh d/ fjsK dh ofynk ns/ T[BQK d[nkok nkgDhnK f;fyne ;z;EktK ;Ekgs ns/ gqpzXs eoB;w/s ;K;feqse ns/ f;fyne nfXeko Pkwb j?.

Gkosh ;zdoG ftu XowfBogZy d/ noE T[Zs/ rowkrow pfj; j[zdh ojh j?. e[M dk efjDk j? fe g~Swftu, fiE'A fJj Ppd fbnk frnk, fJ;dk wsbp ekch fGzB j?. g~Sw ftu uou ns/ oki d/ ftu ;zxoPd/ cb;o{g d't/A nbr j' rJ/. uou Bz{ Xkofwe wkwb/ s?n eoB dk nfXeko fwfbnk, idfe oki r?oXkofwe wkwb/ s?n eoB brk. Gkos ftu, XowfBogZy ;zgodkfJe skesK d/ fybkc okPNotkdh skesKd/ ;zxoP d/ ;zdoG ftu ftef;s j'Jh. fJj ;zgodkfJe skesK Xow dk gq:'r okiBhfse T[d/PK d/ bJheoBk ukj[zdhnK ;B, ns/ fJ; gqeko T[God/ okPNo Bz[ Xow d/ nXko T[Zs/ tzvDk ukj[zdhnK ;B. fit/A feBfjo{ B/ pj[s ;jh fejk j?–

n;h nkgD/ oki Bz{ XowfBogZy efjzd/ jK. ‘XowfBogZy’ Ppd PkfJd g{oh soQK T[fus BjhA j?, gqzs{ p/jso Ppd d/ nGkt ftu n;hA fJ;/ dk gq:'r eo oj/ jK. fJ; dk noE eh j?< ;gPN j?, fJ;dknoE ;wki ftu Xow d/ gqsh T[dk;hBsk g?dk eoBk BjhA j?. fJ;dk wsbp j?, Xow ns/ nk;Ek dhnkIkdh Bz{ tkXk d/Dk. fJBQK ftu T[BQK dh nkikdh Pkwb j? i' Xow BjhA wzBd/. fJ;dk wsbp j? ;ko/XowK B{z g{oh nkikdh, p; Pos fJj j? fe T[j fJe d{i/ d/ wkwfbnK ftu ns/ ;kv/ oki dh w{bwkBsktK ftu j;sy/g Bk eoD.

vkH n?;H okXkfeqPBB B/, i' Gkosh doPB d/ gqf;~X ftdtkB ns/ 1962 s'A 1967 se Gkos d/ okPNogshoj/, XowfBog/ysk d/ Gkosh ;zdoG ftu fejk–

n;hA fJj wzBd/ jK fe fe;/ th Xow Bz{ gqkEfwesk BjhA fdsh ikDh ukjhdhHHH BkrfoeK d/ fe;/ th db B{zT[j nfXkeo ns/ ftP/PkfXeko BjhA fwbD/ ukjhd/ fi; Bkb T[j d{finK Bz{ tzfus oydk j?. Xow d/ nkXko


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T[Zs/ fe;h th ftnesh d/ gqsh Bk G/dGkt tofsnk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ Bk jh T[; Bz{ B[e;kB gj[zukfJnkikDk ukjhdk j?. ;kfonK Bz{ ;wkB ihtB dk g{ok je j'Dk ukjhdkHHH nfijh XowfBogZysk Gkosh dh gqkuhBXkofwe gozgok d/ nB[e{b j?.

XowfBogZysk d/ gqsh Bfjo{ dh gqshpXsk ns[b ns/ ;otKrhD ;h. T[j nkgDh g{oh j'Ad Bkb;zgodkfJesk Bkb Bcos eod/ ;B ns/ nkgDh g{oh fizdrh ;koh skes brk e/ T[; Bkb bVd/ oj/. T[BQKB/ XowfBog/ysk dh iVK B{z Gkosh iBsk d/ ftu c?bkfJnk ns/ T[; ;w/A c?bdh j'Jh ;zgodkfJe n~r B{zfgS/ Xe/bD ftu ekw:kp j'J/. id Xkofwe T[Bwkd c?bkT[D d/ bJh fJe wkj"b fsnko j' frnk ;h. jkbKfeT[j ;ko/ w[~fdnK T[Zs/ nkw ;fjwsh ns/ ;wM"s/ d/ g~y ftu ;B, gozs{ ;zgodkfJesk fJe nfijk w[~dk ;hfi; T[Zs/ T[j edh e'Jh ;wM"sk BjhA eo ;ed/ ;h. fit/A fe 1950 ftu T[BQK B/ fejk, “;zgodkfJesk T[Zs/fe;/ th ;wM"s/ dk noE nkgD/ f;XKsk dh fsbKibh ns/ Gkosh ;tkXhBsk d/ we;d Bkb r~dkoh d/ nbktkj'o e[M BjhA j' ;edk.@

Gkos dh yk; gfo;fEshnK dk fXnkB oyd/ j'J/, Bfjo{ B/ XowfBog~ysk B{z d'jo/ noEK ftu gfoGkPsehsk :kBh fJe soc oki, okiBhsh ns/ f;fynk B{z Xow s'A nbr oyDk ns/ Xow Bz{ ftnesh dk fBihwkwbk pDkT[Dk s/ d{ih soc ;kfonK XowK bJh ;wkB nkdoGkt fdykT[Dk ns/ T[BQK d/ nB[:kJhnK Bz{ ;wkBnt;o T[gbpX eokT[Dk. T[BQK B/ ;zgodkfJesk Bz{ gfoGkPs eod/ j'J/ fJ; Bz{ fJe nfijk ftukoXkokdf;nk i' “fjzd{, w[;bwkB, f;Zy iK fJ;kJh Bz{ ;wo{g ;w{j wzB e/ okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe wkwfbnK dhftnkfynk eodh j?, fJe Xkofwe ;w{j Bz{ d{i/ Xkofwe ;w{jK d/ fybkc GVek e/ Bcos c?bkT[Adh j?.”

Bfjo{ T[BQK gfjb/ ftneshnK ftu'A ;B fiBQK B/ ;zgodkfJesk dh ;wkfie–nkofEe iVK B{z ;wMD dh e'fPPehsh ;h. T[j fJ; ftPtk; s/ gj[zu/ ;h fe fJj w[y s"o s/ gqshfeqnktkdhnK dk jfEnko j?, jkbKfe fJ;dk;wkie nkXko w[y wZXtorh jh j?. ntsko d/ o{g ftu gfoGkPs ehsk. T[BQK d/ nB[;ko d{ih socXowfBog/ysk iBtkd dh w{bG{s ns/ io{oh g{ot Pos jB. Bfjo{ fe;/ th soQK, fjzd{, w[;fbw, f;Zy iKfJ;kJh ;zgodkn ftu e'Jh nzso BjhA eod/ ;h. T[BQK d/ w[skpe fJj ;ko/ fJe jh ftukoXkok d/ ftfGzBo{g jB ns/ fJ;bJh fJBKQ ;kfonK dk fJe ;kE fto'X eoBk ukjhdk j?. fiE/ T[j fJ; rb d/ gqsh g{ohsoQK ;gPN ;B fe x~N frDsh Bz{ g{oh ;[ofynk d/Dh ukjhdh j? ns/ T[BQK d/ vo Bz{ d{o eoBk ukjhdk j?,T[E/ T[j x~N frDsh dh ;zgodkfJesk dk th T[ABk fto'X eod/ ;B fizBh pj[frDsh dh ;zgodkfJesk dk.T[BQK B/ pj[s sofee nzdkI ftu ;wMkT[Ad/ j'J/ fejk fe Gkos tor/ pj[ Xkofwe ;wki ftu okPNoh J/esk f;oc XowfBog/ysk d/ nXko T[Zs/ pD ;edh j? ns/ fJ; bJh ;zgodkfJesk ;kc s"o T[Zs/ okPNohJ/esk dh d[PwD ns/ okPNo fto'Xh j?.

jkbKfe ;zgodkfJesk dh ;wf;nk d/ gqsh Bfjo{ d/ ot~JhJ/ ftu fJe Gkoh d'P th ;h. T[BQK ftu fJ; pko/ft~u e[M jd se nkofEe ftnkfynktknh, :Kfsqe, fInkdk ;obtkdh ns/ fBnshtkdh M[ekn w"i{d ;h.T[BQK dk ftPtk; ;h fe fB:'iB ns/ nkofEe ftek; s/ f;fynk d/ gq;ko d/ Bkb–Bkb ;zgodkfJe fuzsey[d–p–y[d ewI'o j[zdk ubk ikJ/rk ns/ XowfBog/y u/sBk d/ fBowkD ftu fJj wddrko ;kps j't/rk.fJ; soQK T[BQK B/ ftukoXkokswe g~Xo T[Zs/ ;zgodkfJesk d/ fto[X ;zxoP dh nt/jbBk ehsh. fJ; dkfJe Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe T[BQK B/ f;fynk d/ ;ko s~s T[Zs/ ns/ ftfrnkB s/ ftfrnkBe fdaqPNe'D s'AiBsk ftu gquko–gq;ko T[Zs/ pj[s jh xZN fXnkB fdsk. fJ;d/ nbktk fiE/ T[j ekch ekoiPhb ;B, T[E/T[BQK B/ ;zgodkfJesk d/ ftP/ ftu nkgDh ftb~yD ;wMdkoh Bz{ nkw iBsk ftu gj[zukT[D bJh eKro; dkfJe ;zrmB d/ o{g ftu fJ;s/wkb BjhA ehsk. nkgD/ f;XKsK Bkb th T[; ;w/A e[M ;wM"sk ehsk id e/ob ftu T[BQK B/ w[;fbw bhr ns/ fJ;kJh ;zgodkfJe dbK d/ BKb 1960 dhnK u'DK ftu eKro; Bz{ ;wM"skeoB dh fJikis fdsh. T[j oki ;oekoK Bz{ ;zgodkfJe fjz;k c?bkT[D tkfbnK d/ fybkc ;ys gqPk;fBeekotkJh eoB d/ bJh th fsnko BjhA eo gkJ/. Bshi/ ti'A tv/ g?wkB/ T[Zs/ j'D tkb/ ;zgodkfJe dzr/ d/ekoB T[BQK d/ ihtB d/ nzfsw fdB d[y Bkb Go/ j'J/ ;h.

iBtkdh rDszso iBtkdh rDszso iBtkdh rDszso iBtkdh rDszso iBtkdh rDszso (Democratic Republic)Gkosh iwhB T[Zs/ iBtkd dh fdqV ;EkgBk fJ; jd se ;cb ojh fe ni d/ b'e nfijk wzBD br/ jBfe jw/Pk s'A Gkos ftu iBtkd fJ;/ soK ;Ekgs ;h. fJ; iBtkd dh ;EkgBk dk P[o{nks 1947 d/ pknd


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;zftXkB fBowkD gqfeqnk d/ Bkb jh nkozG j'Jh ns/ 26 iBtoh 1950 Bz{ fJj bkr{ eo fdZsk frnk. 1951–52 d/ d"okB j'Jh nkw u'DK ftu iBtkd B/ fJe wjkB SbKr brkJh. fJj u'DK uko wjhfBnK d/ d"okB;zgB j'JhnK. fJj u'DK g{oh d[BhnK ftu iBtkd d/ bJh ehsk frnk ;G s'A tZvk gq:'r ;h. u'DK ;opftn;e wskfXeko d/ nkXko T[Zs/ eotkJ/ rJ/, fi; ftu 21 ;kb s'A T[Zs/ d/ ;ko/ ftenshnK B{z t'N gkT[Ddk nfXeko ;"Afgnk frnk. wsdksktK dh e[b ;zfynk 17 eo'V 30 b~y ;h. fi; ftu fInkdkso b'erohp, nBgVQ ns/ g/Av{ y/soK s'A ;h. fJBQK b'eK Bz{ u'DK dk gfjbK e'Jh nB[Gt BjhA gqkgs ;h. T[; ;w/A dk;G s'A tZvk ;tkb fJjh ;h fe gsk BjhA b'eK dh gqshfeqnk eh j't/rh.

eJh b'e n?;/ wsdksktK d[nkok nkgDh t'N dk gq:'r, okiBhfse gfenkJh s/ fIzw/tko sohe/ Bkb eo gkT[DT[Zs/ Pzek eod/ ;B. e[M b'eK dk efjDk ;h fe Gkos tor/ iksh tzv tkb/, pj[ Xowktbzph, nf;fynsns/ fgSV/ ;wki d/ bJh iBtkdh u'D mhe Bjh iud/ jB ns/ n?;/ ;wki ftu f;oc T[dko fBoze[Pskjh okiBhfse o{g Bkb gqGktPkbh ftt;Ek j' ;edh j?. nkrkwh u'DK B{z fe;/ B/ jB/o/ ftu SbKr fejks/ fe;/ B ‘ftfusq’ iK fco ‘ftPtk; nkXkfos e'fPP’ fejk.

okPNoh nzd'bB dh gozgok B{z wip{s eod/ j'J/ Gkosh B/sktK B/ ns/ yk; eo Bfjo{ B/ d/P ftu iBtkddh BhAj Bz{ j'o wip{s pDkfJnk. nkgDh okiBhfse ekoigqDkbh d/ s"o sohfenK ns/ okiBhfse ;fEoskdh T[gbpXh d[nkok fJ; ezw Bz{ nzikw fdZsk frnk. T[BQK B/ iBtkdh gqDkbh d/ ;z;Ekrs g~yK Bz{ Gog{owj~st fdsk, fi; ftu ;z;dh ;z;EktK d/ gqsh brkt j'bh–j'bh tXdk frnk. T[j Bk e/tb GktkBksweo{g Bkb i[V/, pbfe iBtkdh ;z;EktK d/ YKu/ ns/ ekoigqDkbh Bkb i[Vd/ ub/ rJ/. b'eK d/ T[go Gkoh gqGktfB:zfsqs eoB d/ pkti{d Bfjo{ B/ yk; s"o s/ fJ; r~b dk g{ok fXnkB fdZsk fe okiBhfse Pesh e/AfdqsBk j'e/ c?bh oj/.

Bkrfoe nfXekoK Bz{ wip{s nkXko T[Zs/ yVk ehsk frnk ns/ gq?; Bz{ ;oeko dh fsyh nb'uBk eoB d/pkti{d g{oh nkIkdh fwbh. e'oN dh ;tkfJ~sk Bz{ pj[s ;ktXkBh Bkb gkfbnk g'f;nk frnk. fJ;d/ pkti{dfe y/sh ;[Xko ;zzpXh wj~stg{oB ns/ b'efgqn ftX/ne dk e'oN d[nkok fto'X ehsk frnk, fJ;dh ;tkfJ~skT[Zs/ e'Jh nKu BjhA nkT[D fdsh rJh.

Bfjo{ ;z;d Bz{ pj[s nkdo fdzd/ ;B ns/ fJ;dk ;BwkB s/ Pesh pDk e/ oyD d/ bJh nkgDh gkoNh d[nkokGkoh pj[ws gqkgs eoB d/ pkti{d jo ;zGt e'fPP eod/ ;h. T[BQK B/ ;z;d Bz{ iBsk d/ ftukoK Bz{ ftneseoD dk fJe wj~stg{oB wzu pDk fd~sk. T[BQK B/ fJj f;XKs pDk ofynk ;h fe T[j ;z;d ftu gqPBekbd/ d"okB j'D tkbh pfj;K d/ ;w/A jw/Pk T[E/ w'i{d ofjDr/. ftg~y B/ th ;z;d ns/ T[;dh ekoigqDkbh dknkdo eod/ j'J/ nkgDh G{fwek fBGkJh. fpBk fe;/ vo s'A nkgDh rb oyd/ j'J/ T[BQK ;z;dh pfj;K Bz{ fJeT[Zuk g~Xo gqdkB ehsk. ;z;d ;uw[u ftu d/P dh ;G s'A wj~stg{oB ;z;Ek pD rJh. fJ;d/ nbktknkebB ;whsh (n?;Nhw/N; ew/Nh) torh ;z;dh ;whfsnK B/ ;oekoh gqPk;B d/ T[Zs/ fBrokBh oyh ns/fJe nb'ue dh wj~stg{oB G{fwek fBGkT[D b~rh.

Bfjo{ dh nrtkJh ftu wzsohwzvb (e?fpBN) gqDkbh pj[s ;t;E sohe/ Bkb ftef;s j'Jh. fJj e'fPPehsh rJh fe wzsohwzvb Bz{ ;w{je Bhsh fBoXkoD dk gqw~[y wkfXnw pDkfJnk ikt/. Bfjo{ nkgD/wzsohwzvb d/ ;fj:'rhnK Bkb ekch fBwosk ns/ nkdo Bkb g/P nkT[Ad/ ;B. 1950 s'A 1956 d/ d"okBGkos d/ ft~s wzsoh oj/ ;hHvhH d/Pw[y B/ nkgDh ihtBh ftu pknd ft~u fejk ;h–“wzsohwzvb d/ gqw[yd/ o{g ftu Bfjo{ pj[s jh fBwosk tkb/, iBtkdh ns/ d{i/ d/ ftukoK T[Zs/ fXnkB d/D tkb/ ;h, nkgD/;fj:'rhnK T[Zs/ edh nkgDk fBoDK Bjh E'gd/ ;BHHH fBoDk jw/Pk jh nkw ;fjwsh Bkb bJ// iKd/, ns/fiE/ se w?Bz{ :kd j?, w/o/ ;w/A ftu edh th e'Jh fBoDk wsdkB d[nkok BjhA fbnk frnk.”

eKro; gkoNh dk tou;t j[zd/ j'J/ th fJ; ekb ftu ftgeP dh G{fwek j'o wip{s j[zdh ubh rJh. Bfjo{ftg~yh dbK Bz{ g{ok ;EkB ns/ nkdo fdzd/ ;B ns/ T[BQK dhnK nb'uBktK d/ gqsh pj[s ;zt/dBPhb ofjzd/;B. fJe tko T[BQK B/ iBtkd Bz{ fJ; soQK gfoGkPs ehsk–“fJj nzfsw ftPb/PD ft~u u'D dk fJe sohek,ezw eoB dk fJe sohek j?, fJj gV";hnK, ftg~ynK ns/ ngD/ fto'XhnK Bkb fttjko eoB dk fJe sohekj?.” ftg~yh db th ndG[s ;kj; ns/ y[b/gB d/ Bkb rshftXh ubkT[Dk f;y u[e/ ;B. fJ;d/ nbktk,;zfynk dh fdqPNh Bkb S'N/ jz[d/ j'J/ th ftg~yh db fJ; rb dk ckfJdk u[ed/ ;B fe eKro; e'Jh fJews


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gkoNh BjhA j? ns/ fJ;d/ nzdo th eJh okiBhfse o[MkB ns/ ftukoXkokswe gqftoshnK w"i{d jB. fJ;hbJh eKro; d/ nzdo ftfGzB o[MkBK Bz{ gqGkts eo T[j ;oeko dh BhshnK T[Zs/ n;o gkT[Ad/ ;B. Bfjo{eKro; d/ nzdo nKsfoe iBtkd dk nkdo eod/ j'J/ nzdo{Bh fttkdK Bz{ T[s;kfjs eod/ ;B. T[j jw/Pke'fPP eod/ ;h fe BthA ;wkfie gqftoshnK ns/ PeshnK Bz{ eKro; d/ nzdo T[fus irk fdsh ikt/.

Bfjo{ :[r d/ d"okB ;zftXkB ftu fds/ rJ/ ;zxtkdh gqktXkBK Bz{ wip{sh Bkb ;Ekgs ehsk frnk. okiKd/ ftu ;~sk dh ;w[fus tzv ehsh rJh. okiK dh ;tk:sk dk nkdo eod/ j'J/ Bfjo{ edh th oki ;oekoKT[Zs/ nkgDk fBoDk BjhA E'gd/ ;B, Bk jh T[BQK dh BhshnK ftu e'Jh j;sy/g eod/ ;h. jkbKfe T[j oki;oekoK Bz{ nkgD/ ftukoK Bkb nrkj eokT[Ad/ ofjzd/ ;B ns/ ;w/A–;w/A T[Zs/ nkgDh ;bkj, fJE'A se fee[M dpkn th, fe;/ yk; Bhsh Bz{ ;theko eokT[D d/ bJh gkfJnk eod/ ;h. T[j gqd/P eKro; B{z nkgDkns/ nkgDh ;oeko dk B/sk u[DB dh g{oh S{N fdzd/ ;h. T[j okiK dh ;wf;nk B{ fpjso Yzr Bkb ;wMDd/ bJh T[; oki d/ B/sktK ns/ ;oeko T[Zs/ nkfPqs ofjzd/ ;B. fJj fJe pj[s tZvk ekoB ;h fe Bfjo{nkgDh ;wM d/ fj;kp Bkb ehs/ ikD tkb/ G{wh ;[Xko gq'rokw Bz{ okiK ftu bkr{ BjhA eo ;e/, feT[Afe G{wh;[Xko oki ;{uh dk ftP/ ;h ns/ nkgD/ wBGkT[Ad/ ekoiK Bz{ ;zgzB eokT[D d/ bJh th T[j oki dh Peshns/ nfXeko ;hwk ftu ipod;sh tVBk g;zd BjhA eod/ ;h. Bfjo{ ;bkj, fBod/P ns/ p/Bsh eod/ ;Bgo nkgD/ ;zt?XkfBe dkfJo/ ftu'A edh pkjo BjhA iKd/ ;h. don;b y/sh, f;fynk, ;tk;E ns/ j'oefbnkDekoh g'qrokwK dh ewI'oh dk fJe pj[s tZvk ekoB fJBQK Bz{ bkr{ eoB ftu e/Ado dh oki ;oekoKT[Zs/ fBoGosk th ojh j? feT[Afe fJj ;ko/ oki ;{uh d/ ftP/ jB. fco th Bfjo{ B/ e/Adoh ;oeko dh ;~skns/ gqshPmk T[Zs/ edh nKu BjhA nkT[D fdsh. T[BQK B/ jw/Pk Pesh d/ e/AdoheoD ns/ okiK T[Zs/ e/Ado d/ gqGkts/ okPNo fBowkD, d/P dh ;[szsosk, J/esk dh ofynk ns/ ftyzvBekoh s/ tzvh gkT[D tkbhnK PeshnK Bz{fBnzsoD ftu oyD d/ bJh fJe wip{s e/Ado dh io{os ftu coe ehsk.

;kBz{ fJ; rb s/ th r"o eoBk ukjhdk j? fe e/Ado ns/ okiK d/ ftu gq/wg{oD ;zpzX ns/ ftGkiekoh PeshnKT[Zs/ fBnzsoD pD/ ofjD dk fJe ;G s'A t~vk ekoB fJj ;h fe e/Ado ns/ oki, d'tK ftu'A fJe jh gkoNh ;~sko{V;h. e/Ado dh nrtkJh tkbh G{fwek ;Ekgs j'D dk fJe d{ik ekoB fJj ;h fe ssekbhB Gkosh okiBhshd/ e[M ;G s'A e~dkto b'e T[; ;w/A wzsohwzvb ns/ eKro; ekoi;whsh d/ w?Apo ;B.

Bfjo{ :[r d/ ;kbK ftu, ;?Bk T[Zs/ Bkrfoe ;oeko dh Pq/Pmsk dh gozgok g{oh soQK ;Ekgs j' rJh. Gkosh;?Bk gkozgfoe o{g Bkb th nokiBhfse j'fJnk eodh ;h ns/ Bkrfoe fBnzsoD s/ nrtkJh ;theko eodhubh nkJh ;h. go fJj G{fwek pDh oj/rh, fJ;dh e'Jh rkozNh BjhA ;h. yk;s"o T[Zs/ Bfjo{ fJ; nPzek Bkbfuzss ofjzd/ ;B fe fes/ ;?Bk okiBhsh ftu j;sy/g eoBk Bk P[o{ eo d/t/. yk;eo fd;/ nB'yh gfo;fEshftu nfijk j' ;edk ;h, fit/A fe 19th ;dh d/ cqK; ns/ iowBh s/ T[; ;w/A d/ nB/e shih d[BhnK d/ d/PKftu j' fojk ;h. T[BQK B/ fJ; fdPk ftu eJh edw u[e/. T[BQK B/ ;?fBe pbK dk nkeko S' ofynk ns/ 1954ftu nwohek d[nkok gkfe;skB Bz{ Gkoh ;?fBe ;jkfJsk d/D d/ pkti{d Gkosh ;?Bk d/ ft;sko dh nkfrnk BjhAfdsh. ;?fBe pbK T[Zs/ you th ekch xZN ofynk frnk i' okPNoh nkwdB d/ d' gqshPs s'A th xZN ;h. fpqfNPT[gfBt/Ptkdh Bhsh d/ nkXko T[Zs/ ;?Bk ftu ‘:[Xfgqn’ ikshnK dh Gosh dh Bhsh Bz{ Sv e/ ;?Bk Bz{ ftnkgenkXko tkbk ;zrmB pdkfJnk frnk ns/ T[; ftu jo/e y/so ns/ ;wki d/jo spe/ Bz{ gqshfBXhst fdZsk frnk.fJ; gqeko Gkos Bz{ nkgD/ ftek; d/ nkozGe ;kbK ftu ;?fBetkd d/ yso/ s'A pukfJnk frnk. ;?fBepb d/ S'N/nkeko ns/ T[BQK s/ you ftu eN"sh d' j'oBk ekoBK s'A th ehsh rJh–1H nkofEe ftek; d/ bJh ehwsh d[obG;z;kXBK Bz{ pukT[Dk ns/ 2H xo/b{ ;?fBe T[d:'r d/ ngkt ftu ftd/Ph PeshnK T[Zs/ fBoGosk ns/ T[;d/ Bshi/ti'A Gkos d/ nKsfoe s/ ftd/Ph wkwfbnK ftu T[BQK d/ j;sy/g dh ;zGktBk s'A puDk.

;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD (Self Assessment)

;jh ftebg u[D' ;jh ftebg u[D' ;jh ftebg u[D' ;jh ftebg u[D' ;jh ftebg u[D' (Choose the Correct Option)–

1H oki ;Gk ftu fezB/ w?Apo j[zd/ jB–

(a) 250 (b) 255 (c) 260 (d) 274


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2H okPNogsh oki;Gk ftu fezB/ w?ApoK dk wB'B:B ;oeko d/ ;[Mkn T[Zs/ eodk j?–

(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 15

3H nkgksekb d/ d"okB b'e;Gk dk ekoiekb fJe tko ftu fezzB/ ;w/A d/ bJh tXkfJnk ik ;edk j?–

(a) 3 wjhB/ (b) 6 wjhB/ (c) 10 wjhB/ (d) fJ; ;kb

4H b'e;Gk w?ApoK dh ;zfynk fezBh j[zdh j?–

(a) 550 (b) 552 (c) 555 (d) 556

5H b'e;Gk w?ApoK dh xZN s'A xZN T[wo fezBh j'Dh ukjhdh j?–

(a) 18 ;kb (b) 25 ;kb (c) 30 ;kb (d) 35 ;kb

11H211H211H211H211H2 ftef;s ;wkitkdh ;wkt T[Zs/ itkjo bkb Bfjo{ dk doPBftef;s ;wkitkdh ;wkt T[Zs/ itkjo bkb Bfjo{ dk doPBftef;s ;wkitkdh ;wkt T[Zs/ itkjo bkb Bfjo{ dk doPBftef;s ;wkitkdh ;wkt T[Zs/ itkjo bkb Bfjo{ dk doPBftef;s ;wkitkdh ;wkt T[Zs/ itkjo bkb Bfjo{ dk doPB(Jawahar Lal Nehru's Vision of a Developed Socialist Society)

Gkosh rDszso d/ ;z;EkgeK dh fdqPNh wkso okPNoh J/eheoD ns/ okiBhfse ;fEosk se jh ;hwsBjhA ;h. Gkosh ;wki Bz{ ;wkie gfotosD d/ fJe t~v/ d"o s'A r[ioBk ;h. ;zftXkB d/ nB[S/d 36d/ sfjs oki d/ Bhsh fBod/Pe f;XKsK ftu fejk frnk ;h fe–“oki iBsk d/ efbnkD B{z tkXk d/D d/ bJh fJe nfijh ;wkie ftt;Ek Bz{ :Ek;zGt gqGktPkbh sohfenK Bz{ jk;b ns/ ;[ofyns oyDdh e'fPP eo/rk, fi; ftu nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse fBnK okPNoh ihtB B{z jo/e ;z;Ek d/ wkfXnwBkb T[gbpX j't/rk.” ‘;wki d/ ;wkitkdh gqko{g’ d/ o{g ftu fJ;B{z ftnes ehsk frnk ns/nfXekfoe s"o T[Zs/ eKro; d/ ntkvh nfXt/PB d[nkok ;theko ehsk frnk. pknd ftu fJ; nkdoPBz{ d{ih ns/ shih gzi ;kbk :'iBktK dk nzr pDk fbnk frnk. Bshi/ ti'A ;wkfie ;[XkoK d/ eJhwj~stg{oB edw Bfjo{ ekb ftu u[e/ rJ/ fiBQK Bz{ e[M b'e efbnkDekoh oki dh P[o{nks d/ o{g ftud/yd/ jB. fJ; ;zdoG ftu u[e/ rJ/ e[M wj~stg{oB edw G{wh ;[Xko, fB:'fis nkofEe ftek; dhP[o{nks ns/ ;kotifBe y/so d/ S/sh ft;sko nkfd d/ o{g ftu d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJ;d/ nbktkd{rrkwh Pqfwe ekBz{B fBoXkos ehs/ rJ/ fi; d/ sfjs ;w{je ;wM"sk ns/ ;"d/pkih B{z wkBsk, Nq/v:[BhnB pDkT[D ns/ jVskb eoB dk nfXeko, o'irko dh ;[ofynk ns/ ;tk;E s/ d[oxNBk phwkdk gqktXkB nkfd dh ;[ofynk fdsh rJh. ;zgsh d/ fInkdk ;wskg{oB ftsoD dh fdPk ftu e'fPPKehshnK rJhnK. fJ; T[d/P Bkb nkwdB eo dh T[Zuh do ns/ nkpekoh eo (n?e;kJhI N?e;) dhBhsh bkr{ ehsh rJh. f;fynk, ;tk;E ns/ j'o ;wkie ;j{bsK dk nkws"o T[Zs/ ft;sko ehsk frnk.

Bfjo{ ns/ j'o B/sk fJe n?;/ ;wkit gfotosB d/ bJh T[s;[e ;B i' ;wki d/ fgSV/ ns/Bfjo{ ns/ j'o B/sk fJe n?;/ ;wkit gfotosB d/ bJh T[s;[e ;B i' ;wki d/ fgSV/ ns/Bfjo{ ns/ j'o B/sk fJe n?;/ ;wkit gfotosB d/ bJh T[s;[e ;B i' ;wki d/ fgSV/ ns/Bfjo{ ns/ j'o B/sk fJe n?;/ ;wkit gfotosB d/ bJh T[s;[e ;B i' ;wki d/ fgSV/ ns/Bfjo{ ns/ j'o B/sk fJe n?;/ ;wkit gfotosB d/ bJh T[s;[e ;B i' ;wki d/ fgSV/ ns/e[ub/ j'J/ spfenK dh w[esh dk wkor gqP;s eo ;e/. fit/A fe Bfjo{ B/ 1956 ftu fejk–e[ub/ j'J/ spfenK dh w[esh dk wkor gqP;s eo ;e/. fit/A fe Bfjo{ B/ 1956 ftu fejk–e[ub/ j'J/ spfenK dh w[esh dk wkor gqP;s eo ;e/. fit/A fe Bfjo{ B/ 1956 ftu fejk–e[ub/ j'J/ spfenK dh w[esh dk wkor gqP;s eo ;e/. fit/A fe Bfjo{ B/ 1956 ftu fejk–e[ub/ j'J/ spfenK dh w[esh dk wkor gqP;s eo ;e/. fit/A fe Bfjo{ B/ 1956 ftu fejk–

n;hA f;oc okiBhfse eqKsh dh jh e'fPP BjhA eo oj/ ns/ Bk f;oc fJjh T[gbpXh ukj[zd/ jK, s/ n;hAf;oc nkofEe eqKsh d/ bJh jh ih s'V fwjBs BjhA eo oj/ jK, pbfeHHH n;hA ;wkie eqKsh d/ bJh thT[ABk jh fdqV ;ezbg oyd/ jK, fJBQK fszB nbr–nbr o;fsnK T[Zs/ ub e/ ns/ T[BQK Bz{ fJe wjkB ;zg{oBskftu pdb e/ jh Gkos d/ b'e so~eh eo ;ed/ jB.

(i) ;zftXkB ftu gfjb/ jh n;goPsk d/ T[Bw{bB dk fJe gqktXkB Pkwb eo fbnk frnk ;h. ;oeko B/fJ; ftu j'o tkXk eod/ j'J/ 1955 ftu nS{s fto'Xh ekBz{B gk; eo fdZsk ;h, fi; Bkb S{nkS{s dkfotki dzvBhn ns/ ;zr/n ngokX pDk fdZsk frnk ;h. ;oeko B/ ;zftXkB d/ d[nkok f;fyns;z;EkBK ns/ ;oekoh B"eohnK ftu nB[;{fus ikshnK, iBikshnK s/ ;wki d/ j'o ewI'o spfenK d/fjs ftu okytKeoB d/ gqktXkB Bz{ g{oh soQK bkr{ eoB dh e'fPP ehsh. ;oeko B/ T[BQK dh ;wkiej?;hns B{z T[Zuk eoB bJh j'o io{oh T[gkn fit/A tihc/, ftfdnkoEhnK dh fojkfJP, ft~sh ;jkfJsk,eoI, ofjD, ;tk;E ns/ ekBz{Bh ;jkfJsk nkfd dh ftt;Ek th ehsh. fJe nB[;{fus iksh ns/iBiksh nk:[es dh th fB:[esh ehsh rJh sKfe fJBQK g'qrokwK Bz{ bkr{ ehs/ ikD T[Zs/ g{oh fBrokBh


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oyh ik ;e/. gqzs{ fJBQK ;kohnK e'fPPK d/ pkti{d nB[;{fus iksh ns/ iBiksh fgSV/ j'J/ jh oj/ ns/iksh nXkfos P'PD, ftP/Peo g/Av{ y/soK ftu ni/ th pfDnk j'fJnk j?. nB[;{fus iksh ns/ iBikshd/ b'e j[D th fInkdkso G{whjhD y/sh wid{o jh pD/ j'J/ jB. fJ; bJh T[BQK dk torh P'PD th ubfojk j?. ni/ se iksh gqEk dh ftukoXkok Bz{ fBow{b eoB dh e'Jh e'fPP BjhA ehsh ik ;edh j?.iksh n;wkBsk ns/ iksh P'PD Bz{ ysw BjhA ehsk frnk. Bshi/ ti'A, ikshtkd T[Zu ikshnK Bkb'AfgSVh ikshnK ns/ g/Av{ Bkb'A Pfjoh y/soK ftu c?bdk ik fojk j?.

(ii) okPNoh nzd'bB ftu n"os ;zrmB ns/ ;w{jK dh ekoiPhbsk Gkrhdkoh j'D d/ ekoB j[D T[j gfotkoftu n"osK d/ nfXeko dh wzr eo ojhnK ;B ns/ Bfjo{ d/ o{g ftu T[BQK Bz{ fJe ;Pes ;woEe gqkgs;h. nkikdh d/ gfjb/ jh fJ; w[~d/ T[Zs/ Bfjo{ nkgDk fdqPNhe'D ;kc eo u[e/ ;B ns/ T[BQK B/ cqK;h;hdkoPfBe ukob; c{fo; Bz{ ;zp'XB eod/ j'J/ fejk–“fJe d/P dh ;fGnsk d/ ftek; dk nzdkik T[E'A dhn"osK dh ;wkie ns/ okiBhfse ;fEsh Bkb bkfJnk ik ;edk j?.”fJ; fdPk ftu fJe pj[s tZvk edw 1951 ftu fjzd{ e'v fpb gq;skfts eoB d/ Bkb fbnkfrnk. fJ; ftX/ne dk ;wki d/ dfenkB{;h spe/ ftu Gkoh fto'X j'fJnk. yk; s"o T[Zs/iB;zx s/ j'o fjzd{ ;zgodkfJe ;zrmBK B/ fJ; fto'X dh nrtkJh ehsh. eKro; gkoNh d/ dpzrw?Apo, wfjbk ;z;d w?ApoK ns/ j'o wfjbk ekoieosktK d[nkok Gog{o ;woEB fd~s/ ikD d/pkti{d Bfjo{ B/ fJ; fpb B{z ssekfbe o{g Bkb bkr{ eoB T[Zs/ o'e brk fdsh sKfe fJ; d/ bJhj'o th ;woEB i[NkfJnk ik ;e/. T[j fJ; fpb B{z gkfos eoB d/ bJh tuBp~X ;B ns/ 1951–52 dhnK u'DK ftu T[BQK B/ fJ;Bz{ w[~dk pDkfJnk.

;~sk ftu tkg; nkT[D d/ pknd ;oeko B/ fJ; ftX/ne B{z uko nbZr–nbZr ekBz{BK dh Peb ftu gkfosehsk, fi; B/ fJefBPm ftnkj, g[oP ns/ fJ;sqh d'tK d/ bJh sbke dk gqktXkB, ftnkj ns/ ;fjwsh dhT[wo ;hwk tXkT[D s/ n"osK Bz{ ftqsh (w/AN/B/A;) gkT[D ns/ gfotkfoe ;zgsh ftu fjZ;k gqkgs eoB dknfXeko fdbtkfJnk. fJ; gqeko n"osK dh w[esh dh fdPk ftu fJe eqKshekoh edw u[fenk frnk,jKbkfe fJ;B{z fttjko ftu bkr{ j'D ftu eJh dPe br rJ/. fJ; ;zdoG ftu fJe pj[s t~vhewi'oh, fJj ojh j? fe jo/e Xow d/ nB[:kJhnK d/ bJh fJe ;KMk f;ftb e'v bkr{ BjhA ehskfrnk. fJ;d/ bJh w[;fbw go;Bb bk ftu fJefBPmsk ftu gfotosB ns/ ;zgsh ftu fj~;k s/ftok;s ;zpXh ekBz{BK ftu gfotosB eoBk g?Adk. fJ; rb T[Zs/ w[;bwkB e~NogzEhnK dh soc s'AGkoh fto'X g?dk ehsk frnk. fJ;d/ nbktk, w[;bwkBK ftu ;wkie ;[Xko dh gqfeqnk nkX[fBe ekbftu fjzd{nK d/ w[ekpb/ pj[s fgSVh j'Jh ;h. fJ; bJh w[;bwkB wZXtorh n"osK d/ ftu thgfotosB ukj[D tkbh PeshnK pj[s ewi'o ;B. Bfjo{ w[;bwkB xNfrDsh d/ ftu e'Jh yso/ dhxzNh tikT[D d/ g~y ftu BjhA ;h, i' gfjb/ s'A jh ekch dpkn ftu ih oj/ ;B. T[j w[;fbw go;Bbbkn ftu gfotosB fbnkT[D ns/ nkw f;ftb e'v (:{Bhckow f;ftb e'v) bkr{ eoB d/ g~y ftu;B, gozs{ f;oc T[d'A, id w[;bwkB b'e T[;d/ bJh fsnko j' ikD.

(iii) rDoki d/ ;z;Ekge fJ; r~b Bkb tkec ;B fe ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ftek;, nt;o dh ;wkBsk ns/iBtkdh ;wki d/ fBowkD d/ bJh ftnkge s/ fpjso f;fynk fJe pj[s tZvk jfEnko j[zdk j?. fJ;dhio{os fJ; bJh th pj[s fInkdk ;h fe 1951 ftu e~[b nkpkdh dk wkso 16H6 gqshPs jh gfVQnk fbfynk;h ns/ g/Av{ gfotkoK ftu fJj j'o th x~N, wkso 6 gqshPs jh ;h. Bshi/ ti'A, ;zftXkB B/ fBod/P fdZskfe 1961 se ;oeko 14 ;kb dh T[wo se d/ jo/e pZu/ Bz{ w[cs s/ io{oh f;fynk gqdkB eo/. pknd ftufJj beP tXk e/ 1966 se eo fd~sk frnk.;oeko gqkEfwe, wkXfwe, T[Zu ns/ seBheh f;fynk dh ;[ftXktK ftef;s eoB T[Zs/ fJe tvhoew you eo ojh ;h. fiE/ 1951–52 ftu f;fynk d/ T[go you 19H80 eo'V ;h, T[E/ fJj1964–65 ftu tX e/ 146H27 eo'V j' frnk. fJj 7 r[Dk s'A th fInkdk tkXk ;h. feT[Afef;fynk w{b s"o s/ oki ;{uh dk ftP/ ;h, i' th wkfJe efmBkJh nkJ/, gqkEfwe f;fynk T[Zs/you ftu fe;h soQK dh eN"sh BjhA ehsh ikDh ukjhdh. i/ fJzBk jh io{oh j't/ sK T[d:'freftek; ftu you ftu E'Vh eN"sh ehsh ik ;edh j? ns/ T[BQK B/ wJh 1961 ftu okPNoh ftek;gfoPd Bz{ fejk–“w?A fJj wfj;{; eoB brk jK fe fJj (f;fynk) ;koh uhIK dk nkXko j? ns/fe;/ th ekoB Bkb, i/ ;kv/ f;o jh eN bJ/ ikD ns/ n;hA ezw jh BjhA eo ;e/ sK j'o rb j?, go;kBz{ f;fynk Bz[ fe;h gqeko dk B[e;kB BjhA gj[zuD d/Dk ukjhdk.”


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Bfjo{ d/ fdBK ftu f;fynk, yk;eo bVehnK dh f;fynk ftu Gkoh gqrsh fdykJh fdsh. 1951 ns/1961 d/ ftu ;e{bK ftu ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;zfynk d' r[Dh ns/ ftfdnkoEDK dh ;zfynk fszB r[Dh j'rJh. 1950–51 d/ w[ek[pb/ 1965–66 ftu gfjb/ s'A u"Eh ebk; se d/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;zfynk 1H37eo'V s'A tXe/ 3H21 eo'V j' rJh. fJ;/ gqeko wkXfwe g~Xo T[Zs/ th gfotosB fdydk j? fiE/fJ;/ ;w/A ftu ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;zfynk 10 by s'A tX e/ 40 by (:kBh 4 r[Dh tkXk) ns/ftfdnkoEDK dh ;zfynk 1H9 by s'A tX e/ 10H2 by (eohp ;kY/ S/ r[Dh s'A ftu fInkdk) j' rJh.wkXfwe ;e{bK dh ;zfynk 7,288 s'A tX e/ 24,477 fJ; d"okB j' rJh.nkIkdh d/ fdBK ftu f;oc 18 ftPtftfdnkbk ;h, idfe eohp 3 by ftfdnkoEh ;h. 1964 seftPtftfdnkbk dh ;zfynk 54 ns/ ekbiK dh ;zfynk 2,500 j' rJh. ;Bkse ns/ ;Bkse'softfdnkoEhnK dh ;zfynk 6H13 by j' u[eh ;h. ftfdnkoEDk dh ;zfynk S/ r[Dk tX e/ e[bftfdnkoEhnK dk 22 gqshPs j' frnk. gqzs{ gqkEfwe f;fynk ftu soZeh d/ pkti{d fJ~Ss gqrsh BjhAj' gk ojh ;h feT[Afe T[; ftu ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;zfynk ftu tkXk w{b s'o s/ iB;zfynk nj ftu tkX/ekoB j' fojk ;h. ;zftXkB d[nkok w[cs ns/ io{oh f;fynk dk beP i' gfjbK 1961 se g{ok ehskikDk ;h, T[j tX e/ 1966 ns/ fco ;[d{o GftZy d/ bJh Nkb fdZsk frnk. 1965–66 d/ d"okB shih:'iBk d/ nzs ftu 6 s'A 14 ;kb d/ p~funK dk wkso 61 gqshPs jh ;e{b iKdk ;h, ftfdnkoEK d/ bJhfJj nKeVk j'o th xZN wkso 43 gqshPs jh ;h. Bshi/ ti'A nBgVQsk t~v/ g?wkB/ s/ tXdh ojh ns/191 ftu wkso 52 gqshPs Gkosh jh ;kyo ;h.gqkEfwe f;fynk dh ;G s'A tvh ewI'oh gVkJh SZv e/ ikD tkb/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh T[Zuh ;zfynk ojh j?.gfjbh ebk; ftu Bkw fbykT[D tkb/ eohp nX/ p~u/ u"Eh ebk; ftu gj[zud/–gj[zu/ ;e{b Sv fdzd/ ns/ fcotkg; nBgVQsk d/ x/o/ ftu gj[zu iKd/ ;B. gVQkJh S~vD tkfbnK ftu bVehnK dh ;zfynk bVfenK s'Apj[s fInkdk ;h. fJ; Bkb ;kc j' iKdk j? fe f;fynk dk ;wkB nt;o ;G B{z gqkgs BjhA j' fojk ;h.fJ;bJh B"eoh ftu nt;o dh ;wkBsk dk ;tkb g?dk BjhA j[zdk. Bshi/ ti'A fgzvK d/ s/ rohp b'e Gkosdk pj[;zfyne fj~;k j[zd/ j'J/ th fJBQK d/ bkG s'A d{o oj/. fJe d{ih ewi'oh i' fJ; ;w/A g?dk j'Jh, T[j ;hf;fynk d/ fwnko ftu froktN. fJ; ;wf;nk Bz[{ wfj;{; eoB d/ pkti{d f;oc seBheh f;fynk Bz{ Sve/ pkeh f;fynk ftt;Ek Bz{ pr?o ;[Xko d/ nS{sk Sv fdZsk frnk ns/ f;fynk d/ fwnko gfjb/ ;e{bK ftuns/ fco T[; d/ pknd ekbiK s/ ftPtftfdnkbk ftu fvrD brk. fJ;d/ nbktk f;fynk dk ftukokswe;o{g BjhA ofj frnk i' UgfBt/Pe ekb ftu ;h. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, fJj ;zgodkfJesk d/ gq;ko dk fJejfEnko jh pfDnk ofj frnk ns/ pknd ftu ;zehoDsk s/ njzeko dk gq;ko th fJ;d/ wkfXnw BkbtXdk ubk frnk.

Bfjo{ f;fynk d/ y/so ftu n;zs'yiB gqrsh Bkb gfofus ;B ns/ nkgD/ gqXkBwzsqhst d/ nzfswfdBK ftu f;fynk d/ ftek; T[Zs/ fInkdk i'o d/D br/ ;h. yk;ek gqkEfwe f;fynk d/ ftek; d/ bJhj'o e'fPPK j'JhnK, fi; Bz{ T[j fe;/ th ehws s/ ftef;s eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B. 1963 ftu T[BQK B/w[ywzsoh Bz{ fbfynk, “nzfsw ftPb/PD ftu jo/e ftnesh d/ bJh ;jh f;fynk dh T[gbpXh, ;kvh;kohnK w"fbe ;wf;nktK dk ;wkXkB j?.” fJ;d/ nbktk “nkgD/ Td:'rK Bz{ ftef;s eoB dh w/ohfJ~Sk d/ pkti{d w?A fJj ;'uD brk jK fe fBub/ g~Xo T[Zs/ io{oh f;fynk d/ pr?o ezw ubkT[D s'Afpjso j? fe e[M T[d:'fre ftek; d/ pr?o jh ezw ubkfJnk ikJ/.”

(iv) g/Av{ y/soK d/ ftek; d/ bJh d' t~v/ g'qrokw ;kw[dkfJe ftek; g'qrokw ns/ gzukfJsh oki, 1952 ns/1959 ftu P[o{ ehs/ rJ/. fJj gq'rokw fgzvK ftu efbnkDekoh okiK dh BhAj gkT[D tkb/ ;B. jkbKfe

1965 ftu g/Av{ nkpkdh d/ 5 gqshPs d/ e'b fe;/ ;e{b dh ;/tk T[gbpX BjhA;h. fJ;d/ nbktk w"i{dk ;e{bK ftu th ;j{bsK pj[s xZN ;h. fInkdkso ;e{bKd/ e'b e'Jh gZeh fJwkos BjhA ;h, Bk jh pb?e p'ov ns/ ghD dk gkDh ;h.eohp 40 gqshPs gqkEfwe ;e{b n?;/ ;B, fiE/ f;oc fJe jh f;fyne j[zdk ns/T[j fszB uko ebk;K Bz{ gVQkT[Ad/ ;B.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ jØ


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fJJ y/sh d/ ftek; bJh th pDkJ/ rJ/ ;B, go fJBQK ftu w[y s"o s/ efbnkD dk T[d/P g/Av{ Gkos dkfujok pdbDk ;h sKfe b'eK dk ihtB g~Xo ;[Xkfonk ik ;e/.

;kw[dkfJe ftek; g'qrokw ;whsh g~Xo s/ 1952 ftu P[o{ ehsk frnk, fi; ftu 55 ftek; gqyzv u[D/rJ/. jo/e gqyzv ftu 100 fgzv ns/ eohp 60 s'A 70 jiko dh nkpkdh ;h. 1960 d/ dPe d/ w~X ftunke/ d/P dk fInkdkso ;kw[dkfJe gqyzvK d/ tkb ftu Ye frnk, fi; ftu 6,000 gqyzv ftek;gdkfXekohnK ns/ eohp 6,00,000 thHn?bHvpfbT[ iK rqkw ;/te fB:[es ehs/ rJ/ i' fJ; g'qrokw Bz{ bkr{eo ;eD. fJ; g'qrokw ftu g/Av{ ihtB d/ jo g~y B{z fbnk frnk ;h, y/sh fpjso pDkT[D dh ftXhnKs'A b? e/ ;zuko, ;tk;E ns/ f;fynk ftu ;[Xko nkfd ;ko/ gfjb{nK Bz{ fbnk frnk ;h.

fJ; g'qrokw ftu b'eK d[nkok nkswfBoGosk ns/ nksw ;jkfJsk s/ T[sodkfJst T[Zs/ w[y o{g ftu i'ofdZsk ikDk ;h. fJj fJe gqeko Bkb w[b s"o s/ iBsk d/ nkgd/ efbnkD d/ bJh, iBsk d/ fJe nzd'bBd/ o{g ftu ;zrms ehsk ikDk tkbk g'qrokw ;h. fit/A fe Bfjo{ B/ fJ; g'qrokw d/ P[GkozG d/ nt;o T[Zs/1952 ftu fejk ;h fe fJ;dk w{b beP “iBsk d/ ftu EfbUA Pedh ;zuko eoB” dk ;h. fJe socfJj “io{oh ;h fe :'ik pDkJh ikJ/ T[;dk fBod/PB, ;zrmB ns/ ;z:'iB ehsk ikJ/, gozs{ d{ih soc T[;s'Ath fInkdk io{oh, fBub/ g~Xo s'A ftek; dh io{oh gfo;fEsh fsnko eoBk ;h.” fJ;d/ nbktk g'qrokwftu G"fse T[gbpXh dk beP sK ofynk frnk ;h, gozs{ fJ;dk w{b T[d/P “;w[dkJ/ ns/ ftnesh Bz{ftef;s eoBk ns/ ftnesh Bz[ nkgD/ fgzv ns/ ftnkge noEK ftu Gkos dk fBowksk pDk d/Dk ;h.”T[BQK B/ fejk, “gqkEfwe t;s{ j? fJ; ftu bfrnk wB[~y.” fJ;dk fJe d{ik tZvk T[d/P fgSV/ spe/ Bz{u[eDk ;h–“;kvk beP nt;o dh ;wkBsk ns/ j'o gZyK Bz{ fInkdk s'A fInkdk T[Zu/ g~Xo T[Zs/ b? ikDk j'Dkukjhdk.” 1952 ns/ T[;d/ pknd d/ ;kbK ftu, Bfjo{ pko–pko ;kw[dkfJe ftek; g'qrokw ns/ T[;d/ Bkbi[Vh okPNoh ft;sko ;/tk dh uouk “BthA ;oeko” ns/ fJe “wjkB eqKsh” s/ “Gkos d/ g[Bo[~EkBPhbGktBk dk gqshe’ d/ o{g ftu eod/ ;B.

fJ; gq'row ftu ft;sko ekoiK ftu nZSh ;cbsk gqkgs j'Jh. fit/A–p/jso phi, ykd nkfd j'D d/ Bshi/ti'A nkws"o T[Zs/ y/sh dk ftek; s/i j'fJnk ns/ ykfdn T[sgkdB tfXnk. fJ; d/ nbktk ;Ve, skbkp,y{j, ;e{b ns/ gqkEfwe fufes;k e/Ado nkfd dk fBowkD ns/ f;fynk s/ fufes;k ;j{bsK dk ft;skoj'fJnk. gozs{ ibdh jh fJj ;gPN j' frnk fe g'qrokw nkgD/ fJe gqw[y T[d/P ftu n;cb j' frnk–T[j ;h nkgDh ftek; rshftXhnK ftu b'eK Bz{ g{oh Gkrhdkoh. Bk e/tb fJ; soQK nkgDh wdd nkg eoBdh GktBk dk ftek; BjhA j' ;fenk, pbfe fJ; B/ ;oeko dh T[whdK ns/ ;oeko T[Zs/ fBoGosk Bz{ nr/tXk fdsk. j'bh–j'bh fJ;dk M[ekn ;oekoh ezw tork j' frnk ns/ nc;oPkjh YKu/ dk fjZ;k pD e/ T[gos'A Pkf;s j'D brk. g{ok g'qrokw o'iwok dh soQK pD frnk. gqyzv ftek; gdkfXekoh gkozgfoe ;pfvthiBb gdkfXekoh d/ gqsho{g pD rJ/ ns/ rqkw ;/te T[BQK d/ eowukoh. fit/A fe Bfjo{ B/ pknd ftu1963 d/ d"okB fejk fe fiE/ se g{ok gq'rokw fJ; gqeko pDkfJnk frnk ;h fe fe;kB Bz{ “bhe s'A jNkfJnkik ;e/, i' fgSb/ eJh :[rK s'A T[;/ T[Zs/ ihT[Adk nk fojk j?” TZ[E/ fJj g'qrokw y[d jh “T[;/ bhe ftuc; frnk j?.”

fJ; g'qrokw dh ewI'oh 1957 ftu jh ;gPN j' u[eh ;h, id pbtzsoh w/jsk ;whsh Bz{ fJ;dk w[bKeDeoB dk ezw fdZsk frnk. fJ; ;whsh B/ fJ; g'qrokw d/ B"eoPkjh d/ uzr[b ftu c;D ns/ b'eK dhGkrhdkoh d/ nGkt dh iw e/ nb'uBk ehsh. fJ;d/ fJbki bJh ;whsh B/ fJj f;ckfoP ehsh fe g/Av{ns/ fIbk g~Xoh ftek; gqPk;B dk iBtkdh fte/AdqheoB ehsk ikt/. fJ; f;ckoP d/ nXko T[Zs/ fJj s?nehsk frnk fe g{o/ d/P ftu rqkw gzukfJs B{z nXko pDk e/ fJe iBtkdh ;tPk;B dh ;wkefbs ftt;EkP[o{ ehsh ikt/. fJj BthA ftt;Ek gzukfJsh oki d/ Bkw Bkb ikDh rJh ns/ ftfGzB okiK ftu 1959 ftubkr{ ehsh ikD brh. fJ; ftu gqs~y o{g ftu u[D/ rJ/ rqkw gzukfJs ns/ ngqsZy o{g ftu u[D/ rJ/ gqyzvg~Xoh fIbk gfoPd d/ fszB gZXo pDkJ/ rJ/. ;kw[dkfJe ftek; g'qrokw Bz{ gzukfJsh oki d/ Bkb i'V fdZskfrnk ns/ tZvh wksok ftu ekoi, ftZs ;z;kXB ns/ nfXeko fszB g~Xoh ;whshnK Bz{ ftek; gq'rokwK Bz{ubkT[D d/ bJh ;"Ag fds/ rJ/. fJ; gqeko gzukfJsh oki d/ d[nkok ;kw[dkfJe ftek; g'qrokw dh fJe pj[stZvh ewI'oh Bz{ iBsk dh Gkrhdkoh ns/ g'qrokwK Bz{ bkr{ eoB s/ fBoDK b?D dk nfXeko ;"Ag e/ d{o eoB


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dh e'fPP ehsh rJh. fJ;d/ sfjs nfXekohnk dh G{fwek f;oc ;jkfJsk ns/ fBod/P d/D dh ofj rJh.fJ;d/ Bkb jh, fgzvK ftu jIkoK ;fjekoh ;z;EktK dk ikb p[D fdZsk frnk, fiBQK ftu ;fjekoh p?Ae, iwhB frothp?Ae, ;/tk ns/ pkiko ;fjekoh ;whsh nkfd ;z;EktK pDkJhnK rJhnK. fJj ;kohnK ;z;EktK ;tkfJs ;h feT[Afe fJBQKdk ;zukbB u'D d/ nkXko T[Zs/ pDh ;z;EktK d[nkok ehsk iKdk ;h.

Bfjo{ dk T[s;kj fco tX frnk feT[Afe gzukfJsh oki ns/ ;fjekoh ;z;EktK ;wki ftu j'o eqKshekoh gfotosB dhgqshfBXh ;h. fJ; Bkb ftek; ns/ rqkwhD gqPk;B dk T[sodkfJst b'eK Bz{ gqkgs j' fojk ;h, fi; Bkb g/Av{ ftek;dh rsh s/i j' ;edh ;h. T[j iBsk d/ jEK ftu Pesh gqdkB eoB dk T[geoB jh BjhA, pbfe j'o fInkdk nkswfBoGosk s/ b'eK d/ fdqPNhe'D ftu gfotosD fbnkT[D tkbh fJe gqfPePD gqfeqnk pD ;edh ;h. fJ; s'A th fInkdkfJj fpjso wB[~y d/ fBowkD dh gqfeqnk dk P[GkozG j' ;edk ;h.

gqzs{ fJe iK d{i/ o{g ftu gzukfJsh oki Bz{ ;theko eo b?D d/ pkti{d oki ;oekoK B/ fJ;d/ ftP/ ftupj[s xZN T[s;kj fdykfJnk. T[BQK B/ gzukfJsh oki Bz{ e'Jh tk;sfte nfXeko gqdkB BjhA ehsk, pbfeT[BQK d/ ezwK ns/ Pesh T[Zs/ nze[P brkfJnk s/ g?;/ dk nGkt g?dk eo wo ikD d/ bJh wip{o eo fdsk.B"eoPkjh B/ th rqkwhD gqPk;B T[Zs/ nkgDh geV fpbe[b fY~bh BjhA j'D fdsh. gzukfJs dk okiBhfseoDj' frnk ns/ okiBhfseK d[nkok, fgzv d/ nzdo r[N dk ;woEB jk;b eoB d/ bJh fJ;dk fJ;s/wkb ehskikD brk. Bshi/ ti'A, rqkwhD ;t?Pk;B dh BhAj sK gk fdsh rJh, gozs{ fJ;dk iBtkdh fte/AdqheoD w'N/s"o s/ nto[X j' frnk ns/ pbtzsoh w/jsk ;whsh ns/ itkjobkb Bfjo{ d[nkok i' G{fwek fJ; Bz{ ;"AghrJh, T[j edh g{oh BjhA j' gkJh.

fJzBK jh BjhA, ;kw[dkfJe ftek; d/ bkG, BthA y/sh dhnK ;j{bsK s/ ft;sko ;/tktK w{bo{g Bkb XBh ns/g{zihtkdh fe;kBK d[nkok jfEnk bJhnK rJhnK. fJBQK b'eK B/ gzukfJsh oki ;z;Ek T[Zs/ th gqG[st iwk fbnk.fgzvK T[Zs/ ;fwqX, w~fXnw ns/ g{zihtkdh fe;kBK dk ;wkie ns/ nkofEe tou;t ;h ns/ Bk sK B"eoPkj ns/Bk jh ;fwqX rqkwhD tor iBsk dh Gkrhdkoh ns/ ;wkfie o{gKsoD d/ nrqd{s pD ;ed/ ;B. fJj fJe j'onfijk y/so ;h fi; ftu Bfjo{ :[r dh G{wh ;[Xko dh ewI'ohnK T[ikro j' rJh.

11H311H311H311H311H3 :'iBk, oki fB:zsfos T[d:'rheoD ns/ y/sh ;zpzXh ;[Xko:'iBk, oki fB:zsfos T[d:'rheoD ns/ y/sh ;zpzXh ;[Xko:'iBk, oki fB:zsfos T[d:'rheoD ns/ y/sh ;zpzXh ;[Xko:'iBk, oki fB:zsfos T[d:'rheoD ns/ y/sh ;zpzXh ;[Xko:'iBk, oki fB:zsfos T[d:'rheoD ns/ y/sh ;zpzXh ;[Xko(Planning, State Controlled Industrialization andAgrarian Reforms)

;[szso Gkos d/ ;kjwD/ s/I T[d:'fre ftek; d/ bJh fJ;/ UgfBt/Pe ftok;s Bz{ s'VBk Io{oh j?. gqEwT[d:'fre eqKsh d/ 200 ;kbK pknd ns/ eJh j'o d/PK d/ 100 ;kbK pknd Gkos dk nkX[fBe T[d:'rheoDfJ~e ftPkb ezw ;h. T[gfBt/Ptkd d[nkok fBofws fJBK ;w~f;nktK d/ fJbktk Gkos d/ ;kjwD/ g{oh soK pdbhj'Jh okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe gfo;fEshnK yVhnK ;B. nfijh ;fEsh ft~u BthA ns/ nkftPfeqs okiBhshdh Io{os ;h. Bkb jh fJ; ezw d/ d"okB, T[gfBt/Ptkd s'A w[esh gkJ/ j'o d/PK d/ w[ekpb/ Gkos eJh g~yK s'AnB[e{b ;fEsh ft~u ;h. gfjbk, 1914 ns/ 1947 d/ ft~u GkoshnK d/ ;tkwhst ft~u ns/ UBK d[nkok fB:zsfosfJ~e S'Nk fezs{ ;[szso T[d:'fre nkXko d/P ft~u fsnko j' u[ek ;h. d't'A ftPt :[ZXK ns/ shj d/ dPe dh wjkftPt nkofEe wzdh d/ cb;o{g ;kwokitkd d/ ewI'o gJ/ fPezi/ dk ckfJdk T[mk e/ fJj ezw ;zGt j'fJnk.Gkos dh nkIkdh nkUAd/ nkUAd/ Gkosh T[Zdwh Gkos ft~u :{ogh T[Zdw d/ Bkb ;cbskg{ote w[ekpbk eo gkoj/ ;B, Bkb jh ftd/Ph nk:ks Bkb th.fJ; soK Uj Gkos d/ T[d:'fre T[sgkdB d/ 75# s/ nkgDk nfXekoeo ;e/. Gkosh g{zihgshnK dk ft~sh y/so s/ th, fit/A p?AfeZr, ihtB phwk nkfd s/ th gqG~[st ;zGt j'fJnk.

;kw[dkfJe ftek; g'qrokw, gzukfJsh oki ns/ ;fjekoh nzd'bB dh ;G s'A tvh ewI'ohfJj ;h fe fJ;B/ rqkwhD ;wki d/ nzdo tor tzv B{z BIonzdkI ehsk, fiE/ nZX/ s'AfInkdk b'e G{whjhD ns/ fJ;bJh fpbe[b PeshjhD ;B.

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fJ; bJh nkIkdh d/ ;w/A T[gfBt/Ptkdh fJfsjk; d/ pkti{d, ns/ T[; d/ fto'X ft~u Gkos B/ fJ~e nfijk;[szso nkofEe nkXko fsnko eo fbnk ;h, fi;d/ ;jko/ n~r/ tfXnk ik ;edk ;h ns/ ;[szso ns/s/I T[d:'freheoD dk ezw fbnk ik ;edk ;h.fJj ;fEsh UBK eJh T[Zso UgfBt/Pe d/PK s'A nb~r ;h,i' Bt^T[gfBt/Ptkd dk fPeko pD/. UBK dh okiBhfse nkIkdh wkso n"gukfoesk ;h, id'Afe UBK d/nkofEe fjs nkgD/ g{ot T[gfBt/Ptkdh Pk;e Bkb i[V/ j'J/ ;B.

d/P ft~u ekch ;zfynk ft~u Gkosh T[Zdwh tor w"i{d ;h i' n~r/ fB:'fis ftek; ft~u ;jkfJe j' ;edk;h.nzro/iK d/ IwkB/ s'A jh noEszso ft~u ekch j~d s~e ;ze/AdoD ns/ ;EkJhst g?dk j' u[ek ;h. fi;d/ cb;o{g U;/ IwkB/ ft~u fpobk, NkNk, f;zxkBhnk, vkbwhnk, i?B fij/ t~v/ eko'pkoh xokB/ g?dk j' u[e/;B. Uj tgko, p?Afezr, :ksk:ks, T[d:'r nkfd ft~u ftef;s j' u[e/ ;B. nfij/ t~v/ xokB/ ikgkB ft~uikJhpks;{ iK d~yD e'ohnk ft~u ukJhp'b d/ ;wkB, ftPt g{zihtkd ft~u d/o Bkb gqt/P eoD tkfbnK d/bJh wjst d/ ;B. UBK d/ ;jko/ Uj ftd/Ph g{zih ns/ yk;eo pj[ okPNoh ezgBhnK d/ Bkb ;cb w[ekpbkeo ;ed/ ;B.

fJj pV/ ;[Gkr dh r~b ;h fe nkIkdh s'A pknd n~r/ ftek; d/ ;zpzX ft~u d/P ft~u fJ~e nkw ;wkfie;fjwsh ;h. T[dkjoD d/ bJh rKXhtkdh, ;'Pfb;N, g{zihgsh ns/ efwT{fB;N (e[M ;zeohDsktkdh d"oKBz{ S~v e/) fBwBfbfys J/izv/ s/ eohp eohp ;fjws ;Blnksw^fBoGosk s/ nkXkfos nkofEe ftek; dhpj[^nk:kwh oDBhshl w{b T[d:'rK ;fjs nk:ks d/ ftebg ft~u s/I T[d:'freheoDl ;kwokitkdh ns/ftd/Ph g{zih d/ gqG[~st T[Zs/ o'el G{wh ;[Xko fi; ft~u Pkfwb ;BÎwhdkoh T[Bw{bB, ekPsekoh ;[Xko,;fjekoh ;z;EktK dh ;EkgBk, eoIk, fteoh nkfd d/ bJh ;fjekoh ;/tk ;z;EktK, ;wkB nt;o d/ bJhftek;, noEks rohpK ns/ efbnkDekoh ezwK s~e ft~u ;[Xkotkdh ftek; wkvbl iBîkshnK ns/nkdhtk;hnK fij/ ;G s'A ghfVs spfenK bJh e[M ntXh dk ;ekokswe nkoePDl oki d[nkok nkofEeftek; ft~u e/Adoh G{fwek, ftP/Peo ;kotifBe y/so d/ iohJ/ T[sgkdB gqqqqfeqnk ft~u fj~;/dkoh nkfd.

;G s'A wj~stg{oD r~b ;h iBsKsfoe ns/ ;wkfie T[dkotkdh YKu/ d/ sfjs fJ; :'iBkp~X s/IT[d:'freheoD dh n;kXkoD e'fPP. T[d:'freheoD ft~u gqt/P eoD iK ‘nkfdw ;zun* d/ P[o{nksh d"oft~u ;ko/ T[d:'fre d/PK ft~u iBszso BjhA ;h, ns/ Bk jh ;wkfie nkIkdhnK. Bfjo{ ns/ eJh d{i/ b'ens/ nkg g{zihgsh fJ; r~b s'A ntrs ;B fe Uj fJ~e nDikDh okj s/ u~b gJ/ jB. fco th Uj fJ;d/ gqsh ;wofgs pD/ oj/. Gkos ft~u fe;/ B/ th d~yDh nwohek iK g{oph J/Phnk iK j'o irsK d/ g{zihtkdhwkvb Bz{ d/P ft~u bkr{ eoD dk ;tkb se BjhA T[mkfJnk. UBK d/PK ft~u gqG[sttkdh ;oekoK g{zihgshnKd/ Bkb fwb e/ pDktNh sohe/ Bkb ftek; ;wki s/ b~d ojhnK ;B.Gkos ft~u ftek; gE d/ pko/ ft~unkw ;fjwsh okPNoh nzd'bB d/ ftP/P o{g dh d/D ;h. fJ; bJh Gkos g{op UgfBt/Pe d/PK ft~ufJ~ewkso nfijk ;h fi;B/ tk;sfte iBszso fBofws ns/ ftef;sa ehsk.

:'iBk ns/ ;kotifBe y/so :'iBk ns/ ;kotifBe y/so :'iBk ns/ ;kotifBe y/so :'iBk ns/ ;kotifBe y/so :'iBk ns/ ;kotifBe y/so (Planning and Public Sector)19thA ;dh d/ nzfsw Gkr ft~u jh n?wHihH okBkv/ ns/ dkdk GkJh B"o"ih fij/ P[o{nksh okPNotkdhnK d/nkofEe fuzsB B/ nkofEe ftek; ft~u oki Bz{ wj~stg{oD G{fwek gqdkB ehsh ;h.oki d[nkok j;sy/gdh T[whd eoD ns/ noEszso Bz{ g{oh soK pkIko dhnK skesK d/ j~E BjhA SZvD d/ fJj ftuko d'jK wjK:[~XK d/ ft~u dh ntXh ftu j'o th ;gPN ns/ ftnkge j'J/. fJ; dk fJ~e ekoD ehA; dk nkofEe ftuko,nwohek ft~u ‘fBT{ vhb* (Bt/A nkofEe ;fj:'r) d/ nB[Gt ns/ ;'ftns gq:'r ;h.1934 ft~u Gkosh u?ApoUc ekwo; n?Av fJzv;Noh (fc~eh) d/ nfXneP n?BH nkoH ;oeko B/ x'PDk ehsh^ “n;hfws w[es tgkod/ fdB jw/Pk d/ bJh b~d u[e/ jB.@ Uj g{zihgsh tor dh nrtkJh d/ ftuko gqrN eo oj/ ;B. UBKB/ fejk fe Gkos fij/ fgSV/ d/P ft~u nkofEe ftek; dh fJ~e ftnkge :'iBk j'Dh ukjhdh j? fi; ft~unoEszso y/sh, T[d:'r, T{oik, p?Afezr, ft~s nkfd d/ ;ko/ gfjb{ Pkfwb ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ; Bkb;zpzfXs :'iBktK dh o{go/yk fsnko eoe/ UBK Bz{ bkr{ eoD dk ezw T[Zu ;soh ‘okPNoh :'iBk efwPB*eo/.fJj G{sekb d/ Bkb ;zpzX ft~S/d eoD ns/ ftek; dhnK ;zGktBKtK g{oh soK y'bD bJh Io{oh ;h.1938 ft~u fB:'fis nkofEe ftek; d/ ;G s'A t~v/ gfjbeosk itkjobkb Bfjo{ dh nrtkJh1938 ft~u fB:'fis nkofEe ftek; d/ ;G s'A t~v/ gfjbeosk itkjobkb Bfjo{ dh nrtkJh1938 ft~u fB:'fis nkofEe ftek; d/ ;G s'A t~v/ gfjbeosk itkjobkb Bfjo{ dh nrtkJh1938 ft~u fB:'fis nkofEe ftek; d/ ;G s'A t~v/ gfjbeosk itkjobkb Bfjo{ dh nrtkJh1938 ft~u fB:'fis nkofEe ftek; d/ ;G s'A t~v/ gfjbeosk itkjobkb Bfjo{ dh nrtkJhft~u okPNoh :'iBk efwPB (n?BHghH;hH) rfms ehsh rJh.ft~u okPNoh :'iBk efwPB (n?BHghH;hH) rfms ehsh rJh.ft~u okPNoh :'iBk efwPB (n?BHghH;hH) rfms ehsh rJh.ft~u okPNoh :'iBk efwPB (n?BHghH;hH) rfms ehsh rJh.ft~u okPNoh :'iBk efwPB (n?BHghH;hH) rfms ehsh rJh. fJ; B/ pknd d/ dPe ft~u ftek;


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dh fJ~e ftnkge :'iBk fsnko ehsh ns/ fJ; dhnK ftfGzB T[g;fwshnK B/ ;[MktK d/ T[ZBsh yzv fsnkoehs/.

okiehn :'iBk pDkUD ;zpzXh ftuko s/ nkw ;fjwsh s'A fJbktk oki dh G{fwek pko/ th fJ~e' torh okJ/;h. eohp eohp ;G dk fJj' wzBDk ;h fe oki Bz{ Bk f;oc nkofeE Bhsh d/ ft~sh, w[dfoe ns/ d{i/ iohnKdk gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?, ns/ ftek; gqfeqnk s/ oki dh d/yo/y ns/ fB:zsoD j'Dk ukjhdk j?, pbfe;kotifBe y/so d/ iohJ/ T[sgkdB gqfeqnk ft~u fJ~e j~d s~e oki dh f;~Xh fj~;/dkoh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. nfybGkosh eKro; ew/Nh d[nkok ;zP'fXs 1931 d/ eKro; d/ eokuh gq;skt ft~u fejk frnk fe ‘oki gqw[~yT[d:'rK, ;/tktK, yfDi ;o'sK, o/bt/, ib^gfotfjB, ijkiokDh ns/ d{i/ :ksk:ks ;kXBK s/ fB:zsoDo~y/rk.* Bfjo{ ns/ n?BHghH;hH d/ fJbktk Gkosh T[ZdwK d/ B/sk th ;kotifBe y/so ns/ nKfPeokPNoheoD d/ g~yXo ;B. ;kotifBe y/so d/ T[dwhnK d/ wj~stg{oD ;woEB dk ekoD gb?B ckofJe'B'few fvt?bgw?AN Uc fJzvhnk (Gkos d/ nkofEe ftek; dh :'iBk) ft~u 1945 ft~u g/P ehsk frnk;h. fJ; Bz{ eko'pko d/ B/sktK B/ fsnko ehsk ;h. ns/ fJj pKp/ gb?B (pKp/ :'iBk) d/ BK Bkb th gqf;~Xj?.pKp/ gb?B d/ nB[;ko ftef;s d/PK T[Zs/ Gkos dh fBoGosk dk w[~y ekoD ;EkfBe w{b T[d:'rK dk Bkj'Dk ;h. d{ih gzi ;kbk :'iBk s'A ekch gfjbK jh fJ; d/ fJ~e w{b w[~d/ Bz{ gb?B B/ fJ; soK g/P ehsk^

n;hA ;wMd/ jK fe w{b T[d:'rK dh fJ; ewh Bz{ fizBh ibdh j' ;e/, mhe ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJj Bkf;oc Gkos ft~u nkofEe ftek; dh rsh s/I ehs/ ikD dk fJ~e sohek j? pbfe ;z:zso ns/ wPhBK pko/th ftd/PK s/ ;kvh fBoGosk x~N eo/rk ns/ fJ; soK pkjoh ft~s dh ;kvh Io{os x~N eo/rk.

w{b t;s{nK ns/ Gkoh ns/ w{b T[d:'rK d/ ftek; bJh pV/ ft~s dh Io{os ;h. fJj wfj;{; ehsk frnk fefJ; ezw ft~u ;kotifBe y/so Bz{ gqw[~y G{fwek ndk eoBh gt/rh. Bfjo{ ns/ tkwgzEh okPNotkdh, ns/ g{zihgsh;kotifBe y/so dh fJ; G{fwek s/ fJ~e ws o~yd/ ;B. UBK ft~u fJ; dh ftnkgesk ns/ nfXekoô'Id/ pko/ wsG/d ;B.Bfjo{ ns/ tkw okPNotkdh ;kotifBe y/so Bz{ ;wkitkdh fdPk ft~u fJ~e edw wzBd/;B. d{i/ gk;/ g{zihgsh fJ; Bz{ ;[szso g{zihtkd ftef;s eoD dk fJ~e iohnk ns/ ftek; Bz{ pokpoh d/Bkb fwbk e/ ;wkitkd o'eD dk fJ~e T[gkn ;wMd/ ;B.yk;eo P[o{nksh ;kbK ft~u fJBK d' o[MkBK ft~usBkt ;gPN ;h.

T[dkjoD d/ bJh, 1947 ft~u Bfjo{ dh nrtkJh ft~u nfyb Gkosh eKro; ew/Nh B/ fJ~e nkofEe gq'rokw;fwsh rfms ehsh. T[;B/ ;kotifBe y/so d/ bJh gqsho~fynk, gqw[~y T[d:'r ns/ iB^;/tktK s?nehshnK. fJzBK jh BjhA, ;fwsh B/ n~r/ fejk fe ‘toswkB T[ZdwK d/ wkwb/ ft~u fBih s'A ;kotifBe;tkfws~t ft~u j;sKsoD gzi ;kbK pknd P[o{ j't/rk.* fJ; r~b s/ g{zihgshnK B/ ekch j' j~bk wukfJnk.1948 d/ T[:'fre Bhsh gq;skt ft~u ;wM"s/ d/ fuzB fdykJh d/Ad/ jB. fJ; ft~u fBih ns/ ;kotifBe y/soK d/ nfXeko^y/so fBoXkfos ehs/ rJ/. fJ; ft~u fejk frnk fe fe;/ th toswkB T[d:'r d/okPNoheoD d/ ;zpzX ft~u d; ;kbK pknd ;whfynk ehsh ikt/rh ns/ gfo;fEsh d/ w[skfpe fBoDk fbnkikt/rk. fd;zpo 1954 ft~u Gkosh ;z;d B/ ‘;wki dh ;wkitkdh gqDkbh* Bz{ nkgDk ;wkfie ns/ nkofEeT[d/P wzfBnk. eKro; d/ ntkVh nfXt/PB (1955) B/ fJBK bkJhBK s/ tkwgzEh w'V fbnk. fJBK r~bK d/pkti{d 1956 d/ T[d:'fre Bhsh gq;skt ns/ d{ih :'iBk ft~u ;kotifBe y/so d/ gq;ko dh r~b eoD d/ pkti{dtoswkB T[d:"rK d/ okPNoheoD dk e'Jh T[b/y BjhA ehsk frnk. tk;st ft~u ‘fwPfos noEftt;Ek* dkwkvb g/P ehsk frnk. fJ; ft~u ;kotifBe ns/ fBih y/so Bk f;oc ;fjn;fs~st ft~u ofjzd/ jB, pbfefJ~e d{i/ d/ g{oe th j[zd/ jB. okPNoh :'iBk dhnK ;hwktK ft~u fBih y/so Bz{ ftef;s j'D bJh nfXe s'A nfXegq's;kjB fd~sk frnk. fJj nb~r r~b j? fe d{ih :'iBk ft~u Gkoh ns/ w{b t;sK d/ T[d:'rK s/ I'o d/D d/ekoD ;kotifBe y/so t~b M[ekt tX frnk. feUAfe ;G wzBd/ ;B fe fJ;/ y/so ft~u fJBK T[d:'rK dkftek; j' ;edk j?.

:'iBk efwPB B/ fJ;/ ftuko Bkb ezw P[o{ ehsk. fJ; dh ;EkgBk 15 wkou 1950 Bz{ j'Jh ;h. fJ; e'bpV/ nfXeko ;BlfJ; ft~u e'Jh P~e BjhAl ns/ nkg Bfjo{ fJ; d/ nfXneP pD/. gqEw :'iBk (1951^56)ft~u nX{o/ ezw g{o/ eoD dk gq:sB ehsk frnk. Bkb jh, :[ZX s'A pknd dh ;fEsh s'A ifDs ;zeN dk;kjwDk eoD dk th gq:sB ehsk frnk.nkIkdh d/P^ftGkiB Bkb fwbh, ns/ fJ; bJh ;ko/ d/P ft~u


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ncok^scoh wu rJh. fJfsjk; dk ;G s'A t~vk iB^j;sKsoD j'fJnk ns/ pV/ g?wkB/ s/ PoDkoEhnK d/nkUD dh ;w~f;nk j'o th rzGho j' rJh. d{ih :'iBk (1956^61) ft~u gqf;~X Bfjo{^wjkbB'fp; ftek;oDBhsh bkr{ ehsh rJh, I' shih :'iBk (1961^66) ft~u th ikoh ojh. gq'H ghH;hH wjkbB'fp; B/ d{ih:'iBk fsnko eoD ft~u wjs~tg{oD G{fwek ndk ehsh. fJ; oDBhsh dk fJ~e w{b s~s Gkoh ns/ w{bt;s{nK d/ T[d:'rK dk ftek; eoBk ;h, i' w[~y o{g ft~u ;kotifBe y/so ft~u j'Dk ;h. d{ih :'iBk d/d"okB ;kotifBe y/so ft~u fszB fJ;gks ;z:zso brkJ/ rJ/.nk:ks d/ pdb/ fJ; T[d:'r dk ftek;nksw^fBoGosk bJh Io{oh ;h.Bkb jh ftd/PK s/ fBoGosk x~N j[zdh ;h.Bkb jh fJj th ;wfMnk frnkfe w{b t;s{nK ns/ wPhBoh d/ nk:ks d/ nB[gks ft~u fBo:ks dk ftek; BjhA j' ;edk ;h. fBo:ks d/;zpzX ft~u nfijk fBokPktkd T[; ;w/A nkw r~b ;h, jkbkfe pknd ft~u fJ; dh eVh nkb'uBk ehsh rJh.fJ;wkvb d/ sfjs P[o{ ft~u e[M ftd/Ph ;jkfJsk ns/ fBt/P Io{oh ;h, skfe pV/ g?wkB/ T[Zs/ bkrs dhftt;Ek j' ;e/.gqzs{ nzdo{Bh pus s/Ih Bkb tXk e/ fJj fBoGosk ysw eoD dk T[d/P th o~fynkfrnk. ns/ ;~u r~b fJj j? fe nkIkdh s'A pknd P[o{ d/ ;kbK ft~u Bfjo{ B/ Gkos ft~u ftd/Phg{ zih fBt/P nkeofPs eoD bJh gq:sB ehsk ;h. T[; Bz { Gkosh g{ zihgshnK B/ g;zd BjhA ehsk;h/ feUAfe UBK ft~u j[D th nkswftPtk; dh ewh ;h.

Bfjo{^wjkbB'fp; oDBhsh dk fJ~e j'o wjs~tg{oD nzr ftek; ns/ ;wkBsk s/ I'o ;h. fJ; bJh T[d:'rns/ y/sh ft~u ;ze/AdoD ns/ ftsoD s/ ekch fXnkB fd~sk frnk jkbkfe fJ; ft~u T[whdh ;cbsk BjhAfwbh. oDBhsh ft~u ftek; ns/ ;wkBsk Bz{ fJ~e^d{i/ dk fto'Xh BjhA ;wfMnk frnk.fJj wzfBnk frnkfe T[Zuso ftek; Bkb ;wkBsk d/ T[Zuso ;soK s~e gj[zfunk ik ;edk j?.Bkb jh fJ; Bz{ rohph BkbfBpND bJh Io{oh wzfBnk frnk.fJ; bJh s/I ftek; s/ fInkdk fXnkB fd~sk frnk.

oki fB:zsfosoki fB:zsfosoki fB:zsfosoki fB:zsfosoki fB:zsfos ;[fB:'fis ftek;, ;kotifBe ns/ fBih y/soK d/ ft~u fIzw/dkoh dk pzNtkok, fJiko/dkoKns/ ;ze/AdoD d/ ftek; s/ o'e, S'N/ T[d:"rK Bz{ ;zo~fynD,y/soh ;zs[bB pDkJ/ o~yDk, :'iBkpZX T[d/PK ns/gqkoEfwesktk d/ nB[o{g ;o'sK dk gq:'r nkfd fJBK ;ko/ ezwK d/ bJh fJ~e ft;fsqs ns/ fB:zsoDK dh ifNbgqDkbh ns T[d:'fre bkJh;?Af;zr dh ftt;Ek dh Io{os ;h.fJj ezw 1951 d/ T[d:'fre ftek; ns/fB:wB n?eN (nkJhHvhHnkoHJ/H) d/ iohJ/ ehsk frnk.d{ih :'iBk d/ P[o{ ft~u jh 1956^57 ft~u ftd/Phw[dok dh Gkoh ewh ns/ G[rskB ;zs[bB dk Gkoh ;zeN g?dk j' frnk. cb;o{g nk:ks ns/ ftd/Ph w[dok;zpzXh ftnkge fB:zsoD brkJ/ rJ/. fJ; soK bkJh;?A;ê'Nk fB:wK d/ ekcek^;o{gh ikb p[D fd~s/rJ/. fJj pknd d/ ;kbK ft~u jh gkfJnk frnk fe fJ; gqDkbh B/ Gkosh noEszso s/ nkgDh geVfezBh wIp{s ehsh j'Jh ;h. ns/ fJ; Bz{ s'VBk fezBk efmB ezw ;h.fJ; Bz{ s'VB dk fto'XB"eoPkjhôkiBhfse rmpzXB ns/ eko'pkohnK d/ e[M fj~f;nK B/ ehsk, fiBK Bz{ fJ; gqDkbh Bkb bkGgj[zu fojk ;h.

T[gb~pXhnK T[gb~pXhnK T[gb~pXhnK T[gb~pXhnK T[gb~pXhnK (Achievement)ftek; dhnK P[o{nksh wzfIbK ft~u eJh w'ofunK s/ ekch gqrsh fd~y g?Adh j?.fJj ekb gfjb/ fszBgzi^;kbk :'iBktK dk j?,noEks 60 d/ dPe d/ w~X s~e dk.UgfBt/Pe ekb dh s[bBk ft~u noEszso B/gqGktPkbh ftek; ehsk.Gkos dk okPNoh t/sB iK e[b okPNoh T[sgkd (ihHn?BH ghH) n";sB uko ch;dhgqsh ;kb d/ fj;kp Bkb tXh. fJj nKeVk 1951 s'A 1964^65 s~e dh ntXh d/ bJh j? (fJ; ft~u shih:'iBk dk nzfsw ;kb (1965^66) Pkfwb BjhA j? fi; d/ d"okB nG{sg{ot ;{yk fgnk ns/ :[ZX thj'fJnk) UgfBt/Pe Pk;B d/ nzfsw 50 ;kbK dh s[bBk ft~u fJj ftek; uko r[Dk ;h.

ftek; dh do tXkUD bJh fBt/P dh do tXkUDk Io{oh ;h. fJ; ntXh dh fJ~e wj~stg{oD T[gb~pXhpus ns/ fBt/P doK ft~u tkXk ;h. fJ~e j~d s~e S[Ng[N nKefVnK d/ nkXko s/ u"Eh :'iBk d/ w;ftd/ft~u fj;kp brkfJnk frnk fe Gkosh noEszso ft~u xo/b{ pus ns/ e[b fBt/P, d't/A jh 1950^51 s'AokPNoh t/sB dk 5H5 ch;dh ;B, i' 1965^66 ft~u tX e/ brGr 10H5 ns/ 14 ch;dh j' rJ/. pkndd/ ;kbK ft~u nzdo{Bh pus ns/ fBt/P d/ ft~u dk nzso ftd/Ph w[dok Gzvko s'V e/ g{ok ehsk frnk. yk;eo;Nofbzr pus pj[s t~vk ;h, eohp 16 nop o[gJ/ d/ pokpo. fJj 1947 ft~u Gkos Bz{ ndk ehsk ikDtkbk fJzrb?Av dk eoIk ;h, feUAfe :[ZX d/ d"okB fJzrb?Av B/ Gkos s'A Ipod;sh jkf;b ehsk ;h.nKfPze


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s"o s/ fJ; Bz{ ftd/Ph w[dok ns/ eoI/ dh ;jkfJsk Bkb g{ok ehsk frnk. fj;kp brkfJnk frnk j? fe1965^66 ft~u e[b fBt/P 1951^52 dh s[bBk ft~u T[Zgoh nKefVnK ft~u gzi r[Dk ns/ tk;sfte nKefVnKft~u fszB r[Dk ;h.

11H3H1 y/sh ;zpzXh ;[Xko 11H3H1 y/sh ;zpzXh ;[Xko 11H3H1 y/sh ;zpzXh ;[Xko 11H3H1 y/sh ;zpzXh ;[Xko 11H3H1 y/sh ;zpzXh ;[Xko (Agrarian Reform)y/sh d/ y/so ft~u nkIkdh s'A pknd ftnkge ;[Xko bkr{ ehs/ rJ/.rqkw ;so s/ y/sh d/ ftek; d/ bJhns/ ;w[dkfJe ftek; Bkb ;zpzfXs ezwK dk ikb ftSk fd~sk frnk. f;zukJh, T{oik, y/sh nB[;zXkB nkfdy/soK ft~u nkXkoG{s ouBk d/ ftek; d/ bJh pV/ g?wkB/ s/ fBt/P ehsk frnk. fJBK ;ko/ edwK d/ cb;o{gy/sh dk ekch ftek; j'fJnk. 1965^66 Bz{ SZv e/ gfjbh fszB :'iBktK d/ d"okB Gkosh y/sh dk ftek;fszB ch;dh dh ;kbkBk do Bkb j'fJnk.fJj UgfBt/Pe ekb d/ nzfsw 50 ;kbK d/ d"okB jkf;b ftek;dh do s'A 7H5 r[Dk fInkdk ;h. uhB ns/ ikgkB fij/ d/PK d[nkok fJ;/ soK d/ ;so ns/ gfo;fEsh BkbP[o{nksh ftek; doK Bkb fJj ftek; do fwbdh i[bdh j?.T[dkjoD bJh, ikgkB B/ 1878^1912 d/ d'okBfJ; s'A th xZN do jkf;b ehsh ns/ T[; s'A pknd 1937 s~e fJj do j'o th xZN ojh. Gkos d/ bJhftP/P Pq/n dh r~b fJj jh ojh fe uhB, ikgkB, e'ohnk, skJhtkB, ;'ftns ;zx, fpqN/B nkfd fij/nfXeso j'o d/PK d/ T[bN T[;B/ G{wh ;[Xko ns/ ftek; nkX[fBe iBsKsfoe YKu/ ns/ Bkrfoe nfXekoKdh gqDkbh d/ sfjs jkf;b ehsk.gqzs{ fJj gqPz;k:'r y/sh ftek; y/sh T[sgkd dh tXdh wzr Bz{ g{okeoD bJh ekch BjhA ;h. cb;o{g fszBK :'iBktK d/ d"okB nBki dk nfXekfde nk:ks eoBkfgnk.1956 s'A jh Gkos Bz{ nwohek Bkb fttkdk;gd ghHn?bH 480 ;ehw d/ sfjs nBki dk pV/g?wkB/ s/ nk:ks eoBk fgnk. 6t/A dPe d/ nzs s~e joh eqKsh dh P[o{nks s'A pknd jh nk:ks s/ fJjfBoGosk ysw j' rJh.

gqEw fszB :'iBktK ft~u T[d:'rK dk ftek; sK y/sh s'A th s/I j'fJnk. 1951 ns/ 1965 d/ ft~u fJj 7H1ch;dh gqsh ;kb dh e[b do Bkb tfXnk. T[d:'rK d/ ftek; B/ s/Ih Bkb nk:kfss t;s{nK dh EK b? bJh.P[o{ ft~u T[gG'rsk t;s{nK dh, pknd ft~u w{b t;s{nK dh ns/ j'o ;kwkBK dh, ftP/P s"o s/ d{ih :'iBks'A.w{b t;s{nK s/ I'o dk fJ; s~E s'A gsk ubdk j? fe d{ih :'iBk d/ you/ dk 70 ch;dh Xks{, wPhBohns/ o;kfJD T[d:'rK ft~u b~rk. shih :'iBk ft~u fJj nKeVk 80 ch;dh j' frnk. “1951 ns/ 1969d/ ft~u T[d:'fre T[sgkdB d/ e[b nKeV/ ft~u fszB r[Dk tkX/ dk ekoD T[gG'rsk T[d:'rK ft~u 70 ch;dhdk tkXk, ft~u dh fe;w dhnK t;s{nK ft~u uko r[Dk tkXk ns/ w{b t;s{nK d/ T[sgkdB ft~u d; r[DktkXk ;h.@ fe;/ th wkgdzv s'A w{b t;s{nK d/ T[sgkdB ft~u fJj pVk Gkoh tkXk ;h.

skfbek 11H1 ns/ 11H2 ft~u nfXe bzp/ ekb ft~u ftek; dk ;o{g fdykfJnk frnk j?.yk;eo 1951 ns/1971 d/ ft~u w~X ns/ w{b t;s{ Td:'r fit/A Xks{, o;kfJD, :ksk:ks d/ ;kXB ns/ fpibh ns/ r?o^fpibhwPhBoh dk ftek;, e~gVk tor/ T[gG'rsk T[d:'rK dk ftek; nfXe s/Ih Bkb j'fJnk.

T[d:'fre y/so 1951 1961 1971 1978^79

;kXkoD 55 109 153 186

e~gVk 80 103 106 110

w{b Xks 47 119 209 144

wPhBoh 22 121 373 203

fJb?eNqheb wPhBoh 26 110 405 162

skfbek 11H1 Gkos ft~u T[d:'fre T[sgkdB d/ y/so 1951^79skfbek 11H1 Gkos ft~u T[d:'fre T[sgkdB d/ y/so 1951^79skfbek 11H1 Gkos ft~u T[d:'fre T[sgkdB d/ y/so 1951^79skfbek 11H1 Gkos ft~u T[d:'fre T[sgkdB d/ y/so 1951^79skfbek 11H1 Gkos ft~u T[d:'fre T[sgkdB d/ y/so 1951^79

1960 & 100 (1951^71)l 1970 & 100 (1978^79 d/ bJh)

;o's^;o's^;o's^;o's^;o's^fJzvhnkl J/ o?co?A; n?B[J/b, Gkos ;oeko, BthA fd~bh, 1980, gzH 312 ft~u fbfys.


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ftek; d/ fJ; o[MkB B/ w{b t;s{nK ns/ :zsoK d/ ;zpzX ft~u ftef;s d/PK s/ Gkos dh eohp eohp g{ohfBoGosk Bz{ ekch xZN eo fd~sk. fJj fBt/P d/ bJh iK ywsk d/ fBowkD d/ bJh Io{oh ;h. nkIkdh d/;w/A BthA ywsk ekfJw eoD d/ bJh brGr ;ko/ :zso pkjo s'A wzrkUD/ g?Ad/ ;B. TdkjoD bJh, 1950ft~u Gkos B/ wPhB N{bI dhnK 89H8 ch;dh s~e dhnK Io{osK nk:ks Bkb g{ohnK ehshnK.fJ; dh s[bBkft~u :zsoK d/ o{g ft~u e[b ;EkJh fBt/P ft~u nk:kfss :zsoK dk fj~;k 1960 ft~u 43 ch;dh s~e nk frnk,ns/ 1974 ft~u wkso 9 ch;dh s~e.fJ;/ d"o ft~u Gkos ft~u ;EkJh fBt/P dk w[~b YkJh r[Dk se frnk.d{i/PpdK ft~u 70 d/ dPe d/ wZX sZe fBt/P dh do pDkJ/ o~yD bJh :zsoK dh io{os dk 90 ch;dh s'A thnfXe d/P d/ nzdo s'A jh g{ok j' fojk ;h. fJj fJ~e wjs~tg{D T[gb~pXh ;h.fJ;d/ ftek; iK g{zih ;zuDdh nkgDh do s?n eoD d/ wkwb/ ft~u ftef;s d/PK s/ Gkos dh fBoGosk ekch xZN eo fd~sh.fJj s~E,ns/ joh eqKsh Gkos dh ;[szso ftd/P Bhsh dk nkXko pD/ i' Gkoh dpktK dk ;kjwDk eo gkfJnk.

ftd/Ph ;o'sK, ftd/Ph ;jkfJsk ns/ ftd/Ph fBih fBt/P s/ fBoGosk xZN o~yh rJh. Gkos d[nkok T[g:'rft~u fbnKdh rJh tk;sfte ;jkfJsk gqEw :'iBk d/ d"okB ekoe w[~b s/ tk;sfte okPNoh T[sgkd dkwkso 0H4 ch;dh ;h.d{ih ns/ shih :'iBKtK ft~u fJj tX e/ brGr 2H25 ns/ 3H17 ch;dh j' frnk.;~md/ dPe d/ nzs ft~u fJ; ft~u Gkoh froktN nkJh. fJ; s'A fJbktk ftd/Ph ;o'sK dk w[~y ;o{g nfXekfXe;jkfJsk ;h.fJ~e nB[wkB d/ nB[;ko 1948 ns/ 1961 d/ ft~u tk;sfte ftd/Ph ;jkfJsk ns/ tk;sftefBih fBt/P d/ ft~u 6L1 dh s[bBk ;h.gqEw :'iBk ft~u ftd/Ph ;jkfJsk dk fInkdkso, 98 ch;dh, b'jkns/ fJ;gks :'iBktK ns/ ;kXkoD T[d:'fre ftek; ft~u ns/ :ksk:ks, ;zuko ns/ T{oik ft~u brkfJnkfrnk. e[b fwbk e/ gqEw fszB :'iBktK ft~u T[d:'r, :ksk:ks ns/ T{oik ft~u ftd/Ph ;jkfJsk eohp 95ch;dh gq:'r ehsk frnk.nwohek s'A ghHn?bH^480 d/ sfjs fd~~sh rJh nBki ;jkfJsk Bkb ifDs e'Pdk T[g:'r T[g:[es y/soK ft~u ehsk frnk. d{ih :'iBk ft~u ;'ftns ;jkfJsk gqkoEfwesk tkb/ y/soKft~u fd~sh rJh, fit/A w{b T[d:'rK ft~u, ns/ Uj th ;kotifBe y/so ft~u.

Gkosh noEszso ft~u ;kotifBe y/so dk gqGkt tXdk frnk, ns/ T[;B/ fJ;d/ ‘fB:zsoe ;fEshnK* T[Zs/epIk eo fbnk. ftd/Ph y/so t?;/ th S'Nk ;h, j[D j'o th S'Nk j' frnk.gqzs{ nwoheh d/PK d/ ftgohs Gkosd/ ;kotifBe y/so dk ftek; ftd/Ph fBih g{zih d/ pj[okPNoh ekog'o/PBK d/ ;fj:'r Bkb BjhA j'fJnk j?. 1951

skfbek 11H2 L Gkosh T[sgkdB y/so ft~u ftek;^doskfbek 11H2 L Gkosh T[sgkdB y/so ft~u ftek;^doskfbek 11H2 L Gkosh T[sgkdB y/so ft~u ftek;^doskfbek 11H2 L Gkosh T[sgkdB y/so ft~u ftek;^doskfbek 11H2 L Gkosh T[sgkdB y/so ft~u ftek;^do

1951^52 s'A 1982^83 (ch;dh)

T[d:'r 1951^52 s'A 1960^61 s'A 1970^71 s'A1959^60 1969^70 1982^83

e~gVk 2H98 0H70 5H36

opV, g?Nq'fbnw ns/

gbk;fNe T[sgkd 17H54 10H4 3H82

o;kfJD T[sgkd 7H9 8H39 5H76

w{b Xks{ ns/ fwPfos Xks{ 6H52 7H01 5H46

r?o^fpibh wPhBoh 21H02 17H01 6H09

fpibh wPhBoh 17H64 14H01 6H17

:ksk:ks d/ ;kwkB 14H83 7H66 3H34

fJj rDBk noX b"r gqDkbh s/ nkXkfos ftek; doK d/ o[MkB Bz{ do;kUAdh j?, ns/ Gkosh T[sgkdBftt;Ek d/ c?eNoh y/so d/ ;zpzX ft~u j?.

;o's^;o's^;o's^;o's^;o's^;[yw: u~eotosh, fvt?bgw?AN gbkfBzr L d fJzvhnB n?e;ghfon?A;, fd~bh 1981, skfbek 13,gz 111, s'A u[fDnk frnk.


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ft~u ;zg{oD ekog'o/N y/so ft~u e[b G[rskB ehsh rJh g{zih dk 3H4 ch;dh ;oekoh ezgBhnK dk ;h, id'Afe 1961 ft~u fJj tX e/ 30 ch;dh j' frnk. 70 d/ dPe dh P[o{nks ft~u fJj gqshPs tX e/ 50 ch;dhj' frnk ;h ns/ 1978 ft~u 75 ch;dh s~e ik gj[zfunk.

T[d:'r ns/ y/sh s'A fJbktk :'iBktK B/ f;~fynk ns/ ;tk;E ;w/s w{b YKu/ d/ ftek; s/ ;G s'A nfXeI'o fd~sk. UgfBt/Pe ekb ft~u fJBK y/soK dh T[g/fynk ehsh rJh ;h.gqEw fszB :'iBktK d/ d"okB:ksk:ks ns/ ;zuko s/ tk;sfte :'iBk you eohp 13 nop o[gJ/ ;h, i' jo :'iBk ft~u e[b you/ dk26 ch;dh ;h. ;wkfie$;w[dkfJe ;/tktK ns/ T{oik d/ bJh fJj nKeV/ L 9H4 nop o[gJ/ ns/ 19H9ch;dh, ns/ 6H16 nop o[gJ/ ns/ 10H6 ch;dh ;h. nr/ ube/ fJBK y/soK ns/ f;zukJh ft~u :'iBk fBt/P wjs~tg{oD ;kfps j'fJnk. fJ; Bkb fBih fBt/P ns/ T[sgkdesk tXkUD ft~u wdd fwbh. fJj rbjoh eqKsh d/ d"okB y/sh ft~u th fdykJh fd~sh.

skfbek 11H3 s'A e[M nkXkoG{s ouBktK ns/ ;wkfie ckfJfdnK d/ gqsh ftnesh ftek; dk gsk ubdk j?,i' iB;zfynk d/ ftek; s'A eJh r[Dk n~r/ ;h. 1950^51 dh s[bBk ft~u 1965^66 ft~u fpibh ywsk ft~u4H5 r[Dk, PfjoK ns/ fgzvK d/ fpibheoD ft~u 14 r[Dk, j;gskb ft~u wohIK d/ bJh fp;sfonK d/ ft~u2H5 r[Dk, ;e{bK ft~u Gosh 3 r[Dk s'A E'Vh xzN, ns/ wjs~tg{oD r~b fJj fe fJzihfBnofzr ns/ N?eB"b'ihdh seBheh f;~fynk ft~u fvroh ns/ fvgb'wk ;soK s/ 6 ns/ 8H5 r[Dk tkXk j'fJnk. fJ; ntXh ft~uiB^;zfynk ft~u wkso fJ~e fsjkJh tkXk j;fJnk.

1991 s'A d/P ft~u bkr{ ehs/ rJ/ Io{oh nkofEe ;[XkoK dh gqPz;k d/ I'P ft~u ftP/P s"o s/ Bfjo{ ekb dhnKnkofEe T[gbpXhnK Bz{ Bhuk fdykUDk e[M b'eK bJh fJ~e soK dk c?PB j' frnk j?. nd{odofPsk ns/nfJfsjkf;esk dk fJ; s'A t~vk T[dkjoD j'o e'Jh BjhA j' ;edk. fJj Bfjo{tkdh :[r ;h fi;B/ w{b G"fsens/ wkBt ;z;kXBK dk fBowkD ehsk i' ;[szso nkX[fBe ftek; dhnK g{ot PosK ;kfps j'JhnK .

skfbek 11H3^w{b YKu/, ;tk;E ns/ f;~fynk dk gq;koskfbek 11H3^w{b YKu/, ;tk;E ns/ f;~fynk dk gq;koskfbek 11H3^w{b YKu/, ;tk;E ns/ f;~fynk dk gq;koskfbek 11H3^w{b YKu/, ;tk;E ns/ f;~fynk dk gq;koskfbek 11H3^w{b YKu/, ;tk;E ns/ f;~fynk dk gq;ko

y/so fJekJh 1950^51 1960^61 1965^66 1950^51 s' 1965^66 d/ ft~u dk gqshPs

fpibh d; b~y 2H3 5H6 10H2 393H5

bkr{ ywsk feb'tkN

fgzv ns/ Pfjo jIkoK ft~u 3H7 24H2 52H3 1313H5

fpibh dh o/bK^ d; b~y

;kwkB dh Y[bkJh NB 93 156 205 120H4

;VeK jIko feHwhH 156 235 284 82

j;gskb

fp;sfonK

dh ;zfynk jIko ft~u 113 186 300 165H5

;e{bK ft~u

Gosh d; b~y ft~u 23H5 44H7 67H7 188H1

seBheh f;~fynk^fJzihfBnofzr ns/ N?eB"b'ih (Gosh ywsk)

(i) fvroh ;so jIko ft~u 4H1 13H8 24H7 502H4

(ii) fvgb'wk jIko ft~u 5H9 25H8 49H9 745H8iB;zfynk d; b~y 357 430 490 37H3

;o's^;o's^;o's^;o's^;o'sî/H Grtsh ns/ ihH d/;kJh, fJzvhnkL gb?fBzr cko fJzv;NqhbkJhI/PB, bzdB, 1970, gz 74H


BØN


fJ; s'A fJbktk, Bfjo{tkdh wzfIb Bz{ T[; ;w/A d/ ftPt fJfsjkf;e ;zdoG ft~u d/fynk ikDk ukjhdk j?.fit/A fe gqyo noEPk;soh ns/ YKukrs g[BormB gq'rokw dh P[o{nks eoD tkb/ ft~swzsoh vkH wBw'jB f;zxB/ fejk,@ i/eo 1960 ft~u s[;hA fe;/ s'A th g[~Sd/ fe 1996 iK 97 ft~u fejVk d/P d[BhnK d/ fPyo s/ j't/rk,sK itkp j[zdk, Gkos.@ g~Sw d/ noEPk;sohnK ;w/s ;G d/ ft~u fJ~e r~b s/ ;fjwsh ;h^ fe Gkos d/ fB:'iBdh fdPk ;ekokswe ns/ ;zGktBktK Bkb Goh j'Jh ;h. fJBK noEPk;sohnK ft~u e[M ;B^ vpb:{Hvpb:{Ho';N/t, o'i/BPN/Bô'vB, ftbcq?v w?Av/bpkT{w, iko o'i/B, JhnB fbNb, poknB o/vkt/ nkfd. Gkos d/iBsKsfoe o;s/ dh gqPz;k eod/ j'J/ ne;o jh uhB d/ gqG[sttkdh wkvb dh nkb'uBk ehsh rJh j?

fJ; ft~u e'Jh P~e BjhA fe pdbdh gfo;fEshnK ft~u UgfBt/Pe fgSV/gB dh ftok;s Bz{ fi~sd/ j'J/ ;feqniBszso poeoko o~yD bJh gfotosBK dh Io{os ;h. fJ; s/ e'Jh d' okJ/ BjhA j' ;edh ;h fe e[MsohfenK Bz{ pdbD iK g{oh soK S~vD dh Io{os j?. fit/A T[d:'fre bkJh;?Af;zr,ehws ns/ ftsoD s/fB:zsoD, nk:ksK s/ gqshpzX, nePw xo/b{ T[sgkdek dh o~fynk, nfXekfXe nePw j[zd/ ;kotifBe y/so s/ fBoGosk nkfd. fJ; s'A fJbktk ftPt g{zihtkd d/ pdbd/ ;o{g d/ ekoD nkofEe gfotosBK dhIo{oas ;h.fJ; d/ ekoebkgk ft~u th gfotosBK dh Io{os ;h.fJ; ft~u ftPt noEszso t~b nfXe y[~bDdh Io{os th Pkfwb ;h. gqzs{ ;~m d/ dPe d/ w~X ft~u Gkos Bz{ eJh gqeko d/ ;zeNK dk ;kjwDk eoBk fgnk.fi;d/ ekoD nfij/ gfotosB BjhA j' gkJ/.Bkb jh ftPt ns/ nKsfoe okiBhfse gfo;fEsh d/ dpktft~u T[; Bz{ nfXe ;zo~fynDtkdh, nzsow[yh ns/ nbrkttkdh fdPk geVBh gJh.


J ;EkJhst dh gfo;fEshnK ftu th eJh tko okPNogshnK B/ ftenshrs wj~steKPk iK ;zftXkB d/gqsh fizw/dkoh fBGkT[D d/ fJokd/ Bkb nkgD/ nfXkekoK dk gq:'r ehsk j?. ;G s'A wj~stg{oB T[dkjoDokPNogsh frnkBh i?b f;zx dk j?. T[j n?;/ gfjb/ okPNogsh ;h fiBQK B/ e'Jh fpb ;z;d Bz{ tkg;eo fdZsk ;h.

J fttkd dk fJe j'o y/so oki ;oekoK Bz{ Gzr eoB ftu okPNogsh Bz{ G{fwek ns/ okPNogsh Pk;Bbkr{ eoB ;zpzXh j?.

J 44t/A ;zP'XB ftu okPNogsh Bz{ fJj nfXeko fdZsk frnk j? fe T[j wzsohgfoPd s'A nkgD/ fBoD/ T[Zs/d[pkok ftuko eoB dk nB[o'X eo/.

J d{finK wkwfbnK ftu okPNogsh d/ nfXeko ;gPN jB. Xkok 111 d/ sfjs id e'Jh fpb T[BQK d/;kjwD/ g/P ehsk iKdk j?, sK T[BQK Bz{ fJ; Bkb n;fjwsh iskT[D dk nfXeko j?, ns/ i/eo T[j ukj[DsK fJ;Bz{ ;z;d Bz{ w[V ftuko d/ bJh tkg; th G/i ;ed/ jB. i/eo d'B'A ;dB fJ; Bz{ fco gk; eofdzd/ jB ns/ T[BQK d/ e'b d[pkok G/i fdzd/ jB sK T[BQK Bz{ nkgDh ;fjwsh d/Dh jh g?Adh j?.

J 1978 ftu ehs/ rJ/ 44t/A ;zP'XB d/ nB[;ko fJj ;gPN ehsk frnk j? fe okPNogsh sd jhnkgksekb dh x'PDk eo ;edk j? id fJ; ;zpzX ftu wzsohwzvb dk fbys fBoD/ T[BQK Bz{ gqkgs j't/.nkgksekb d/ d"okB th T[BQK Bz{ wzsohwzvb dh ;bkj T[Zs/ jh ezw eoBk j't/rk.

J wzsohgfoPd ;w{je o{g ftu b'e;Gk d/ gqsh fIzw/tko j[zdh j?. i/eo T[j b'e;Gk dk ftPtk; r[nk b?Adhj? sK T[;Bz{ s[ozs n;shck d/ d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

J Bfjo{ d/ PpdK ftu gqXkBwzsoh “;oeko dk e/Ado fpzd{” j[zdk j?. brGr ;ko/ nfXeko okPNogshftu Ugukoe s"o s/ fBfjs j[zd/ j'J/ th tk;st ftu gqXkBwzsoh d[nkok gq:[es j[zd/ jB. okPNogsh,wzsohwzvb ns/ ;z;d d/ ftu eVh j[zdk j?.

J u'DK ftu nkgDh fi~s ns/ 1971 d/ pzrbk d/P :[~X d/ pknd fJzdok rKXh fJzBh PeshPkbh pD rJh ;hfe okiBhfse gqDkbh ftu gqXkBwzsoh gd B/ nfsnzs wj~st dh ;fEsh XkoB eo bJh. gqXkBwzsohBz{ wzsohnK dh u'D iK T[BQK dh poyk;srh d/ g{oB nfXeko jB. fJ; Bkb gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ d{finK d/T[Zs/ t~v/ g?wkB/ T[Zs/ nfXeko fwbd/ jB.


BØN


J Gkosh ;z;d d/ d' ;dB j[zd/ jB–T[Zgoh ;dB oki;Gk iK okiK dh gfoPd j?, ns/ fBubh ;dB b'e;Gkdk iBsk dk ;dB j?. oki;Gk ftu 250 w?Apo j[zd/ jB. fJBQK ftu'A 238 dh u'D oki ftXkB;GktK d/u[D/ w?Apo J/eb j;sKsoD t'N gqDkbh d/ sfjs ;wkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst d/ nkXko T[Zs/ eod/ jB. j'o12 dk wB'B:B ;oeko d/ ;[Mkt T[Zs/ okPNogsh eod/ jB.

J b'e;Gk dh u'D iBsk d[nkok gzi ;kbK se j[zdh j?. fJ;Bz{ fJ;dk ekoi ekb ysw j'D s'A gfjbK thGzr ehsk ik ;edk j?. nkgksekb d/ d"okB b'e;Gk dk ekoi ekb fJe tko ftu fJe ;kb d/ bJhtXkfJnk ik ;edk j?, gqzs{ nkgksekb dh ;wkgsh s'A pknd S/ wjhfBnK s'A fInkdk d/ bJh BjhA.tk;st ftu, b'e;Gk dk ekoi ekb f;oc fJe jh tko, 1976 ftu, fJe ;kb d/ bJh tXkfJnk frnk;h, id gqXkBwzsoh fJzdok rKXh B/ nkgksekb dh x'PDk ehsh ;h.

J ;zftXkB ftu nkoePD Bz{ d; ;kbK dk nbgekfbe gqktXkB ofynk frnk j?. fe;h th ;oeko B/fJ;Bz{ jo tko d; ;kbK d/ bJh tXkT[D dk fto'X BjhA ehsk j?. cb;o{g, j[D se fJ;Bz{ gzikj ;kbKse d/ bJh tXkfJnk ik u[ek j? T[bN/, nkoePD dh wzr ns/ ;thfeqsh ftu tkXk jh j'fJnk j?.

J b'e;Gk dh tX s'A tX ;hNK 552 j[zdhnK jB. fJBQK ftu' 550 G'r'fbe wsdksk y/so jB, ns/ d' n?Arb'–fJzvhnB ;w[dkJ/ d/ wB'Bhs w?Apo j[zd/ jB. w?ApoK dh T[wo xZN s'A xZN gZuh ;kb j'Dh ukjhdh. b'e;Gkd/ w[yh ti'A ;/tk ;gheo eod/ jB, ns/ T[BKQ dh r?ojkIoh ftu T[g–w[yh iK fvgNh ;gheo.

J ;z;d Bz{ ftnkge t?XkfBe nfXeko j?, ns/ fpb fe;h th ;dB ftu g/P ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. ekBz{BpDB d/ bJh fpb Bz{ d'tK ;dBK ftu gk; eoBk ns/ T[;Bz{ okPNogsh dk nB[w'dB fwbDk io{oh j?.

J ;zftXkB Gkos Bz{ fJe ;kotG"w, ;wkitkdh, Xow fBog/y ns/ iBsKsfoe rDszso x'fPs eodk j?.jkbKfe ‘XowfBog~y’ ns/ ‘;wkitkdh’ Ppd 1976 ftu 42t/A ;zP'XB d/ iohJ/ i'V/ rJ/ ;B, ;zftXkBdh nkswk XowfBogZy ;h.

J XowfBogZysk d/ gqsh Bfjo{ dh gqshpXsk ns[b ns/ ;otKrhD ;h. T[j nkgDh g{oh j'Ad Bkb;zgodkfJesk Bkb Bcos eod/ ;B ns/ nkgDh g{oh fizdrh ;koh skes brk e/ T[; Bkb bVd/ oj/.T[BQK B/ XowfBog/ysk dh iVK B{z Gkosh iBsk d/ ftu c?bkfJnk ns/ T[; ;w/A c?bdh j'Jh ;zgodkfJen~r B{z fgS/ Xe/bD ftu ekw:kp j'J/.

J Bfjo{ T[BQK gfjb/ ftneshnK ftu'A ;B fiBQK B/ ;zgodkfJesk dh ;wkfie–nkofEe iVK B{z ;wMD dhe'fPP ehsh ;h. T[j fJ; ftPtk; s/ gj[zu/ ;h fe fJj w[y s"o s/ gqshfeqnktkdhnK dk jfEnko j?,jkbKfe fJ;dk ;wkie nkXko w[y wZXtorh jh j?. ntsko d/ o{g ftu gfoGkPs ehsk.

J Bfjo{ fe;/ th soQK, fjzd{, w[;fbw, f;Zy iK fJ;kJh ;zgodkn ftu e'Jh nzso BjhA eod/ ;h. T[BQK d/w[skpe fJj ;ko/ fJe jh ftukoXkok d/ ftfGzB o{g jB ns/ fJ;bJh fJBKQ ;kfonK dk fJe ;kE fto'XeoBk ukjhdk j?.

J Bkrfoe nfXekoK Bz{ wip{s nkXko T[Zs/ yVk ehsk frnk ns/ gq?; Bz{ ;oeko dh fsyh nb'uBk eoB d/pkti{d g{oh nkIkdh fwbh. e'oN dh ;tkfJ~sk Bz{ pj[s ;ktXkBh Bkb gkfbnk g'f;nk frnk. fJ;d/pkti{d fe y/sh ;[Xko ;zzpXh wj~stg{oB ns/ b'efgqn ftX/ne dk e'oN d[nkok fto'X ehsk frnk,fJ;dh ;tkfJ~sk T[Zs/ e'Jh nKu BjhA nkT[D fdsh rJh.

J ;z;d Bz{ iBsk d/ ftukoK Bz{ ftnes eoD dk fJe wj~stg{oB wzu pDk fd~sk. T[BQK B/ fJj f;XKs pDkofynk ;h fe T[j ;z;d ftu gqPBekb d/ d"okB j'D tkbh pfj;K d/ ;w/A jw/Pk T[E/ w'i{d ofjDr/.ftg~y B/ th ;z;d ns/ T[;dh ekoigqDkbh dk nkdo eod/ j'J/ nkgDh G{fwek fBGkJh.

J Bfjo{ :[r d/ d"okB ;zftXkB ftu fds/ rJ/ ;zxtkdh gqktXkBK Bz{ wip{sh Bkb ;Ekgs ehsk frnk. okiKd/ ftu ;~sk dh ;w[fus tzv ehsh rJh. okiK dh ;tk:sk dk nkdo eod/ j'J/ Bfjo{ edh th oki;oekoK T[Zs/ nkgDk fBoDk BjhA E'gd/ ;B, Bk jh T[BQK dh BhshnK ftu e'Jh j;sy/g eod/ ;h.

J ;kBz{ fJ; rb s/ th r"o eoBk ukjhdk j? fe e/Ado ns/ okiK d/ ftu gq/wg{oD ;zpzX ns/ ftGkiekoh PeshnKT[Zs/ fBnzsoD pD/ ofjD dk fJe ;G s'A t~vk ekoB fJj ;h fe e/Ado ns/ oki, d'tK ftu'A fJe jh gkoNh


BØN


;~sko{V ;h. e/Ado dh nrtkJh tkbh G{fwek ;Ekgs j'D dk fJe d{ik ekoB fJj ;h fe ssekbhB GkoshokiBhsh d/ e[M ;G s'A e~dkto b'e T[; ;w/A wzsohwzvb ns/ eKro; ekoi;whsh d/ w?Apo ;B.

J Bfjo{ ns/ j'o B/sk fJe n?;/ ;wkit gfotosB d/ bJh T[s;[e ;B i' ;wki Bfjo{ ns/ j'o B/sk fJe n?;/ ;wkit gfotosB d/ bJh T[s;[e ;B i' ;wki Bfjo{ ns/ j'o B/sk fJe n?;/ ;wkit gfotosB d/ bJh T[s;[e ;B i' ;wki Bfjo{ ns/ j'o B/sk fJe n?;/ ;wkit gfotosB d/ bJh T[s;[e ;B i' ;wki Bfjo{ ns/ j'o B/sk fJe n?;/ ;wkit gfotosB d/ bJh T[s;[e ;B i' ;wki d/ fgSV/ ns/d/ fgSV/ ns/d/ fgSV/ ns/d/ fgSV/ ns/d/ fgSV/ ns/e[ub/ j'J/ spfenK dh w[esh dk wkor gqP;s eo ;e/. fit/A fe Bfjo{ B/ 1956 ftu fejk–e[ub/ j'J/ spfenK dh w[esh dk wkor gqP;s eo ;e/. fit/A fe Bfjo{ B/ 1956 ftu fejk–e[ub/ j'J/ spfenK dh w[esh dk wkor gqP;s eo ;e/. fit/A fe Bfjo{ B/ 1956 ftu fejk–e[ub/ j'J/ spfenK dh w[esh dk wkor gqP;s eo ;e/. fit/A fe Bfjo{ B/ 1956 ftu fejk–e[ub/ j'J/ spfenK dh w[esh dk wkor gqP;s eo ;e/. fit/A fe Bfjo{ B/ 1956 ftu fejk–

J n;hA f;oc okiBhfse eqKsh dh jh e'fPP BjhA eo oj/ ns/ Bk f;oc fJjh T[gbpXh ukj[zd/ jK, s/ n;hAf;oc nkofEe eqKsh d/ bJh jh ih s'V fwjBs BjhA eo oj/ jK, pbfeHHH n;hA ;wkie eqKsh d/ bJhth T[ABk jh fdqV ;ezbg oyd/ jK, fJBQK fszB nbr–nbr o;fsnK T[Zs/ ub e/ ns/ T[BQK Bz{ fJe wjkB;zg{oBsk ftu pdb e/ jh Gkos d/ b'e so~eh eo ;ed/ jB.

J rDoki d/ ;z;Ekge fJ; r~b Bkb tkec ;B fe ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ftek;, nt;o dh ;wkBsk ns/iBtkdh ;wki d/ fBowkD d/ bJh ftnkge s/ fpjso f;fynk fJe pj[s tZvk jfEnko j[zdk j?. fJ;dhio{os fJ; bJh th pj[s fInkdk ;h fe 1951 ftu e~[b nkpkdh dk wkso 16H6 gqshPs jh gfVQnkfbfynk ;h .

J Bfjo{ d/ fdBK ftu f;fynk, yk;eo bVehnK dh f;fynk ftu Gkoh gqrsh fdykJh fdsh. 1951 ns/1961 d/ ftu ;e{bK ftu ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;zfynk d' r[Dh ns/ ftfdnkoEDK dh ;zfynk fszB r[Dh j'rJh. 1950–51 d/ w[ek[pb/ 1965–66 ftu gfjb/ s'A u"Eh ebk; se d/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;zfynk 1H37eo'V s'A tXe/ 3H21 eo'V j' rJh.

J nkIkdh d/ fdBK ftu f;oc 18 ftPtftfdnkbk ;h, idfe eohp 3 by ftfdnkoEh ;h. 1964 seftPtftfdnkbk dh ;zfynk 54 ns/ ekbiK dh ;zfynk 2,500 j' rJh. ;Bkse ns/ ;Bkse'softfdnkoEhnK dh ;zfynk 6H13 by j' u[eh ;h. ftfdnkoEDk dh ;zfynk S/ r[Dk tX e/ e[bftfdnkoEhnK dk 22 gqshPs j' frnk.

J g/Av{ y/soK d/ ftek; d/ bJh d' t~v/ g'qrokw ;kw[dkfJe ftek; g'qrokw ns/ gzukfJsh oki, 1952 ns/1959 ftu P[o{ ehs/ rJ/. fJj gq'rokw fgzvK ftu efbnkDekoh okiK dh BhAj gkT[D tkb/ ;B. jkbKfefJj y/sh d/ ftek; bJh th pDkJ/ rJ/ ;B, go fJBQK ftu w[y s"o s/ efbnkD dk T[d/P g/Av{ Gkos dku/jok pdbDk ;h sKfe b'eK dk ihtB g~Xo ;[Xkfonk ik ;e/.

J ;kw[dkfJe ftek; g'qrokw ;whsh g~Xo s/ 1952 ftu P[o{ ehsk frnk, fi; ftu 55 ftek; gqyzv u[D/rJ/. jo/e gqyzv ftu 100 fgzv ns/ eohp 60 s'A 70 jiko dh nkpkdh ;h.

J fJ; g'qrokw dh ewI'oh 1957 ftu jh ;gPN j' u[eh ;h, id pbtzsoh w/jsk ;whsh Bz{ fJ;dk w[bKeDeoB dk ezw fdZsk frnk. fJ; ;whsh B/ fJ; g'qrokw d/ B"eoPkjh d/ uzr[b ftu c;D ns/ b'eK dhGkrhdkoh d/ nGkt dh iw e/ nb'uBk ehsh. fJ;d/ fJbki bJh ;whsh B/ fJj f;ckfoP ehsh feg/Av{ ns/ fIbk g~Xoh ftek; gqPk;B dk iBtkdh fte/AdqheoB ehsk ikt/.

J fJj BthA ftt;Ek gzukfJsh oki d/ Bkw Bkb ikDh rJh ns/ ftfGzB okiK ftu 1959 ftu bkr{ ehshikD brh. fJ; ftu gqs~y o{g ftu u[D/ rJ/ rqkw gzukfJs ns/ ngqsZy o{g ftu u[D/ rJ/ gqyzv g~XohfIbk gfoPd d/ fszB gZXo pDkJ/ rJ/.

J fJj pV/ ;[Gkr dh r~b ;h fe nkIkdh s'A pknd n~r/ ftek; d/ ;zpzX ft~u d/P ft~u fJ~e nkw ;wkfie;fjwsh ;h. T[dkjoD d/ bJh rKXhtkdh, ;'Pfb;N, g{zihgsh ns/ efwT{fB;N (e[M ;zeohDsktkdhd"oK Bz{ S~v e/) fBwBfbfys J/izv/ s/ eohp eohp ;fjws ;Blnksw^fBoGosk s/ nkXkfos nkofEeftek; dh pj[^nk:kwh oDBhshl w{b T[d:'rK ;fjs nk:ks d/ ftebg ft~u s/I T[d:'freheoDl;kwokitkdh ns/ ftd/Ph g{zih d/ gqG[~st T[Zs/ o'el G{wh ;[Xko fi; ft~u Pkfwb ;BÎwhdkoh T[Bw{bB,ekPsekoh ;[Xko, ;fjekoh ;z;EktK dh ;EkgBk, eoIk, fteoh nkfd d/ bJh ;fjekoh ;/tk ;z;EktK,;wkB nt;o d/ bJh ftek;, noEks rohpK ns/ efbnkDekoh ezwK s~e ft~u ;[Xkotkdh ftek; wkvbliBîkshnK ns/ nkdhtk;hnK fij/ ;G s'A ghfVs spfenK bJh e[M ntXh dk ;ekokswe nkoePDloki d[nkok nkofEe ftek; ft~u e/Adoh G{fwek, ftP/Peo ;kotifBe y/so d/ iohJ/ T[sgkdB gqqqqfeqnkft~u fj~;/dkoh nkfd.


BØN


J 1938 ft~u fB:'fis nkofEe ftek; d/ ;G s'A t~v/ gfjbeosk itkjobkb Bfjo{ dh1938 ft~u fB:'fis nkofEe ftek; d/ ;G s'A t~v/ gfjbeosk itkjobkb Bfjo{ dh1938 ft~u fB:'fis nkofEe ftek; d/ ;G s'A t~v/ gfjbeosk itkjobkb Bfjo{ dh1938 ft~u fB:'fis nkofEe ftek; d/ ;G s'A t~v/ gfjbeosk itkjobkb Bfjo{ dh1938 ft~u fB:'fis nkofEe ftek; d/ ;G s'A t~v/ gfjbeosk itkjobkb Bfjo{ dhnrtkJh ft~u okPNoh :'iBk efwPB (n?BHghH;hH) rfms ehsh rJh.nrtkJh ft~u okPNoh :'iBk efwPB (n?BHghH;hH) rfms ehsh rJh.nrtkJh ft~u okPNoh :'iBk efwPB (n?BHghH;hH) rfms ehsh rJh.nrtkJh ft~u okPNoh :'iBk efwPB (n?BHghH;hH) rfms ehsh rJh.nrtkJh ft~u okPNoh :'iBk efwPB (n?BHghH;hH) rfms ehsh rJh. fJ; B/ pknd d/dPe ft~u ftek; dh fJ~e ftnkge :'iBk fsnko ehsh ns/ fJ; dhnK ftfGzB T[g;fwshnK B/ ;[MktKd/ T[ZBsh yzv fsnko ehs/.

J nfyb Gkosh eKro; ew/Nh d[nkok ;zP'fXs 1931 d/ eKro; d/ eokuh gq;skt ft~u fejk frnk fe ‘okigqw[~y T[d:'rK, ;/tktK, yfDi ;o'sK, o/bt/, ib^gfotfjB, ijkiokDh ns/ d{i/ :ksk:ks ;kXBK s/fB:zsoD o~y/rk.* Bfjo{ ns/ n?BHghH;hH d/ fJbktk Gkosh T[ZdwK d/ B/sk th ;kotifBe y/so ns/ nKfPeokPNoheoD d/ g~yXo ;B.

J 1947 ft~u Bfjo{ dh nrtkJh ft~u nfyb Gkosh eKro; ew/Nh B/ fJ~e nkofEe gq'rokw ;fwsh rfmsehsh. T[;B/ ;kotifBe y/so d/ bJh gqsho~fynk, gqw[~y T[d:'r ns/ iB^;/tktK s?n ehshnK. fJzBKjh BjhA, ;fwsh B/ n~r/ fejk fe ‘toswkB T[ZdwK d/ wkwb/ ft~u fBih s'A ;kotifBe ;tkfws~t ft~uj;sKsoD gzi ;kbK pknd P[o{ j't/rk.*

J fd;zpo 1954 ft~u Gkosh ;z;d B/ ‘;wki dh ;wkitkdh gqDkbh* Bz{ nkgDk ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe T[d/PwzfBnk.

J :'iBk efwPB B/ fJ;/ ftuko Bkb ezw P[o{ ehsk. fJ; dh ;EkgBk 15 wkou 1950 Bz{ j'Jh ;h. fJ;e'b pV/ nfXeko ;BlfJ; ft~u e'Jh P~e BjhAl ns/ nkg Bfjo{ fJ; d/ nfXneP pD/. gqEw :'iBk(1951^56) ft~u nX{o/ ezw g{o/ eoD dk gq:sB ehsk frnk.

J d{ih :'iBk (1956^61) ft~u gqf;~X Bfjo{ wjkbB'fp; ftek; oDBhsh bkr{ ehsh rJh, I' shih :'iBk(1961^66) ft~u th ikoh ojh.

J Bfjo{^wjkbB'fp; oDBhsh dk fJ~e j'o wjs~tg{oD nzr ftek; ns/ ;wkBsk s/ I'o ;h. fJ; bJhT[d:'r ns/ y/sh ft~u ;ze/AdoD ns/ ftsoD s/ ekch fXnkB fd~sk frnk jkbkfe fJ; ft~u T[whdh;cbsk BjhA fwbh.

J oki fB:zsfosoki fB:zsfosoki fB:zsfosoki fB:zsfosoki fB:zsfos ;[fB:'fis ftek;, ;kotifBe ns/ fBih y/soK d/ ft~u fIzw/dkoh dk pzNtkok,fJiko/dkoK ns/ ;ze/AdoD d/ ftek; s/ o'e, S'N/ T[d:"rK Bz{ ;zo~fynD,y/soh ;zs[bB pDkJ/ o~yDk, :'iBkpZXT[d/PK ns/ gqkoEfwesktk d/ nB[o{g ;o'sK dk gq:'r nkfd fJBK ;ko/ ezwK d/ bJh fJ~e ft;fsqs ns/fB:zsoDK dh ifNb gqDkbh ns T[d:'fre bkJh;?Af;zr dh ftt;Ek dh Io{os ;h.

J Gkos d/ bJh ftP/P Pq/n dh r~b fJj jh ojh fe uhB, ikgkB, e'ohnk, skJhtkB, ;'ftns ;zx,fpqN/B nkfd fij/ nfXeso j'o d/PK d/ T[bN T[;B/ G{wh ;[Xko ns/ ftek; nkX[fBe iBsKsfoe YKu/ns/ Bkrfoe nfXekoK dh gqDkbh d/ sfjs jkf;b ehsk.gqzs{ fJj gqPz;k:'r y/sh ftek; y/sh T[sgkddh tXdh wzr Bz{ g{ok eoD bJh ekch BjhA ;h.

J 1991 s'A d/P ft~u bkr{ ehs/ rJ/ Io{oh nkofEe ;[XkoK dh gqPz;k d/ I'P ft~u ftP/P s"o s/ Bfjo{ ekb dhnKnkofEe T[gbpXhnK Bz{ Bhuk fdykUDk e[M b'eK bJh fJ~e soK dk c?PB j' frnk j?. nd{odofPsk ns/nfJfsjkf;esk dk fJ; s'A t~vk T[dkjoD j'o e'Jh BjhA j' ;edk. fJj Bfjo{tkdh :[r ;h fi;B/ w{b G"fsens/ wkBt ;z;kXBK dk fBowkD ehsk i' ;[szso nkX[fBe ftek; dhnK g{ot PosK ;kfps j'JhnK .

J fit/A fe gqyo noEPk;soh ns/ YKukrs g[BormB gq'rokw dh P[o{nks eoD tkb/ ft~swzsoh vkHwBw'jB f;zx B/ fejk,@ i/eo 1960 ft~u s[;hA fe;/ s'A th g[~Sd/ fe 1996 iK 97 ft~u fejVk d/Pd[BhnK d/ fPyo s/ j't/rk, sK itkp j[zdk, Gkos.@


J Phs :[ZX^tk;sfte :[ZX Bk j' e/ ftukfoe :[ZX j[zdk j?.

J r[~NfBog~ysk^fe;/ th r[~N iK db iK ;zrmB Bkb ;zpzfXs Bk j'Dk, gqzs{ UjBK dhnK rshftXhnK T[~s/nkgDk fdqPNhe'D g/P eoBk.


BØN



1. Gkos dh ;z;dh ftt;Ek dk toDB eo'.

2. Xow fBog~y iBtkdh rDszso s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< ;gPN eo'.

3. ;wkitkdh ;wki s/ bfjo{ dk eh doPB j?< ftPb/PD eo'.

4. okifB:zsfos T[d:'freheoD ns/ :'iBktK s/ gqekP gkU.


1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b)5. (b)


1H nkIkdh d/ pknd dk Gkos, ftfgB uzdo, wqd[bk w[yoih, nkfds w[yoih, fjzdh wkfXnwekoits, fBd/Pkfbnk fd~bh ftPtftfdnkbk



p[e;


BØN


fJekJh^12L uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd ns/ uhBh nkeokweskfJekJh^12L uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd ns/ uhBh nkeokweskfJekJh^12L uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd ns/ uhBh nkeokweskfJekJh^12L uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd ns/ uhBh nkeokweskfJekJh^12L uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd ns/ uhBh nkeokwesk(Border conflict with China and Chinese Agression)

ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)T[d/P (Objectives)


12H1 uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd (Border Conflict with China)

12H2 uhBh nkeokwesk ns/ uhBh jwbk (Chinese Aggression or Chinese Attack)


12H4 Ppde'P (Keywords)12H5 nfGnk;^gqPB (Review Questions)




• Gkos uhB d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK ns/ ;hwk fttkd Bz{ ;wMD ft~uL


id'A 1950 ft~u fs~ps s/ uhB B/ epIk eo fbnk sK Gkos fJ; r~b s/ BkokI j' frnk fe t[; Bz{ ftPtk; ft~uBjhA fbnk frnk.gqzs{ Gkos B/ fs~ps T[Zs/ uhB d/ nfXeko s/ fJsokI BjhA ehsk feUAfe fJfsjk; ftù ejhtko fs~ps uhB d knar ofj u[ek j/. 1954 ft~u gkos ns/ uhb b/ fJ~e ;zXh s/ j;skyo ehs/ , fi;d/ nB[;koGkos B/ fs~ps T[Zs/ uhB d/ nfXeko Bz{ ;theko eo fbnk.d't/A d/PK B/ gzuPhb d/ nkXko s/ nkg;h ;zpzzX fB:fwseoBk s?n ehsk.;hwk s?n eoD ;zpzXh wsG/dK s/ ftuko ehsk frnk. gqzs{ uhB dk efjDk ;h fe T[;B/ ni/g[okD/ e[UfwbKr befPnK dk nfX::B bjhA ehsk j?, ns/ fJ; s/ pknd ft~u ftuko ehsk ik ;edk j?.

12H112H112H112H112H1 uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd (Border conflict with China)

Gkos B/ P[o{ s'A jh uhB Bkb fw~sosk dh Bhsh ngDkJh. ;kwoki d/ fto[~X uhB d/ ;zxoP d/ gqsh eKro;;jkBz{G{sh o~ydh ;h.fJ; B/ 30d/ dPe ft~u fJ~e w?vheb fwPB uhB G/fink ;h. Bkb jh uhB T[Zs/ ikgkBd/ epIk eoD d/ fybkc ikgkBh t;s{nK d/ pfjPeko dk Bkok th fd~sk ;h. uhBh iB^rDszso Bz{ 1 iBtoh,1950 Bz{ wkBsk d/D tkbk Gkos gfjbk d/P ;h.Bfjo{ Bz{ pVhnK nkPktK ;B fe n"gfBt/P skesK d/ j~E'AT[sghVB dk ;wkB nB[Gt o~yD tkb/ ns/ rohph ns/ fBwB ftek; dh ;wkB ;w~f;nktK tk+/ fJjd't/A d/P fwb e/ J/Phnk Bz{ ftPt ft~u nkgDk T[fus ;EkB fdbtkUDr/.Bfjo{ B/ ;[o~fynk gfoPd ft~uefwT{fB;N uhB Bz{ T[fus ;EkB fdbtkUD s/ I'o fd~sk, UjBK B/ e'fonkJh :[~X ft~u nwoheh ;fEsh dk;woEB BjhA ehsk, ns/ e'ohnk Bkb ;wM"sk eotkUD dh g{oh e'fPP ehsh.

uhB Bkb ;zpzX rfjo/ pD/ ofjD, fJ; bJh Bfjo{ B/ uhB ns/ ukT{ n?BH^bkJh dh p'v[zr ;zw/bB ft~u pVhgqPz;k ehsh.gqzs{ 1959 ft~u fs~ps ft~u pVk ftdo'j j'fJnk ns/ dbkJh bkwk nkgD/ jIkoK nB[:kJhnK Bkb

fJekJh^12L uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd ns/ uhBh nkeokweskfJekJh^12L uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd ns/ uhBh nkeokweskfJekJh^12L uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd ns/ uhBh nkeokweskfJekJh^12L uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd ns/ uhBh nkeokweskfJekJh^12L uhB d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd ns/ uhBh nkeokwesk

BØN


fs~ps s'A G~i fB~eb/.UjBK Bz{ Gkos ft~u PoD Io{o fd~sh rJh, gqzs{ fBotk;D ft~u ;oeko pDkUD dhfJikIs BjhA fd~sh rJh ns/ Bk jh okiBhfse rshftXhnK dh fJikIs fd~sh rJh. fco th uhB Bk\[P;h. fJ;d/ s[ozs pknd, nes{po 1959 ft~u uhBhnK B/ b~dky ft~u e'Arok d~o/ ft~u Gkosh ;[o~fynk dbs/ r'bhnK ubkJhnK, fi; ft~u 5 Gkosh g[fb; tkb/ wko/ rJ/ ns/ fJ~e doiB frqcsko eo bJ/ rJ/.d'jK;oekoK ft~u fu~mhnK dk nkdkB^gqdkB j'fJnk, gqzs{ e'Jh jb BjhA fB~efbnk.fco ukT{ n?BH^bkJh Bz{r~bpks bJh ngq?b 1960 ft~u fd~bh p[bkfJnk frnk gqzs{ e'Jh ftP/P Bshik BjhA fB~efbnk. fJ; bjh fJjs?n ehsk frnk fe nc;oK Bz{ gfjbK ft;sko ft~u r~b s?n eoD fd~sh ikt/.

12H212H212H212H212H2 uhBh nkeokwesk ns/ uhBh jwbkuhBh nkeokwesk ns/ uhBh jwbkuhBh nkeokwesk ns/ uhBh jwbkuhBh nkeokwesk ns/ uhBh jwbkuhBh nkeokwesk ns/ uhBh jwbk

8 f;szpo, 1962 Bz{ uhBh c"iK B/ Ekrbk gjkVh T[~s/ jwbk eo e/ Gkosh c"iK Bz{ jok fd~sk, gqzs{ fJ; Bz{fJ~e S'Nh xNBk wzB e/ S~v fd~sk frnk.Bfjo{ fJ~e ;zw/bB bJh bzdB ub/ rJ/, ns/ d/P tkfg; nkUD s'Apknd 12 nes{po Bz{ e'bzp' otkBk j' rJ/.fJ~e jcs/ pknd uhBh c"i B/ pV/ g?wkB/ s/ jwbk p'b fd~sk ns/g{oph ;?eNo B/ck fi; Bz{ pknd ft~u no{Dkub gqd/P fejk ikD b~rk, ft~u Gkosh u"ehnK T[~s/ epik eofbnk. B/ck dk Gkosh ewKvo fpBK fe;/ gqsho'X d/ pu fbefbnk ns/ uhBhnK d/ gqt/P bJh o;sk y[~bkS~v fd~sk. g~Swh w'ou/ T[Zs/ 20 nes{po Bz{ uhBhnK B/ rbtkB xkNh ft~u 13 ;hwktosh u"ehnK T[Zs/ epIkeo fbnk. u[P{b jtkJh g~Nh T[Zs/ ysok tX frnk.;ko/ d/P ft~u r[~;/ dh bfjo d"V rJh ns/ uhBhnK d/fJokfdnK T[~s/ gqPB fuzB b~r frnk.;ko/ ;'uD b~r/ fe uhBh w?dkB ft~u n;kw T[Zs/ epIk eo b?Dr/ ns/PkfJd d{i/ y/soK s/ th epIk eo b?D. Bfjo{ B/ okPNogsh e?B/vh Bz{ 9 Btzpo Bz{ d' ys fby/. UjBk ft~uujBK B/ jkbksK Bz{ ‘;zeNrq;s* d~f;nk ns/ ftnkge ;?fBe ;jkfJsk dh wzr ehsh.UjBK B/ fpqN/B s'A thwdd wzrh.24 xzN/ pknd uhBhnK B/ tkfg; ikD dh fJ~esock x'PDk ehsh. uhBh d?As fizB/ ngqfsnkfPssohe/ Bkb T[d? j'fJnk ;h , T;/ soK b[gs th j' frnk.ns/ nkgD/ fg~S/ N[~N/ fdb tk+k d';s ns/ rvwvns/ fdPkjhD wB';fEsh tkbh iBsk S~v frnk.

xNBktK d/ Bshi/LxNBktK d/ Bshi/LxNBktK d/ Bshi/LxNBktK d/ Bshi/LxNBktK d/ Bshi/L nkgD/ ;tkfGwkB Bz{ b~r/ fJ; X~e/ s'A TG[oD bJh Gkos Bz{ ekch ;wK b~rk. PkfJdpzrbkd/P ft~u gkfe;skB T[~s/ fi~s B/ jh fi; ft~u uhB ns/ gkfe;skB dk ;woEB eo oj/ ;B, GkosBz{ nkgDk nksw^;~wkB tkfg; eoD ft~u wdd ehsh.Bfjo{ fJ; u'N s'A ed/ th g{oh soK T[~Go BjhA ;e/.PkfJdwJh 1964 ft~u UjBK dh w"s fg~S/ th fJj th fJ~e ekoD ;h. ;G s'A p[oh r~b fJj ;h fe nkgD/ wjkBekoiîhtB d/ uow fPyo s/ UjBK Bz{ okiBhfse fto'XhnK d/ jwfbnK dk ;kjwDk eoBk fgnk i' gfjbKJ/Bh fjzws th BjhA eo ;ed/ ;B .UjBK Bz{ feqpB w/BB dk pfbdkB d/Dk fgnk i' UjBK d/ bzp/ ekb s~e;fj:'rh oj/ ;B ns/ pknd ft~u o~fynk wzsoh th.fi; r[~N fBog/ysk Bz{ UjBK B/ J/Bh ;ktXkBh Bkb;j/i e/ o~fynk ;h T[; T[~s/ nkgD/ jh fw~so d/ jwfbnK d[nkok ysok g?dk j' frnk ;h.fuzsk dh r~bfJj ;h fe fJ; T[~s/ fJ~e ;wkitkdh d/P B/ jwbk ehsk ;h, Bk fe g{zihtkdh d/P B/.d~yDgzEh skesK ns/g~Sw^;woEe s~sK B/ y~[be/ Bfjo{ dh nkb'uBk ehsh.fJ; w"e/ dk ckfJdk T[mk e/ UjBK B/ G{wh j~dpzXhekBz{B ;zpzXh fJ~e ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB o'e fd~sk.shih :'iBk T[~s/ p[ok gqGkt fgnk ns/ ;z;kXBK Bz{ gqsho~fynkt~b w'fVnk frnk.cb;o{g eKro; fszB ;z;dh T[gu[BktK ft~u brksko jko rJh.

‘B/ck’ s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<Nk;e

nr;s 1963 ft~u Bfjo{ Bz{ nkgD/ ihtB ft~u gfjbh tko nftPtk; gq;sktdk ;kjwDk eoBk fgnk.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ jØ


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d{i/ d/PK Bkb Gkos d/ ;zpzXK s/ th uhBh jwb/ dk n;o fgnk.ftd/P Bhsh T[Zs/ ‘uhBh ekoe* dh SK g?rJh. fJ; ;zeN ft~u nwohek ns/ fJzrb?Av B/ ;ekokswe o[y ngDkfJnk ;h.fJ; s'A UjBK Bz{ nk;kBhBkb d{o BjhA o~fynk ik ;edk ;h.gqzs{ nkgD/ ufo~so d/ nB[o{g UjBK B/ gkfe;skB d/ efjD s/ Gkos dhewI'oh dk bkG T[mk e/ T[; s'A ePwho d/ gqPB T[Zs/ nksw;wogD eoD T[Zs/ I'o fd~sk.fJ; ;zdoG ft~uUjBK B/ ;?fBe ;jkfJsk gq:'r eoD dk th ;ze/s fd~sk.

gqzs{ Bfjo{ fe;/ soK fJ; dpkt dk ;kjwDk eoD ft~u ;cb oj/.fJj d/P r[~N fBog/ysk dk fsnkr eoDd/ pdb/ Gkoh wdd d/D Bz{ th fsnko BjhA ;B.fJ; ;zpzX ft~u 6 eo'V s'~ 12 eo'V dh ‘ftPkb* okPh dhr~b ehsh ik ojh ;h.gqzs{ nwoheh gqGkt ft~u ekch tkXk j'fJnk, ftP/Peo ;?fBe wkwfbnK ft~u.uhBhyso/ d/ BK s/ nwoheh y[chnk J/iz;hnK B/ ;zgoe ;Ekfgs ehs/.UjBK B/ fjwkfbnk ft~u uhBh ;?fBershftXhnK T[~s/ Bio o~yD bJh fJ~e fBT{ebhno :zso th ;Ekfgs ehsk.Bfjo{ B/ us[okJh Bkb fJ; dkitkp d/D dh e'fPP ehsh.UjBK B/ ;'thnsK Bkb ;?fBe ;wM"s/ eoB/ ikoh o~y/ . nwohek d/ w[ekpb/;'thns bzph ntXh dh ;?fBe ;jkfJsk d/D bJh fInkdk fsnko ;B.nwohek B/ S'Nh okPhnK bJh n;zGtPosK g/P ehshnK.gkfe;skB uhB t~b M[eD b~rk, ns/ fJj ;'u e/ Gkos ;~uw[~u ewI'o j' frnk j?, T[;B/1965 dk :[ZX S/V fd~sk.

jwb/ d/ d"okB ns/ pknd ft~u gq/w ns/ ftdtkBK d/ b/yK ft~u uhBh xNBkeqw d/ ft~u jko d/ bJh Bfjo{Bz{ fIzw/dko mfjokUD dh e'fPP ehsh.e[M b'e UjBK Bz{ fBok w{oy wzBd/ ;B i' GktBktK ft~u nzB/ j' rJ/;B, i' efwT{fB;N X'ykXVh s'A Gkosh fj~sK dh o~fynk BjhA eo ;e/.fJ~e j'o ftuko B/ftb/ w?;t/b d[nkokfJzvhnB ukJhBk tko ft~u g/P ehsk frnk.fJ; ft~u Bfjo{ Bz{ jmh okPNotkdh d/ o{g ft~u g/P ehskfrnk.fJ; d/ nB[;ko UjBK T[~s/ nzBokPNotkdh dpkt fgnk.cb;o{g UjBk B/ uhBhnK d[nkok T[fusPosK ;hwk fttkd j~b eoD tkbhnK PosK Bz{ wzBD s'A fJBeko eo fd~sk.fJ;d/ ftgohs UjBK B/ 1959s'A nfijh ‘nkeokwe Bhsh* ngDkJh fi; B/ uhBhnK Bz{ nkgDh nkswô~fynk ft~u jwbk eoD s/ wip{oeo fd~sk.fJj d't/A jh ftuko uhB d/ ;zpzX ft~u Bfjo{ dh ;wM ns/ UjBk dh Bhsh dh ;{ywsk d/ gqshfBnkn BjhA eod/.

uhBh fJfsjk;, eqKshnK d/ fJfsjk; ns/ o{;h eqKsh dh Bfjo{ dh ;wM B/ UjBK ft~u fJj ftPtk; g?dkeo fd~sk fe uhB Bz{ nb~r nb~r eo e/ fJ~e gk;/ yVk BjhA eo fd~sk ikDk ukjhdk, pbfe T[;Bz{ okPNoKd/ ;w[dkn ft~u tkfg; fbnk e/ T[;dh eqKsh Bz{ wkBtsktkdh pDkUDk ukjhdk j?.UjBk B/ fejk, “n;hAfJfsjk; d/ nB[GtK s'A ikDd/ jK fe fJ~e wip{s uhB nkw s"o s/ fJ~e ft;skotkdh uhB fojk j?.@ gqzs{Uj uhB d/ Bkb e'Jh Neokt g?dk BjhA eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B feUAfe fJj d't/A d/PK bJh T[;/ gqeko ftBkPekohj[zdk fit/A fe |qK;h;hîowB Neokt ft~u j'fJnk ;h. 1962 d/ jwb/ s'A gfjbK UjBk B/ 7 fd;zpo, 1961Bz{ b'e;Gk ft~u fejk ;h ^@ fJ~e d/P o{gh ftPkb jkEh ;kvh ;hwk s/ p?mk j?, ns/ fJ; tk;sftesk dhn;hA T[g/fynk BjhA eo ;ed/.@ UjBk B/ n~r/ fejk fe uhBh eqKsh d/ s[ozs pknd jh Uj “fJ; Bshi/s/ gj[zu u[e/ ;B fe ;kvh ;hwk Bz{ fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ft~u ysok g?dk j't/rk.@ Bfjo{ B/ 3 fd;zpo, 1963Bz{ oki ;Gk ft~u ft;fsqs fpnkB fd~sk. fJ; ft~u UjBK B/ ;?Bk T[Zs/ pj[s nfXe you Bk eoD ns/ nkgDhjh skes T[~s/ o~fynk d/ bJh Go';k eoD s/ I'o fd~sk.@ I' d/P n~i T[d:'rhfeqs BjhA j? Uj ;?fBe fdqPNhft~u ed/ wIp{s BjhA j' ;edk.@ ;kv/ ;kjwD/ w[~y r~b Gkos Bz{ T[d:fre s"o s/ wIp{s eoBk j?,Bk fe;sjh s"o s/ e'Jh g[okDh pzd{e iK p/eko gJ/ ijki Bz{ b? e/.@ gkfe;skB dk gfjbK s'A jh d[PwDh Gfonkot~Jhnk ;h. j[D fJ~e j'o gV";h Bz{ d[PwD pDkUDk mhe BjhA ;h.d' w'ofunK s/ :[~X dk wsbp ;h, ftek;dk nzs.fJ; bJh Neokt Io{oh j'D s/ th, fi~E/ s~e j' ;e/, Nkfbnk ikDk ukjhdk j?.fJ; d/ bJh d';skBko[y ngBkUDk ukjhdk j? ns/ d{finK Bz{ th nfijk eoD dk jh nB[o'X eoBk ukjhdk j?.T[dkjoD bJh uhBBz{ ;z:[es okPNo ;zx ft~u Pkfwb eotkUD dh e'fPP eoBh ukjhdh j?.@

Bfjo{ ;wM u[e/ ;B fe uhB d[nkok fs~ps T[~s/ epI/ dk noE ;h brksko MrfVnK tkbh ;hwk dk j'Dk.gqzs{Uj fJj th d/y oj/ ;b fe uhB ni/ ft;skotkd d/ pko/ ft~u BjhA ;'u ;edk j? feUAfe T[; Bz{ ni/ eJht~vhnK ;w~f;nktK j~b eoBhnK jB. fs~ps ft~u ftdo'j ns/ dbkJh bkwk d/ nkrwB ns/ ;hwk s/ MVgKs'A pknd uhB Bz{ Xweh d/D Bkb eh ckfJdk<


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uhBhnK Bz{ pzB/ o~yD bJh UjBK B/ ;'thnsK d/ fInkdk BIdhe ikD d/ edw T[mkJ/. UjBK B/ ed/ fJjBjhA wzfBnk fe efwT{fB;N uhB ns/ efwT{fB;N ;'thns ;zx ed/ fJ~em/ j'Dr/, fJj d't/A GkoshefwT{fB;NK Bkb fwbe/ Gkosh oki bJh ysok g?dk eoDr/.UjBK Bz{ fJj ftPtk; BjhA ;h fe uhB ;'thnsd/ j~E dk g[sbk ;h, ns/ Bk jh Uj fJj ;wMd/ ;B fe ;'thns ;zx Gkosh fw~soK d/ fybkc uhBhefwT{fB;N GkJhnK dh wdd eo/rk, fit/A fe Gkos ft~u eJh b'e ;wMd/ ;B.

jwb/ dh ftPkbsk Bz{ t/y e/ Bfjo{ Bz{ pVk X~ek b~rk. UjBK B/ ;'funk fe fJE/ T[ZE/ e[M MrV/^Neoktj'Dr/, gqzs{ fJzB/ t~v/ g?wkB/ s/ jwbk BjhA j't/rk.jwb/ dk ;o{g ;wMD ft~u UjBK B/ Gkoh rbsh ehsh Bkfe ftd/P Bhsh ft~u. fJ~e j'o rbsh xpokjN ft~u nwohek ns/ fpqN/B s'~ wdd dh nghb ;h, id'A fenrb/ jh fdB uhB tkfg; ubk frnk. gq?;, fto'Xh gkoNhnk ns/ fJ~E'A se fe y[d nkgDh jh gkoNh d/w?ApoK d[nkok Bfjo{ s/ r?ofIzw/dkokBk edw dk nko'g brkfJnk frnk.:[~X G{wh ft~u jko dh GktBk fJ; r~bs'A j'o th rfjoh j' rJh fe uhBhnK dh pikfJ nkg Bfjo{ jwb/ dk fBPkBk pD/.fJj pV/ d[y dh r~b ;h fed/P B/ pjkd[oh Bkb fto'Xh dk ;kjwDk eoD ns/ nkgD/ fBofttkd B/sktK ft~u nk;Ek o~yD ft~u n;woEskdk gqdoPB ehsk. T[bN/ Uj fBokPk ns/ nkg;h nko'g^gqfsnko'gD ft~u c; frnk.Bfjo{ Bz{ fJj Pq/n fd~skikDk ukjhdk j? fe UjBK B/ jkbksK s'A T[~GoD ns/ d/P Bz{ o;s/ s/ fbnkUD dk g{ok gq:sB ehsk.

n~i nfXeso fN~gDheko ;theko eod/ jB fe 1962 ft~u uhB d/ j~E'A Gkos dh jko uhB d/ Bkb d';shft~u Bfjo{ dh puekBk nt;Ek ns/ :{oghnkJh PKshtkds ft~u UjBK dk ftPtk; ns/ fJjBK d/ cb;o{gGkos dh gqsho~fynk ewI'oh d/ ekoD BjhA j'Jh. 1949^50 ns/ 1962 d/ ft~u Gkosh jfEnkopzd ;?Bk dhskes 2,80,000 s'A d[~rDh j' e/ 5,50,000 j' rJh, ns/ 1947 d/ Gkosh tk:{ ;?Bk d/ 7 :[~X d;fsnK dh;zfynk 1962 ft~u tX e/ 19 j' rJh. 1965 ft~u gkfe;skB d/ Bkb fJjBK ;ki'^;kwkB Bkb jh bVkJhj'Jh ;h ns/ jko dk ;kjwDk BjhA eoBk fgnk ;h.uhB Bkb ;hwk MVgK pko/ Bfjo{ 1959 s'A jh ;u/s ;B.ns/ fJBK ;zGktBKtK pko/ UjBK Bz{ d~f;nk th frnk ;h, gqzs{ Bk jh okiBhfse ns/ Bk jh ;?fBe nrtkJhB/ uhBh jwb/ dk ftP/P ;o{g gSkfDnk , fJ; bJh Uj j?okB ofj rJ/.;?Bk dh ewkB B/ iK sK ;hwk T[~s/ MVgKiK n;kw d/ w?dkBK ft~u pV/ g?wkB/ s/ :[~X d/ pko/ ;'funk, gqzs{ Uj ed/ th ;hfws x[;g?m ns/ s[ozs tkg;h dhebgBk BjhA eo ;e/l uhc Uc ;Nkc iBob fEw?:k dk ftuko ;h fe uhB d/ Bkb ftnkge bVkJh bjhA ehshik ;edh ;h feUAfe T[;Bz{ g{ok ;'ftns ;woEB fwbdk brdk ;h, Uj ns/ j'o tfoPm nc;o ;'ftnsûhBwsG/dK s'A ikD{ BjhA ;B.Bk jh Uj jtkJh ;?Bk dh G{fwek d/ pko/ e[M ;'u ;e/.Uj th @nfij/ ;w/A id'A GkoshjtkJh ;?Bk no{Dkub gqd/P ns/ fs~ps T[Zs/ fpBK fe;/ uhBh fto'X d/ nkekP T[~s/ Sk iKdh.@ Bfjo{ B/ fpBKjtkJh ;?Bk Bkb ;bkj ehs/ jh nwohek s'A jtkJh ;[o~fynk dh wzr ehsh ;h.

fJj th wfj;{; ehsk frnk fe jko T[~so o~fynk ewkB ns/ gqpzXB dh T[fus gqDkbh ns/ gqsho~fynk :'iBkdh ewh d/ ekoD j'Jh. Bkb jh Bkrfoe^;?fBe ;zpzX th d'Pg{oD ;B.;?fBe ewkB Bkrfoe Bhsh fBoXkoDdk fj~;k BjhA pDkJ/ rJ/.Uj :[~X ;EkBK d/ ewKvo pD/ oj/ i' Gft~y dhnK :'iBktK fsnko eod/, Bk fed{orkwh Gft~y dh gqsho~fynk ;zpzXh. 1959 s'A pknd uhB d/ ;zpzX ft~u Bfjo{ dhnk u/sktBhnK d/ pkti{dfjwkfbnk y/so ft~u :[~X dhnK fsnkohnK s/ T[fus ;so s/ ftuko BjhA ehsk frnk.fJj jko ;kwkB^;gbkJh,y[chnk ezwK, y[chnk ezwK d/ ftPb/PD, jfEnkopzd c"iK d/ ftfGzB nzrK d/ ftu nkg;h ;wM^p{M nkfdBkb i[Vh j'Jh ;h. ;?Bk d/ ewKvo nkgDk ;zs[bB y' p?m/ ns/ fpBK jwb/ dk ;kjwDk eo/ fg~S/ jN rJ/,jkbkfe ftPtk; ehsk iKdk j/ fe Uj x~N s'A x~N j'o ;~s fdB T[~E/ fNe/ ofj ;ed/ ;B. fJBK ewKvoKdk fgSbk foekov ekch uzrk fojk j? ns/ UjBk Bz{ T[; d/ bJh swrk th G/AN ehsk frnk ;h. uhBh c"iKfizBh ibdh nkJhnK UBh jh s/Ih Bkb tkfg; ubhnK rJhnK.UjBK dk T[d/P ;h rfjoh gqzs{ ;hfws x[;g?md/ okjhA Gkos dk nBkdo eoBk.Gkosh g~y fJ; r~b dk nzdkIk Bk brk ;fenk fe uhBh tkfg; ub/ikDr/, fJ; bJh UjBK B/ n;kw ft~u t~v/ g?wkB/ s/ :[ZX dhnK fsnkohnK P[o{ eo fd~shnK .

fInkdkso ftP/P~r Gkos d/ jwbkto fJokfdnk d/ w?e;t?b d/ f;XKs Bz{ rzGhosk Bkb BjhA b?Ad/ feUAfe fJj;gPN j? fe fJokfdnK dh r~b sK S~v' jh, Gkos Bz{ :[ZX fSVD s~e dk nzdkIk BjhA ;h.Gkos d/ gqXkB wzsohns/ o~fynk wzsoh d/P s'A pkjo ;B, ;?Bk ewkB d/ gqw[Zy S[~Nh s/, fJ~e tfoPm ewKvo ;w[zdoh :ksok s/ ns/t?;/ th :[ZX S/VD Bkb Gkos Bz{ fwbD eh tk+k ;h, fJ; d/ T[bN fJj do;kfJnk ik ;edk j? fe uhBhnK d/


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:[ZX GVekUD d/ nkgD/ T[d/P ;B.fJ; d/ pko/ ft~u w?e;t?b e[M BjhA efjzd/. uhBh nkgD/ T[d/PK dh g{oshbJh Gkos ft~u x[; nkJ/, Bk fe Gkosh GVekt/ Bkb.ns/ fJj ekod Bfjo{ d/ fB:zsoD s'A pkjo ;B.

fs~ps Bz{ jh b? bU. jo PeshPkbh uhBh ;oeko B/ fs~ps Bzz{ uhB ftZu fwbkUD dh e'fPP ehsh.gqzs{ fsZpsnkIkdh ukj[zdk ;h.fco th Bfjo{ B/ 1954 ftZu gzuPhb ;wM"s/ ftZu fsZps ;zpzzXh uhBh ;fEsh Bz{ fpBK;hwk s/ rkozNh Bkb ;theko eo fbnk, PkfJd fJjh fJ~e rbsh ;h.1959 ft~u jh ukT{ n?B bkJh B/ bZdkyns/ B/ck ftZu G{wh s/ dktk ehsk ;h.fJj yKgk ftdo'j ns/ dbkJh bkwk d/ eJh PoDkoEhnK ;fjs Gkosgbk:B s'A pknd j'fJnk ;h.uhB B/ Gkos s/ dbkJh bkwk Bz{ GVekUD dk nko'g brkfJnk ns/ UjBK Bz{PoD d/D s/ fJsokI iskfJnk.e'Jh th Gkosh ;oeko PoD d/D s'A fJBeko BjhA eo ;edh ;h. GkosB/ ftdo'j BjhA GVekfJnk ;h. Bfjo{ B/ fs~ps Bz{ fBotkf;s ;oeko ubkUD dh nkfrnk BjhA fd~sh ns/Bk jh fe;/ rshftXhnK dh. gqzs{ Uj fs~ps ftdo'j Bz{ BjhA o'e ;ed/ ;B.

fJzBk jh BjhA, Bfjo{ B/ uhB d/ g~y ft~u nwoheh Bhsh Bz{ gqGkfts eoD dh e'fPP th ehsh, gqzs{ Uj;cb BjhA j' ;e/. nwohek B/ uhB Bz{ ;theko eoD s'A fJBeko eo fd~sk.T[;B/ ckow';k(skJhtkB)Bz{ jh n;bh uhB d/ o{g ft~u wkBsk fd~sh. cb;o{g efwT{fB;N uhB Bz{ ;[o~fynk gfoPd ft~u EK Bkfwbh.nwohek B/ e'ohnk ns/ fJzv' ukJhBk ft~u uhB Bz{ w[Pfeb ft~u gkUD dh e'fPP ehsh.nwohekB/ brksko dpkU gk e/ uhB Bz{ fJ~e nkeokwe ot~Jhnk ngBkUD s/ wip{o eo fd~sk .n;b ft~u uhBBz{ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ n;[o~fyns o~yD pko/ ns/ fJ; ;zpzX ft~u g{otkrqjK s'A rqf;s eoD d/ pko/ ft~unwohek B/ e'Jh xZN G{fwek ndk BjhA ehsh ;h. fJ; soK T[;B/ uhB ft~u tkwgzEh sZsK Bz{ T[ZgonkUD ft~u wdd ehsh.

Bfjo{ ;'ftnsûhB wsG/dK dk ekoD th BjhA ;B.fJBK wsG/dK B/ uhB dh n;[o~fynk dh GktBk tXkUDft~u nkgDh G{fwek ndk ehsh ns/ T[;Bz{ d[~;kjf;esktkdh fdPk ft~u Xe/b fd~sk. fJj wsG/d e[M;w/A s'A ftef;s j' oj/ ;B. ns/ 1959 ft~u y[~b e/ ;kjwD/ nk rJ/.Gkos ns/ uhB dh ;hwk s/ MVgKft~u ;'ftns ;zx B/ fBog~y Bhsh ngDkJh. T[ZXo ngqq?b^wJh 1962 ft~u f;ze:Kr ft~u uhBh^;'ftns;hwk s/ eJh xNBktK xNhnK. ;'ftns B/ nko'g brkfJnk fe uhBhnK B/ xZN s'A xZN 5000 tko ;hwkdk T[bzxD ehsk. d{i/ gk;/ uhBhnK B/ ;'ftnsK T[Zs/ df;UA jIko tko uhBh BkrfoeK Bz{ nkgD/ tZAb nkUDdk bkbu d/D dk nko'g brkfJnk. 1959 ft~u ;'ftnsK B/ uhB d/ Bkb fBT{ebhno ftek; ;zpzXh ;zXh ysweo fd~sh.nr;s 1962 d/ gfjb/ jcs/ ft~u ;'ftnsK B/ Gkos d/ Bkb ftr ftwkB d/ T[sgkdB ;zpzXh;wM"sk ehsk.nfijk e'Jh ;wM"sk UjBK B/ uhB Bkb BjhA ehsk. nr;s d/ nkyoh jcs/ ft~u ;'ftnsKB/ uhBhnK Bz{ d~f;nk fe Uj nKfPe gowkD{ fBohyD ;zXh s/ j;skyo eoD dh r~bpks n~r/ tXkUD ikoj/ jB.uhBhnK B/ fJ; Bz{ UjBK d/ nkgD/ fBT{ebhno jfEnkoK d/ ftek; Bz{ o'eD dh e'fPP wzfBnk.fJjuhBhnK d/ bJh go/PkBh dh r~b ;h feUAfe UjBK B/ ;wfMnk fe j[D ;'ftns ;zx nkgDh skes dk fJ;s/wkb uhBhnK Bz{ o'eD bJh eo/rk. uhB ns/ ftd/P Bhsh ftP/P~r thH ghH d~s d/ PpdK ft~uL

uhB nkgD/ okPNoh fj~sK d/ pko/ ft~u nkgDh nb~r BthA f;XKfse ;wM s/ gj[zu u[ek ;h.nwohek d/ Bkb bzp/ ;w/A s'A pDhnK ojhnK ;w~f;nktK d/ PKshg{oD j~b ftu T[; Bz{ ftPtk; BjhAofj frnk ;h. fJj ;w~f;ntK ;B skJhtkB dh tkg;hHHHH j[D Uj fJ; Bshi/ s/ gj[zu u[ek ;hfe ftPt Pesh ;[d{os[bB ;wkitkdh y/w d/ g~y ft~u pdb fojk ;h, feUAfe ;'ftns ;zx oke/NseBhe ns/ nkJhH ;hH phH n?wH (nzsowjkd/Ph fw;kJhbK ) ft~u ekch ftek; eo u[ek ;h. j[DuhB Bz{ fonkfJsK d/D bJhHHHHHHH nwohek Bz{ wip{o eoD d/ T[d/P Bkb ;wM"skftjhD i[Mko{ BhshngBkUD dh Io{os g?dk j' u[eh ;h.

uhB fJ; r~b s'A th fuzfss ;h fe n?co'^J/fPnkJh d/P ;'ftns ;zx ns/ nwohek, d'BK s'A jh wdd gqkgseoD dh Gkos dh Bhsh ngDk oj/ ;B, Bk fe uhB d/ ;wkB d'jK s'A d{oh pDkJ/ o~yD dh.Gkos dk wj~stx~N eoe/ Uj nkgDh Bhsh dh nkPk o~yd/ ;B.

fJ;/ bJh fJj n;zGt BjhA j? fe Gkos s/ uhB dk jwbk Gkos ns/ uhB d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK Bkb UBk i[fVnkj'fJnk BjhA ;h, fizBk fe nbrkt, ftnes j'D dh GktBk ns/ fBokPk Bkb. Gkos s/ jwbk eoe/ PkfJd


BØN


Uj Bfjo{ Bz{ frokUDk ukJ[zd/ ;B iK x~N s'A xZN Gkos Bz{ g~Swh y/w/ ft~u Xe/bDk ukj[Zd/ ;B. fJ; Bkb;'ftns ;zx Bz{ Gkos dh r[~N fBog/ysk pko/ e'Jh rbscfjwh Bk ofj iKdh.sK Uj PKshg{oD ;fj^n;fs~stdh Bhsh fsnkr fdzdk, i' uhBhnK dh ;wM d/ nB[;ko UjBK Bz{ nb~rÊb~r eo fojk ;h.Uj fJBK d'jKwkwfbnK ft~u n;cb oj/.tk;st ft~u thH ghH d~s efjzd/ jB fe pknd ft~u d'Ar fPnkUfgzr B/ fJ~eGkosh gqshfBXh wzvb Bz{ d~f;nk (fi;d/ d~s w?Apo ;B) fe fJj y[Pu/t ;h I' 1962 d/ :[~X bJh fIzw/tko ;h.

fJ; soK 1962 ft~u uhB d[nkok ehsk jwbk T[;dh nkgDh Io{osK dk Bshik ;h, Bk fe Bfjo{ iK Gkosd/ fe;/ edw dk.nwohek dh wkBsk gqkgs Bk eo ;eD, ;z:[es okPNo ;zx ft~u ;hN Bk fwb gkUD,n?co'^J/fPnkJh nrtkJh jkf;b Bk eo ;eD ns/ fBT{ebhno gqPB iK Gkos d/ Bkb ;hwk fttkd T[Zs/;'ftns ;woEB Bk gk ;eD ekoD uhBh okiBhsh ft~u tkwgzE w'V nkfJnk.Gkos Bz{ ngwkfBs eo e/uhB fJj do;kUDk ukj[zdk ;h fe PKsh ns/ r[~N fBog~ysk dh Gkos dh Bhsh nfttjkfoe ;h.Bkb jhPKshg{oD ;fj^n;fs~st dh ;'ftns Bhsh th ;jh BjhA ;h.dpkn ft~u nk e/ Gkos r[~N fBog~ysk dhBhsh S~v d/t/rk ns/ fco J/Phnk ns/ ncqhek d/ j'o d/P uhB dh nrtkJh ;theko eo b?Dr/. fJ; bJh,:[~X G{wh ft~u Gkos d/ ngwkB dk ekoD Gkos dh ftd/P Bhsh dh ftcbsk BjhA j?. fJj “wkso fJfsjk;dh ngqfsnkfPs nke;few xNBktk ft~u'A fJ~e j?.@

i/eo uhB t~b Gkos dh Bhsh ftcb ojh sK fe; d/P dh ;cb ojh< nwohek B/ sK 1971 ft~u g{ok jhgbNk ykfJnk, ns/ yk; eo ;'ftns ;zx b/ th 1959 s'A pknd.

Gkos uhB :[~X ft~u jko fe;/ th o{g ft~u Bfjo{ dh w{b ftd/P Bhsh T[Zs/ gqPB fuzB BjhA brkUAdh.T[dkjoDbJh, r[~N fBog~ysk B/ rozNh fd~sh fe GkosûhB :[ZX ft~u th nwoheh ns/ ;'ftns r[~N fJ~e d{i/ d/fybkc BjhA yV/ ;B, ns/ Gkos Bz{ d'jK s'A ;jkB{G{sh fwbh.Phs:[ZX d/ fdBK ft~u fJj pVh n;kXkoDr~b ;h. fJ; soK dk nzs j'D d/ pkti{d uhB Bkb d';sh dh Bhsh s/ u~bD ft~u Bfjo{ ;jh ;B.gkfe;skbBkb ;zpzX pj[s eN[skg{oD ;B. fJj eN[sk ePwho d/ gqPB s/ nkIkdh d/ s[ozs pknd T[~Go nkJh.1954ft~u nwohek d[nkok gkfe;skB Bz{ ;?fBe ;jkfJsk d/D d/ fBoD/ s'A pknd fJj rzGho yso/ ft~u pdbrJh.fJ; bJh fJ~e j'o d[PwD gV';h pDkUD ns/ d' fdPktK ft~u e[ub/ ikD s"A puDk Gkos d/ bJh Io{oh;h.

GkosûhB :[ZX s'A pknd th ;z:[es okPNo ;zx ft~u uhB Bz{ ;hN d/D dh Gkos d[nkok tekbs Bfjo{B/ BjhA S~vh.UjBK dk fJj ftPtk; ;jh ;h fe g~Swh d/PK d[nkok uhB Bz{ nbrÊbr ehs/ ikD s/uhB j'o th r?o fIzw/dko pD ikt/rk.fJ; s'A fJbktk fit/A fe Bfjo{ fJj efjDk g;zd eod/ ;B,gqsho~fynk wkso jfEnkoK dk gqPB BjhA ;h. fJj nkofEe ftek; ns/ nksw fBoGosk dk th ;tkb;h.BjhA sK gqsho~fynk f;oc ;sjh ;kfps j[zdh. Gkos d/ ;wkB fJ~e Bt^;[szso rohp d/P nkgD/;hfws ;o's fJ~e ftPkb ;?fBe wPhB yVh eoD ft~u popkd BjhA eo ;edk ;h.Gkos Bz{ nkofEeo{g s'A wip{s eo e/ jh, Bfjo{ nkgD/ T[ZsokfXekohnK Bz{ gqGktPkbh ;?fBe fi~sK jkf;b eoD d/ :'reo gkJ/.

Gkos uhB :[~X ft~u jko fe;/ th o{g ft~u Bfjo{ dh w{b ftd/P Bhsh T[Zs/ gqPB fuzB BjhAbrkUAdh .T[dkjoD bJh, r[~N fBog~ysk B/ rozNh fd~sh fe GkosûhB :[ZX ft~u thnwoheh ns/ ;'ftns r[~N fJ~e d{i/ d/ fybkc BjhA yV/ ;B, ns/ Gkos Bz{ d'jK s'A;jkB{G{sh fwbh.Phs:[ZX d/ fdBK ft~u fJj pVh n;kXkoD r~b ;h. fJ; soK dk nzsj'D d/ pkti{d uhB Bkb d';sh dh Bhsh s/ u~bD ft~u Bfjo{ ;jh ;B.

BØN;


BØN


;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self-Assessment)ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the Blanks) --

1H uhBh iBrDszso Bz{ wkBsk d/D tkbk gfjbk d/P HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;h.

2H uhB B/ fs~ps s/ HHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u epic eo fbnk.

3H dbkJh bkwk B/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u fs~ps ft~u ftdo'j j'D ekoD Gkos ft~u PoD bJh.4H nes{po 1959 ft~u uhBhnK B/ b~dky ft~u HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u Gkosh ;[o~fynk db d/ 5 f;gkjhnK

Bz{ wko fd~sk.

5H g~Swh w'ou/ T[~s/ 20 nes{po, 1962 Bz{ uhBhnK B/ rbtkB xkNh ft~u HHHHHHHHHH ;hwktosh u"ehnKs/ epIk eo fbnk.


J uhBh iB^rDszso Bz{ 1 iBtoh, 1950 Bz{ wkBsk d/D tkbk Gkos gfjbk d/P ;h.

J 1954 ft~u gkos ns/ uhb b/ fJ~e ;zXh s/ j;skyo ehs/ , fi;d/ nB[;ko Gkos B/ fs~ps T[Zs/ uhB d/nfXeko Bz{ ;theko eo fbnk.

J 1959 ft~u fs~ps ft~u pVk ftdo'j j'fJnk ns/ dbkJh bkwk nkgD/ jIkoK nB[:kJhnK Bkb fs~ps s'AG~i fB~eb/.UjBK Bz{ Gkos ft~u PoD Io{o fd~sh rJh, gqzs{ fBotk;D ft~u ;oeko pDkUD dh fJikIsBjhA fd~sh rJh ns/ Bk jh okiBhfse rshftXhnK dh fJikIs fd~sh rJh.

J 8 f;szpo, 1962 Bz{ uhBh c"iK B/ Ekrbk gjkVh T[~s/ jwbk eo e/ Gkosh c"iK Bz{ jok fd~sk, gqzs{ fJ; Bz{fJ~e S'Nh xNBk wzB e/ S~v fd~sk frnk.Bfjo{ fJ~e ;zw/bB bJh bzdB ub/ rJ/, ns/ d/P tkfg; nkUDs'A pknd 12 nes{po Bz{ e'bzp' otkBk j' rJ/.fJ~e jcs/ pknd uhBh c"i B/ pV/ g?wkB/ s/ jwbk p'bfd~sk ns/ g{oph ;?eNo B/ck fi; Bz{ pknd ft~u no{Dkub gqd/P fejk ikD b~rk, ft~u Gkosh u"ehnKT[~s/ epik eo fbnk.

J Bfjo{ B/ okPNogsh e?B/vh Bz{ 9 Btzpo Bz{ d' ys fby/. UjBk ft~u ujBK B/ jkbksK Bz{ ‘;zeNrq;s*d~f;nk ns/ ftnkge ;?fBe ;jkfJsk dh wzr ehsh.UjBK B/ fpqN/B s'A th wdd wzrh.24 xzN/ pknduhBhnK B/ tkfg; ikD dh fJ~esock x'PDk ehsh.

J nkgD/ ;tkfGwkB Bz{ b~r/ fJ; X~e/ s'A T[GoD bJh Gkos Bz{ ekch ;wK b~rk. PkfJd pzrbkd/P ft~ugkfe;skB T[~s/ fi~s B/ jh fi; ft~u uhB ns/ gkfe;skB dk ;woEB eo oj/ ;B, Gkos Bz{ nkgDknksw^;~wkB tkfg; eoD ft~u wdd ehsh. Bfjo{ fJ; u'N s'A ed/ th g{oh soK T[~Go BjhA ;e/.PkfJdwJh 1964 ft~u UjBK dh w"s fg~S/ th fJj th fJ~e ekoD ;h.

J jwb/ dh ftPkbsk Bz{ t/y e/ Bfjo{ Bz{ pVk X~ek b~rk. UjBK B/ ;'funk fe fJE/ T[ZE/ e[M MrV/^Neoktj'Dr/, gqzs{ fJzB/ t~v/ g?wkB/ s/ jwbk BjhA j't/rk.jwb/ dk ;o{g ;wMD ft~u UjBK B/ Gkoh rbsh ehshBk fe ftd/P Bhsh ft~u. fJ~e j'o rbsh xpokjN ft~u nwohek ns/ fpqN/B s'~ wdd dh nghb ;h, id'Afe nrb/ jh fdB uhB tkfg; ubk frnk.


• Phs :[ZX^tk;sfte :[ZX Bk j' e/ ftukfoe :[ZX j[zdk j?.

• r[~NfBog~ysk^fe;/ th r[~N iK db iK ;zrmB Bkb ;zpzfXs Bk j'Dk, gqzs{ UjBK dhnK rshftXhnK T[~s/nkgDk fdqPNhe'D g/P eoBk.


1. Gkos ns/ uhB ft~u ;hwk fttkd dh ftt/uBk eo'.


BØN


2. uhB d[nkok 1962 ft~u Gkos d/ fybkc nkeokwesk dk o[y ngBkUD dk eh ekoD ;h < ;gPN eo'.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)(1) Gkos (2) 1950 (3) 1959 (4) e'Arek d~o/

(5) 13


p[e; 1H nkIkdh d/ pknd dk Gkos, ftfgB uzdo, wqd[bk w[yoih, nkfds w[yoih, fjzdh wkfXnwekoits, fBd/Pkfbnk fd~bh ftPtftfdnkbk




B ØN


fJekJh^13L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^13L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^13L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^13L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^13L wkBfu~soÎ (Maps)


T[d/P (Objectives)


13H1 1857 d/ ftdo'j d/ wj~stg{oD e/Ado (Important Centres of the Revolt 1857)

13H2 nkIkdh s'A gfjbK dk Gkos (India before Independence)





T[d/PT[d/PT[d/PT[d/PT[d/P (Objectives)

fJ; fJekJh d/ nfXn?B s ØA pknd ftfdnkoEh :Ør jØDr/L

J wkBfu~so d/ wkfXnw Bkb 1857 d/ ftdo'j, nkIkdh s'A gfjbK dh Gkos dh G[r'fbe, okiBhfse;fEsh Bz{ ;wMD ns/ ftPb/PD eoD ft~u.


rtoBo iBob bkov e?fBzr Bz{ Gkos nkUAd/ jh fJ~e nfijh gfo;fEsh dk ;kjwDk eoBk fgnk, fi;Bkb ;ko/ Gkostk;h naro/ih oki s'A n;zs[PN j' e/ T[;dk w{bS/dD eoD Bz{ fsnko ;B.ns/ id'A 10wJh 1857 Bz{ w/om s'A ;[szsosk ;zrokw dk PqhrD/P j'fJnk sK nzro/iK B/ fJ; Bz{ @;?fBe ftdo'j@dk BK d/ e/ nkgDh Pesh Bkb poposk ns/ eq{osk Bz{ th fPyo sZe gj[Zuk fd~sk. fJfsjk; fJ; r~bdk ;p{s j? fe jo xNBk d/ nkgD/ nB/e ekoD j[zd/ jB.fJ;/ soK Gkos dh fJ; eqKsh d/ th nB/eKekoD ;B. gqzs{ fJj ;~u j? fe fJ; s'A gfjbK nzro/iK Bz{ Gkos s'A e~YD dhnK e'fPPK ftnesh ftP/P jhefonk eod/ ;B, fit/A pzrkb ft~u nbhtodh yK ns/ who ekf;w dhnK e'fPPK, d~yD ft~u j?do nbhns/ Nhg{ ;[bskB^fco wokmk ;zx B/ e'fPP ehsh. BkBk cVBth;, f;zXhnk, j'beo, g/Ptk,rkfJetkV, G"A;b/ ;G ukj[zd/ ;B fe nzro/I fe;/ soK Gkos s'A e~Y fd~s/ ikD.f;~y ;?Bk B/ 1849 s~efJjh e'fPP ehsh gqzs{ f;~yK dk nzro/iK Bz{ bV e/ Gkos ft~u'A e~YD dh nkyoh, J/ekeh e'fPP ;h.j[Ds~e Gkostk;h fJjh ;'u/ p?m/ ;B fe PkfJd e'Jh sK nzro/iK Bz{ Gkos s'A pkjo e~Y/rk. UjBK B/ pkjohPeshnK t~b th t/fynk ;h. B/g'fbnB, cko;,ncrkfB;skB ns/ o{; dhnK PeshnK Bz{ g{op t~bnzro/iK d/ fto[ZX gq;ko eod/ j'J/ d/fynk ;h gqzs{ e'Jh th fjzd{e[P Bz{ gko Bk eo ;fenk.nzs ft~uokPNo B/ nkgD/ nkg nzrVkJh bJh, ;u/s j'fJnk ns/ fco fJ~e tko nkgD/ Gkr Bz{ niwkUD bJhnzro/iK Bkb Neok frnk. gfjbh tko Gkosh fJfsjk; ft~u fJj iBîkroD eqKsh ;h, nkgDh;[szsosk Bz{ ;Ekfgs eoD bJh, nfBnK ns/ n~fsnkuko d/ fto[~X, ftd/Ph Pk;B Bz{ ysw eoD bJh.fJ; s'A fJbktk j/mK fby/ ekoD th fJ; eqKsh Bz{ gqi~tfbs eoD ft~u ;jkfJe j'J/.

fJekJh^13L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^13L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^13L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^13L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^13L wkBfu~soÎ

B ØN


13H113H113H113H113H1 1857 dh wjkB okPNoh eqKsh 1857 dh wjkB okPNoh eqKsh 1857 dh wjkB okPNoh eqKsh 1857 dh wjkB okPNoh eqKsh 1857 dh wjkB okPNoh eqKsh (The Great Revolt of 1857)

okiBhfse ekoDôkiBhfse ekoDôkiBhfse ekoDôkiBhfse ekoDôkiBhfse ekoD^(1) Gkos dh ;zg{oD okiBhfse ;~sk f;XKse o{g Bkb (De Jure) w[rb ;wokN e'+ns/ tk;sfte o{g (De Facto) Bk+ wokfmnK d/ j~E ft~u ;h. gqzs{ fJbkjkpkd dh ;zXh Bkb w[rb ;wokNns/ 1818 JhH Bz{ g/Ptk dh jko s'A pknd wokm/ frnk. (2) 1835 JhH Bz{ nzro/iK B/ ezgBh d/ f;~fenK

s'A w[rb^ ;wokN dk BK jNk th PeshjhD eo fd~s/ rJ/.fJ; Bkb Gkos dk Pk;e tor nzro/iK dk d[PwDpDk fd~sk, fJ; Bkb iB^ ;kXkoD d/ fdb Bz{ pVh u'N b~rh. j[D s'A ezgBh d/ f;~fenk s/ fJzrb?Av d/okik dk BK nzfes j'D b~rk. fJ; Bz{ GkoshnK B/ r[bkwh dk fuzB ;wfMnk. (3) nkozG s'A jh fti/sk nzro/iKB/ Gkosh Bo/PK, pzrkb d/ Btkp, Nhg{ ;[bskB, j?dokpkd d/ Btkp, g/Ptk, G"A;b/, f;zXhnk,rkfJetkV, j'beo,MK;h dh okDh,eoBkNe, szi"o,okDh fMzvB ns/ gzikp d/ j'o B/sktK d/ Bkb fi;nfPPNsk ns/ nB[fus fttjko ehsk, fJ~e s'A pknd d{i/ Bz{ f;zxk;DjhD ns/ ngwkfBs ehsk, sK

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HYDERABAD KOLHAPUR &DECCAN STATES

GOA

MYSORE

MAHE

MADRAS

ORISSA

EASTERNINDIA

CENTRAL PROVINCES

YANAM

Bay of Bengal

MADRAS STATES

PONDICHERRYKARAIKAL

ANDAMAN &NICOBAR ISLANDS

Map not to Scale

Copyright © 2012 www.mapsofindia.com (Updated on 5th April 2012)

LACCADIV (INDIA)

I N D I A N O C E A N

Arabian Sea

Princely StatesBritish India

N

PRE-PARTITION MAP OF INDIA Before 1947

NWFP

PUNJAB


B ØN


fJ; Bkb ;zg{oD Gkosh iBsk gqsho'X dh n~r ft~u gqit~fbs j' T[~mh.vbj"ih B/ G{sg{ot g/PtkpkihokU d{i/ d/ d~se g[~so BkBk ;kfjp dh g?APB pzd eoe/ ;koh fjzd{ iksh Bz{ eq'fXs eo fd~sk , Bkbjh vbj"ih dh oki ;z:'iB ns/ jV~gD d/ f;XKs B/ th Gkosh fBtk;hnK Bz{ th fBokP ehsk. p?AfNzeB/ p/brKt dhnK fIwhdkohdkohnK Bz{ Ips eo fbnk. 1852 JhH ft~u pzpJh ft~u fJwkw efwPB d[nkokeohp 20,000 fIwhdkohnK y'j bJhnK rJhnK .ntX, MK;h,Bkrg[o, eoBkNe, szi"o ns/ poko pbd[nkok fpqfNP oki ft~u fwbk bJ/ rJ/. fJ; Bkb Gkos d/ fIwhdko ns/ skb[edko nzro/iK d/ fto[~Xj' rJ/ ns/ fco vbj"ih dh fJ; x'PDk B/ fe pjkd[oPkj dh w"s s'A pknd w[rb Pfjikd/ e[s[p ikDr/, ns/bkb febk nzro/iK d/ nfXeko ft~u nk ikt/rk, n~r ft~u xh dk ezw ehsk.

;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ekoD^;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ekoD^;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ekoD^;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ekoD^;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ekoD^nzro/iK B/ GkoshnK d/ ;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe ihtB ft~u fJzBk fInkdkj;sy/g ehsk fe g{o/ Gkos dh fjzd{ ns/ w[;bwkB iBsk ftdo'jh j' rJh. Gkos ft~u g~S wh ;~fGnskdk gquko nkozG j' u[ek ;h.v~u, g[osrkbh ns/ fco nzro/I Jh;kJh Xow dk gquko eod ft~u b~r/ j'J//;B.1935 JhH s'A nzro/ih GkPk f;~fynk dk wkfXnw pD u[eh ;h. ;sh ns/ pkb^fttkj gqEktK ekB{zBBpzd eo fd~shnk rJhnK ;B.ftXtk fttkj dk ekBz{B pD u[ek ;h. Jh;kJh j'D tkb/ ftneshnK Bz{nzro/iK t~b'A gq's;kjB ns/ ;~wkB fwbdk ;h. fJ; soK nzro/iK d/ Gkos d/ g~SwheoD eoD, gqu~fbs;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe gqEktK Bz{ pdbD ns/ Jh;kJh Xow Bz{ gq's;kjB d/D d/ ezwK B/ Gkos d/ Xkofwe ftukoKBz{ pVh u'N gj[zukJh. ;w[zdo :ksok eoD, obr~vhnK u~bD, vke sko ns/ N/bhrqkc ftGkrK d// y[~bD BkbGkosh iBsk B/ ;wfMnk , fe fJj ;G ;kvk Xow ftrkVD bJh ehsk frnk j?.

;?fBe ekoD^ ;?fBe ekoD^ ;?fBe ekoD^ ;?fBe ekoD^ ;?fBe ekoD^ Gkosh ;wki d/ ftnesh i' f;~X/ nzro/ih fttjko, Pk;B ns/ fB:wK s'A gqGkfts j'J/ ns/;zgoe ft~u nkJ/ Uj ;B i' nzro/ih ;?Bk ft~u Gosh ;B. Gkosh ;?fBe tor dk nzro/iK Bkb f;~Xk ;zgoefojk ns/ Uj th wkfbe ns/ B'eo d/ o{g ft~u.Gkosh ;z;feqsh, ;~Gfnsk ns/ nkuko^ftukoK dh g[PmG{whft~u bkfbs^gkfbs fJ; ;?fBe tor d/ T[Zgo id'A nzro/iK B/ nkgDh ;[ftXk ns/ nkgDh fJ~SkB[;ko fB:wKBz{ E~g fd~sk, sK nkgD/ nkg jh Gkosh ;?Bk p/u?B j' T[Zmh. T[;B/ fPekfJs ehsh, gqzs{ id'A nzro/iK B/ T[;Bz{ BjhA ;[FDnk sK Uj ftdo'jh pD rJh. 1806 JhH ft~u t?b"o ft~u ;?Bk B/ ftdo'j eo fd~sk, 1844 ft~u34thA o?ihw?AN B/, 1949 ft~u 22thA o?ihw??AN B/, 1850 ft~u 66thA o?ihw?AN B/ , 1852 ft~u 38thA o?ihw?ANB/ ftdo'j d[nkok fto'X gqrN ehsk. f;~y ns/ ncrkB :[ZXK B/ ;?Bk T[Zs/ p[ok gqGkt gkfJnk. pzrkb ;?BkftZu fInkdkso ntX ns/ T[Zso^gZSwh gqKsK d/ T[Zu tor d/ ftnesh ;B. 1857 d/ ;w/A Gkos ft~uGkosh f;gkjh 2,33,000 ;B, id'A fe fpqfNP f;gkjh 45,322 ;B.fJzrb?Av T[; ;w/A eqhwhnk,cko; ns/uhB d/ :[ZXK ftZu cf;nk j'fJnk ;h. bkov e?fBzr B/ iBob ;oft; n?Bfb;Nw?AN n?eN e~fYnk, fi;d/nB[;ko Gkosh ;?Bk Bz{ fpqfNP ;kwoki ft~u fes/ th G/fink ik ;edk ;h. ;?Bk ft~u fJ; Bkb pVk n;zs'Pc?fbnk. gqzs{ eqKsh dk ssekb ekoD n?Bchbv pzd{eK d/ ekos{; ubkUDk ;h.fJBK ekos{;K Bz{ ubkUD bJhw[zj Bkb T[; ft~u b~rh uoph e~NDh g?Adh ;h.fjzd{nK B/ fJ; Bz{ rK ns/ w[;bwkBK B/ fJ; Bz{ ;{o dh uoph;wfMnk. p;, c"oB n~r GVe T[~mh. 29 wkou Bz{ 34thA o?ihw?AN d/ n?viN?AN Bz{ wzrb gKv/ B/ wko fd~sk.3 wJh Bz{ byBT{ ft~u ntX fJBc?ANoh B/ ftdo'j eo fdask ns/ 9 wJh Bz{ w/om dh SktDh ft~u ftdo'jj' frnk.

UXo w[rb ;wokN pjkd[oPkj , BkBk ;kfjp , g/Ptk ns/ UjBK d/ tehb nihw[~bk, ntX dhnK p/rwKns/ ;odko, MK;h dh okDh bePwhpkJh, irdhPg[o d/ fIwhdko e[tzof;zx, sKfsnk N'g/, w"bth nfjwdPkjns/ tiho nbh Beh \K nkfd ftdo'j dk ;zzrmB ns/ fB:zsoD eo oj/ ;B.

1857 dh eqKsh d/ wj~stg{oD e/Ado 1857 dh eqKsh d/ wj~stg{oD e/Ado 1857 dh eqKsh d/ wj~stg{oD e/Ado 1857 dh eqKsh d/ wj~stg{oD e/Ado 1857 dh eqKsh d/ wj~stg{oD e/Ado (Important Centres of the Revolt 1857)^ ^ ^ ^ ^ eqKsh d/ B/skpjkd[oPkj, BkBk ;kfjp ns/ UjBK d/ tehb nihw[~bk \K ns/ sKfsnk N'g/ B/ eKsh dh skohy 31 wJh o~yh;h, gqzs{ gfjbK 29 wkou Bz{ p?oeg[o dh SktDh ft~u wzrb gKv/ B/ ftdo'j ehsk ns/ T[; Bz{ cK;hj' rJh. fco 3 wJh Bz{ byBT{ dh fJBc?zNoh B/ ehsk, Uj th ibdh jh dpk fd~sk frnk ns/ fco


B ØN


9 wJh Bz{ w/om d/ pkrh f;gkjhnK Bz{ id'A bzphnK bzphnK ;IktK ;[DkJhnK rJhnK sK 10 wJh Bz{ w/om dh;?Bk B/ ftdo'j eo fd~sk .UjBK B/ i/b s'V fd~sh, pzdh f;gkjhnK Bz{ ;[szso eo fd~sk ns/ fco w/om ft~ufjz;kswe ekotkJh eo e/ 11 wJh Bz{ pbtJh fd~bh ub/ rJ/.UjBK B/ fd~bh fi~s bJh ns/ pjkd[oPkj Bz{;wokN x'fPs eo fd~sk.fJ; ;w/A s~e fd~bh, bybT{, ekBg[o, fJbkkpkd,MK;h, po/bh, Bhwu, pBko; ,p[zd/byzv, rtkfbno, nkok ns/ w~X Gkos ftdo'j d/ e/Ado pD rJ/.ekBg[o ft~u BkBk ;kfjp B/ nkgD/nkg Bz{ g/Ptk x'fPs eo e/ nzro/iK fto[ZX :[ZX S/V fd~sk.byBT{ ft~u j/Boh bko/A; dh w"s j' rJh.j/tbkebyBT{ nkfJnk, fco i/w; nkTNqw nkfJnkL iBob Bhb B/ ftdo'jhnK dk dwB ehsk, gqzs{ T[;dh w"sj' rJh.;o e?Agp?b i' gqXkB ;/Bkgsh ;h, B/ byBT{ d[pkok fi~fsnk.iBob n?bftb;B, fBe'b;B, B/ftbu/Apob/B B/ fco fd~bh fi~shL pjkd[oPkj pzdh pDk e/ ozr{B G/i fd~sk frnk.b?cNhBA?aN jv;B B/ w[rbPfjIkfdnK dk ykswk eo fd~sk.e?Agp?b B/ sKfsnk N'g/ ns/ ftdo'jhnK Bz{ ekbgh ft~u jokfJnk. ;o fjT{o'I B/ MK;h dh okDh Bz{ jokfJnk. ;o fjT{ B/ fco ekbgh ns/ rtkfbno th fi~s/. MK;h dh okDh bVd/bVd/ wo rJh. sKfsnk N'g/ geV e/ cK;h s/ bNek fd`sk frnk. BkBk ;kfjp G~i e/ B/gkb ub/ rJ/.

fJ; sok nzro/iK B/ @;[szsosk d/ dhtkfBnK@ dk g{oh soK ykswk eo e/ Gkos Bz{ fco s'A nkgD/ fPezi/ft~u ieV fbnk.

Bshi/Bshi/Bshi/Bshi/Bshi/ eqKsh s'A pknd fJzrb?Av gkobhnkw?AN B/ ekBz{B gk; ehsk, fi; d/ d[nkok (1) ezgBh dk Gkos ft~u Pk;Bysw eo fd~sk frnk. (2) Gft~y ft~u Pk;B gqpzX wjkokDh fteN'ohnk d/ BK Bkb fJzrb?Av dh gkobhnkw?ANd/ j~E ft~u ubk frnk. (3) Gkos d/ bJh fJzrb?Av ft~u fJ~e ;?eo/Noh Uc ;N/N dh fB:[esh j'Jh. (4)15 w?ApoK dh fJ~e e"Af;b fB:[es ehsh rJh. (5) Gkos dh ;zg{oD ib, Eb ;/Bk T[Zs/ fJzrb?Av dk nfXekox'fPs eo fd~sk frnk. (6) Btzpo 1858 ft~u fJbkjkpkd d/ dopko ft~u bkov e?fBzr B/ wjkokDhfteN'ohnk dh x'PDk ;[DkJh, fi; ft~u Gkostk;hnK Bz{ UjBK d/ Xow, gqEk ns/ ftPtk;K ft~u j;sy/gBk eoD dk nkPtk;B fd~sk frnk. r'd b?D dk nfXeko fd~sk frnk. ;koh ;zXhnK dk gkbD eo e/ Gft~yft~u ;kwoki Bk tXkUD dk th tuB fd~sk frnk.

13H2 nkIkdh s'A gfjbK dk Gkos 13H2 nkIkdh s'A gfjbK dk Gkos 13H2 nkIkdh s'A gfjbK dk Gkos 13H2 nkIkdh s'A gfjbK dk Gkos 13H2 nkIkdh s'A gfjbK dk Gkos (India Before Independence)

1857 dh wjkB okPNoh eqKsh s'A pknd Gkos ft~u okPNohnsk dh GktBk pj[s s/I j' rJh. Gkostk;hnkg;h G/dGkt G[bk e/ fJ~e i[N j' rJ/.ns/ UjBK B/ nzro/iK Bkb ;zxoP eo e/ d/P Bz{ ;[szso eotKUDdk fBPuk eo fbnk.Gkos ft~u okPNoh ikroD ns/ ;[szsosk nzd'bB s/I j[zdk frnk. gfjb/ ftPt :[ZXft~u Gkos B/ ;toki dh wzr ehsh, gqzs{ nzro/iK dh dwB Bhsh Bkb Gkos Bz{ e[M gqkgs BjhA j'fJnk.d{i/ ftPt :[ZX d/ d"okB Gkos ft~u okPNoh nzd'bB d/P d/ e'B/ e'B/ ft~u c?b frnk. Gkos ft~u nzro/iKd/ fybkc *Gkos S~v'* dk Bkok p[bzd j' frnk.d{i/ ftPt :[ZX ft~u nzro/iK dh ;fEsh j'o th yokpj' rJh. UjBK B/ ;wM fbnk fe Gkos Bz{ fInkdk ;w/A s~e r[bkw oyDk n;zGt ;h.

Gkos d/ iB ihtB ft~u T[; ;w/A s~e uko/ gk;/ n;zs'P c?b frnk ;h. Gkos ft~u Xkofwe g[Bo ikroD dhbfjo nk rJh ;h.g~Swh f;~fynk d/ ekoD Gkostk;h ;tkXhBsk ns/ ;[szsosk dk wj~st ;wMD b~r/;B.;wkuko g~soK ns/ ssekbhB ;kfjs B/ okPNohnsk dhnK GktBktK Bz{ j'o th T[iZtb ehsk. nzro/iK dhnkofEe P'PD dh Bhsh d/ fto[X Gkosh fJ~ei[~N j' e/ nzro/iK d/ d[PwD pD rJ/.:ksk:ks d/ ;kXBK ns/ nkX[fBenzsookPNoh ftukoK B/ Gkos d/ wkBf;e ;so Bz{ ftdo'jh pDk fd~sk. nzro/iK d/ fybkc fjz;k ikfrqs j' rJhns/ fJ~e gqeko Bkb Gkos ft~u nzro/iK d/ fto[~X :[~X dh ;fEsh nk rJh.rKXh ih dh nrtkJh ft~u Gkosdk okPNoh nzd'bb ubdk fojk ns/ J/Bk s/I j' frnk fe nzs ft~u nzro/iK B/ Gkos S~vD ftu jh nkgDh e[Pbsk;wMh.


B ØN



J eqKsh d/ B/sk pjkd[oPkj, BkBk ;kfjp ns/ UjBK d/ tehb nihw[~bk \K ns/ sKfsnk N'g/ B/ eKsh dhskohy 31 wJh o~yh ;h, gqzs{ gfjbK 29 wkou Bz{ p?oeg[o dh SktDh ft~u wzrb gKv/ B/ ftdo'j ehskns/ T[; Bz{ cK;h j' rJh. fco 3 wJh Bz{ byBT{ dh fJBc?zNoh B/ ehsk, Uj th ibdh jh dpk fd~skfrnk ns/ fco 9 wJh Bz{ w/om d/ pkrh f;gkjhnK Bz{ id'A bzphnK bzphnK ;IktK ;[DkJhnK rJhnK sK 10wJh Bz{ w/om dh ;?Bk B/ ftdo'j eo fd~sk .UjBK B/ i/b s'V fd~sh, pzdh f;gkjhnK Bz{ ;[szso eo fd~skns/ fco w/om ft~u fjz;kswe ekotkJh eo e/ 11 wJh Bz{ pbtJh fd~bh ub/ rJ/.UjBK B/ fd~bh fi~sbJh ns/ pjkd[oPkj Bz{ ;wokN x'fPs eo fd~sk.fJ; ;w/A s~e fd~bh, bybT{, ekBg[o, fJbkkpkd,MK;h,po/bh, Bhwu, pBko; , p[zd/byzv, rtkfbno, nkok ns/ w~X Gkos ftdo'j d/ e/Ado pD rJ/.


• nzss'rstk L fBPeoP o{g ft~u.

• w{bS/dD L iV s'A g[ZN d/Dk, fBow{b eoBk.

Hindustan 1947


B ØN



1. fd~s/ rJ/ wkB fu~so ft~u 1857 d/ ftdo'j d/ wj~stg{oD e/AdoK Bz{ do;kU.

India in 1857 Revolt


B ØN


2. fd~s/ rJ/ wkBfu~so ft~u nkIkdh s'A gfjbK d/ Gkos d/ fBwBfbfys ;EkBK Bz{ fBofdPN eo'^

(a) f;zX (b) pb{fu;skB (c) T[Zso gqd/P (d) w?;{o


1H Gkos dh fJfsjk;e wkBfuso, vkeNo joh gq;kd Egfbnkb, fjzdh gqukoe gpbhe/PBIgqk. fb. tkokD;h


p[e;

fJekJh^14L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^14L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^14L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^14L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^14L wkBfu~soÎI

B ØN


fJekJh^14L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^14L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^14L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^14L wkBfu~so^fJekJh^14L wkBfu~soÎI (Maps)


T[d/P (Objectives)


14H1 1947 ft~u Gkos (India in 1947)

14H2 Gkosh oki ns/ UjBK dhnK okiXkBhnK (Indian States and Capitals)





T[d/PT[d/PT[d/PT[d/PT[d/P (Objectives)

fJ; fJekJh d/ nfXn?B s ØA pknd ftfdnkoEh :Ør jØDr/L

J 1947 ft~u Gkos dh G[r’fbe wkBfu~soktbh Bz{ ;wMD ft~u.

J toswkB ft~u Gkos d/ oki ns/ T[jBK dhnK okiXkBhnK Bz{ wkBfu~so d/ wkfXnw Bkb ikDB ft~u.


1857 dh jfEnkopzd eqKsh d/ n;cb j' ikD d/ cb;o{g Gkostk;hnK Bz{ ftPtk; j' frnk fe nfXe ukbke ns/PeshPkbh nzro/iK Bz{ Pesh d/ pb s/ Gkos ft~u'A yd/VBk ;zGt BjhA ;h. fJ;bJh Gkostk;hnK B/ okiBhfse u/sBkd/ nkXko s/ ;~u ns/ nfjz;k d/ wkfXnw Bkb fJ~e PeshPkbh okPNoh nzd'bB nkozG ehsk.fJ; d/ cb;o{g Gkosft~u ‘fJzvhnB n?;'f;J/PB*, ‘wjkiB ;Gk* ns/ *pzpJh gq?Ihv?A;h n?;'f;J/PB* nkfd ;z;EktK pDhnK. fJBk ;GBK d/;zwfbs gq:k; d[nkok 1884 ft~u Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dk iBw j'fJnk.Gkos dk okPNoh ikroD ns/ ;[szsosknzd'bB 1885 s'A nkozG j'fJnk ns/ 14 nr;s, 1947 JhH s~e u~fbnk.

14H114H114H114H114H1 1947 ft~u Gkos 1947 ft~u Gkos 1947 ft~u Gkos 1947 ft~u Gkos 1947 ft~u Gkos (India in 1947)

1857 dh jfEnkopzd eqKsh d/ n;cb j' ikD d/ cb;o{g Gkostk;hnK Bz{ ftPtk; j' frnk fe nfXe ukbkens/ PeshPkbh nzro/iK Bz{ Pesh d/ pb s/ Gkos ft~u'A yd/VBk ;zGt BjhA ;h. fJ;bJh Gkostk;hnK B/okiBhfse u/sBk d/ nkXko s/ ;~u ns/ nfjz;k d/ wkfXnw Bkb fJ~e PeshPkbh okPNoh nzd'bB nkozGehsk.fJ; d/ cb;o{g Gkos ft~u ‘fJzvhnB n?;'f;J/PB*, ‘wjkiB ;Gk* ns/ ‘pzpJh gq?Ihv?A;h n?;'f;J/PB* nkfd ;z;EktK pDhnK. fJBk ;GBK d/ ;zwfbs gq:k; d[nkok 1884 ft~u Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dkiBw j'fJnk.Gkos dk okPNoh ikroD ns/ ;[szsosk nzd'bB 1885 s'A nkozG j'fJnk ns/ 14 nr;s,1947 JhH s~e u~fbnk.eKro; d/ gqkozfGe ekb ft~u fJ; dh nrtkJh dkdk GkJh B?o'ih, wjkd/t r'fpzdokDkv/, fco'IPkj w/jsk, r'gkb feqPD r'yb/, pkb rzrkXo fsbe nkfd okPNoh B/sktK B/ ehsh.;zB 1905JhH s~e eKro; dk ;zxoP ;zftXkB ;zpzXh wzrK s~e ;hfws fojk. 1905 s'A pknd T[dkotkd, T[Zrotkd,Bow db, row db ns/ eqKshekoh GktBktK th w[yfos j' rJhnK ;B. pzrkb, gzikp ns/ wjkokPNo ft~ueqKshekoh nzd'bB pj[s s/I j' frnk.fJBK ft~u G[g/zdo BkE, pkb rzrkXo fsbe, y[dhokw p';, noftzd


B ØN


x'P, bkbk bkigs okJ/, ;odko nihs f;zx ns/ ;ktoeo pzX{nK dk w[~y j~E fojk. nzro/iK B/ eVkJh bkbnzd'bBekohnK dk dwB ehsk.eqKshekoh dpkJ/ rJ/, gzikp ft~u ifbnKtkbk pkr eKv j'fJnk, gqzs{ Gkosdk okPNoh nzd'bB T[Zro s'A T[Zro o{g XkoD eodk frnk.1919 s'A 1930 s~e eKro; B/ n;fj:'r nzd'bB,;~u^nfjz;k ns/ fsnkr^pfbdkB d/ nkXko s/ nkgDk nzd'bB ikoh o~fynk. 1919 ft~u eKro; dh tkrv'ookPNo fgsk wjkswk rKXh d/ ;pb j~EK ft~u nk rJh, U;/ ;w/A gzfvs itkjo bkb Bfjo{ th okPNoh nzd'bBft~u ;feqn j' rJ/ ;B .

okPNoh nzd'bB d/ Bkb Bkb eqKshekoh nzd'bB th ub ojk ;h. uzdoP/yo nkIkd, Grs f;zx, ;[yd/t,okir[o{, fJPckeT[Zbk \K nkfd ;[szsosk d/ bJh ;zxoP eoD tkb/ ftneshnK B/ nkgD/ gqkDK dh nkj{shd/ e/ okPNoh nzd'bB Bz{ ;PeshPkbh pDkUD dk g{ok gq:sB ehsk.;[GkPuzdo p'; B/ nkikd fjzd c"I dh;EkgBk ehsh ns/ nzro/iK d/ fto[ZX :[ZX dh x'PDk eo e/ okPNoh nzd'bB Bz{ nkgDk nDw[~bk :'rdkB fd~sk.

bkov wKT{ANp/NB (wkou 1947 s'A nr;s 1947)bkov wKT{ANp/NB (wkou 1947 s'A nr;s 1947)bkov wKT{ANp/NB (wkou 1947 s'A nr;s 1947)bkov wKT{ANp/NB (wkou 1947 s'A nr;s 1947)bkov wKT{ANp/NB (wkou 1947 s'A nr;s 1947)id'A fpqfNP B/ g{ok fBPuk eo fbnk fe Uj Gkos ft~u nkgD/ oki dh ;wkgsh ukj[zd/ jB, sK UjBKB/ bkov wKT{ANp/NB Bz{ Gkos dk tkJh; okJ/ pDk e/ G/fink skfe ;~sk j;sKsoD ns/ j'o efmBkJhnK:[esh Bkb ;[bM ikD. T[;dh 3 i{B, 1947 dh x'PDk ft~u fJj fejk frnk fe Gkos Bz{ 15 nr;ss~e ;[szso eo fd~sk ikt/rk.gqzs{ Gkos dk ftGkiB ;zgqdkfJe nkXko s/ ehsk frnk ns/ fJ; soK GkosBz{ d' GkrK ft~u tzv e/ Gkos ns/ gkfe;skB d' ;[szso d/P pDk fd~s/ rJ/. 4 nr;s 1947 JhH Bz{Gkos ;[szsosk n?eNGkos ;[szsosk n?eNGkos ;[szsosk n?eNGkos ;[szsosk n?eNGkos ;[szsosk n?eN gkobhnkw?AN ft~u g/P ehsk frnk ns/ fJ; soK 14 nr;s dh oks B{z 1212121212ti/ tkJh; okJ/ bkov wKT{ANp/NB B/ Gkos Bz{ ;[szso x'fPs eo fd~sk.ti/ tkJh; okJ/ bkov wKT{ANp/NB B/ Gkos Bz{ ;[szso x'fPs eo fd~sk.ti/ tkJh; okJ/ bkov wKT{ANp/NB B/ Gkos Bz{ ;[szso x'fPs eo fd~sk.ti/ tkJh; okJ/ bkov wKT{ANp/NB B/ Gkos Bz{ ;[szso x'fPs eo fd~sk.ti/ tkJh; okJ/ bkov wKT{ANp/NB B/ Gkos Bz{ ;[szso x'fPs eo fd~sk.

fJ; soK 1600 JhH ftu tgkoh d/ o{g ft~u nzro/I B/ Gkos ft~u gqt/P ehsk . j'bh j'bh ezgBh B/ nkgDk oki;Ekfgs ehsk . 1857 JhH s'A pknd Gkos ftXhg{ote fpqfNP ;kwoki dk fJ~e nzr pD frnk. T[; nzro/ih Pk;B dk nkfyo ft~u 14 nr;s 1947 JhH Bz{ 12 ti/ oks ft~u nzs j' frnk.

fJ; soK okPNo fgsk wjkswk rKXh dh ;pb nrtkJh ft~u ns/ gzfvs itkjo bkb Bfjo{ d/ nDE~egq:sBK Bkb okPNoh eKro; Bz{ d/P dh nkIkdh fdbtkUD ft~u ;cbsk fwbh. 15 nr;s, 1947 Bz{ Gkos


B ØN


fJ~e ;[szso okPNo pD frnk ns/ T[; s'A pknd nzro/I Gkos Bz{ g{oh ;[szsosk d/ e/ nkgD/ d/P tkfg;ub/ rJ/.

14H2 Gkosh oki ns/ okiXkBhnK14H2 Gkosh oki ns/ okiXkBhnK14H2 Gkosh oki ns/ okiXkBhnK14H2 Gkosh oki ns/ okiXkBhnK14H2 Gkosh oki ns/ okiXkBhnK

toswkB Gkos ft~u 28 oki ns/ 7 e/Ado Pkf;s oki jB.

Gkos d/ oki ^Gkos d/ oki ^Gkos d/ oki ^Gkos d/ oki ^Gkos d/ oki ^ 1H nKXok gqd/P (j?dokpkd) 2H n;w (fd;g[o) 3H fpjko (gNBk) 4H r[ioks (rKXhBro)5H jfonkDk (uzvhrV) 6H fjwkub gqd/P (fPwbk) 7H izw{ ns/ ePwho (Pqh Bro) 8H eoBkNe (pzrb"o)9H e/ob (fsqt/Adow) 10H w~X gqd/P (G'gkb) 11H wjkokPNo (w[zpJh) 12H wDhg[o (fJzckb) 13H w/xkfbnk (fPbKr)14H Bkrkb?Av (e'fjwk) 15H T[Vh;k (G[tB/Pto) 16H gzikp (uzvhrV) 17H oki;EkB (i?g[o) 18H f;~few (rzrN'e)19H skfwbBkv{ (u/BzJh) 20H fsqg[ok (nrosbk) 21H T[Zso gqd/P (byBT{) 22H g~Swh pzrkb (e'beksk)23H fwI'ow (n?Afib) 24H no[Dkub gqd/P (JhNk Bro) 25H r'tk (gDih) 26H S~sh;rV (okJ/g[o) 27H T[ZsoKub(d/jokd{B) 28H Mkoyzv (oKuh) .

e/Ado Pkf;s oki ^ e/Ado Pkf;s oki ^ e/Ado Pkf;s oki ^ e/Ado Pkf;s oki ^ e/Ado Pkf;s oki ^ 1H nzvwkB ns/ fBe'pko dhg ;w{j (g'oNpb/no) . 2H uzvhrV (uzvhrV).3H dkdo ns/ Bro jt/bh (f;btkbk). 4H fd~bh (fd~bh). 5H dwB ns/ dht (dwB). 6H bePdhg ;w{j(ektkoksh). 7H gKvhu/oh (gKvhu/oh).

JAMMU & KASHMIRSrinagar

Shimla

PUNJABChandigarh

HARYANA

RAJASTHAN

Jaipur

BhopalMADHYA PRADESH

Lucknow

UTTARPRADESH

BIHAR

Patna

Ganglok

SIKKIM

BHUTANItanagar

ASSAMDispur

Shillong

NAGALANDKohima

ImphalMANIPUR

MIZORAMAlzawl

AgartalaMEGHALAYA

TRIPURARanchi

JHARKHAND

CHHATTISGARHCalcutta

WESTBENGAL

Raipur

BhubaneshwarORISSA

ANDHRAPRADESH

Hyderabad

YANAM(Pondicherry)

Chennai(Madras)

TAMILNADU

KARNATAKABangalore

MAHE(Pondicherry)

KERALA

GOA

Panaj

Mumbai(Bombay)

MAHARASHTRADADAR & NAGAR HAVELI

DAMANDIU

GUJARAT

Gandhinagar

BANGLADESH

BAY OF BENGAL

Port Blair

ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS

Map not to ScaleCopyright © Compare Infobase Pvt. Ltd. 2003

UTTARANCHALDehradun

Delhi NEPAL

CHINA(TIBET)

ARUNACHAL PRADESH

PONDICHERRY(Puduchchery)

(Pondicherry)KARAIKAL

LAKSHADWEEP

ARABIANSEA

PAKISTAN

States and Union TerritoriesINDIA

MYANMAR

HIMACHAL PRADESH

Thiruvananthapuram

N


B ØN



J Gkostk;h nkg;h G/dGkt G[bk e/ fJ~e i[N j' rJ/.ns/ UjBK B/ nzro/iK Bkb ;zxoP eo e/ d/P Bz{ ;[szsoeotKUD dk fBPuk eo fbnk.Gkos ft~u okPNoh ikroD ns/ ;[szsosk nzd'bB s/I j[zdk frnk. gfjb/ ftPt:[ZX ft~u Gkos B/ ;toki dh wzr ehsh, gqzs{ nzro/iK dh dwB Bhsh Bkb Gkos Bz{ e[M gqkgs BjhA j'fJnk. d{i/ftPt :[ZX d/ d"okB Gkos ft~u okPNoh nzd'bB d/P d/ e'B/ e'B/ ft~u c?b frnk. Gkos ft~u nzro/iK d/ fybkc*Gkos S~v'* dk Bkok p[bzd j' frnk.d{i/ ftPt :[ZX ft~u nzro/iK dh ;fEsh j'o th yokp j' rJh .UjBK B/ ;wMfbnk fe Gkos Bz{ fInkdk ;w/A s~e r[bkw oyDk n;zGt ;h.

J id'A fpqfNP B/ g{ok fBPuk eo fbnk fe Uj Gkos ft~u nkgD/ oki dh ;wkgsh ukj[zd/ jB, sK UjBK B/bkov wKT{ANp/NB Bz{ Gkos dk tkJh; okJ/ pDk e/ G/fink skfe ;~sk j;sKsoD ns/ j'o efmBkJhnK:[esh Bkb ;[bM ikD. T[;dh 3 i{B, 1947 dh x'PDk ft~u fJj fejk frnk fe Gkos Bz{ 15 nr;s s~e;[szso eo fd~sk ikt/rk.gqzs{ Gkos dk ftGkiB ;zgqdkfJe nkXko s/ ehsk frnk ns/ fJ; soK Gkos Bz{d' GkrK ft~u tzv e/ Gkos ns/ gkfe;skB d' ;[szso d/P pDk fd~s/ rJ/.


• nzss'rstk L fBPeoP o{g ft~u.

• w{bS/dD L iV s'A g[ZN d/Dk, fBow{b eoBk.


1. fd~s/ rJ/ wkB fu~so ft~u 1947 ft~u ;[szso gqzs{ ftGkfis Gkos dh ;fEsh Bz{ fBofdPN eo'.


B ØN


2. fd~s/ rJ/ wkBfu~so ft~u ;[szso Gkos d/ okiK ns/ UjBK dhnK okiXkBhnK Bz{ do;kU.


B ØN


3. fd~s/ rJ/ wkBfu~so ft~u e/AdoPkf;s gqd/PK ns/ UjBK dhnK okiXkBhnK Bz{ do;kU.


1H Gkos dh fJfsjk;e wkBfuso, vkeNo joh gq;kd Egfbnkb, fjzdh gqukoe gpbhe/PBIgqk. fb. tkokD;h


p[e;

Outline Map of India

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