WELCOME TO SUB - SYNDICATE 4PRESENTATION ONINDO-PAKISTAN WAR OF 1971

Syndicate Members :Maj J L MumasiLt Col D N MwauraLt Col B A El NaeimMaj D F O McokechMaj D K C TarusMaj S N C Ocan

Everyone fighting a war tends to think of it in terms of the last one he knows anything aboutPaul Fussell

PAKISTANCHINANEPALBANGLADESHINDIA> 1000 M

AIMThe aim of this presentation is to highlight the salient points in the Indo-Pakistan campaign of 1971 with a view to bringing out lessons learnt.

SCOPEHistorical Background.Causes of the War. The Campaign. Political and Military Leadership.Lessons Learnt.Conclusion.Q & A.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDIn 1947 Indian subcontinent created:India.Pakistan.Pakistan:East Pakistan - the Bengali-speaking Muslim.West Pakistan numerous races.Separated by more than 1,000 miles

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND contdIn 1958 President Mirza abrogated the Constitution.

Army Chief of Staff, Gen Ayub Khan, who proclaimed martial law.

New constitution proclaimed in 1962.

Powers were concentrated in the presidential executive located in Karachi.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND contdEast Bengal lacked natural resources.

West Pakistan per capita - 61% higher than in East Pakistan.

Kashmir war in 1965.

Gen Ayub resigned on 26 Mar 69 and replaced by Gen Yahya Khan

Gen Yahya - transfer of power from military Govt to constitutional institutions.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND contd1970 Pakistan Election Awami League Party won 167 in East Pakistan.

Awami League leader was Sheikh Rahman.

Ali Bhutto of Pakistan Peoples Party refused to give the Premiership of Pakistan to Mujibur.

President Khan called in the military made up of largely West Pakistanis.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND contdMass arrests of dissidents began.25 Mar 71, Pakistani military cracked down on Dhaka.Awami League banned.Mujibur arrested.25 Mar 71 Rahman declared independence of Bangladesh. East Pakistan Rifles defected.Mukti Bahini formed.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND contd27 Mar 71 Indira Gandhi sp Bangladesh struggle.

Refugee camps for the recruitment and training of Mukti Bahini guerrillas.

Estimated 10 million refugees fled to India.

US was a close ally of Pakistan.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND contdIndira Gandhi launched a diplomatic offensive.

China provided to Pakistan.

Mukti Bahini vs Pakistani Army. India sp the Mukti Bahini fighters.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND contdBy November, war seemed inevitable.The Indian military waited for winter.Himalayan impassable due to snow preventing any Chinese intervention.On 23 Nov, Yahya Khan declared a state of emergency.On 3 Dec PAF launched sorties on 8 airfields in NW India. The Indo-Pakistan war started.

CAUSES OF THE INDO PAKISTAN WAR

CAUSES OF THE INDO PAKISTAN WARStructural causes.

Proximate causes.

Trigger causes.

The Campaign

Force Comparison IndiaPakistan

800,000 men230,000 men

500 combat acs200 combat acs

1 x Ac CarrierNone

FORCE COMPARISONIndia had developed an arms industry capable of producing tanks and aircrafts. India also received military equipment from Moscow.

Pakistans industry was less developed.

Pakistan had purged Bengali units from the armed forces. PAF was affected as ground crew were Bengali.

FORCE COMPARISON contdPoliticized Pakistan services.

Poor leadership and incompetence, lack of cohesion and trust.

Yahya Khan retained control of army ops and as President and Supreme Comd.

Army Rawalpindi, PAF Peshawar and Navy - Karachi

STRATEGYPakistan: Involve the UN to prevent India from intervening.Indian territory in the West to be traded for East Pakistan territory.The land battle in the West was thus crucial for Pakistan.India: Act quickly in the East to decisively defeat Pakistani forces there while defending Indian territory in the West.

Conduct of the War

AIR CAMPAIGNPAF launched a pre-emptive strike at 1747 hrs on 3 Dec 71.

Attack could not be sustained in darkness.

30 % acs were used.

On 4 Dec, the IAF flew over 500 sorties on tactical and strategic targets in Pakistan.

Western Air Comd of IAF flew over 4,000 sorties.

IAF claimed 94 acs, while the PAF claimed 81acs.

PRE-EMPTIVE AIR STRIKESPAKISTANINDIA

NAVAL WARFARE

14-day war was 1st full-scale Indian naval war.

Indias fleet superior to Pakistans.

CHINANEPALBANGLADESHINDIAPAKISTANNAVAL WARFARE

CHINANEPALBANGLADESHINDIAPAKISTAN

NAVAL WARFARE contdIndian Navy defended the coast by blockading.

Pakistans surface fleet had no air cover nor wpns to defend against India's missile boats. 4 Dec Dafne-class of the Pakistani submarine was sunk in the Bay of Bengal.

India lost frigate INS KUKRI on 9 Dec.

LAND CAMPAIGNWEST PAKISTAN THEATRE

26 Bde II Corps4 x Inf Bdes1 x Armd Bde8 x Arty RegtsWESTERN PAKISTAN THEATRECasualties34 Tanks100 vehs1 x Bde

LAND CAMPAIGN - EAST PAKISTAN THEATRE

East Pakistan2 Corps with 2 Inf Divs tasked to adv eastward through the SW sector in the direction of Dacca.

33 Corps with 1 inf Div and 2 Bdes tasked to attack the Bogra area in the NW sector and then onto Dacca.

101 Comms Zone with 1 Bde to strike South through the Northern sector toward Dacca.

4 Corps in the Eastern sector had 3 Divs with a mission to adv westward to Dacca.

4 CORPS33 CORPS2 CORPS101 COMMS

5 x Inf Divs2 x Armd RegtsSp Arty9 DIV4 DIV

33 CORPS2 x Bdes3 x Divs23 DIV

CONCLUSION OF THE WAR

Surrendered Pakistan TroopsEastern Pakistan:35 x Inf Battalions.1 x Armd Regt and 2 x Sqns.6 x Arty Regts.1 x Independent Mortar Bty.

In the NW sector, the following surrendered:14 x Inf battalions.1 x Armd Regt.3 x Fld arty Regts.2 x mortar Btys.

PAKISTAN LEADERSHIP

Muhammad Yahya Khan4 Feb to 10 Aug 80.

President of Pakistan and Chief of Army Staff from 1969 to 1971.

Hand over power to Ali Bhutto.

Yahya Khan died in August 1980.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto5 Jan 28 to 4 Apr 79.

President from 1971 to 1973 and PM from 1973 to 1977.

Lifted martial law in April 1972, and pushed a new constitution in 1973.

Empowered Office of the PM.

5 Jul 77 Gen Zia relieved Bhutto of power.

18 Mar 78, Bhutto found guilty of murder, sentenced to death and was hanged on 4 Apr 79.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Charismatic Bengali leader in East Pakistan.

Leader of opposition political party Awami League.

1970 Mujiburs Awami League won 167 of 169 seats.

Mujibur jailed instead of allowing him to rule East Pakistan.

This turned political events around and caused the 1971 war.

Lt Gen Abdullah Khan Niazi 1915 to 2 Feb 04.

He enlisted in the British Indian Army as a junior officer.

He joined the newly-formed Pak Army after independence in 1947.

By 1971 he had reached the rank of Lt Gen.

On 16 Dec 71, Gen Niazi surrendered all Pakistani forces in E/Pakistan to Indian Gen Jangit Singh Aurora.

INDIAN LEADERSHIP

Indira Gandhi19 Nov 17 31 Oct 84.

PM of India from 19 Jan 66 to 24 Mar 77, and from 14 Jan 80 until her assassination on 31 Oct 84.

Fld Marshall Manekshaw Born 3 Apr 14.

An Indian Army officer.

Rose to the Chief of Staff of the Indian Army in 1969.

Indo-Pakistan war of 1971.

Lt Gen Aurora

Lt Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora 13 Feb 16 to 3 May 05. Commissioned in 1939 after his graduation from the Indian Military Academy.In 1971, Aurora became Comd of Indian forces in the East.Involved in training and equipping the Mukti Bahini.On 16 Dec 71 Aurora accepted the surrender of Pakistani forces led by Gen Niazi. Spent several years as an MP in the Rajya Sabha (Upper Hse of Parliament).He died on 3 May 05.

LEADERSHIP IN AIR WARExcellent co-ordination between the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Army .

Achieving complete air superiority .

LEADERSHIP IN NAVAL WARNaval plan to attack of Karachi drawn by Western Naval Comd.

Main attack launched by PT-15 missile boats.

Led by Commodore Babru Yadav.

Indian Navy accomplished the task within the first few days.

No en shipping could move in or out.

LEADERSHIP IN ARMY WARFAREIndian Army Chief, General Sam Maneckshaw, was the symbolic hero.

The Western Army comd -Lt. Gen. K P Candeth, Eastern Army by Lt Gen J S Aurora. Chief of Staff was Major Gen J F R Jacob.

The Indian forces easily outnumbered the Pakistanis by a ratio of 2:1. India did not have the 3:1 superiority in numbers required to attack.

Pakistani Army Comd in the East, General A A K Niazi, was determined to delay the Indian advance.

Lessons Learnt

Lessons LearntSelection and maintenance of aim.

Cooperation.

Sustainability.

Poor strategy.

Naval blockade.

Conclusion

Q and A

Bibliography