Indonesia HRNA Main Text 28oct09 (1)

7/25/2019 Indonesia HRNA Main Text 28oct09 (1)

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ROUGH DRAFT

28 October 2009

West Sumatra Earthquake

Human Recovery Needs Assessment


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Contents1.0 Human Recovery Needs Assessment................................................

1.1 Pre-Dsaster !u"nera#"tes.............................................................................................Pre-disaster situation and/or vulnerabilities education..................................................5Pre-disaster vulnerabilities environment.......................................................................6Pre-disaster vulnerabilities health.................................................................................6Pre-disaster vulnerabilities protection...........................................................................7

Pre-disaster vulnerabilities shelter................................................................................71.$ Summary o% Survey Resu"ts............................................................................................

mpact on various aspects o! communit" lives and #overnance......................................8$ccess to !ood................................................................................................................ 8%ocial &ohesion..............................................................................................................9$ccess to &lean 'ater( %anitation and )"#iene.............................................................9$ccess to %helter..........................................................................................................*0$ccess to +ivelihood...................................................................................................... **

$ccess to ,ducation......................................................................................................*2%a!e and %ustainable ,nvironment...............................................................................*$ccess to &ommunit" n!rastructure/acilities...............................................................*mpact on overnance..................................................................................................*5$ccess to )ealth...........................................................................................................*6mpact on 1ulnerable roups........................................................................................*7$ccess to Protection.....................................................................................................*8mpact on a#riculture.....................................................................................................20

1 & Summary o% 'ocus (rou) Dscussons


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Hea"th................................................................................................................................... .

Nutrton............................................................................................................................... .

Protecton.............................................................................................................................

Water Santaton and Hy*ene /WASH...............................................................................

&.0 Ear"y and +on*er-erm Recovery and Reconstructon Costs........

2.0 Ear"y and +on*er-erm Recovery and Renak Com)arson a#"e...................................................................................................................


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1.0 Human Recovery Needs AssessmentThe Human Recovery Needs Assessment (HRNA) process is founded on the need to assessthe perceptions of people and communities in order to better inform the recovery andreconstruction process. If it can be said that the Damage and oss Assessment (DAA) is afounded on a !uantitative inventory of "HAT has happened based on secondary governmentagency data confirmed by field visits# then comparatively it can be said that the HumanRecovery Needs Assessment (HRNA) process is founded on a !ualitative primary fieldassessment of the perceptions of people and communities about H$" to do %hat must bedone based on community perceptions of the implications of the damages# losses and relatedneeds.

Ta&en together# the HRNA and the DAA ma&e up the 'ost Disaster Needs Assessment('DNA) in %hich the t%o assessments come together to identify "H the disaster happenedand H$" to &eep it from happening again so that future disaster ris&s are reduced in the

process of putting the affected communities on the path to recovery.

The Human Recovery Needs Assessment (HRNA) data %as collected from primary sourcesthrough household surveys complemented by ocused *roup Discussions (*Ds) and +eyInformant Intervie%s (+II). A total of ,-- households %ere intervie%ed in si of the %orstaffected districts (Agam# +ota 'adang# 'adang 'ariaman# 'ariaman /ity# 'asaman 0arat and'esisir 1elatan) based on purposive sampling method. $ut of the total ,-- !uestionnaires#the data processed from this eercise %as 2-- valid !uestionnaires.

Th HRNA th d l i d i d t bt i di t lit ti f db & f th ff t d


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1.1 Pre-Dsaster !u"nera#"tes

0ased on information being prepared by 0N'0 to be entered into its Indonesia Disaster Dataand Information (Di0i) 4 a *overnment of Indonesia cross ministry database (see http566dibi.bnpb.go.id) on disaster information 4 "est 1umatera 'rovince is a high ris& province

prone to a %ide range of disaster types. The following table shows the ranking of eachdistrict in West Sumaterarelative to the Indonesia Disaster Risk Index. This inde(belo%) %asprepared in mid47--8 by a team of Indonesian disaster ris& inde eperts %ith

support from the "orld 0an&. /oordination bet%een the team and 0N'0 has been supportedby 9ND' to ensure smooth integration into the Di0i.

KABUPATEN Earth

quake

Land

Slide Tsunami Flood Drought Erosion

Volcanic

Eruption

!"ST AFFE$TED

D%ST"%$TS

Agam H H H : : H H

Kota adang : : : : :

adang ariaman : H H : : H H

Kota ariaman H H H : : : :

asaman !arat H : : H : H :

esisir Selatan : : : : H :

AFFE$TED D%ST"%$TS

asaman H : : H :

K t ! kit "i i H H H : : : :


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Risk II

&ower Return Rate with High otential Damage and (asualtiesor

High Return Rate with &ower otential Damage and (asualties andslide# >olcano# orest and and ire# 1torm# 0uilding ire# Tidal

There are a number of %ell &no%n vulnerabilities or disaster patterns demonstrated by thisdisaster that are regularly repeated in other areas of Indonesia %ith similar high4ris& toearth!ua&es (%ith the secondary disaster of landslides)5

High rate of rural houses destro'ed. This pattern has repeated itself over and overthroughout Indonesia as %ell as in "est 1umatera because the methods re!uired forbuilding earth!ua&e resistant houses are not %idely &no%n by local builders orfamilies that build their o%n houses. ortunately# this damage pattern is alsoaccompanied lately in "est 1umatera by a gro%ing capacity as disaster resistanthouse building materials and methods have become more %idely &no%n due to %or&done by 'ublic "or&s (Housing) in partnership %ith communities# developmentagencies and N*$s.

High rate of full' colla$sed or heavil' damaged schools. Another &ey damagepattern that repeats itself over and over throughout Indonesia as %ell as in "est1umatera is the high level of fully collapsed or heavily damaged schools.

)xtensive rural access blocked b' landslides. A final repeating damage pattern isthe etensive damage and bloc&age of roads due to landslides caused by unstable soilsthat %ere not accounted for during the process of road planning# design and

i f d l


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code of Indonesia. :any education facilities# particularly in rural and poorer areas# %ereconstructed in the


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Pre-dsaster vu"nera#"tes 3 )rotecton

According to a 7--? Department of 1ocial Affairs survey# ;-#8,2 people %ere living %ithpre4eisting vulnerabilities in the , affected districts. >ulnerabilities included# but %ere noteclusive to5 children affected by abuse or violenceE children in conflict %ith the la%Echildren %ith disabilitiesE children living on the streets or in institutionsE %omen affected by*0>E adults %ith disabilitiesE and elderly %ithout family support. :ore than ,- careinstitutions %ere %or&ing in the affected districts prior to the earth!ua&e catering to this

population.

In addition# %hile the Rights of %omen in Indonesia are promoted by many la%s and policies#for eample a% on Domestic >iolence of 7--C# %omen still eperience disadvantages anddiscrimination in accessing resources and services# in having a role in decision ma&ing (foreample %omen are only


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1.$ Summary o% Survey Resu"ts

The follo%ing is a summary of the perceptions of people and communities in the si mostaffected districts including related interventions or needs identified indicated as developed%ith input from the Humanitarian /lusters or special "or&ing *roups (i.e. *overnance"or&ing *roup or 1helter Recovery "or&ing *roup).

m)act on varous as)ects o% communty "ves and *overnance

+ey concerns are felt fairly broadly across basic issues such as lac& of income# physicalthreats# shelter# food# clean %ater and health related issues. It is significant that Glac& of6lossof incomeG (livelihood)# safety6security# shelter and other basic need ran& highest %ithchildrens education ran&ing lo%est. The survey suggests that the general $erce$tions of theaffected communities are directed towards immediate survival. It is interesting to notethat childrenFs education ran&s a distant last after perceptions regarding immediate survival.

Ta&le '( Perception "egarding the Disaster %mpact )*+

*o %ost (oncerning %atters +

< ac& of 6 loss of income


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for food. 1A multiple ans%ers to the survey ans%ers revealed a consistent perception thatfood availability may remain unchanged or decrease# leading to d that effectprice increases.

Table indicates that the proportion of households having to increase their allocation forfood is ,@ %hile C7@ have decreased their allocations as food availability has decreased.Ta&en together# over three4fourths of households have adusted their ependiture for food as aresult of the crisis. :ore than C- @ of household see themselves having to adust theirhousehold allocation of resources for food. Ta&en together# thisThis implies that until suchtime that the there are adeuate em$lo'ment o$$ortunities and livelihood s'stems are

back on trackrestored and strengthened/ certain targeted su$$ort will have to be

$rovided to be $art of the earl' recover' su$$orts to the affected householdsthreatenedb' food insecurit'.

Ta&le '( Perception "egardingEn/ironmental %mpacts o, Disasteron A/aila&ilit-3Access

to Food)*+

*o Access to food Increase*o

(hangeDecrease

< Availability of food in the mar&et C7 C8

7 'rice of food ;7


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clean water $rovision/ will have to be combined with / that urban household would need

su$$ort to urban households to ensure their sustained access to clean water.

Ta&le '( Situation o, Access to $lean ater )*+

*o Source of (lean Water !efore*ot

1unctioning

< "ater pipe net%or& 7-.; .-

7 'onds6river 7-.-


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households. Nearly one4half of the survey respondents reported their housing structure%ould re!uire structural repair to heavy damagesbefore being able to be reoccupied safely#

%hile more than aone4 !uarter thought that they their houses %ould re!uire completereconstruction. A# and another 7-@ of respondents reported serious damage re!uiring %ouldneed substantial repair. Regardless of the housing repair6rebuild6reconstruction scheme finally

put in place# it is conceivable that certain short3term tem$orar'-transitional shelterwould be reuired to allow the affected households $erform their $rotective and

$roductive functions.

Ta&le '( E6pected Sources o, Funding ,or 5ouse "epair3"econstruction

*o. )x$ected Sources for Damaged House Re$air- Reconstruction+ of

"otal

< *overnment assistance ,;7 $%n funding 7< 0orro%ing ;C 0orro%ing 72 No Ans%er

1upport the resumption and functioning of =ducation /urricula Development (=/D)

facilities

Disaster Ris& Reduction (DRR) activities

1upporting teachers to deliver !uality education in the ne% transitional arrangement

through training

1upporting out of school vulnerable children to ensure that all children have returnedto school.

Ke' Issues> Although the *overnment %as successful in setting up temporary learning andteaching premises for nearly all affected schools to ensure that students get bac& to theirclasses as !uic& as possible# it %ill ta&e up to t%o years until the education system in "est1umatra 'rovince is bac& to normal and all education facilities have been rehabilitated.:ean%hile# about ?2@ of students in the %orst affected areas of "est 1umatra %ill have to


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The AusAID led assessment team of engineers need to include an assessment of damage to"A1H facilities during the assessment of schools to provide a reliable base line of needs and

then costs.

The cost of one temporary classroom should be in the region of


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affected regions %ill be fully absorbed in reestablishing their o%n livelihoods# technicalsupport should be given to them %hen they are involved in school reconstruction.

)arl' and &onger "erm Recover' and Reconstruction 49S@ %illion2

Sub3Sector *eeds )arl' Recover'

49S@ %illion2

&onger

"erm

Recover'

49S

Reconstruction

49S@ %illion2

"otal

49S@ %illion2

Envronment

The earth!ua&e has resulted in several secondary disasters including >ibration from the earth!ua&es caused %idespread landslides on mountains#


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Damage to forests> The 'rovincial orest 1ervice reports that landslides damaged ??-hectares of protection and conservation forestland in Agam# 'adang and 'adang 'ariaman.

No timber production from the main affected areas %as recorded in recent :inistry oforestry statistics# so losses from foregone production are assumed to be negligible. orestecosystems are adapted to disturbance# and most of the damaged area %ill recover %ithoutloss of environmental service# but a portion of the area is li&ely to be of critical ecologicalimportance. $f the area damaged# it is estimated that 2-@ %as forested prior to the landslidesand that 72@ of that area# or around The disaster destroyed buildings# vehiclesand office e!uipment of many local government institutions# including the provincial forestryservice and the environmental impact agency. This %ill li&ely impinge on the institutionalcapacity to respond to the current and anticipated environmental challenges. =arly


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The earth!ua&e has resulted in several secondary disasters including damaged irrigation andriver systems (potentially caused by landslides). Result from *D conducted in Agam

District and 'adang 'ariaman District particularly mentioned that among others# their livesmostly affected by damage of irrigation system that cause disturbance in farming activities.urthermore# very common that irrigation %atershed is used to support microhydro po%ergeneration in remote areas %here 'N grid is not available. According to provincial 0appeda#there are about =nvironment is a cross4cutting issue. 1ince most


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=fforts should be made to minimi3e the environmental damage associated %ith theearth!ua&es. In the short term# further sedimentation of streams from erosion of unstable

slopes or from further landslides should be monitored and addressed. This may involvestabili3ing slopes that threaten environmentally critical areas. Also# efforts to provideenvironmentally benign sanitation facilities should be accelerated in areas %here %ater%aysare at ris& from se%age pollution. In the medium and longer term# sensitive areas that have

been denuded by landslides should be rehabilitated.

=nvironmental obectives should be integrated# or mainstreamed# into the planning processfor reconstruction. Reconstruction activities should be carried out according to environmental

guidelines and be supported by environmental impact assessments. Ne% houses and roaddevelopments should be sited a%ay from environmentally fragile areas# and buildings should

be planned %ith sanitation systems that minimi3e pollution ris&s.

=perience from the 7--C disaster in Aceh has sho%n that rebuilding %ill increase demandfor timber and other ra% materials that may come from unsustainable sources. orestmonitoring and enforcement of forestry la%s %ill have to be improved to reduce illegal

logging associated %ith construction. In addition# demand for construction timber could bemanaged by importing sa%n timber from sustainable sources. Quarrying riverbeds for roadconstruction materials could lead to adverse impacts on stream environments# and alternativesand and gravel deposits a%ay from riverbeds should be eplored and developed.

/apacities to assess the eisting damage and manage anticipated environmental impacts ofthe reconstruction process must be improved significantly and rapidly. 0apedalda 1umbar%ill re!uire added capacity to respond to increased demand for assessment and control of the


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debris6 rubbles resultedfrom the disaster

:anagement (0N'0)#:inistry of 'ublic 1ervice#

local government agencies#etc.

implemented in coordination%ith bilateral assistance#

donors and eperts

Proposed Longer term inter/entions

Acti/it- "esponsi&le Part- and Ke-

Stakeholders"emarks


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Ear"y Recovery - (overnance

Results of governance assessments clearly sho% that government operational# planning andimplementation capacity has been seriously affected by the recent disaster. /ommunities

both at urban and rural areas have epressed that public services have been disrupted. Table belo% sho%s the perception of government functions t%o %ee&s after the disaster# %hichdescribes that on average only around ,-@ of governance function %as %or&ing. There areat least t%o interrelated reasons for the collapse of public services. The first one is thecollapse of government system because of the serious damages to office building# files#systems coupled %ith the loss of &ey officials. The second one is the fact that the surviving

government system is at the moment stretched to the limit for having to provide humanitarianservices to the victims of the disaster. These t%o reasons are further complicated by the factthat most of government officials find their families or relatives also heavily affected by thedisaster so they too cannot optimally function as they are traumati3ed and have to ta&e care oftheir o%n families. The disaster has therefore seriously reduced the capacity of localgovernment system to etend their normal functions in provision of public services.


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4 9S@ ;6/666.

'rovision of TAFs

0eneficiary5 0appeda 'rovince# 0appeda +ota 'adang# 1e&da +ota 'adang#


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"0"A& ;B;.


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It is assumed that transitional shelters %ill be demanded primarily by the lo%erincome groups %ith a cost of 91D 4C-- per shelter unit

ong4term recovery and permanent housing %ill re!uire financial support %hether asloans or subsidies

In this overvie% ho%ever# only , m7 of permanent house construction per household iscalculated. This is the government limit for support subsidies of


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5ousing reconstruction ,inancial needs

Households affected b'the earth uake

)arl' recover'"ransitional shelters

&onger term recover'

and reconstructionermanent housingGG

"otal 9SD


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)arl' and &onger "erm Recover' and Reconstruction 49S@ %illion2

Sub3Sector *eeds )arl' Recover'

49S@ %illion2

&onger

"erm

Recover'

49S

Reconstruction

49S@ %illion2

"otal

49S@ %illion2

Hea"th

The damage to health infrastructure impacts on the delivery system for health services at this

critical time. The over%helming demand also sho%s the need for5 more health staff (as theyare also victims) and support to their mobility in all areas (most of %hich remain difficult toaccess)E provision of medical supplies and e!uipment and an efficient referral system %ellcoordinated for an efficient response and sustainable return to recovery of the health system."hile the most of non4damaged 'us&esmas (community health center) and hospitals areoverloaded %ith patients# there %ere gaps also in availability of out reach services andmechanisms (mobile clinics# health volunteers) to follo% up patients %ho already dischargedfrom hospitals after receiving treatment. 1trengthening mobile services and sub4centers %ill


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are also victims) and support to their mobility in all areas (most of %hich remain difficult toaccess)E provision of medical supplies and e!uipment and an efficient referral system %ell

coordinated for an efficient response and sustainable return to recovery of the health system.

"hile the most of non4damaged 'us&esmas (community health center) and hospitals areoverloaded %ith patients# there %ere gaps also in availability of out reach services andmechanisms (mobile clinics# health volunteers) to follo% up patients %ho already dischargedfrom hospitals after receiving treatment. 1trengthening mobile services and sub4centers %ill

be one &ey aspect in the delivery and continuity of care

or specific public health problems# the need for speciali3ed care for various inuries andeventual physical rehabilitation remains a high priority. The disruption in the services inhealth facilities %ill also impact on primary health care services (e.g. antenatal care). Thesupport to the reproductive health sector is also a priority (:aternal Health# amily 'lanning#1TIs# Adolescent Reproductive Health# including prevention of *ender 0ased >iolence(*0>). Thousands of pregnant and lactating %omen and adolescents of reproductive age facethe ris& of reproductive health (RH) problems such as5 6AID1 as %ell asun%anted pregnancy due to lac& of contraceptives. 'rovision of RH services through theimplementation of the :inimum Initial 1ervice 'ac&age (:I1') for RH in emergencysituations is crucial. 'rovision of psychosocial support is

The destruction of utilities and critical infrastructure such as %ater supply also increase theris&s of communicable disease outbrea&s and thus early %arning and strengthening of


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o Integrated :obile services shall conduct systematic assessment# provisionof health services and support needed for the health facilities and affected

communities.o :anaging and coordinating field hospitals and other health serviceshendedo 1ub4health centres %ill be strengthened to deliver essential primary healthcare services

1peciali3ed care for the inured J currently estimated at around #C--o Although some inuries are minor# maor inuries numbering around ;--%ill need speciali3ed orthopaedic surgical procedures and eventual physical

rehabilitation 1trengthened surveillance and early %arning

o An early %arning system as part of the regular surveillance system needsto be %ell maintained %ith consistent reporting %ith staff and systems

Disease 'revention and /ontrol :easureso 'rimary and secondary prevention and control measures shall beimplemented an this includes ris& communication and immuni3ation

=nvironmental Health %ith a focus on %ater !uality surveillance and solid%aste managemento :echanisms for %ater !uality surveillance %ith feedbac& to healthinformation can prevent outbrea&s of %ater borne diseases common thisseason and increased in ris& post Jdisastero Re4establishing solid %aste management of health facilities %ill also beneeded

:ental and psychosocial health


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. Through coordination# mobili3e resources to build up ma&e shift health units for thedamaged health facilities to provide essential health services for the affected

communities.

1trategy

Documents

Indonesia HRNA Main Text 28oct09 (1)