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Indoor Air Pollution from Biomass Cooking in Developing CountriesCooking in Developing Countries
ProfessorProfessorDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Healthp g
March 13, 2013 Chesapeake AIHA/ ASSE Educational Seminar
The IssueThe Issue • Nearly 3 billion people in the developing world cook food and heat
their homes with traditional cook‐stoves or open firestheir homes with traditional cook stoves or open fires– Wood, animal dung, crop waste, coal, charcoal
• 4 million premature deaths occur every year due to smoke exposure from these methodsp
• Women and children are the most affected• Nearly 50% of pneumonia deaths among children under five are
due to particulate matter inhaled from indoor air pollution• More than 1 million people a year die from chronic obstructive
respiratory disease (COPD) that develop due to exposure to such indoor air pollution
Both women and men exposed to heavy indoor smoke are 2 3 times– Both women and men exposed to heavy indoor smoke are 2‐3 times more likely to develop COPD
Health Effects from Exposure to Indoor i kBiomass Smoke
• Acute Respiratory Infections in Children < 5 yearsp y y
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Women ≥ 30 years
• Lung Cancer (coal smoke)• Low Birth weight• AsthmaAsthma• Tuberculosis• Interstitial Lung Disease• Cataracts• Cardiovascular Disease• Others• Others…
Biomass Fuel CombustionBiomass Fuel Combustion
• Complex gas mixtures depending on type ofComplex gas mixtures depending on type of biomass fuel and combustion process:– Carbon monoxide– Carbon monoxide– Carbon dioxideNitrogen oxides– Nitrogen oxides
– Volatile organic compounds
P i l• Particles:– Carbon, hydrocarbons
Global Use of Biomass as cooking fuel
WHO report 2009
Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (Lancet 2012; 380: 2197–223)
Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (Lancet 2012; 380: 2224–60)
OrientationlParticulate Matter Concentration
90 ug/m3 12 ug/m3
London smog 19521 000 2 000 / 3
Indoor air in Peru10,000 – 15,000 ug/m3
1,000 – 2,000 ug/m3
Peru Study ‐ PunoPeru Study Puno
Peru StudyPeru Study
Optical Methods for Particle DetectionOptical Methods for Particle Detection
• DataRAMDataRAM
1 2
1.4Outdoor
Indoor
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
PM C
onc
(mg/
m3)
Indoor
Central Site
0
0.2
16:
34:3
0
18:
20:3
0
20:
06:3
0
21:
52:3
0
23:
38:3
0
01:
24:3
0
03:
10:3
0
04:
56:3
0
06:
42:3
0
08:
28:3
0
10:
14:3
0
12:
00:3
0
13:
46:3
0
15:
32:3
0
17:
18:3
0
19:
04:3
0
20:
50:3
0
22:
36:3
0
00:
22:3
0
02:
08:3
0
03:
54:3
0
05:
40:3
0
07:
26:3
0
09:
12:3
0
10:
58:3
0
12:
44:3
0
14:
30:3
0
16:
16:3
0
18:
02:3
0
19:
48:3
0
21:
34:3
0
23:
20:3
0
Peru Study – Indoor Particulate MatterPeru Study Indoor Particulate Matter
Home with improved cook‐stove
Mean traditional stoves – 3.4 mg/m3
Mean “improved stove” – 1.1 mg/m3
Peru StudyPeru Study
Evening Cook Time PM Levels (mg/m3) in Rural Homes
90
100
Evening Cook Time PM Levels (mg/m ) in Rural Homes (Passive MIE)
50
60
70
80
nc. (mg/m
3 )
Rural 5
l Home with
10
20
30
40
PM Con Rural 4
Rural 3
Rural 2
Rural 1
Home with improved cook‐stove
0
17:30:11
17:34:11
17:38:11
17:42:11
17:46:11
17:50:11
17:54:11
17:58:11
18:02:11
18:06:11
18:10:11
18:14:11
18:18:11
18:22:11
18:26:11
18:30:11
18:34:11
18:38:11
18:42:11
18:46:11
18:50:11
18:54:11
18:58:11
19:02:11
19:06:11
19:10:11
19:14:11
19:18:11
19:22:11
19:26:11
19:30:11
19:34:11
19:38:11
Time
Peru Study – Locally Designed ChimneyPeru Study Locally Designed Chimney
Peru Study – Chimney ImpactPeru Study Chimney Impact
Dominican Republich l k dCharcoal Smoke Study
• Investigated the effect of charcoal smokeInvestigated the effect of charcoal smoke exposure on risks of acute upper and lower respiratory infection (AURI and ALRI) amongrespiratory infection (AURI and ALRI) among children under age 18 months in Santo Domingo Dominican Republic (1991– 1992)Domingo, Dominican Republic (1991 1992)
Bautista LE Correa A Baumgartner J Breysse P Matanoski GM Indoor CharcoalBautista LE, Correa A, Baumgartner J, Breysse P, Matanoski GM. Indoor Charcoal Smoke Exposure and Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Young Children in the Dominican Republic. Am J Epidmiol, 169(5):572‐80 (2009).
Santo DomingoSanto Domingo
Santo DomingoSanto Domingo
Charcoal CookingCharcoal Cooking
Dominican Republic Study of Charcoal kCooking
Study DesignStudy Design• Participants
– Children living in households using charcoal for cooking (exposed, n =4 201)
– Age‐matched to children living in households using g g gpropane gas (nonexposed, n = 214)
• Followed for 1 year or until 2 years of age• Fuel use and new episodes of AURI and ALRI were• Fuel use and new episodes of AURI and ALRI were ascertained biweekly through interviews and medical examinationsH h ld i d i i f i bl• Household indoor‐air concentration of respirable particulate matter (RPM) was measured in a sample of follow‐up visits
Acute Lower Respiratory Infection RiskAcute Lower Respiratory Infection Risk
Risk FactorNumber of Episodes Adjusted* OR (CI)
Propane 174 1 00Propane 174 1.00Charcoal/propane 76 1.16 (0.85-1.58)Charcoal 117 1 38 (1 06 1 81)Charcoal 117 1.38 (1.06 1.81)
Particulate matter(10 µg/m3 increase) 346 1.17 (1.02-1.34)
*Age, nutritional status, crowding
Respirable PM ConcentrationsRespirable PM Concentrations
• 968 24‐hr RPM samples were collected in 186968 24 hr RPM samples were collected in 186 charcoal using houses – GM: 27 9 ug/m3– GM: 27.9 ug/m– GSD: 3.3
1 087 24 h RPM l ll t d i• 1,087 24‐hr RPM samples were collected in 203 propane using houses e collected
/ 3– GM: 16.1 ug/m3
– GSD: 3.0
ConclusionsConclusions
• Modifying indoor exposures can reduce riskModifying indoor exposures can reduce risk– Intervention trials
• Charcoal has been proposed as a less dirty• Charcoal has been proposed as a less‐dirty fuel
S ill h i ifi i k– Still has significant risks– Larger environmental footprint
d l d h• Traditional production techniques convert just 20%–25% of wood to char
Nepal Cook‐stove Intervention TrialNepal Cook‐stove Intervention Trial
Where in the world is…Where in the world is…
http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/ciamaps/in.htm
Nepal Cook‐stove Study
• Cluster‐randomized community‐Cluster‐randomized, community‐based trial of cook‐stove replacement in a rural population of southern Nepalof southern Nepal– Replacement of cook stoves in 3600 homesSurveillance continue for an– Surveillance continue for an additional 6 ‐ 18 months
– Enrollment and follow‐up of is being completedcompleted
– Measure indoor PM and CO• Seeing about a 50% reduction in PM
F di NIEHS– Funding NIEHS
Follow‐up StudiesFollow up Studies
• Global Alliance for CleanGlobal Alliance for Clean Cookstoves – Extension to the current trial by– Extension to the current trial by appending a comparison of Envirofit stove to a LPG stove on ALRI incidence
– 1600 of the households in the current trial will be enrolled
Cook‐stoves Black Carbon and Cliamte hChange
• What is Black Carbon?– Emitted from incomplete combustion of biomass fuels used for cooking
• Other sources: fossil fuels industrial sources open biomass• Other sources: fossil fuels, industrial sources, open biomass burning
– Believed to cause warming by absorbing radiation in the atmosphere and reducing snow/ice albedoatmosphere and reducing snow/ice albedo
– In South Asia, BC emission from residential biofuel cooking is largest source of BC atmospheric concentrations
– Climate implications• Weakens hydrological cycle and increases drought potential• Accelerating glacial melt via change in surface albedoAccelerating glacial melt via change in surface albedo
Early morning haze from biomass b ll h dburning – village in northern India
Adler, T. (2010). Better Burning, Better Breathing: Improving Health with Cleaner Cook Stoves, 118(3), A124‐A129.
ConclusionsConclusions
• Exploding awareness of the problemExploding awareness of the problem– US State Department
• Global Alliance for Clean CookstovesGlobal Alliance for Clean Cookstoves– Supported by the UN Foundation– The United States Government has committed more than $50
illi t th Allimillion to the Alliance – Goal ‐ 100 million homes to adopt clean and efficient stoves and fuels by 2020.
• NIH/DOE/EPA/USAID/NSF research priority
Improved Cook‐stovesImproved Cook stoves
Questions ?Questions ?
