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Industrial and Organizational PsychologyMethods For I/O Research
Copyright Paul E. Spector, All rights reserved, March 15, 2005
Research Purpose
• Solve an organizational problem
• Answer a scientific question
• Exploratory research
• Theory-testing research
Research Design Concepts
• Variables– Independent vs. dependent
• Research Setting– Field vs. Laboratory
• Generalizability
• Control
• Randomization– Random assignment
– Random selection
• Confounding
Research Designs
• Design: Structure of a scientific study
• Experiment
• Quasi-experiment
• Survey design– Cross-sectional
– Longitudinal
• Observational design– Unobtrusive method
• Qualitative study
Measurement
• Categorical vs. continuous
• Classical measurement theory– Observed = True + Error
• Reliability– Internal consistency vs. test-retest
• Validity– Face
– Content
– Criterion-related
– Construct
Statistics: Descriptives
• Most I/O research uses statistical methods
• Descriptive statistics
• Measures of central tendency– Mean, Median, and Mode
• Measures of variability– Variance and standard deviation
• Correlation– Relationship between two variables
• Regression– Mathematical function relating two variables
Plot of Two Variables Correlated At .50
Statistics: Inferential
• Inferential statistics– Drawing conclusions about relationships
• Statistical significance– Based on probability– .05 significance level by convention
• Statistical tests– Independent group t-test– Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)– Factorial ANOVA– T-test for correlation– Multiple regression
• Meta-analysis– Cumulating results across multiple studies
Ethics of Research
• General principle: Do No Harm
• Standards– American Psychological Association
– Academy of Management
• Protecting health and well-being of research participants
• Informed consent
• Confidentiality
• Ethical dilemmas– Interests of the employee vs. the organization