Industrial Hygiene - · PDF fileMKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene ... Irritant Carcinogenic – ... Standard Pendedahan Bahan Kimia Berbahaya Kepada Kesihatan) 2000

MKH1313 Industrial Hygiene
Dr. AA, 2010 1
Chemical Hazards
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Chemicals
Can be in solid, liquid or gaseous form
Can be combined to form a compound
Chemical are a fact of life All living things are built upon chemicals
In fact we depend on chemicals in our life
Air, clothing food etc
Health & safety Risk The physical form of chemicals.
One maybe harmless in solid form but toxic or flammable in vapour state etc
The way chemicals are used - ROE
Dose

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Chemical Hazards
There is no such thing as ARMLESS
CHEMICALS
There is a safe way of using and
handling chemicals
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CHEMICAL HAZARD
Health Effects Metil Isocyanate, Bhopal, India
Hexane incident, Prai, Penang
Fire and Explosion Flixborough Explosion, England, PEMEX tank Farm,
Mexico
Bright Sparklers, Sg. Buloh
Fire in Tg Langsat Tank Farm
Environmental Impact Chernobyl, Ukraine
Thinning of ozone layer due to CFC
Pulau Pangkor toxic dumping

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Video: Dealing with Chemicals
Chemical Exposures Routes of Entry
Inhalation - Lungs
Breathe 20,000 25,000 Times Per Day
At Rest Inhale 10,000 to 14,000 Liters of Air Per Day
Absorption Skin
Ingestion Digestive Tract
Injection Typically Through Sharps

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Types of Chemical Exposures
Acute Short Term
Chronic Over a Long Period of Time
Chemical Exposures May or May Not Result in Adverse Impact, Depending on the Amount of the Exposure (i.e., the Dose)
Environmental pollution
Spills and leaks, air contamination
Fire and Explosion
Legislation
CPL1997
USECHH2000 Risk Assessment: CHRA,
Control Measure: Engineering control, LEV, PPE
Chemical Management: Chemical register, disposal
Chemical monitoring, Health Surveillance
FMA Regulations FMA Reg 11 Lead
FMA Reg 12 Asbestos

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Content of USECHH 2000
Part I Preliminary
Part II Identification of Chemical Hazardous to Health
Part III Permissible Exposure Limit000
Part IV - Assessment of Risk to Health
Part V - Action to Control Exposure)
Part VI: Labelling and Relabelling
Part VII - Information, Instruction and Training
Part VIII - Monitoring of Exposure at the Place of Work
Part IX - Health Surveillance
Part X: Medical Removal Protection
Part XI: Warning Sign
Part XII: Record Keeping
Classification
Part A Physicochemical Criteria
Explosive
Oxidising
Extremely Flammable
Highly Flammable
Flammable
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Classification of Chemical Hazardous to
Health Based on Health Effect
Very Toxic
Toxic
Corrosive
Harmful
Irritant
Carcinogenic
Category 1,2,3
Mutagenic
Category 1,2,3
Terratogenic
Category 1,2
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Chemical Safety Data Sheet
CSDS is a form with data regarding the
properties of a particular substance
Also known as material safety data
sheet (MSDS)
Must be supplied by the supplier of
materials
Can also be obtained from many
sources including over the internet
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OBJECTIVE OF CSDS
CSDS assists the user in
understanding recommended safety measures and its rationale
understanding the effect of noncompliance to recommended safety measures
identifying the effect of over exposure
formulation of strategies for safe utilisation of chemicals
Mandatory Information
(1) Identiti produk kimia dan butiran tentang pembekal ;
(2) Kandungan bahan yang jelas mengenalpasti
bahan kimia berbahaya;
(3) Pengenalpastian bahaya;
(4) Langkah-langkah pertolongan cemas;
(5) Langkah-langkah pemadaman kebakaran;
(6) Langkah-langkah menghadapi pelepasan tidak
sengaja;
(7) Pengendalian dan penyimpanan
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Mandatory Information
(8) Kawalan pendedahan dan perlindungan diri;
(9) Sifat fizik dan kimia;
(10) Kestabilan dan kereaktifan;
(11) Maklumat toksikologi;
(l2) Maklumat ekologi;
(13) Maklumat pelupusan;
(14) Maklumat pengangkutan; dan
(15) Tarikh penyediaan Risalah Data Keselamatan
Kimia
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Asbestos

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Asbestos generic name for magnesium silicate that naturally exists.
Two groups: Serpentine and amphibole
Mineralogy
Fibrous silicates.
Thin crystalline fibres.
Split longitudinally.
Characteristics
Heat Resistant
High stress and flexibility properties
Good insulator
Asbestos
ASBESTOS
SERPENTINE
CHRYSOTILE (White Asbestos)
Mg3Si2O5(OH)4
AMPHIBOLE
CROCIDOLITE (Blue Asbestos)
AMOSITE (Brown Asbestos)
ACTINOLITE
ANTOPHYLLITE
TREMOLITE
A0or1B2C5T8O22(OH,F,Cl)2
A=K,Na; B=Fe,Mn,Mg,Ca; C=Al,Cr,Ti,Fe,Mg; T=Si,Al,Cr,Fe,Ti

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Type of Asbestos
Chrisotile
Chrosidolite
Amosite

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Chrysotile
(White Asbestos)
Chrysotile fibers are curly
Chrysotile is more flexible. uses as joint compound,
mud and texture coat, vinyl floor tiles, roofing tars,
fire proofing etc
Chrysotile, has been used more than any other type
and accounts for about 95% of the asbestos found in
buildings in America
Chrysotile, has been banned in dozens of countries
and is allowed in the USA and Europe in limited
circumstances.
Amosite (Brown Asbestos)
CAS No. 12172-73-5,
is a trade name for the amphiboles
commonly from Africa
One formula given for amosite is
Fe7Si8O22(OH)2.
It is found most frequently as a fire
retardant in thermal insulation products
and ceiling tiles.

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Crosidolite (Blue Asbestos)
CAS No. 12001-28-4
found primarily in southern Africa and
Australia
One formula given for crocidolite is
Na2Fe2+
3Fe3+
2Si8O22(OH)2
Commonly occurs as soft friable fibers
Examples of Application

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Exposure
Inhalation
- Fibre: type, size, dosage
- duration of exposure
- biological reaction of respiratory
system
Ingestion - minor
Health Hazards
Due to:
(i) fibrous nature
(ii) durability in lung (durability blue > brown > white.)
Health Effects Lung
Asbestosis
Lung Cancer
Mesothelioma
pneumonia
Other systems Cancer - gaster, kidney

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Health Effect of Asbestos
Asbestosis
Asbestosis is a breathing disorder caused by inhaling asbestos fibers chronic inflammatory of parenchymal tissue
scarring of lungs
reduced lung function
can cause death
high concentration and time.
Symptoms Shortness of breath
Respiratory failure (advanced case)

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Pleural Plaques
This is the least harmful form of asbestos condition,
not fatal
It is thickening of pleura
Plaques are marks on the lining of the lung which are
visible on x-ray
In many cases you will not be aware that you have
them union or seek advice from a solicitor
experienced in asbestos litigation
Mesothelioma cancer that occurs in the thin layer of cells lining the
bodys internal organs, known as the mesothelium.
There are three recognized types of mesothelioma. Pleural mesothelioma is the most common form of the disease,
accounting for roughly 70% of cases, and occurs in the lining of the lung known as the pleura.
Peritoneal mesothelioma occurs in the lining of the abdominal cavity, known as the peritoneum
pericardial mesothelioma originates in the pericardium, which lines the heart.
rare, most associated with asbestos
invariably fatal
associated with low exposures as well
latency 15-50 years
blue and brown most potent.
http://www.mesothelioma.com/pleural.htmhttp://www.mesothelioma.com/peritoneal.htmhttp://www.mesothelioma.com/pericardial.htm

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Lung Cancer
Lung Cancer ( Bronchial carcinoma ) mainly associated with high exposures to asbestos
all typ

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Industrial Hygiene - · PDF fileMKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene ... Irritant Carcinogenic – ... Standard Pendedahan Bahan Kimia Berbahaya Kepada Kesihatan) 2000