Presentation By: Donald E. Yuhas Ph.D.Phone: (630) 236-5901Email: Dyuhas@imsysinc.comWebsite: http://www.imsysinc.com

Co-Authors: Mark J Mutton BSEED. Greg Walker PhD

Peter L. Schmidt PhDDan Rabin DSWCDD

Industrial Measurement Systems, Inc.2760 Beverly DriveAurora, IL 60502

1

Improved Gun SafetyAuto ignition or “cook-off”is one of the most serious safety concerns when firing large caliber guns. Researchers inability to perform measurements at locations where they are needed

2

Velocity of Sound is a Function of Temperature

3

SteelVelocity Coefficient = -155 ppm/oC

5.60

5.65

5.70

5.75

5.80

5.85

5.90

5.95

6.00

6.05

0 200 400 600 800Temperature (F)

Velo

city

(Km

/sec

)

Temperature LocalizationPrecise Timing Measurements to Measure Temperature & Erosion

Echoes from Rifled Section

-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2

00.20.40.60.8

25 25.5 26 26.5Time (Microseconds)

Am

plitu

de (V

olts

)

Determining Inner Chamber Surface Temperature

Change of Echo Separation (Velocity Temperature Coefficient) X (Echo Separation)

4

Multiple Successful Live Fire Trials

NETS (Non-Intrusive Erosion and Temperature Sensor) prototype installed on the MK45 MOD 4 Gun at NSWCDD and NLOS-C at Yuma, Az. For live fire experiments in 2005-2007

Accurate Internal Temperature Measurement

Transient Temperature Measurement

Off-line Heat Flux Calculations

5

Local & Average barrel Temperature for 40 Firings of Mark 45 Mod 4 Gun

6

Trial 3 Combined Avg. Barrel & Rifled Region

100

150

200

250

300

110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120

Time (Minutes)

Tem

pera

ture

(F)

Long Term Stability

Echoes from Rifled Section

-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2

00.20.40.60.8

25 25.5 26 26.5Time (Microseconds)

Am

plitu

de (V

olts

)

Ultrasonic Temperature for Two Firings of Mark 45 Mod 4 Gun Normalized to 70 degrees Fahrenheit.

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Typical ResponseE c h o e s fr o m R ifle d S e c tio n

-0 .8-0 .6-0 .4-0 .2

00 .20 .40 .60 .8

25 25 .5 26 26 .5T im e (M ic ro s e c o n d s )

Am

plitu

de (V

olts

)

8

Ultrasonic Sensors

High Speed Data Acquisition

High Bandwidth Ultrasonic Instrumentation

High Speed Data transfer/Storage

Independent Temperature Sensor /Normalization

Cooperative/Characterized Materials

Essential Components

Rapid Response (no lag/lead)

Technology offers the potential for temperature measurement on amicrosecond timeframe.

(Graphic depicts Ultrasonic Temperature data collected every 200 usec.) 9

Surface Temperature & Heat FluxThe Integral relation between ultrasonic time-of-flight and temperature is advantageous for inversion methods)

10

( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) ξξθξ

ξδθξα dc

xGx

∫+

=0 ,

12

Depth

TC

UTTemperature

Surface Temperature & Heat Flux

11

Depth

Temperature @ to

Inverse methods applied to ultrasonic data can be used to

determine surface temperature and heat flux

Temperature @ t1

Temperature @ t2Depth

Depth

Comparison of Remote Ultrasonic and Intrusive Thermocouple Data

12

IR on

IR off

Invasive Coaxial-Thermocouple

Ultrasonic Sensor

IR Source25 mm

Comparison of Remote Ultrasonic and Intrusive Thermocouple Data

13

a)

b)

Surface Temperature Estimates Independent of Heat Flux Functional Form

Ultrasonic Temperature and Heat Flux Sensor

Gun Safety and Research

Casting/molding Heat Transfer Studies

Combustion Chamber Instabilities

Jet Engines

Hypersonic Aeroshells

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Temperature

Erosion

Transient Temperature

Non-Intrusive Direct Measurment

At Sea MeasurementContinuously Monitor

Non-Intrusive High Speed Measurements

Remote sensing in harsh environments

Long term integrity reliability

Very Rapid Remote measurements to aid

in R/D

Heat FluxNon-Intrusive High Speed Response

Instantaneous Response to Flow

AttributesFeatures, Advantages, and Benefit of the Ultrasonic Technology

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Summary:• Local temperature measurements in live fire experiments on MK 45 Mod 4 and NLOS C Platforms• Rapid response (no lag)• Single reflector Inversions for surface temperature and heat flux estimates.

NEXT STEP:• Improve Inversion Methods• Alternate Structures• Alternate Materials• Incorporate Direct-Deposited Sensors • More Extensive Field Testing

Ultrasonic Temperature and Heat Flux Sensor

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Non-destructive nature of the measurements allows for easyimplementation without disruption to ongoing tests.

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Sensor

Inner race

Balls

CageOuter race

Temperature Measurements in Inaccessible Places

Thanks For Listening!

Donald E. Yuhas Ph.D.

President

DYuhas@imsysinc.com

Mark J. Mutton BSEE

R & D Engineer

MMutton@imsysinc.com

Industrial Measurement Systems, Inc.2760 Beverly Dr. Aurora, IL 60504

Force Modulator Test In 300-Ton Clearing Press

Pressure vs. Stroke (inches)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Stroke (inches)

High

Pre

ssu r

e (P

si)

Cylinder #1 High Pressure Chamber

Cylinder #2 High Pressure Chamber

Slide Contacts Binder Ring

(Aerodraulic Cylinder)

Press Bottom Dead

Center, Return Delay

Predetermined By

Customer

6.3

5.5

4.0

5.04.7

Tonn

age

Tighter Mfg. Tolerance

Will Reduce Fluctuation

Initial Slide Shock Absorbed

Ultrasonic Temperature and Heat Flux Sensor Technology

0 0.5 1 1.5

0

5

10

15x 10

7

Time (s)

Hea

t Flu

x (W

/m2 )

Mach 6 Wind Tunnel

20

Ultrasonic Sensor 

Ultrasonic Sensor 

Mark 45 Mod 5

100KW/m^2 140MW/m^2

Inverse Solution

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Three Thermocouples Vs Time of flight of ultrasonic pulse

Temperature/Time-of-flight LogStep discontinuity

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140Time (minutes)

Tem

pera

ture

(F)

434

438

442

446

450

Del

ta T

rans

it Ti

me

(nan

osec

)

T 1T2T4delta tt

22

23

RTD (T1)

TOP (T5)

Middle (T4)

Lower (T3)

In-Wall RTD 0.05” from Heated Surface

Bottom (T2)

IR Source

25 mm

Insulation

Steel

Sample

Ultrasonic Sensor

b)

25 mm

Insulation

Steel

Sample

Coax Thermocouple

a)

25 mm

Insulation

Steel

SampleCoax Thermocouple

a)