Industrial relationsJackie MORINEuropean Commission

Increase in EU Population during past enlargements

Absolute (in 1,000)

Relative (% of EU)

1973 Denmark, Ireland and the UK 9 64,228 30.8

1981 Greece 10 9,701 3.5

1986 Spain and Portugal 12 48,515 16.7

1995 Austria, Finland and Sweden 15 21,859 6.2

2004

Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia

25 74,142 19.3

2007 Bulgaria and Romania 27 29,244 6.3

Increase in EU population (at time of accession)

Year of accession

Acceding countriesNumber of EU Member States after accession

From 6 to 27 members and beyond

Potential further enlargements

Averages for the diverse EU enlargements

EU61960-71

EU91972-84

EU121985-94

EU151995-03

EU252004-06

Union density (%) 29.5 39.1 31.6 27.8 24.4

Union centralisation (0-1) 0.483 0.445 0.409 0.471 0.369

Sectoral bargaining (0-2) 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.2

Bargaining coverage (%) 74.7 74.5 74 75.9 62.5

Wage coordination (1-5) 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.4 2.8

Works councils (0-2) 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5

Consultation (0-2) 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.3 0.9

Social pacts (% MS with pacts)

0.0 17.1 27.5 31.9 16.7

The Europeanisation of industrial relations

Chart 1.5: Union density in the EU, the USA and Japan

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

USA Japan EU15 EU27

Chart 1.6: Bargaining coverage rates EU, USA and Japan

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

USA Japan EU15 EU27

Social Agenda

Social realities – Facts

EU per capita € 23.000

6.5 million new jobs in the last two years. An increase in productivity growth for the first time in 10 years. Unemployment the lowest in 25 years. Unemployment among 25 to 64-year-olds just 4.7%, compared with 11.2% for those with only a lower secondary education.

Millions of vacancies in Europe are unfilled because there are not enough people with the right skills to fill them.

New workforce and skills from EU12

Social realities - Challenges

78 million people at risk and 8% working poor

Unequal access to schooling, training, health care, housing, quality jobs

40% of all contracts “a-typical” and this concerns most jobs created since 2000 especially for young people, women and/or migrants

Limited mobility

MS’ policies towards workers from NMS

Restrictions

Free access

EU 10

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

BE

DK

DE

IE

EL

ES

FR

IT

NL

AT

FI

SE

UK

Resident foreign nationals from EU10 (% of total population)

A contrasted reality

Median age of the EU will increase between 2004 and 2050 from 39 to 49

Old-age dependency ratio, will rise from 25% presently up to 53% in 2050

Dürers mother Sophia Lorenwith 63 years with 63 years

Perception & citizens concerns

• Focus on personal well being (health, family, friends), less on collective interest (helping others, religion, politics)

• Future concerns: unemployment, environment, education, pensions

• People’s lives in 20 years’ time? Worse according to 49% EU respondents (38% better)

The EU in the world

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

CN IN EU-27 US RUS J P

Population in millions, 2005

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

EU-27 US JP CN RUS

GDP in millions of euro, 2005

0

20

40

60

80

100

CN US RUS JP UE27

Médailles d’Or 2008

European Social Policy

EuropeanSocialFunds

LegislationMobility

Gender equalityWorking conditionsHealth and Safety

Open Method of Coordination

EmploymentSocial protection

EuropeanSocial

Dialogue

SocialAgenda

European Commission

New Social Agenda

DirectivesEuropean Works Council

Principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation

Maritime Labour ConventionApplication of patients' rights in cross-border healthcare

CommunicationsNon-discrimination and equal opportunities

Solidarity in the face of change: The European Globalisation Adjustment Fund (EGF) in 2007

Improving competences for the 21st Century

Working documentsThe role of transnational company agreements

Restructuring and EmploymentReport on the implementation of the European

social partners' Framework Agreement on TeleworkFirst biennial report on the situation of social

services of general interest in the EU

European actionon IR

ART 138 of the Treaty

The Commission has a responsibility to promote consultation of the social partners

at community level and to take every useful measure to facilitate their dialogue,

taking care to ensure a balanced support of both sides.

The Commission consults social partners first

Social partners can engage into a dialogue

ART 138 of the Treaty

The Commission has a responsibility to promote consultation of the social partners

at community level and to take every useful measure to facilitate their dialogue,

taking care to ensure a balanced support of both sides.

The Commission consults social partners first

Social partners can engage into a dialogue

ART 139 of the Treaty

The Community level dialogue between the social partners can lead,

if they wish it, to contractual relations, including agreements.

The implementation can be made either by an EU instrument or through

national channels

ART 139 of the Treaty

The Community level dialogue between the social partners can lead,

if they wish it, to contractual relations, including agreements.

The implementation can be made either by an EU instrument or through

national channels

New Article 152

The Union recognises and promotes the role of the social partners at its level, taking into account the diversity of national systems.

It shall facilitate dialogue between the social partners, respecting their autonomy.The Tripartite Social Summit for Growth and Employment

shall contribute to social dialogue.

New Article 152

The Union recognises and promotes the role of the social partners at its level, taking into account the diversity of national systems.

It shall facilitate dialogue between the social partners, respecting their autonomy.The Tripartite Social Summit for Growth and Employment

shall contribute to social dialogue.

Role and importance of social dialogue at EU level

Role and importance of social dialogue at EU level

What forms does the European Social Dialogue take?

“Val Duchesse” Social Dialogue

Sectoral socialdialogue

committees

TR

IPA

RTIT

EB

IPA

RTIT

E Transnationalagreements

Tripartite Social Summit

Macroeconomic dialogueDialogue on education

Dialogue on employment

Cross industry Sectoral Company

Auto

nom

ou

s

European Commission

High levelgroups

The different roles of the social partners

Member States EU

I. Veto power a. lobbying Pressure of main employers organisation VNO-NCW to change existing EPL in NL

ETUC campaign to change draft Service Directive

b. social pacts for example in IE, SI or FI

2. Collective bargaining

(and as a weaker form: joint guidelines / benchmarking)

a. autonomous Danish collective agreements, including “social plans” and EPL elements; Dutch collective agreements over flexicurity and agency work

Framework Agreements on Telework; Work-Related Stress; Violence and Sexual harassment

b. sponsored 2003 Agreement on Vocational Training and Individual Training Rights in FR

Framework Agreements on Parental Leave, Part-time and Fixed-Term

c. dependent Belgian biennial agreements since 1997; national agreements to implement the EU Framework Agreement on Telework

(Union Guidelines for coordinated bargaining agenda’s in context of EMU)

3. Implementation a. co-management Swedish Labour Market Board

b. advise Consultation over setting of minimum wages in most Member States

Social Partner advisory role in EU social security coordination for migrants

Since 1999 – Forum for synchronizing wage policy with monetary policy

Macro-economic dialogue

Coun

cilCoun

cil

EBCEBCCOM

COM

ETUC

ETUC BEBE

Since 2003 – Lisbon Strategy

Tripartite social Summit

Presiden

cy

Presiden

cy COMCOM

ETUC

ETUC BEBE

CECEurocadres

CECEurocadres

UEA

PM

EUEA

PM

E

CEEPCEEP

Secto

rsS

ecto

rs

Since 1985 – Val Duchesse

Bipartite dialogue

Union

s

Union

s

Unions

Unions Unio

ns

Unions

Empl

Empl

Emp

l

Emp

lEmpl

Empl

SSDC – Quantitative evolution

05

1015202530354045

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Gas

Catering

Shipbuilding

Local government

Audiovisual

Chemical

industry

Hospitals

Steel

Football

Sea transportRoad transportCivil aviation

Inland navigationRailways

ElectricityGas

Personal servicesCleaning industryPrivate security

Live performanceAudiovisual

Textile/clothingTanning/leather

Footwear

TelecommunicationsPostal services

AgricultureExtractive Industry

Sea fishingSea Ports

HorecaCatering Commerce

BankingInsurance

Construction

Chemical

WoodworkingFurniture

Sugar

Temporary agency work

36 Sectoral SD Committees

SteelShipbuildingAutomobile

Non ferrous metalMetal sector

SportFootball

Professional cycling

HospitalsLocal government

Central administrationEducation

Main issues at sectoral level

Inland waterwaysNegotiation on Working time

Inland waterwaysNegotiation on Working time

HairdressersDiscussion on

Skills certificate

HairdressersDiscussion on

Skills certificate

SteelJoint position onClimate change

SteelJoint position onClimate change

HospitalsNeedle stick injuries

HospitalsNeedle stick injuries

Chemical IndustryEmission trading

RegimFIA’s

Chemical IndustryEmission trading

RegimFIA’s

TanningAgreement on social

reporting

TanningAgreement on social

reporting

Multi sectoral1/3 parties violencePublic procurementsMobility passports

Multi sectoral1/3 parties violencePublic procurementsMobility passports

AgricultureAgripass / Mobility

AgricultureAgripass / Mobility

4 Agreements establishing minimum standards

implemented by Council decision

• European agreement on the organisation of working time of seafarers, 1998

• European agreement on the organisation of working time of mobile workers in civil aviation, 2000

• Agreement on certain aspects of the working conditions of mobile workers assigned to interoperable cross-border services, 2005

• Agreement on the maritime labour convention, 2008

European Commission

2 Autonomous Agreements establishing minimum standards implemented by the procedures

and practices specific to management and labour and the

Member States

• Agreement on the European licence for drivers carrying out a cross-border interoperability service, 2004

• Social Dialogue Agreement on Crystalline Silica, 2006Implementation reports

by the social partners

Main issues at cross-industry level

Implementationof previousagreements

Stress at work

Harassment and violence

Implementationof previousagreements

Stress at work

Harassment and violence

Seminars onrestructuring

Seminars onrestructuring

Capacity Building programme

Capacity Building programme

Framework ofAction on

employment

Framework ofAction on

employment

Negotiation 2008Inclusive labour market

(autonomous agreement)

Negotiation 2008Inclusive labour market

(autonomous agreement)

Negotiation 2008

Revision of Parental Leave Agreement /

Directive

Negotiation 2008

Revision of Parental Leave Agreement /

Directive

3 Agreements establishing minimum standards

implemented by Council decision

• Framework agreement on parental leave, 1995

• Framework agreement on part-time work, 1997

• Framework agreement on fixed-term work, 1999

• Parental leave revision

European Commission

3 Autonomous Agreements establishing minimum standards implemented by the procedures

and practices specific to management and labour and the

Member States

• Framework agreement on telework, 2002

• Agreement on Stress at work, 2004

• Harassement and violence at work, 2007

• Inclusive Labour Markets

Implementation reports by the social partners

Telework

• First autonomous agreement (July 2002)

• Reference to Article 139• General framework of rules

for telework (equal rights, voluntary character, data protection, privacy, equipment, health and safety, training etc.)

• Implementation by members of signatory parties (3 year period)

28 June 2006 - Adoption of the report on the implementation of the agreement

2003 - 2005 - Implementation & regular reporting

16 July 2002 - Signature of the framework agreement on Telework

12 Nov. 2001 - Opening of the negotiations

20 Sept 2001 - Social partners announced their intention to start negotiations

16 March 2001 – Launch of the 2d phase of consultation

20 June 2000 – Launch of the first phase of consultation by the Commission

Consultationphase

Negotiationphase

Implementationphase

July 2008 – Commission working paper on teleworkPromotion

phase

The process on telework

Choice of instrumentsCollective

agreements (incl. sectoral – DK)

Other agreements (recommendations

to lower levels)

Guidelines, recommendations

Legislation

Other

No implementation

Variations across the member StatesModels or clusters of Industrial

relations« North »Organise

d corporati

sm

« Centre »Social

partnership

« South »State

centred

« West »Liberal

« Transit »

Mixed

Union density (%) 74.7 35.4 20.2 33.9 22.8

Centralisation 0.476 0.538 0.378 0.370 0.318

Bargaining coverage (%) 86.8 82.8 75.4 35.3 34.5

Employer density 58.0 72.7 65.8 47.5 28.4

Sectoral organisation (0-2) 2.0 1.8 1.2 0.5 0.7

Employee representation 2.0 2.0 1.6 0.8 0.9

Concertation 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.5 0.8

EU Support tools

EU exchanges – link between european and nationalLevels – Expertise, information, training

Budget lines 04.03.03.01 and 04.03.03.02

EU exchanges – link between european and nationalLevels – Expertise, information, training

Budget lines 04.03.03.01 and 04.03.03.02

National capacity reinforcementESF – Article 5.3

http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/esf/index_en.htm

National capacity reinforcementESF – Article 5.3

http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/esf/index_en.htm

More Information … EUROPA website for social dialogue

http://ec.europa.eu/socialdialogue

More Information … EUROPA website for social dialogue

http://ec.europa.eu/socialdialogue

European Commission