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Industrial Revolution & Social Reform
APUSH – Chapters 12/13
Transportation RevolutionPages 385-390
• Significance and Impacts of:– Roads– Canals and Steamboats– Railroads
• Overall Impact of Transportation Revolution
First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.connected most major cities.
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s
Roads
• Positives– Linked communities– Increased trade and
market opportunities
– Supported expansion
– Supported a national identity
• Negatives– Slow & expensive to
build and maintain– Slow & dangerous
for travel and trade– At the mercy of the
weather!!
Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System
Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s
Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Begun in 1817; completed in 1825
Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermont
Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840
Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates
Clipper ShipsClipper Ships
Water Transportation
• Positives– Faster, less
expensive than roads
– Increased movement and settlement of Americans
– Growth of new cities
– Employment
• Negatives– Dangerous work– Spread of disease– Potentially
dangerous travel – explosions, sinking, etc.
The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR
By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]
TheRailroad
Revolution,1850s
TheRailroad
Revolution,1850s
Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the No. built the No. RRs.RRs.
Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the So. built the So. RRs.RRs.
Railroads
• Positives– Ultimately cheaper
and faster– Huge investment
opportunity– Creation of
dependent industries
• Iron & steel manufacturing
• Coal production
• Negatives– Inconsistent
development• Gauge issues• Regional issues
– Lack of government regulation or control
– Labor shortages
COMMUNICATIONIMPROVEMENTS
Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,
1858
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable,
1858
Impacts of Transportation Revolution
1. Expansion of markets2. Huge increase in foreign investment3. Stimulated invention and innovation4. Increased population movement5. Reduced cost of goods6. Increased availability of goods7. Expansion of national identity8. Spread of disease
Market RevolutionPages 390-396
• Causes• Putting-Out System
– Changes– Impacts
• Commercial Agriculture– Changes– Impacts
• Role of Samuel Slater
Putting-Out System
• The putting-out system was the production of goods in private homes under the supervision of a merchant who "put out" the raw materials, paid a certain sum per finished piece, and sold the completed item to a distant market.
Impacts of the ‘New’ Putting-Out System
• How does this system change?– DIVISION OF LABOR
• How does this impact both the worker and the employer? – Worker has to work by the ‘clock’ with
performance expectations– Employer has to plan at a larger scale to
maximize efficiencies
Market Revolution
• Why is this called a revolution?Most fundamental change in American communities
• What three things caused it?– Transportation revolution– Commercialization – Cash Market– Industrialization
Causes of Rapid IndustrializationCauses of Rapid Industrialization
1.1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. Machines to improve or 1850s. Machines to improve or replace muscle power.replace muscle power.
2.2. The Railroad fueled the growing US The Railroad fueled the growing US economy:economy:
First big business in the US.First big business in the US. The key to opening the West.The key to opening the West. Aided the development of other Aided the development of other
industries.industries.
1.1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. Machines to improve or 1850s. Machines to improve or replace muscle power.replace muscle power.
2.2. The Railroad fueled the growing US The Railroad fueled the growing US economy:economy:
First big business in the US.First big business in the US. The key to opening the West.The key to opening the West. Aided the development of other Aided the development of other
industries.industries.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try
anything.anything.
They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, theninnovators.innovators.
1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.
1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “
American System
• Interchangeable Parts– Allows for mass production by unskilled
labor– Allows for replacement of broken or
malfunctioning parts vs. entire unit– Reduces cost of goods– Increase quantity and variety of goods
available
Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory
Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle
OliverEvansOliverEvans
First prototype of the First prototype of the locomotivelocomotive
First automated First automated flour millflour mill
John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)
John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:
1831
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:
1831
Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860
Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860
Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory
System”)
Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory
System”)
Entrance Card
1. Describe the impact of technology on agriculture (one positive, one negative)
2. In three words (or so) describe the new changes to the “putting-out system”
3. In two words (or so) describe the “American system”
4. What was the most important result of the “American system”?
Mills and Early Union Movements Pages 396-
403• Lowell Mill
– Significance– Role of women
• American System– Significance
• Social impact of factory work• Early Labor Unions
New EnglandTextile
Centers:
1830s
New EnglandTextile
Centers:
1830s
New England Dominance in Textiles
New England Dominance in Textiles
The Lowell/Waltham System:
First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
The Lowell/Waltham System:
First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814
Lowell in 1850Lowell in 1850
Lowell MillLowell Mill
Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom
Starting for LowellStarting for Lowell
Lowell GirlsLowell Girls
What was their typical What was their typical “profile?”“profile?”
Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell
Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses
What was boardinghouse life What was boardinghouse life like?like?
Lowell Mills Time Table
Lowell Mills Time Table
Mill Workers vs. Other Jobs
• 12 hour work day (Monday – Friday)– ½ hour for breakfast– ¾ hour for lunch
• 10 – 12 work day (Saturday)
• Wages per week– Children (4-10) $1– Young women $3– Men $6
• Wages for Other Jobs per week– Skilled Labor $9– Male Teacher $4– Female Teacher $2– Farm Labor North -
$3– Farm Labor South -
$2
A Lowell Girl Tells Her Story
• Partner Up!• Annotate the document using the
guide on the next slide• One partner answers question 1• One partner answers question 2• Turn in one sheet per pair
Annotation• Underline the text’s main idea (there may
be one main idea in the entire text, or a main idea in each paragraph/section break)
• Place an next to each sub-topic in the text
• Place a next to all of the supporting details for each main idea or sub-topic
I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes
I’m a Factory Girl Filled with WishesI'm a factory girlI'm a factory girl
Everyday filled with fearEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!Wishing for windows!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!Wishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!Wishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!Making me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlgirlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!
The Early Union MovementThe Early Union Movement
Workingman’s Party (1829)Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and and others in New York City. others in New York City.Early unions were usually local, Early unions were usually local, social, and weak.social, and weak.
Worker political parties were Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil ineffective until the post-Civil War period.War period.
Commonwealth v. HuntCommonwealth v. Hunt (1842)(1842)
• The Court established that trade unions were not necessarily criminal or conspiring organizations if they did not advocate violence or illegal activities in their attempts to gain recognition through striking.
• This legalized the existence of trade organizations, though trade unions would continue to be harassed legally through anti-trust suits and injunctions.
Early “Union” Newslett
er
Early “Union” Newslett
er
The Factory Girl’s GarlandThe Factory Girl’s Garland
February 20, 1845 issueFebruary 20, 1845 issue
Partner UP!
• Make a quick list explaining the:
1. Impact of Industrial Revolution on:– Class
2. New middle class – What is it?1. How does the IR impact middle class
families?
3. “American Dream” – What is it?
Social Class / Transcendentalism
Pages 404-411• Impact of Industrial Revolution on:
– Class– Religion– Families– Children
• Transcendentalism– What? Why? Who?
Distribution of WealthDistribution of Wealthv During the American During the American
Revolution,Revolution,45% of all wealth was in the 45% of all wealth was in the top 10% of the population.top 10% of the population.
v 1845 Boston 1845 Boston top 4% owned top 4% owned overover 65% of the wealth. 65% of the wealth.v 1860 Philadelphia 1860 Philadelphia top 1% top 1% ownedowned over 50% of the wealth. over 50% of the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor The gap between rich and poor waswas widening! widening!
Wealth and Class • The market revolution created a
social order with class mobility.– Development of a ‘middle class’
• The middle class changed their old attitudes by:– emphasizing sobriety and steadiness
(Puritan work ethic)– removing themselves from the rowdy
working class (Puritan values)
z Regarding material advance as the Regarding material advance as the natural fruit of American natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise.country’s virtue and promise.
z Summary – work hard and good Summary – work hard and good things will happen!things will happen!
The “American Dream”The “American Dream”
A German visitor in the 1840s, A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:Friedrich List, observed:
Anything new is quickly introduced Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an old ways. The moment an American hears the word American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.“invention,” he pricks up his ears.
Sentimentalism• Definition: The excessive expression of
feelings of tenderness, sadness, or nostalgia in behavior, writing, or speech – Sentimentalism became more concerned
with maintaining social codes and traditions (the good old days….)
Transcendentalism and Self-Reliance
• The intellectual reassurance for middle-class morality came from writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson.
• Transcendentalist writers Henry David Thoreau and Margaret Fuller emphasized individualism and communion with nature.
Coming to Terms with the New Age
Chapter 13
ImmigrationPages 418-429
• Patterns– Reasons for immigration
• Irish Immigration vs. German Immigration– Similarities– Differences
• Urbanization– Issues
US Population
• 18107.2 mil• 18209.6 mil• 183012.9 mil• 184017 mil• 185023.2 mil• 186031.4 mil
– IN 50 YEARS THE POPULATION QUADRUPLED**
Population Issues
• Current developed nations grow at less than 1% annually– US average >3% annually from 1810-
1860– Causes?
• Immigration / Longer Life Span
• Issues from rapid growth?• PUSH Immigration?• PULL Immigration?
Types of Immigration
• PUSH– Factors that caused people to leave
• War, famine, poverty, religious or political persecution
• PULL– Factors that attract people to a new
country• Job opportunities, religious or political
freedoms, family
American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1860
American Population Centers in 1860
National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860
National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860
Why now?Why now?
Immigration Issues
• Assimilation - to absorb into the culture or mores (morally binding customs) of a population or group
• Jobs & Communities & Politics– Menial, manual labor– Ethnic neighborhoods– Food for the political machine
Nativists• Nativist Parties and Social Groups developed in
the late 1830s to preserve America for Americans!– WHY?
• Anti-Catholic• Economic competition
Current Status• An immigration reductionism movement formed
in the 1970s and continues to the present day. Prominent members often press for massive, sometimes total, reductions in immigration levels.
• American nativist sentiment experienced a resurgence in the late 20th century, this time directed at illegal aliens.
Native Views on Immigration
Native Views on Immigration
Native Views on Immigration
Political Machines / Revivalism
Pages 433-438• Growth of Machine Politics
– What– Who– Where & Why– Impacts
• Characteristics of the Reform Movements
• Education Reform– Who, What, Why, Impact
Political Machines
• A political machine is a party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives (money, political jobs) and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity.
• GOAL = Obtain and maintain power through elections ***WHY?
• $$$$$$$$ and BENEFITS
• FUEL = Immigrants
Tammany Hall
• Beginning in late 1845, millions of Irish immigrants began arriving in New York. Equipped with a knowledge of English, very tight loyalties, a taste for politics, and what critics said was a propensity to use violence to control the polls, the Irish quickly dominated Tammany.
WILLIAM ‘BOSS’ TWEED
Political Machine Cartoon• Political cartoons express
the cartoonist’s opinion on a current issue through images and words
• Cartoons contain some or all of the following artistic devices:– Important people– Symbols– Exaggerated details– Labels that identify parts
of the cartoon– Voice or thought bubbles– A caption
**In 1844, 135% of the eligible voters turned out to vote. **
16H
Comparison to Chicago
• Chicago's large immigrant population made it easier for political machines to grow in power.
• The city's last Republican mayor left office in 1931. Today, not even the Democratic primaries are competitive—for the most part, once you're in office, you stay there.
• Between 1995 and 2004, 469 politicians from the federal district of Northern Illinois were found guilty of corruption. The only districts with higher tallies were central California (which includes L.A.), and southern Florida (which includes Miami).
Political Reform
• Although the public gradually became aware of rampant political corruption in the mid 1800s – no serious reform occurred until the 1870s
The Second GreatAwakening
The Second GreatAwakening
“Spiritual Reform From Within”
[Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Asylum &Penal
Reform
Education
Women’s Rights
Abolitionism
Educational ReformEducational Reform
Religious Training Secular Education
MA always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.
By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites.
* Approximately 50% attended school * US had one of the highest literacy rates
(whites – 80%)
“Father of American Education”
Horace Mann (1796-1859)
Horace Mann (1796-1859)
BELIEFS• children were clay in the
hands of teachers and school officials
• children should be “molded” into a state of perfection
• discouraged corporal punishment
• established state teacher-training programs
• GOAL = Create informed citizens
Education
• What should a public education provide?
Mann & Webster
“The scientific or literary well-being of a community,” wrote Mann, “is to be estimated not so much by possessing a few men of great knowledge, as its having many men of competent knowledge.”
Noah Webster’s work An American Dictionary of the English Language was the largest and most comprehensive dictionary of its day. It was also the firstdictionary to represent distinctly American usage of English.
The McGuffey Eclectic Readers
The McGuffey Eclectic Readers
Used religious parables to teach “American values.” Teach middle class morality and respect for order. Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)
R3-8
Review Card – Don’t Use Notes (7 words)
1. What’s the purpose of a political machine?
2. How do immigrants benefit from the machine?
3. What were the goals of the Reform movement?
4. What was the goal of public education?
Lots of Movements and IdeasPages 438-442
• Temperance– Issues
• Social Reforms– Prostitution– Prison Reform
• Issues / Advocates
• Utopian Communities– Why, Who
• Mormons– Who, Why, Where & Impacts
Temperance MovementTemperance Movement
Frances WillardThe Beecher Family
1826 - American Temperance Society
“Demon Rum”!
R1-6
Annual Consumption of Alcohol
Annual Consumption of Alcohol
Who wasThe Pres?
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
From the first glass to the grave, 1846
Social Reform Prostitution
The “Fallen Woman”
Social Reform Prostitution
The “Fallen Woman”Sarah Ingraham
(1802-1887)
1835 Advocate of Moral Reform
Female Moral Reform Society focusedon the customers and the employers, not the girls.
R2-1
“Separate Spheres” Concept
“Separate Spheres” Concept“Cult of
Domesticity”A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was arefuge from the cruel world outside). Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family.
An 1830s MA minister:The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!
Penitentiary ReformPenitentiary Reform
Dorothea Dix
ISSUES:1. No separation of mental illness vs. criminal2. Cruel, inhumane, and unsanitary conditions
Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849
Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849
Utopian CommunitiesUtopian Communities
Secular Utopian Communities
Secular Utopian Communities
IndividualFreedom
Demands ofCommunity Life
spontaneity
self-fulfillment
discipline
organizationalhierarchy
Shaker MeetingShaker Meeting
The Oneida Community
New York, 1848
The Oneida Community
New York, 1848
John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)
Millenarianism --> the 2nd coming of Christ had already occurred.
Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past.• all residents married to each other.
• carefully regulated “free love.”
Brook FarmWest Roxbury, MA
George Ripley (1802-1880)
George Ripley (1802-1880)
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Utopian Socialist
“Village of Cooperation”
Original Plans for New Harmony, IN
Original Plans for New Harmony, IN
New Harmony in 1832
New Harmony, IN
New Harmony, IN
The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints)
The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints)
Joseph Smith (1805-1844)
1823 Golden Tablets
1830 Book of Mormon
1844 Murdered in Carthage, IL
Structure of Mormon Community
• theocracy a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)
• polygamy having more than one spouse at a time
• Priority is the community not the individual (un-American?)
Violence Against MormonsViolence Against Mormons
The Mormon “Trek”The Mormon “Trek”
The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints)
The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints)
Deseret community.
Salt Lake City, Utah
Brigham Young(1801-1877)
Women’s RightsPages 446-448
• Women’s Rights– Issues– Actions
Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
Cult of Domesticity = SlaveryThe 2nd Great Awakening inspired
women to improve society.
Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké
Southern Abolitionists
Lucy Stone
American Women’sSuffrage Assoc.
edited Woman’s Journal
R2-9
Early 19c WomenEarly 19c Women1. Unable to vote.2. Legal status of a minor.3. Single could own her own
property.4. Married no control over
herproperty or her children.
5. Could not initiate divorce.6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a
contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.
Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights1840 split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it.
London World Anti-Slavery Convention
Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments
Seneca Falls Convention
• Declaration of Sentiments"We are assembled to protest against a form of
government existing without the consent of the governed - to declare our right to be free as man is free, to be represented in the government which we are taxed to support, to have such disgraceful laws as give man the power to chastise and imprison his wife, to take wages which she earns, the property which she inherits, and, in case of separation, the children of her love; laws which make her the mere dependent of his bounty."
What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own
Way!
What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own
Way!
R2-8
Women’s Rights
• Why did it take so long?
• Activists delayed issue during mid 1800s to focus on abolition– Similarities?