Industrial Revolution Why you live better than a king!

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionWhy you live better than a king!Why you live better than a king!

A. Flashback – 1973 A. Flashback – 1973 (cont.)(cont.)








A. Flashback – 1973A. Flashback – 1973


A. Flashback – 1973A. Flashback – 1973












B. DefinitionB. Definition

the shift from making the shift from making goods by hand in homes goods by hand in homes and small shops,and small shops, to making them by machine in large factories.

The Industrial Revolution was:

B. Definition (cont.)B. Definition (cont.)

Domestic System


Factory System


The IR began in Great Britain The IR began in Great Britain around 1750 in the textile around 1750 in the textile industry.industry.

By the 1800s, it had spread By the 1800s, it had spread throughout Western Europe and throughout Western Europe and overseas to places like the overseas to places like the United States and Japan.United States and Japan.

C. Improvements in C. Improvements in Agriculture Came First!Agriculture Came First!

Improved methods

for growing

food.

Improved methods

for growing

food.

More food

grown by less

people.

More food

grown by less

people.

Increased population

.

Increased population

.

C. Improvements in C. Improvements in Agriculture Came First! Agriculture Came First!

(cont.)(cont.)

Increased demand for

goods.

Increased demand for

goods.

Improvements in

manufacturing

processes.

Improvements in

manufacturing

processes.

D. Pre-requisites to D. Pre-requisites to IndustrializationIndustrialization

Why Great Why Great Britain?Britain?

D. Pre-requisites to D. Pre-requisites to Industrialization (cont.)Industrialization (cont.)

1)1) Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

a. Energya. Energy

Coal

Water


1) 1) Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

b.b.SteelSteel

CoalIron Ore


1)1) Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

c. Raw Materialsc. Raw Materials

Sheep Cotton


2)2) TechnologyTechnology

• ““Know-how”Know-how”

• Advanced education system = Advanced education system =

research & development (R&D) =

new inventions.


3)3) Labor PoolLabor Pool

• Enclosure Movement


4)4) Government support for Government support for free enterprisefree enterprise

• Money economyMoney economy

• Protection for private Protection for private propertyproperty

• Enforcement of contractsEnforcement of contracts

• Incentive for entrepreneursIncentive for entrepreneurs

Profit Motive!Profit

Motive!

E. Living Conditions in Early E. Living Conditions in Early CitiesCities

Industrialization led to rapid Industrialization led to rapid urbanization.urbanization.

Example: Population of Example: Population of Manchester, England:Manchester, England:

•1750 = 16,0001750 = 16,000

•1855 = 455,0001855 = 455,000

E. Living Conditions in Early E. Living Conditions in Early Cities (cont.)Cities (cont.)

Overcrowded housing.Overcrowded housing.

No indoor plumbing.No indoor plumbing.

No electricity.No electricity.

No sewer systems.No sewer systems.

No sanitation systems.No sanitation systems.

No pollution controls.No pollution controls.

F. Working Conditions in F. Working Conditions in Early FactoriesEarly Factories

12-16 hour days.12-16 hour days.

6 days/week.6 days/week.

No minimum wage.No minimum wage.

No paid No paid holidays/vacations.holidays/vacations.

No sick leave.No sick leave.

F. Working Conditions in F. Working Conditions in Early Factories (cont.)Early Factories (cont.)

No unemployment pay.No unemployment pay.

No child labor laws.No child labor laws.

No safety standards.No safety standards.

No worker’s No worker’s compensation.compensation.

No welfare programs.No welfare programs.

Importance of Importance of InventionsInventions

Did the invention:Did the invention:

a) Improve production a) Improve production process?process?

b) Improve b) Improve transportation/communication?transportation/communication?

c) Make life easier/safer/more c) Make life easier/safer/more convenient/more enjoyable?convenient/more enjoyable?

G. Should the government G. Should the government intervene? intervene? NO!NO!

One of the big questions of early One of the big questions of early industrial society was:industrial society was:

Should the government Should the government intervene in the economy intervene in the economy to help out the working to help out the working

class?class?

Many people answered this Many people answered this question with an emphatic question with an emphatic NO!NO!

Adam Smith1723-1790

Scottish economist

“Individual ambition serves the common good.”

G. Should the government G. Should the government intervene? intervene? NO!NO! (cont.) (cont.)

1) 1) Adam SmithAdam Smith (cont.) – (cont.) –

• Wanted a Wanted a free market free market with with no government restrictions.no government restrictions.

• Factory owners create wealth Factory owners create wealth for the whole society.for the whole society.

• They should be free to do as They should be free to do as they please with their profits.they please with their profits.


1) 1) Adam Smith Adam Smith (cont.) – (cont.) –

• Money taken from owners and given Money taken from owners and given to workers is not money productively to workers is not money productively spent.spent.

• If their actions are limited, owners will If their actions are limited, owners will be less motivated to build and expand.be less motivated to build and expand.

• Laissez-Faire Laissez-Faire economics = “let them economics = “let them do as they will.”do as they will.”

Thomas Malthus1766-1834

English demograph

er“The power of population is greater than the power of the earth to

sustain man.”


2) 2) Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus (cont.) – (cont.) –

• Studied population growth.Studied population growth.

• Population multiplies faster Population multiplies faster than the food supply.than the food supply.

• Tragedies like malnutrition, Tragedies like malnutrition, disease, war and natural disease, war and natural disasters help keep the disasters help keep the population in check.population in check.


2) 2) Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus (cont.) – (cont.) –

• If the government helped workers, If the government helped workers, they’d live longer & have more kids.they’d live longer & have more kids.

• Result would be rapid over-Result would be rapid over-population and ultimately population and ultimately mass mass starvation.starvation.

• This was called the This was called the “Malthusian “Malthusian Conclusion.”Conclusion.”

Herbert Spencer1820-1903

English philosopher

“A nation which helps its good-

for-nothings will become a good-for-nothing nation.”


3) 3) Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer (cont.) – (cont.) –

• As Charles Darwin said it is in As Charles Darwin said it is in nature, so should it be with nature, so should it be with humans.humans.

• “ “Survival of the fittest”Survival of the fittest” is the is the law of nature.law of nature.

• If the strong survive and the weak If the strong survive and the weak die off, the herd remains strong.die off, the herd remains strong.


3) 3) Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer (cont.) – (cont.) –

• Government aid to the Government aid to the workers will only help workers will only help unproductive people survive unproductive people survive and breed.and breed.

• Why infect the gene pool with Why infect the gene pool with the offspring of the weak?the offspring of the weak?

H. Developed & H. Developed & Underdeveloped CountriesUnderdeveloped Countries

Countries that industrialized Countries that industrialized in the first century of the IR in the first century of the IR quickly became the quickly became the richest richest and most powerfuland most powerful in the in the world.world.

Those that didn’t, have Those that didn’t, have struggled to try and catch up.struggled to try and catch up.

H. Developed & H. Developed & Underdeveloped Countries Underdeveloped Countries

(cont.)(cont.) Four measures of the wealth of Four measures of the wealth of a country:a country:

1) % working in agriculture.1) % working in agriculture.

2) Per capita GDP.2) Per capita GDP.

3) Literacy rate.3) Literacy rate.

4) Life expectancy.4) Life expectancy.

% in ag.

Per capita GDP

Adult literacy rate

Life exp. in

years

U.S. 0.7% $48,442 99.0% 79.4

Russia 9.8% $21,248 99.6% 70.3

Japan 3.9% $34,294 99.0% 82.7

Developed Countries

U.K. 1.4% $35,424 99.0% 80.1

% in ag.

Per capita GDP

Adult literacy rate

Life exp. in

yearsMexico 13.7

%$15,270 86.1% 76.2

India 52.0%

$3652 74.0% 64.7

China 36.7%

$8466 92.2% 74.8

Developing Countries

% in ag.

Per capita GDP

Adult literacy rate

Life exp. in

yearsNigeria 70.0

%$2532 61.3% 46.9

Afghanistan

78.6%

$1202 28.1% 43.8

Ethiopia 85.0%

$1116 42.7% 52.9

Underdeveloped Countries


(cont.)(cont.)

Percentage of the world’s Percentage of the world’s population that lives in population that lives in developeddeveloped countries:countries:

15%15%


(cont.)(cont.)

Percentage that lives in Percentage that lives in developingdeveloping or or underdevelopedunderdeveloped countries:countries:

85%85%

I. Should the government I. Should the government intervene? intervene? YES!YES! (cont.) (cont.)

• 1) Utilitarians –1) Utilitarians –

• The goal of society should be to The goal of society should be to “promote the greatest “promote the greatest happiness for the greatest happiness for the greatest number.”number.”

• To this end, government should:To this end, government should:

1) Provide for universal education.1) Provide for universal education.

2) Allow universal suffrage.2) Allow universal suffrage.


3) Allow workers to organize 3) Allow workers to organize into into unionsunions to bargain for to bargain for shorter shorter hours and hours and better wages.better wages.

4) Pass laws to end the worst 4) Pass laws to end the worst abuses of the factory abuses of the factory

system system like child labor.like child labor.


• 2) Socialists –2) Socialists –

• Workers make the goods that Workers make the goods that create the wealth of the create the wealth of the society.society.

• This wealth should be used to This wealth should be used to benefit everyone, not just benefit everyone, not just greedy factory owners.greedy factory owners.


• 2) Socialists (cont.) –2) Socialists (cont.) –

• Factories should be Factories should be nationalizednationalized (taken over by (taken over by the government).the government).

• The profits can then be used The profits can then be used to improve the living conditions to improve the living conditions of the working class.of the working class.


• 2) Socialists (cont.) –2) Socialists (cont.) –

• The socialist movement was The socialist movement was split into two groups:split into two groups:

a) a) “evolutionary” “evolutionary” socialists.socialists.

andand

b) b) “revolutionary” “revolutionary” socialists.socialists.


a) Evolutionary Socialists –a) Evolutionary Socialists –• This group thought socialism This group thought socialism would evolve over time.would evolve over time.• If they formed political parties, If they formed political parties, and won elections, then they could and won elections, then they could take over.take over.• For this reason, they were called For this reason, they were called Democratic SocialistsDemocratic Socialists..


b)b) Revolutionary socialists –Revolutionary socialists –

• They thought factory owners They thought factory owners would never give up without a would never give up without a fight.fight.

• Workers must arm themselves, Workers must arm themselves, kill the owning class and take kill the owning class and take control of the factories by force.control of the factories by force.


b) Revolutionary socialists (cont.) –b) Revolutionary socialists (cont.) –

• The wealth of the society could then The wealth of the society could then be equally distributed.be equally distributed.

• Once this goal of a Once this goal of a “classless “classless society”society” was achieved, it would be was achieved, it would be utopia.utopia.

• This group was called This group was called “Communists.”“Communists.”

Karl Marx1818-1883

• The Communist Manifesto (1848)

• Known as the “Father of Communism.”

German philosopher

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Industrial Revolution Why you live better than a king!