A M E R I C A N COTTOIM GROXA/ERS

INDUSTRIAL TEXTILE PLANT

COLORADO CITY, T E X A S

AMERICAN COTTON GROWERS INDUSTRIAL TEXTILE PLANT

Presented to Asst. Prof. Nelson

DIVISION OF ARCHITECTURE TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY

In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of the

Bachelor of Architecture Degree

by John H. Boyd

December 9, 198 2

^ f[/ ^' u-

CONTENTS Illustrations iv

Tables V

Preface vi

Introduction vii

Chapter One Project Statement 10

Chapter Two Background 12

Chapter Three Goals and Objectives 52

Chapter Four Activity Analysis 55

Chapter Five Site ^Analysis 71

Chapter Six Case Studies 84

Chapter Seven Space Summary 108

Chapter Eight Systems Performance Criteria 118

Chapter Nine Cost Analysis 12?

Chapter Ten Detailed Space List 133

Notes l86

Bibliography 201

ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1: Cotton Production in Texas

Fig. 2: Topographic Map

Fig. 3: Drainage, Mitchell County

Fig. 4: Soils Map, Mitchell County

Fig. 5: Natural Resources, Mitchell County

Fig. 6: Street Usage, Colorado City

Fig. 7: Major Roads, Mitchell County

Fig. 8: Vicinity Map

Fig. 9: Site Survey Map

Fig. 10: Site Analysis Map

Fig. 11: Conceptual Layout Map

Fig. 12: Activity Analysis of Southwest Textiles

Fig. 13: Schematic Floor Plan, Southwest Textiles

Fig. 14: Schematic Floor Plan, Postex Plant

Fig. 15: Scenes of Postex Activities

Fig. 16: Schematic Floor Plan, Littlefield

Table 1: Activity Characteristics, Greige Mill Division

Table 2: Activity Characteristics, Administration Division

Table 3: Activity Relationship Matrix

PREFACE

vii Preface

Anyone who takes Arch 4310 Architectural Programming

quickly realizes that the task he has undertaken involves more

than simple inner motivation. To finish the task others must

provide the necessary time, support, encouragement and guidance

The initial preparation of my thesis topic would have been

impossible without the time and guidance provided by Professor

Garvin and Dr. Robert Steadman of the Textile Research Center.

The support given by my family and the citizens of Colorado

City provided much needed confidence and faith in the project.

But none of this would have led to this document without the

encouragement and guidance so freely given by Emerson Tucker

of Plains Cotton Cooperative.

INTRODUCTION

ix Introduction

The original thesis proposal submitted in the Spring of

1982 determined the areas of focus of this architectural

program would be a cotton textile mill and research facility.

However in preparation of this document the project scope was

narrowed to include only a cotton textile mill or plant. From

discussions with my advisor, Mr. Tucker, an industrial cotton

textile mill was specified because American Cotton Growers had

shown interest in developing such a facility in West Texas.

These factors reinforce the selection of Colorado City, Texas

as the site. The region, county and city are analyzed on this

basis. The immediate location of the plant is intensely

analyzed to determine its suitability. Other facilities of

similar scope are presented as Case Studies in an attempt to

determine the critical issues that should be examined in this

program. Subsequently, the plant's activities, systems, costs

and spaces are analyzed and computed.

It is hoped that this architectural program for American

Cotton Growers Industrial Textile Plant records all the per­

tinent information and provides useful analyses to the de­

signer of this project.

Chapter One

PROJECT STATEMENT

11 Project Statement

The following statements are meant to collectively des­

cribe the essence of an industrial cotton textile mill. They

include ststements derived from the client's needs and archi­

tectural challenges inherent in the facility.

An industrial cotton textile mill produces an industrial

fabric or toweling for use by industries.

It is industrial by nature stressing function over

aesthetics.

The environment of the workplace reflects on the quality

and quantity of production.

All capital outlays are governed by their financial

feasibility.

The image of the company and the presentation of this

image to the community presents a challenge of economics.

The quality of production is based directly on the flow

and circulation (function) of the plant.

The building systems especially the mechanical system

requires special attention.

The production level is influenced by the quality of the

transportation system.

Chapter Two

BACKGROUND

13 Background

Contents

Project Origin 14

Introduction 15

Justification 15

Critical Issues 18

Client 20

User Group 20

User Needs 21

Financing 22

Physiography 23

History 31

Government 33

Population 3 4

Economy 3 6

Housing 37

Transportation 38

Facilities 42

Utilities 45

Recreation and Open Space 47

City Image 49

Conclusion 50

14 Background

Project Origin

I selected this project because of my intense desire that

through the knowledge I have gained in my past experiences and

architectural education, I might be able to serve my hometown,

Colorado City, Texas. The project evolved from a discussion

between my Father and myself. The conversation centered

around what project would be apparently feasible for the town,

its location, economy, history and people. Given these factors,

I selected a cotton textile mill. Unfortunately, thinking

that a mill was not complex enough, I added a research facility

that I could not logically justify. I have therefore deleted

it.

It is my intent that this project will serve as a culmi­

nation of my architectural education as an undergraduate. The

project requires me to examine complex design issues, city

planning, financing, psychology and sociology. While the

project is important in terms of my degree requirements, I am

also viewing this cotton textile mill as an industrial facil­

ity that will be built and I am therefore trying to examine

all the appropriate considerations.

15 Background

Introduction

The Background involves the research and investigation of

project oriented issues, the client and user, and local and

environmental resources.

Definition and Purpose

Through the analysis of the Case Studies and additional

research, I have discovered that much of the feasibility of a

cotton textile mill is dependent upon its end product. The

proposed mill will produce industrial toweling, a loose-woven

fabric. The process will begin with raw cotton from a cotton

compress and end with a 24 inch wide all cotton fabric. Event­

ually, through other plants and processes this industrial

toweling will become the familiar "red rags" used by indus­

tries, garages and mechanics.

Justification

The justification for the mill to be located in Colorado

City is based upon several factors. These were distilled from

the Case Studies which involved similar projects.

First, a primary factor is the suitability of cotton

grown in the region to be used for industrial toweling. Ac­

cording to the U.S. Department of Agriculture the composition

by variety of the 1982 cotton crop in Mitchell County is 39%

Tamcot SP-37, 17% Western 44, 16% Tamcot SP-21, 8% Lankart 57

16- Background

and 16% unspecified. All of these varieties specified have

a short staple length suited for industrial toweling. The

developed market was examined by the Department of Agricul­

tural Economics in 1971 and they reported that of the West

Texas/ Oklahoma cotton crop 33.3% was used for industrial

toweling.

The second factor is the proximity of the proposed mill

to the regions of cotton production. These areas are the

Rolling Plains and the High Plains (Fig. 1). This will greatly

reduce the cost of shipping and facilitate greater production

as it involves area people in the production and refinement of

a locally originated commodity.

Third, the labor market in West Texas has certain advan­

tages over other locations. In 1972 Lockwood Greene esti­

mated a 30C per hour advantage in labor costs of West Texas 7

versus other southeastern states. They also found that all

classes of labor necessary to operate a textile mill were 9

readily available in the region. Present estimates by the

city's Chamber of Commerce listed the unemployed labor force

9 within a 40 minute drive at 1357 persons.

The fourth major factor in the location of the plant at

Colorado City is the spirit of the community and their wil­

lingness to help the project. The Industrial Team, owners of

the site, have provided complete cooperation. In addition,

17 Background

High Plains

Rolling Plains

Site

Legend

0 and op »o 5,000 Boles

5,000 10,000 Boles

^ ^ ^ 1 0 , 0 0 0 - 15,000 Bolei

Over 15,000 Boles

S o u r c * 0 5 B u r t o u o ( t h « Cmnxur

Fig. 1: Cotton Production in Texas

Source: Atlas of Texas, 1973, p. 31

18 Background

the City National Bank of Colorado City has expressed their

willingness to provide a financial package. Numerous local

12 citizens have also expressed excitement in the proposed mill.

The justification for the plant to be located in Colorado

City seems to be quite solvent. Conclusions from the four

major factors are supportive and demonstrate the potential for

the cotton textile mill.

Critical Issues

The critical issues in designing or programming a cotton

textile mill are economic feasibility, basis of operation, end

product, flow and circulation, form-architecture, building

systems, and the working conditions.

Economic feasibility can be evaluated on a discounted

cash flow and the intended rate of return on investment basis,

this involves comparing the alternative of investing the re­

quired capital for the project in an interest bearing invest-

14 ment rather than m the project.

The basis of operation is the method by which the work is

organized including personnel. The shift of work or time

periods should be studied in relation to their impact on the

productivity and workers' health. Undocumented evidence from

the American Cotton Growers plant in Littlefield, Texas

suggests that shifts that provide workers a greater number of

19 Background

days off between periods of work are more productive. On

workers' health Rose Marisette reports, "A 1978 NIOSH study

revealed that workers' physical and mental well-being suffered

as the result of shift work and particularly rotating shift

work."-*-

By determining the end product and its production level

one can set up the requirements for the primary, secondary and

17 support activities and equipment. The end product having

been determined by its feasibility and client's wishes as in­

dustrial toweling will now set up the decision making process.

The quantity of production must be determined by the market

for the product. Presently, Mr. I.E. Black, owner of a fin­

ishing mill for industrial toweling, has been contacted in an

18 effort to set up a market.

The flow and circulation of the product involving the

least amount of labor are the most efficient. To increase

productivity Abby Rosenthal advocates, "...management's com­

mittment to employee relations program. Structure competition,

19 formal recognitition programs for performance..."

The form-architecture component of the mill must be re­

solved. The mill may be seen by the client as a symbol of the

corporation of it may be seen only as a utilitarian structure

20 that provides the best possible image or symbolism.

20 Background

Many of the activities require specific temperatures and

humidity, fire protection, lighting and structural conditions

making stringent demands on the building systems. These will

be discussed more fully in the Systems Performance Criteria.

The working conditions or environment influences product­

ivity costing money and thereby becoming important in terms

the client understands. The workplace will be examined in

User Group.

Client

The client for this industrial textile plant is American

Cotton Growers, Inc. A more conclusive study of their oper­

ations will be presented in the Case Studies which will ex­

amine a similar plant in Littlefield. Mr. Emerson Tucker, a

representative of American Cotton Growers, has served as an

advisor on this project.

User Group

The users of the mill in all likelihood will be local

citizens or commuters around Mitchell County. Therefore they

should represent a sampling of the characteristics of the

population of Colorado City. This information is more fully

documented in Population, Economy and City Images.

:i Background

User Group Needs

The users or workers in a cotton textile mill need a

pleasing working environment and health and safety protection.

A pleasing working environment involves satisfying the

user group needs for personal amenities, comfort both physical

and emotional, and stimulation. Simply providing for personal

amenities is not the total answer instead one must examine the

perception involving the placement, entering, using, and

leaving these activities. The details of these analyses will

be found in the Activity Analysis. Physical comfort is deter­

mined by the condition of the environment and varies from in­

dividual to individual. Emotional comfort of the worker is

not as factual and relates to territoriality and boundaries

within the workplace. Such territoriality involving the per-

sonilization of spaces and equipment was demonstrated at the

21 Littlefield Plant. Stimulation involves providing the

worker with stimuli relating to the senses. To a certain

22 degree this was also accomplished at Littlefield.

The health and safety of the workplace measures the

degree to which a facility has attempted to protect the

worker. Rose Marisette believes, "If any aspect of the

worker's physical environment is distracting--noise, lights,

vibration, movement, temperature, air quality, hazardous

22 Background

conditions—it will also produce stress."^^ The health of a

worker while being strongly related to stress is also directly

affected by occupational health hazards. In 1979 a bill was

passed to provide benefits to those totally disabled by em-

24 ployee-related Brown Lung Disease. In addition OSHA ha s

established cotton dust standards to protect the textile

worker. In 197 9 the U.S. Department of Labor measured the

levels of cotton dust involved with each primary activity.

They found the highest concentration of dust associated with

2 5 spinning and the lowest applicable level in opening. Safety

in a cotton textile mill depends much upon the environment.

The Center for Disease Control in Atlanta reports that 31% of

the the non-motor vehicular accidents are attributed to the

2 fi

environment. The watchdog for safety in the workplace has

been OSHA and its publication 2206 General Industry Standards.

Recently, new safety standards on fire protection were issued 27

in Subpart 'L'. In analyzing safety in the working environ­

ment ergonomic data which pertains mainly to the interface be-28 tween people and tool, equipment and transportation is needed.

Financing

In a project of this sort financing is often needed for

land, building and other real estate improvements. In addition

a firm will frequently desire financing for machinery and

23 Background

working capital which is harder to secure.

The sources of funding for the mill may be classified

into several broad categories. They are: commercial banks,

savings and loan organizations, mortagage companies, investor

builders, investment banks, insurance companies and other in­

stitutions, U.S. Government, Texas Industrial Commission and

other individuals. These are the most common sources of se-

29 curing financing for the industrial developer.

Physiography

The physiography of an area describes the physical en­

vironment. It often reveals a unique community characteristic

The physiography of Texas has always had a profound influence

on its development. The state differs greatly from one area

to another but where its contour of gently undulating terrain

borders the flat plain it is referred to as West-Central

Texas. The cotton textile mill as an element in its environ­

ment will be impacted upon but it will also form an interface

with this same environment to one degree or another.

Geographic Setting: Colorado City is located in the up­

per eastern portion of Mitchell County in West-Central Texas.

The city's exact location is 32°23' North Latitude and 100 "52'

West Longitude.

Climate: West-Central Texas has a weather pattern that

24 Background

is a blend of the humid climate of Central Texas and the semi-

arid climate of West Texas. In Colorado City the climate is

moderated by the transitional setting.

Temperature: Summers are long and hot and winters are

relatively mild. In summer the average daily maximum temper­

ature is 97°F. in both July and August. During an average

August the temperature is 90° or higher. Summer nights are

comfortable with temperatures in the upper 60's or the lower

70's. Winter temperatures vary daily, falling rapidly when

cold polar air sweeps down form the north. Their duration

31 however is usually short.

Precipitation: The average annual precipitation is 23.03

inches. Of this 78% occurs during the warmer months of the

year, April through October. October is the wettest month.

The driest is December. During the spring and summer months,

the precipitation is usually associated with scattered thun­

derstorms varying the amount widely from place to place, year

32 to year.

Humidity: The relative humidity varies greatly. Early

morning humidities average 72% at 6:00 a.m. and late afternoon

ratios are 41% at 6:00 p.m. Yearly, the highest humidity

33 occurs in the early morning hours of May and June.

Wind: The prevailing winds are southerly to southwesterly

25 Background

in summer and northerly in winter. Winds are strongest in

late winter and early spring, when centers of low pressure

develop. These storm centers frequently produce severe dust-

storms .

Land Form and Structure

Topography and Drainage: Topographically, Colorado City

is near the southwestern edge of the Osage Plains section of

the Central Texas Lowlands Physiographic Province. Locally,

this area is known as the Low (or Red) Rolling Plains. The

county in most places is nearly level to undulating, but it is

steep with areas of short, rough breaks along the Colorado

River and its major tributaries. The elevation ranges from

35 1,900 to 2,400 feet above sea level (Fig. 2).

The Colorado River which crosses the county in a north­

west to southeast direction draining the entire county. Tri­

butaries in the eastern part of the county are Lone Wolf Creek,

Champion Creek, and Big Silver Creek. In the western part

3 fi they are Morgan Creek and Beals Creek (Fig. 3).

Soils: The soils in Mitchell County can be classified

into four broad kinds: deep, nearly level to moderately

sloping loamy soils over sandstone; nearly level tOisioping

calcerous clayey and loamy soils over compact red bed clay;

deep, nearly level to undulating, sandy soils; and shallow

26 Background

1000 0 I — I I — - I > — '

1000 2000 — I

3000 I

4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET

Scale North

Fig. 2: Topographic Map, Mitchell County

Source: U.S. Geologic Survey, Topographic map, 7.5 min.

27 Background

0 12

miles North

Fig. 3: Drainage, Mitchell County

Source: Soil Survey, Mitchell County, sh. 1

28 Background

gently sloping to steep loamy soils over claiche. Generally,

the soil is dark loam in the lowlands grading to sandy or red

loam in the uplands (Fig. 4).^^

Parks and Wildlife: Native vegetation includes mesquite

trees, algerita shrubs, and yucca with chinaberry, live oak,

willow, cedar, black walnut, plum, hackberry and pecan found

along the creeks and river. On the red-brown clacerous soil

grows cotton, sorghum, oats, wheat, rye, peanuts, alfalfa,

3 8 hairy vetch and Austrian winter pea.

Wildlife is commonly found on the ranches and in the

cotton fields. Whitetail deer and antelopes are found in the

western and southern parts of the county. Native game birds

include blue quail, bob white quail and mourning dove. Other

indigenous wildlife are fox, coyote, skunk, raccoon and rat-

39 tlesnake.

Natural Resources

In Mitchell County the natural resources are agriculture,

water and minerals (Fig. 5).

Agriculture and ranching: This is the largest industry

in Mitchell County. Cotton the principal crop of the area,

was first grown here around 1900. The amount planted since

then has varied yearly. Recently, 75,400 acres were planted

40 in Mitchell County. An estimated value of $20 million was

29 Background

0 3 12

North 6 miles

' ypes of Soils

1. Deep, nearly level to moderately sloping loamy soils over sandstone.

2. Nearly level to sloping claceroue clayey and loamy soils over compact red bed clay.

3- Sandy soil, Fig. 4: Soils Map, Mitchell County

Source: Soil Survey: Mitchell County, sh. 1.

30 Background

Fig. 5: Natural Resources, Mitchell County

Source: Atlas of Texas, pp. 15-40.

31 Background

produced through agriculture in 1980. The ranching industry

of which cattle production is a major segment occupies 345,000

acres of rangeland and cultivated pastures. The gross income

from beef cattle production is about $6.5 million on an annual

42 basis. There is also some hog and sheep production within

the county.

Water: Water is an important natural resource in the

semi-arid climate of Mitchell County. Near Colorado City are

two lakes that furnish the water supply for the city. Lake

Colorado City contains 31,480 acre-feet and Lake Champion con-

43 tains 42,500 acre-feet.

Minerals: The primary mineral resources are oil and gas.

In 1979 Mitchell County oil wells produced 5.9 million barrels

of oil and 3.5 mcf of natural gas. This production was valued

at $57.5 million. Out of 202 major oil producing Texas coun-

44 ties, Mitchell ranks 73rd.

Other mineral resources include caliche, sand and gravel,

and salt. All are mined commercially except the salt.

History

The history of a city and its region is significant in

the resulting character of the community. Early settlements

and the emergence of social conventions often have a long-

lasting influence on the area's socio-economic development.

32 Background

Colorado City is located in an area significant in his­

tory. Giles E. Bradford reports, "The first positive and tan­

gible proof of prehistorics man's existence in North America

(earlier than 2,000 years ago) was discovered on Lone Wolf

Creek inside the city limits." The region known as Mitchell

County was once inhabited by the Comanches and Kiowa Indians

who followed the great herds of buffalo migrating from the

north. It is likely the first outsider to see this county

was Spanish. Between 1629 and 1684 four minor Spanish expe-

46 ditions were made into West Texas. When the Spanish lost

control of Texas and the Indians had been subdued by the an­

nihilation of the buffalo and the enforcement of reservation

policies by the army, the region became accessible to the

settlers. The first were traders and cattlemen who esta­

blished a unique community while they faced a disagreeable

climate.

Colorado City had its modern-day beginning about 1881

when following the arrival of the Texas and Pacific Railroad,

47 the town was laid out in blocks. As a railhead Colorado,

Texas (the original name) drew large herds of cattle that were

shipped to eastern markets and the city received freight and

supplies for the ranchers. The town quickly grew to an esti­

mated population of 6,000 by 1884, but devastation occured

33 Background

when a severe drought gripped West Texas. From 1886 to 1894

drought and blizzards brought ruin to merchants and ranchers.

Colorado was saved by the emergence of farming in the late

1890's. The town rapidly grew to a population of 3,000 in

1906 scarcely half of its former size. A second period of

doom occured in 1917 and 1918 when drought struck again. The

town was saved this time by oil discovered in 1920. A third

cycle occured in the 1950's when drought struck again. The

saving force continued to be oil and in addition two major

industries, the electric plant and the oil refinery. During

the late 60's and 70's the city lost the refinery and has

48 since sought another stabilizing force for the bad times.

Government

In Texas the role of local government has been legislated

by the state to maintain the infastructure and cooperate with

other governmental bodies.

county Government of Mitchell County: The county govern­

ment consists of a County Judge, four commissioners, county

treasurer, attorney, justice of the peace and tax assessor-

collector. All are elected officials and serve a two year

49 term.

County Law Enforcement: Assuring the safety of rural

dwellers are the sheriff and his four deputies. Five Texas

34 Background

Department of Public Safety personnel enforce the laws on the

roads and Interstate. The Game Warden patrols the county en-

50 forcing the game laws.

City Government of Colorado City: The city government

consists of a mayor, city council and city manager. The mayor

and the city council are elected officials and serve two year

terms. They receive no salary. The city manager who admin­

isters the city government activities is hired by the city and

51 IS salaried. Mr. Bradford writes:

Colorado City has retained the mayor-council form of government to the present time. While many sub­stitutes for this type of government have been pro­posed, the mayor-council form has retained marked popularity. The people seem to feel that respons­ibility is better concentrated in the office of the mayor with greater certainity than in the case of any other city executive, and that the mayor more often represents public opinion.52

City Law Enforcement: Thirteen full time personnel

manage the enforcement of the law within the city.

Population

The population study is an important component to the

Background. It reveals the population, demographics, and the

projections.

Population Growth Trends: Colorado City has experienced

a fluctuating population. According to the U.S. Census Bureau

35 Background

the population is 5,045 living in an area of 3,305 acres in

54 1980. Average population density was only 1.53 persons per

acre.

Industrial growth, a stimulant of population growth is

seen in the area directly west of the city as well as along

the Interstate Highway north of the city and on Highway 208

southeast of the city.

Residential growth has occured in the northern section of

the city. Further growth is dependent upon economic con­

ditions, industrial developments, utilities, and facilities.

For the present directional growth patterns indicate develop­

ments toward the northeast.

Population Composition: According to the 1980 Census,

30% of the population is under 18 while 20% is over 65. About

66% of the population is Anglo, 26% Hispanic and 7% Black.

Population Distribution: The population distribution by

race is Hispanics occupy the west and south portions of the

city. Blacks predominantly live in either the northwest or

southeast parts. Anglos occupy the center, north and north­

east sections of the city. Principal division lines are Pine,

2nd, 17th and Austin Streets.

Population Projection: Freese and Nichols, a Lubbock

based engineering firm has projected that the population of

3 6 Background

Colorado City will grow to 5,800 by 2005.

Economy

The economic study of a city and its region is a vital

component in the Background. The feasibility of the textile

plant is dependent upon the economic basis of Colorado City

being favorable.

The economic study of Colorado City must be examined

within the context of Mitchell County. The county's economy

5 8 is based primarily on agriculture, oil, and ranching. Ac­cording to the U.S. Census, job opportunities are mostly

limited to wholesale, retail, manufacturing and service in-

59 dustries.

Human Resources

Human resources become one of the most important elements

in any economy. The availability of the labor force, educa­

tional background, skills, and income of that force are guages

of the economic conditions.

Labor Force: The population between the ages of 18 - 65

60 is 2472 which represent 49% of the total population.

Economic Activity

Economic activity is a measure of the level of goods and

services produced as a result of the utilization of human and

natural resources.

3 7 Background

Industrial Employment: Wholesale and retail trades em­

ploy the largest percentages of workers for Mitchell County.

Industrial Developments: At present Mitchell County's

industrial base is not one of the main supports of the economy.

If this base were increased the support services and businesses

would have to expand to meet the need.

Commercial Establishments: Colorado City's economic ac­

tivity centers around its wholesale and retail establishments.

There locations comprise the current CBD and the original

townsite as well as each major highway.

Financial Institutions: Both established financial in­

stitutions show growth in total assets in the past 15 years.

Colorado City has four banking establishments. They are:

The City National Bank, First State Bank, Colorao City Savings

62 and Loans, and Homestate Savings.

Taxes: Property tax is levied by each county in the

state of Texas on land and improvements. A small portion of

this tax finances the county government with the rest going to

the school system. There is no personal state income tax and

no state corporate tax, only a state sales tax of 4<: with the

city adding a 10 rider.

Housing

Housing is one of the basic needs of man. Its importance

3 8 Background

is readily recognized in that few industries wish to locate

where or to hire someone in a community that cannot provide

adequate housing. Colorado City has the necessary space for

future housing but many of its older housing units are in poor

condition especially in the minority areas. According to the

U.S. Census the number of owner-occupied housing units was

1,525 and the number of rented dwelling units was 455 in

64 1980.

Transportation

The transportation network serving Mitchell County and

Colorado City is important in relation to its implications on

the movement of people and goods necessary to operate a textile

plant.

Existing Street Conditions: Many of the existing streets

in Colorado City lack adequate paving and in many instances

lack paving at all. The main north-south streets are Oak,

Hickory, Austin and Watson. The main east-west thoroughfares

are 2nd, 6th, 10th, and 17th Streets. Hickory is a part of

Highway 208 and 2nd Street is a portion of Highway 80

(Fig. 6) .

Major Highways: Interstate Highway 2 0 is the primary

route of Colorado City's transportation system. This major

east-west highway connects with the city at four streets or

39 Background

Streets heavily used

Fig. 6: Street Usage, Colorado City

4 0 Background

highways: east Highway 80, south Highway 208, north Highway

208 and west Highway 80. The interstate links Colorado City

to Abilene in the east and Midland-Odessa in the west. High­

way 208 is the second most important route. This road leads

to Snyder in the north and San Angelo via Robert Lee in the

south. Highway 163 also links the city to San Angelo but it

goes through Sterling City (Fig. 7 ) .

Air Transportation: The Colorado City Airport is located

about 5*2 miles north of town on FM 1808 just off Highway 208.

This facility was a former Air Force training field and is

therefore capable of handling large jets up to C-130's.

Railroads: The tracks of the Texas and Pacific Railroad

traverse the county from the east to west. The railroad

passes on the south side of Colorado City along 1st Street.

The railroad delivers freight only, east bound on Monday, Wed­

nesday and Friday and west bound on Tuesday, Thursday and

o ^ ^ 66 Saturday.

Mass Transit: Colorado City's citizens are served by two

bus lines traveling on Interstate Highway 20. Continental

Trailways operates five east bound and four west bound buses

daily. Greyhound Bus Lines operates four east and four west

6 7 bound each daily.

Motor Freight: The Texas and Pacific Truck Lines serves

41 Background

Fig. 7: Major Roads, Mitchell County and Regionally

4 2 Background

the city twice per week. In addition. Merchants Fast Motor

Lines, an interstate motor freight company, is located in

Colorado City. Daily service is also provided by Roadway, Tex

Pack and UPS.^^

Pedestrian Traffic: It is not a major means of transit

but does occur rather heavily within the central business

district. Most of the city has an excellent system of side­

walks .

Facilities

Community facilities are an indicator of a community's

well-being. They are often prime determinants in an industry's

decision to locate.

Courthouse: The present Courthouse contains the admin­

istrative facilities and governmental offices of the county.

It is located at 3rd and Oak Streets. The building was built

69 in 1923 replacing two earlier structures.

City Hall: The City Hall as it exists now contains the

city administration and the fire department. It is located at

3rd and Oak Streets. The present structure was built in

1925.'°

Fire Department: The Fire Department is based on a vol­

unteer system. Three paid employees and thirty volunteer

firemen comprise the personnel in the department. Colorado

4 3 Background

City's mobile fire fighting equipment totals eight units and

71 one emergency rescue truck.

Police Department: The Sheriff's office is located be­

hind the Courthouse on Pine Street. The City's Police De­

partment is located on 3rd Street next to the City Hall.

Schools: Colorado City is part of the Colorado Indepen­

dent School District. The city has four public shcool facil­

ities including: two elementary schools, one middle school,

and one high school. Administrative offices for the District

are located in the old junior high school at 12th and Hickory

72 Streets. The high school was built in 1974.

Higher educational programs including vocational training

are offered at the Wallace Community Education Center. Other

regional higher educational facilities include: Western Texas

College, Snyder; Texas State Technical Institute, Sweetwater;

Angelo State University, San Angelo; Abilene Christian Uni­

versity, McMurry College, Hardin Simmons, Abilene; University

of Texas at Permian Basin, Midland-Odessa; and Texas Tech Uni­

versity, Lubbock.

Library: The Mitchell County Public Library provides

basic services meeting the needs of a small community. The

book collection totals 38,000 books. It operates six days per

week and averages 1225 patrons per month. It is located at

44 Background

4th and Oak Streets.^^

Post Office: The U.S. Post Office in Colorado City de­

livers First Class mail once per day and picks up mail once

per day. It is located at 3rd and Walnut Streets.

Medical Services: The majority of medical services in

Mitchell County are provided by Root Memorial Hospital located

at 17th and Chestnut Streets. The latest addition occured in

1975. Besides the hospital there are two nursing homes Root

Valley Fair Lodge and Kristi Lee Manor. Several medical

doctors have their own private offices and a clinic exists at

5th and Elm Streets. There are two dentist offices and an

ambulance service owned by the City, County and Hospital is

ststioned at the Hospital. A Chiropractic Health Clinic is

found on Highway 208, just beyond the Interstate.

Communications: The most widely read newspaper in

Colorado City is the Colorado City Record. It has been pub­

lished since 1905. The Abilene Reporter-News is also quite

^ 7 4 well read.

Mitchell County's major television station originates in

Abilene and is KTXS - ABC. The area also receives clear

transmission from KTAB - CBS, Abilene and KWAB - NBC, Big

Spring. One local cable television serves the area and fea­

tures two locally originated channels.

45 Background

One locally owned and operated radio station broadcasts

daily. KVMC - AM, 1320 on the dial, operates with 1000 watts

from 6:00 a.m. to 7:45 p.m. The programming features news,

75 variety and country music.

Churches: There are 3 9 churches in Mitchell County rep­

resenting ten different religions and demoninations. At pre­

sent 28 churches exist in Colorado City. They include:

Assembly of God, two; Baptist, eleven; Catholic, one; Church

of Christ, three; Christian, one; Episcopal, one; Methodist,

three; Pentecostal, two; Presbyterian, one; and Non-Denom-

7 fi

inational, three.

Utilities

These are necessary elements in the day to day functions

of an industry and to a city as a whole. The sewage and water

system are very important to each. The topography of Colorado

City results in surface drainage which affects other systems.

Sewer system: The existing sewage system, provided by

Colorado City involves a three-step process: collection,

pumping and treatment. Portions of the original system are

still used and date back to 1912. The pumping station is lo­

cated on the north side of the Colorado River on Hwy. 163.

The treatment plant is located at Central Ave. and Washington

Streets. It uses a trickling filter process. The maximum

46 Background

daily capacity is 4 million gallons. Presently, the maximum

daily use has been 875,000 gallons.'^'^

Water Supply: The water supply for Colorado City is from

Lake Colorado City and Lake Champion. The distribution system

at present can carry 3.3 million gallons. The size of the

mains range from two to sixteen inches in a looped system;

however, their condition is deteriorating and a new sixteen

inch line in needed along Cherry Street according to Freese 7 8

and Nichols. The pressure at the mains range from 40 to 90

. 79 psi.

The water filtration plant is located on FM 1983 and in­

cludes an underground storage tank capable of holding 2 million

gallons. An overhead storage tank is located at the North

8 0 Water Works at 18th Street between Walnut and Chestnut Steets.

Surface Drainage: Colorado City relies upon a small net­

work of storm sewers to handle water run-off in certain sec­

tions of town but for the most part the streets are utilized

to drain the rain into either the River or Lone Wolf Creek.

Primary streets used in this manner are 10th and 3rd Streets.

The natural topography assists the flow-

Sanitary Waste: The Sanitary Landfill which is full is

located northwest of the town. They are searching for a new

site.

Electrical Service: Electricity in Colorado City and

47 Background

Mitchell County is provided by Texas Electric Service Company

and Lone Wolf Rural Electric Cooperative. Texas Electric's

power is produced partially by its oil and gas generator plant

located at Lake Colorado City which is their largest facil-

ity."

Gas Service: Natural gas is provided by the Lone Star

Gas Company. The line servicing the city are six, eitht, and

ten inches in diameter with a pressure of 400 psig. The dis­

tribution pressure is 20 psig. The BTU rating per cubic foot

is 1,040.^^

Telephone Service: The telephone service is provided by

Southwestern Bell Telephone Company a division of the Bell

System.

Recreation and Open Spaces

Recreation facilities are an important factor in the de­

cision of a company to locate within that community because

these facilities and areas provide families and individuals

enjoyment and relaxation.

Parks: The park facilities in Mitchell County are pro­

vided by the state, city and corporate bodies. The activities

include: boating, swimming, water skiing, fishing, camping,

sight seeing, field sports, and just plain relaxation.

Lake Colorado City State Park, Fisher Park, Ruddick Park,

48 Background

Hertenberger Field, Barber Park and the parks associated with

the schools comprise the park system.

Sports

Football: As an organized activity which is played at

the Lone Wolf Stadium at 10th and Pine Streets football is an

important activity. Other sports include: baseball, softball,

tennis, swimming, golf and jogging.

Cultural

Facilities: Colorado City has a wide variety of cultural

activities and events. These include the Museum, Railhead

Arts and Crafts Fair, Colorado City Playhouse, Mitchell County

Fair, July 4th Fly-In, and the A.J.R.A. Rodeo.

Civic Organizations: The number of civic organizations

is numerous and includes: Evening and Noon Day Lions, Jaycees,

Kiawanais, Optimists, Business and Professional Women, Shrine

Club, Masonic Lodge and the Order of the Eastern Star. Youth

organizations are: Boys Club, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts and the

4-H Club. The two local business groups are the Chamber of

Commerce and Colorado City Industrial Team. Other organiza­

tions include: Home Demonstration Club, Garden Club, American

Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Brush and Palette Club,

Dance Club and the A.A.R.P.

It is these recreational areas and open spaces that give

49 Background

Colorado City its unique character. The facilities become the

backdrop and stage for the drama of man's existence with

nature.

City Images

Several factors comprise the city images. These factors

form the physical environment and interact with the social ac­

tivities of the community. Important in the overall image is

the spirit and values of the citizens.

Industries often locate in regions and cities that have

images they associate with their product or company. Often

these images become the corporate image and are used to promote

their product.

The overall image of Colorado City and this region stems

partly from its earliest beginnings when a large number of

English immigrants settled in the area. They were Episcopa­

lians and believed in God and hard work. These values are

still firmly established and represented in the high morals

and work ethic the citizens possess. The rural farmers and

most urban dwellers tend to be conservatively minded. Such

images have made the city a prime location for individuals as

a retirement community.

Entry Image: From the Interstate the city appears to be

two residential areas split by an area of strip commercial

50 Background

along Hickory Street. The dark green tree-lined steeets stand

in sharp contrast to the sparsely wooded landscape of mesquite

trees and cotton fields surrounding the city. If one enters

via Highway 80 there is a sense of entry. It is gained when

one begins to descend down in the river valley and crosses

either the creek bridge on the east or the river bridge on the

west.

Conclusions

The cotton textile mill will be impacted upon and by the

environment. The climatic conditions around Colorado City

specifically the semi-arid weather forces the designer to con­

sider heat gain and heat loss. Because agriculture is the

largest industry in Mitchell County of which most of it deals

with cotton production, an industrial cotton textile plant

would probably enjoy a favorable position in the community.

The History of Mitchell County is important because it reveals

the intense desire of the community to have an established in­

dustry. The Population Growth Trends show the city is growing

toward the northeast and therefore will not be seriously im­

pacted by the plant. The Population Projection and general

data give evidence of the potential labor force available.

The Housing information indicates that the employees if drawn

form outside the community will probably have a hard time

51 Background

finding a place to live. The transportation network appears

very strong and in good condition posing no problems for ship­

ping and receiving. The facilities are adequate and show the

strength of the community and its possible provisions for new

citizens. The utilities are also strong and show much promise

for the plant. The city images reaffirm the potential of the

site for the plant.

The components of the Background analyses seem to indicate

that the selection of Mitchell County and Colorado City as the

site of the proposed industrial textile plant justifies its

development. Other analyses will of course have to be com­

pleted before complete justification can be rendered.

GOALS SL OBJECTIVES

53 Goals and Objectives

Introduction

The Goals and Objectives are sets of simple statements

that describe the proposed outcome and means by which they

will be achieved for the American Cotton Growers Industrial

Textile Plant. The Goals are general qualitative statements

that describe broad issues to be achieved. The Objectives are

more specific and represent quantitative, performance-oriented

ways of achieving the goals.

Goals

Provide an efficient indus-rial textile plant

Develop a product layout

Provide a financialy feasi­ble industrial textile plant

Provide a stimulating and safe working environment

Objectives

Utilize a basis of operation that increases workers' productivity

Maximize production using highly automated machinery

Provide a balanced flow of materials to the activities

Provide simple clear circu­lation paths

Utilize available West Texas cotton

Use labor-saving machinery and processes

Develop a dependable market for the industrial toweling

Utilize sensory stimuli in the workplace

Provide safety features as required by OSHA and local Building Codes

54 Goals and Objectives

Goals

Present a corporate image

Develop a facility that re­sponds to its physical en­vironment

Objectives

Utilize materials and design features such as proportion, scale and rhythm to achieve the desired effect

Utilize the site analysis and principles of site plan­ning

Recognize the historic past of the site

Recognize the visually po­werful natural site features

55 Chapter Four

ACTIVITY ANALYSIS

^^

56 Activity Analysis

Contents

Introduction 57

Griege Mill Division 58

Administration Division 61

Activity Characteristics 64

Activity Relationships 69

57 Activity Analysis

Introduction

The Activity Analysis is a listing of identifiable activ­

ities that occur at an industrial textile plant. For the pur­

poses of this program the activities have been divided into

primary, secondary and support groups along divisional lines.

The divisions are the Griege Mill and Administration.

The Activity Analysis also includes a tabular listing of

the activity characteristics. It identifies the activity and

its ideals, goals, objectives, tasks, activities, participants

and performance requirements.

The final component of the Activity Analysis is matrix

which demonstrates the relationships between individual activ­

ities of the textile plant.

58 Activity Analysis

Greige Mill Division

Primary Activities

Raw Product Storage

Waste Bailing

Opening

Carding

Spinning

Warping

Slashing

Weaving

Inspection

Packaging

Warehousing

Shipping

59 Activity Analysis

Greige Mill Division

Secondary Activities

Unloading

Forklifting

Unwrapping

Cutting Ties

Waste Bailing

Feeding

Removing Lint

Movement of Card Cans

Movement of Drawing Cans

Spinning Yarn

Warp Filling

Winding Yarn onto Beam

Supplying Beams

Preparing Loom Beams

Storing Loom Beams

Hoisting

Producing Fabric Rolls

Inspecting Fabric

Cutting Fabric

Wrapping

Loading

60 Activity Analysis

Greige Mill Division

Support Activities

Eating

Relaxing

Storage

Personal Hygiene

Supervision

Maintenance

Air Washing/Conditioning

Lint Removal

Quality Control

Testing

Training

Monitoring

61 Activity Analysis

Administration Division

Primary Activities

Reception

Plant Management

Personnel Management

Purchasing

Sales

Plant Engineering

Public Relations

Production/Industrial Engineering

62 Activity Analysis

Administration Division

Secondary Activities

Greeting

Taking Calls and Messages

Arranging Appointments

Production Control

Overseeing Staff

Interviewing Prospective Employees

Public Relations

Touring the Plant

Clerical Storage

Payroll Maintenance

Accounting

Buying

Selling

Client Relations

Assuring Plant Operations

Machinery Inspection

Building Systems Inpection

63 Activity Analysis

Administration Division

Support Activities

Private Discussions

Storage

Personal Hygiene

Conditioning

Filing

Maintenance

64 Activity Analysis

Activity Characteristics

For each division and for each of the primary activities

of the Greige Mill; the ideals, goals, objectives, tasks, ac­

tivities, participants and performance requirements are pre­

sented. The table provides the necessary linkage between the

primary, secondary and support activities (Table 1 and 2).

65 Activity Analysis

s o H CO H > H Q

q 1 ^

H O H W f i i O

~ w o H EH CO H

RAC

<: m u >H EH H > H tH o rtj

• • r-i

W i-q PQ < EH

w 0) >

•H +J U Q)

•r—i

X! O

U)

0 O

cn M fti <u

T3 M

Activity

T! 0) to O H a fs fa -H

rH n fC Q)

^ -p ffl

(d B

Q) m T3 0 • H

> ^ 0 0 U M

PH M-I

ro-

QA

a M (d > i

(U N c

•H 0 e-H

-rH +J X U RJ ;3 S T !

1 iH 1 0 -H -H U > DJ C C

M (1) B m ;3 > i t n g a

•H m -H -P O -P a fd O C -P

O -H 15 -H rH 0 -P -H

M U O nH 13 td i < T 3 4-1

G 0

• H

Yarn Product

g :3

g •H -P G a O O -H

+J (D fd

T3 rH •H :3

> u o n M -H Oi O

1 -P

g 0) •H g -p 5 m o

-1 n3 -H

> xi a W (U

• H rH i j i XI C fd - H -p -p en fd H rH

-p a (U

onm

SH

> i M o CO c 0) m 0) -H

T3 rH •H p > g O -H !H -P

PA m

66 Activity Analysis

• - p

rSION, (con

> H Q

1-^ i-q H

H H PH

C3

^ CO

o H EH CO

^CTERI,

rp

<: m u >H EH

H > H E-i U

<

• •

r H

w

TABL

1

Req.

fi)

Performanc(

CO - p G fd

• H

0 - H -P SH

fd P^

CO CD

•H -P • H

> • H

-P U

<

to

^ CO

fd EH

Lnery

il stand-

i machin-

ircula-

y stim-

s

u u

;velop machj

Ltios

!e Industrie

ds

e automate(5

Y

vide good c

on

ovide senso

i for worke

O) to CO H CO !H 0 - r Q S H D f d D O ) PA 4-

CO 0 U CO 0 -H

CO +J > SH fd !H 0 SH (U

CO CO - p Q j CO SH -H CO 3 SH (U > -H CO <U rV SH G

- i ^ 0 0) -H rH SH :3 a g rH 0 SH 3 T3 -H [ 2 EH CO f < S

to G fd

t n - P U G to G C SH t n G

t n 0) -H -H UH fd G !H G t J i - H r H h q o > H - H f d

t n - H G EH -H r-^ >i G - P - H fd t n - P t n r H

- H i H O i t n p q t n G G G - H t n T3 - H 0^ G G -H 0) -H PM G fd rH fd -H 0) -H > g G -H O ^ i H - P - P ' O O C D G PAXJ

r H S H ^ - P t O ( U g > - H M C G O G 3 f d ( U ( i ) o a i f d - H D p H D u : 2 ( i H p : ^ S c o : 2 : 2

< SH

0 -P CO

-P 0

0 Cn Cn Cn Cn G

}:;^ c a c a -r^ PA - H - H - H - H G

Raw

stac

Open

Card

Draw

Spin

\ SH rH 0^ Hi

to to

g g fd fd to 0 0 g CQ m fd

<D Cn Cn pq

inte-

ioning

fd CO 4J

ovide low m

nee surface

Dvide condi

n fd u P^ C PA

0 0 -H

•H SH SH X ! u

X) fd -H fd P4 L I

h X ! Cn fd

Cn G l i , C C Cn G -H m

•'-i -H cn G > i !H G -H

rH fd -H 4-) O i O J SH to D J CU 0 -H :3 SH -P 0 CO Oi t o m

cn cn G G -H

•H x : O J CO L I fd fd r-{

12 CO

-H -P Cn G cn U 0 G -H G Hi (D -H O J - H

'O C i j -P O i T ^ 0 CO -P fd fd L I G Hi SH 0 04 H t j IS i-q

G 0 cn

-H G cn -P -H G u Cn

•H (U fd > QA X fd CO u cu G fd IS H fX,

Cn G

• H CO Hi 0 x: L I

fd IS

cn c

• H

Oi

•H

CO

67 Activity Analysis

o H cn H >

o

E H

CO H 13 H

Q

CO

u H E H

CO H P^ W E H

O

< u >H FH H > H E H

O

CM

w PQ

B^

CO

> •H 4J O (U

• n Xi O

CO rH fd o o

CO rH

fd

H

-P -H >

•H -P O

<:

I CD I SH Ll

Q)

U P G CO 0) rH U HH rH fd O -H

X i CO fd -P

G CU CD G g

O -P

fd X

CO

o CO

D -H

OJ L l

H O^ >

CO QA <

• H x: -P CO G G CD 0 g

•H (U -P Cn Cn fd fd G

•-^ C ••-{ 0) fd Ll !H g Hi

-P OJ G O 0 0) fd

rH CL) l|H 0) ^ Hi > -P G (L) 0 fd O Xi B

Xi G fd

CO Hi -P fd G -P 0 CO -H

-p (U -H +J G 0 Cn g 0 O U SH (U

PA U

1 > i O^-P fd -H

rH SH - H 0) u OJ fd 0 m Ll OJ O

-P QA 0 X3

rH O CD fd > 0 (L) L) Q O

I u G H3

MH G fd

fd <-i QA

QA

0 rH r-\ fd <U G

> o Oi -H Q -P 1 I U -P i^i a Cl> Hi (U -P

MH CO (d (U SH

g SH O QA QA

LJ

I U O U

CD fd Cn

fd

^ g CO - H

•H rH (U X> -P fd fd •P SH CO o M Oi

H5 g

•H (D -P

O O

QA---i

o x; (u 15 x: CD

Cn rH o Cn fd rH - H G g < ! +J -H -H

G O

•H -P fd u

- p CO

• H

c •H g

68 Activity Analysis

' • ^

:ont.

u

^ IS O H CO

> l-H Q

iz; o H B^

S EH CO H S H S Q <;

cs.

H EH

cn H p^ w EH CJ

g < m u >H EH H

TIV

U <C

• • CM

w f ^ PQ < EH

• cy CD (^

CD O G fd

g SH O

<4H U (D

PA

CO -P G fd 0^

• H

u • H

-P SH fd P

CO (U

-H -P - H >

• H -P U <

to

CO fd

EH

^A I ^ OJ 'O G CU 4J fd fd T3 CD fd

Cn g G ^ • T3 CD L4 G O fd -PMH G L i O

• H x ; 0 (UHS f d f d Q ^ - ^ -P -P -P X! G Ll SH CO fd CO - P 0 O M H G H i L l g r H f d U 15 0 o Xi c]} fd x :

•H Cn -H "73 -H -P (U fd > i - P G fd Ll G Ll XJ

• P f d - H L i f d (L )CO+J ( U - H L I ! H ( U f d -\-> (D

T J g - P H i T 3 X ! - f d O G •H -H to -P -H G g rd -H (U > X - H O > - P - H 4 H x : C n O O G f d O G g ( U L i + J f d Ll Ll -H iw Ll -H T i to Hi -H g P j O j g H i P ^ r H f d D c o ^ - H

• Cn G

-P +J • W CO C ' QA

•H O a 0) rH G > i +J 'O O p:; fd 0 Ll G -H p: -H

•H fd O CO Cn Ll -P -P 'O CD Cn G -P O J 0) -H Ll C •'-i to 0 SH to PLJ - H rH Hi O U (U l>l rH T3 CD CU Ll • Hi <U G pc; CO e^ > PQ CO H

CO 1 rH \ CD

-P 0 to 0) 4-) T3 G M H H O > i t 0 G G -H 4 - i < 4 H L i O G f d fd 0 C f d P ^ r H O r H

QA 0 - P Q J - H P J to QA O CO Cn g - P

rH <C G H fd <U rH to G Cn-H <-{ x^ f d C U C n 0 G I 5 ( U ( U - P

C n t J C n G • H - H < U > P 5 rH G f d - H t O - P C U - H - H C n t d C U r H

- H C n c o c n + J U C l ) > - P U G O C n r H - P G C O G G H i t O L l O - H - H - H f d O ( D - H O f d ( U T 3 V H a ) ( l ) r H L l L l M L i

Ll O 0

r-i UH

CD <-{ X! fd M Hi

TJ

tU (U T i U • H fd > MH 0 SH U H3 PU CO

$H CD Cn fd C fd S

•H rH -H

s

<u o cn G G fd -H G -P (U G +J Hi G O

( U r i ^ S M g O C U - P QAX^ 0 CD O > I - H U L i f d Lj M > G H i O r H + J f d

C J E H < ; C L i O H P ^ E ^ O C 0 a l

• -P (U CO G cn G (1) fd 0 g C -H (D fd -P o i S fd fd Cn • i—\

e: iii <-\ C Cn (U 0 fd 0) -H G pc;

•rH S G CO H •P G fd o

Recep

Plant

Perso

Purch

Sales

Plant

Publi

fd u

T3 G

1 fd 0 SH X QA O QA fd fd 0

Ll G Oi fd QA

fd (D

T i CU •H X> > i > fd Ll 0 -H -P Ll Ll G

P J O i OJ

CO G 0 -P

•H G -P fd fd rH

rH PA

CD

CO G 0

• H P cn-P

cn G Cn G -P -H G -H C Ll H rH (D Hi > t rH -H CO Hi <U rH CO

S <C PQ CO o <;

• G^ G

rH \ (d G -H 0 SH

•rH - P - P CO U Hi H3 'D

T i G O H SH

04

(d Ll (U

'O G fd

> i + j • H LJ Hi O Cn CD G CO -H

G CD 0

TJ N •H > CD 0 -P SH - H 0 ( CO

1 o to CD g QA CD CO -P G CO G H > i 0

CO -H > l -p Ll cn o CD G CD G G -H D4

•H 0 T 3 CO O J X -H rH G O O 4-1 -H H

rd Hi S PQ

69 Activity Analysis

Activity Relationships

The relationships between the activities of the Greige

Mill while complicated in process are very simple in struc­

turing. Each of the activities is preceded and followed by

the activity with which it has the strongest relationship.

This results form the production line quality of the textile

plant.

In the following half matrix the activities both primary

and secondary of the entire plant have been listed showing the

kind of relationships that exist between the activities. The

kinds of relationships listed are strong, weak, none and neg­

ative (Table 3).

70 Activity Analysis

TABLE 3: ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS

Raw Product Storage

Waste Bailing

Opening

Carding

Spinning

Warping

Slashing

Weaving

Inspection

Packaging

Warehousing

Shipping

Reception

Plant Manag.

Personnel

Purchasing

Sales

Plant Eng.

Public Relations

Production

legend

Strong relat.

Weak relat.

None and/or negative

71 Chapter Five

ANALYSIS

" ^ ^

72 Site Analysis

Contents

Introduction 73

Sub-Surface Characteristics 73

Surface Characteristics 74

Man-Made Characteristics 76

73 Site Analysis

Introduction

The site analysis is dependent upon the existing site and

the purpose to which it will be put. This site analysis is

comprised of many elements—above, below, and at the ground--

that are interelated when the land is viewed as the site of the

proposed American Cotton Growers Industrial Textile Plant.

Subsurface Conditions

The subsurface conditions are those relating to the soils,

the foundation material and the water table. These become im­

portant factors in the cost of excavation and construction.

Soils: The site is covered with rough broken land and ac­

cumulations of Lotum soil on the surface. This soil is brown,

crumbly, calcerous sandy loam with many waterworn pebbles and

8 3 sandstone fragments on and in the surface layer.

Foundation Material: Below the shallow surface soil are

beds of red clay, shale and sandstone. These date from the

84 Triassic geologic period. In the past during each heavy

rain geologic erosions occured yielding accumulations of Latom

8 5 soils and underming the shale and sandstone of the escarpment.

Water Table: There are no on-site water bodies. The

water table is exceedingly deep posing no problems with con­

struction or foundations.

74 Site Analysis

Surface Characteristics

Surface Characteristics refer to the topography, com­

manding views, microclimate and gound cover. These factors

have particular implications for site development.

Topography: The site is a rectangle with a long east-

west axis and curved northwestern end. There is a small rise

in the center of the site. The elevations of the site are

2080 ft. at the railroad tracks, 2075 ft. at the western end,

2070 ft. along the rise in the center and 2060 ft. at the o c

eastern end. The resulting slopes are bisected at the cen­

ter and range from 1 to 5%.

Commanding views: The views from the site are exciting

and horizontal in format when looking north and east, and ver­

tical looking west and south. To the east lies the river and

city—downtown emerges with its multi-storied buildings,

churches rimming the downtown, the tree-lined streets rising

into the residential area and the Interstate looming on the

horizon. When one looks south the land stretches out to the

river and beyond to the Interstate. On the western horizon

the eye follows Highway 8 0 up the escarpment. The northern

view is the most striking with slopes up to 100% the sandstone

escarpment looms above the railroad tracks. Large sandstone

boulders at the top of the escarpment are supported by

75 Site Analysis

curving walls of red earth.^^

Microclimate: All of the regional climatic data has been

presented in the Background Analysis. An examination of the

microclimate may yield ways of moderating the existing climate

to approximate more optimum conditions for human beings and

the textile plant.

The existing topography with the escarpment rising to the

south of the site is likely to cause winds from the northeast

to form a cold air pool. The occurs because the cold winter

winds are impeded by the escarpment; they sink and collect to

form the pool.

The northern slope of the land at approximately 3% slope

will cause the site to have a slightly later spring or at

89 least colder spring. The topography also has an effect on

wind and precipitation. The wind will be affected in summer

due to its south-southwest direction. As the wind reaches the

hill turbelence will be created on the windward side and the

calmer condition will occur at the bottom of the hill on the

90 lee side—the site of the mill. The topographic effect on

precipation is probably the most minimal because the escarpment

only rises about 100 ft. above the site. The effect is pro­

duced when waterladen wind or storms from the northeast are

91 forced to rise. This causes unequal distribution of rainfall.

The site being mostly barren reflects approximately 10 to 25%

76 Site Analysis

92 of the solar radiation.

Ground Cover: The site is completely void of trees and

shrubs. Most of the ground is barren covered with small rocks

and pebbles. However, there are some native grasses and weeds

growing around the fringes of the site.

Man-Made Characteristics

The man-made characteristics include past damage, man-

made structures, utilities, intangible features and external

facilities.

Past Damage: Past users of the site have heavily damaged

the soil. The eastern and southwestern portions of the site

are oil soaked and contaminated. The eastern soil is littered

with concrete, pipes, barrels, and broken bricks. Though part

of the southwestern soil is contaminated, the rest is rela­

tively undisturbed and suitable for construction. At the

center on the southern edge is an area that recently was cov­

ered with fine gravel. It appears to be also suited for con­

struction. The narrow northern edge of the site is undis-

93 turbed but within the railroad right of way.

Man-Made Structures: In the center of the site on the

northern edge is a one story office building containing ap­

proximately 1000 sq. ft. It is the only intact structure, but

numerous concrete platforms each over 50 ft. in diameter still

77 Site Analysis

exist. Other concrete structures in various states of demo­

lition are strewn around the site. Two dirt roads emerge from

the north gates in the chain link fence that surrounds the

north and west sides. The Texas and Pacific Railroad forms

the southern boundary of the site. It consists of one track

running east and west and a spur that leads to the Cotton QA

Compress. The spur forms the western border of the site.

Utilities: A 16 inch water main is located along the

north side of the site by Highway 80. The electrical supply

also enters from the north and is presently located at the

office building. Since the site is outside of the city limits

no provisions have been made for sewer or storm drains. Tele­

phone and local cable television service is available along 95 Highway 80.

Intangible Features: The intangible features of the site

are past uses, zoning and easements, behavioral influences,

and site images.

Historically, the site was the location of the Col-Tex

Oil Refinery which began operation in 1925 and closed in 1969.

In 1978 a construction company used the site to store gravel

and equipment. The company went out of business and the site

96 has been vacant since.

Presently, the Industrial Foundation owns the site and

78 Site Analysis

has zoned it for industry or an industrial park. The founda­

tion has set a 25 ft. setback along the northern edge. The

railroad has its right of way. The site consists of 17.5

97 acres.

The principal behaviorial influence is the occurence or

daily routine of Hispanics of all ages that walk by the site

going to and from downtown.

The site will probably always have certain images and

significant meanings associated with it. The primary past as­

sociation is with the old refinery. Its lingering influence

lies in the economic impact the refinery closing had on the

city. The refinery had been a source of great pride; its in­

ception was seen as the economic rebirth of the city and its

closing diminished part of the city's dreams.

External Facilities: To the east are three large, black

oil storage tanks. The two eastern most tanks have 100 ft.

diameters and the third has a 75 ft. diameter. They are pre­

sently used for the storage of asphalt. Beyond these tanks

lies the Colorado River, On the northern side are several

industries. Beginning with the eastern most facility one sees

Browne Bros., Inc. and their residences; the Bus Station;

Foam-Tex, Inc.; Bassinger Bait House and residence; and the

Cotton Compress. To the west lies a Mexican-American resi­

dential neighborhood consisting of delapidated and deteriorated

79 Site Analysis

housing. This is separated from the site by the railroad spur.

Atop the escarpment at the south rests an oil tank farm many

of which are leased by Texas Electric Service Company to store

9 8

oil for the Morgan Creek Plant at Lake Colorado City.

In the following illustrations the site analysis is ex­

amined graphically reinforcing the principles presented earli­

er (Fig. 8, 9, 10 and 11).

All of the components of the site analysis—the conditions

below the ground, the surface characteristics, the man-made

characteristics--demonstrate the nature of the site.

80 Site Analysis

River

eoo 1200 1600

Scale feet North

Fig. 8: Vicinity Map

81 Site Analysis

I

A.

Q •:2

'J

I

-1

0

Fig, Site Survey Map

82 Site Analysis

•3 -t

Fig. 10: Site Analysis Map

83 Site Analysis

Fig. 11: Conceptual Layout

84 Chapter Six

CASE STUDIES

85 Case Studies

Contents

Introduction 86

Southwest Textiles, Inc. 87

Burlington Domestics, Postex Plant 91

American Cotton Growers Textile Plant 98'

Comparitive Analysis 103

Critical Issues 107

86 Case Studies

Introduction

Within this chapter three cotton textile mills are exa­

mined. The mills that were selected range from small, pri­

vately owned plants to very large, corporately owned busi­

nesses. Factors influencing their selection include: end

product, relative size, ownership, site characteristics, and

regional location. The mills selected are: Southwest Textiles,

Inc., Abernathy, Texas; Burlington Domestics, Postex Plant,

Post, Texas; and American Cotton Growers Textile Plant, Little­

field, Texas.

It is the purpose of this report to examine each plant in

terms of its context, function, form, building systems, site,

and cost. The contextual issues concern the reasons for cre­

ating the facility in relation to the social, economic, cul­

tural and political factors within the community. Under func­

tion an activity analysis identifying the primary, secondary,

and support activities will be listed. Form deals with the

physical creation and its surroundings. A building systems

analysis examines the mechanical, electrical, utility, life

safety, and structural systems interface with the function,

climate, and site. The site analysis examines specific site

conditions and their relationship to the design. The cost

analysis is based upon an unit area that takes into consider­

ation construction date and place. A comprehensive analysis

87 Case Studies

between the plants is included in an effort to reveal the

current theory of design, future trends and critical issues.

Southwest Textiles, Inc.

This plant was built in 1967. The plant is located in a

small town of 400, approximately 20 miles to the north of

Lubbock. The plant is centered in a region of prime cotton

production. It produces 100% cotton yarn that is packaged and

sold nationwide to a variety of clients. The plant represents

a privately owned business venture that resulted from a group

of local people who researched the feasibility and then devel­

oped a finance package and built the plant.

The Abernathy plant operates on a 24 hour basis, five

days per week. There are three salary positions and 2 7 wage

jobs. The workday for the salaried employees is 8:00 a.m. to

5:00 p.m. Wage employees are divided into three shifts that

operate from 8 to 4, 4 to 12, and 12 to 8. Each shift is

allowed 30 minutes for lunch resulting in a 37*5 hours per week,

Interestingly, The current system resulted after complaints

concerning the lack of time to eat occured in 1976.

The primary activities at the sales yarn plant are:

opening, picking, carding, drawing, spinning, winding, con­

ditioning, packaging, loading, and administration. The sec­

ondary activities include lunch and balestorage. The support

88 Case Studies

activities are parking, air conditioning and vacuuming

(Fig. 12).

There is a linear circulation pattern flowing from the

north to the south of the facility in the manufacturing areas

and a simple sequence in the office building. Boundaries are

established by wall, rolling doors, structural columns and

movement equipment. Territoriality is obvious throughout the

plant in which people personalize their work space. Bale-

storage and loading have physical access to the environment.

A list of major equipment includes: two pickers; five

feeder hoppers; 18 high speed cards; four drawing frames; 816

rotors (open-end) and three winders. This equipment is housed

in a 70,000 sq. ft. metal building.

Southwest Textiles consists of two distince parts, the

office and the manufacturing buildings. The office building

is constructed of red brick and it includes a vestibule en­

trance with asbestos tile flooring and a suspended tile ceil­

ing. Windows are vertically oriented and placed only within

the major areas. The production facility is a windowless

steel manufactured building centrally situated behind the

office sharing a common wall. There are two main openings

one to the east at the north end and the other to the west on

the south end (Fig. 13).

At the plant the mechanical system is the most important

89 Case Studies

pglMAte:^ «ce<^<puis',^g.'<

<5fTit-lii44 f t U V C - K ^

-ST&lft^-ajE.

|n^|C.t.|£«^

r r .pc 'Ei f ' ;

tCJi.KC\v!itU

P'K.i^UllJ^

^ f n u t J i t J ^

UlkJldLU^

•q4Jrr^:>Fe-r

Fi<4i, i'=tec«rE^rki>tJ

VACUUM llJ^

p&^S- f iA^ l kJ^ tca«s-ti.^k-kj

•^:i7)JMri,i>tJ|i--i^^

fe'^V.lUiij

^ l l cp^U .s , • Ma-'S'Tt. 'TixK.Kii

KT«^t7lJ<i.r

J-.aikhPlJ^

AoMiUi^ r i£A.n^?<^ i , lc£<icp~ri^»J

t-i*j4A-<i,g.Hr4Jr

Fig. 12: Activity Analysis of Southwest Textiles

90 Case Studies

r

p M j i - s ^ i ' e e If2j6.kii«4tfj

^•fisicAsSg^

^Z/^^Vi^t-Ty^. M»i- er^

><&<3'+

tee~<i«,ri'i

v/i'Uls&'io fAek ik-Ws

U.s>A.Ct< i-s^

T.s>»ii«i. i

,-t&«^-<E.

ticini iFfejJti'jJe^Trw ^ t+4-i4o«nv

Fig. 13: Schematic Floor Plan, Southwest Textiles

91 Case Studies

component of all the building systems. With the exception of

the offices the plant operates at 75* F. with 55% relative

humidity. The conditioning room is kept at 100% r.h. The e-

lectricai s ystem consists of the standard power distribution

system and placement of outlets. The lighting is industrial

flourescent fixtures and is supplemented with natural light in

the warehouse area. There are no special water supply or

treatment facilities. In the area of life safety, the plant

complies with OSHA regulations by providing fire hoses and

alarms. The structural systems of the two divisions within

the plant differ greatly. The office utilizes loadbearing

walls of brick and block with light-weight steel bar joists;

while the manufacturing portion utilizes pre-manufactured

steel beams and columns to create the typical pitched roofed

steel building.

The plant is located on the eastern side of Interstate

27 on a gently sloping site. There is an obvious zoning of

the site in which the parking is divided between employees,

wage and salary, and visitor areas. Other zones include bale

delivery, loading and waste disposal. Because of the enor­

mous requirements of the mechanical system and the climatic,

this plant has a special roof insulation in addition to a

double roof deck to prevent excessive heat loss and heat gain.

Unfortunately, the owner of this plant decided not to

92 Case Studies

release any cost data, therefore no unit area cost could be

determined.

Burlington Domestics, Postex Plant

The Postex Plant began production in 1955 when Burlington

Industries bought the idle facility. Portions of the original

plant date to 1912 when under the management of C.W. Post it

produced all cotton sheets. Presently, under Burlington Do­

mestics division the plant produces a cotton/polyester blend

102 fabric that is sewn into sheets and pillowcases.

The plant at Post operates on a 24 hour basis, 5 day per

week. There are 400 people employed which is roughly equally

divided between sexes. There are 31 salaried positions and

their work day is from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Wage employees are

divided into three shifts that work form 7 to 3, 3 to 11, and

11 to 7. The company provides profit sharing, group insurance

^ ,_ A=-A- 1 0 3 and retirement benefits.

Plant production is based upon taking raw cotton and

polyester to a finished product (sheets and pillowcases). The

postex Plant has four basic divisions: greige mill, finishing

and bleaching, fabricating, and distribution.

In the greige mill the primary activities are: opening,

carding, spinning, spooling, warping, slashing, weaving and

cloth inspection. The secondary activities are: quality

93 Case Studies

control lab, pickers, feeder hoppers, drawing, and roving.

The support activities in the greige mill include: waste

storage, vacuuming, waste bailing, air conditioning, training,

and storage.

In finishing and blerichi.ng the primary activities are:

singeing, cloth washing, bleaching, starching, and drying.

The secondary activity is bleach storage and the support ac­

tivities are air compression, motor housing, electricity gen­

eration, steam generating, warehousing and storage.

In fabrication the primary activities are: hemming, cut­

ting, sewing, folding and packaging. In distribution the

primary activities include: warehousing, forklifting, and

trucking. Secondary activities for both fabrication and dis­

tribution are storage and docking. Support activities for the

entire plant include: management, supervision, nursing,

maintenance, and air circulation and conditioning.

The circulation of the products basically U-shaped be­

cause Burlington has had to work with old buildings readapted

to modern machinery (Fig. 14).

A list of major equipment includes: five feeder hoppers,

five weigh hoppers, 24 cards, 12 drawing frames, eight roving

frames, 81 ring spinning frames, one spooler, one warper, one

slasher, 430 looms, and three cloth inspection tables. This

equipment is housed in a 120,000 sq. ft. complex of buildings.

94 Case S t u d i e s

<*r:ru&E. * t't^iJll

tytfLe>'^&. f/i^)cL,\J^

CII3r^=)—^ ^ ^Fust.^

I P A

<iiee:u5iE HiL- ! -

Kic»«.T% -

V Corr\£ iS ft>i.L_K- <S1&*eA£5,E_

. T t e f»»ta_C. ^ T S e i ^ E -

Fig. 14: Schematic Floor Plan, Postex Plant

95 Case Studies

Following are illustrations provided by Burlington showing

their equipment and explaining the processes involved at Post

(Fig. 15).

The form of the present Postex Plant represents numerous

additions and revisions to the plan. Overall the shape is

very rectangular with projecting and receding planes. Almost

all of the buildings share concrete pilasters and the oldest

structure has concrete walls with concrete joists, beams and

slab roof. The floors are all concrete and some have been

steel hardened. On the exterior all buildings share the same

color of paint, a light creamy yellow- To set off the offices

an earth red paint stripe colors the wall. There is also a

large graphic display of Burlington's trademark and name in

blue on the southern wall facing Hwy. 84. There are no win­

dows in the newer additions but the older buildings have large

clerestory windows. The warehouses have large skylights.

The mechanical system at the Postex Plant plays an im­

portant role and is quite complex. Because the plant produces

a 65/35 blend fabric the requirements differ from all-cotton

facilities but they are just as critical. In the opening room

a temperature of 80" F. and 50 to 55% r.h. is optimum. In

carding, 80° F. and 40%; spinning, 88° and 32%; weaving, 82°

and 74%; fabrication, 72^ because of the high concentration

of workers; due, to these requirements all walls have moisture

96 Case Studies

C A R D I N G — The process of separating and cleaning cotton f ibers to prepare them for spinning.

W E A V I N G — Inter lac ing two sets of ya rn , one running lengthwise in the loom and te rmed " w a r p " and the other running cross-wise in the loom and called "f i l l ing."

SPINNING — The process of mak ing yarn f rom f ibers by drawing out and twist ing the f ibers into a thin s ' rand.

CLOTH INSPECTION — Checking of the areiqe clotn for defects, d i r - , and orh,3i e~.^i;i;;nce of i n r " - i r ; r merchanci^"-;-

Fig. 15: Scenes of Postex Activities

97 Case Studies

barriers and the roof has a special insulation. In the fin­

ishing range even the ceiling must by air conditioned to avoid

104 moisture condensation that would stain the fabric.

The electrical requirements are stringent. Two sub-sta­

tions are in use; one for the greige mill and the other for

the rest of the plant. In addition there are generators in

the event of power failure. There are special air compressors

due to oil-free air requirements. Boiler water must be deion-

ized. Three pools handle the waste effluent from the plant

as well as that from the city.

The life safety equipment includes sprinkler systems,

firewalls existing between opening and carding, spooling and

slashing, and slashing and weaving.

The Postex Plant is located on the eastern side of old

Hwy. 84, now Ave. F in Post, Texas which is 38 miles south of

Lubbock. The original site zoning included a mill town de­

velopment. Today few of the houses remain and the immediate

site zones include: ball parks lined with elm trees, parking,

waste disposal, trucking, rail deliveries, and water treatment,

Some surface drainage problems have occured at this sloping

site but grates and drainage ditches have remedied the pro­

blems.

Absolutely no cost information could be released by

98 Case Studies

by Burlington due to company policy which protects the cor­

poration and its investors against competition.

American Cotton Growers Textile Plant

This plant built in 1975 is located in Littlefield, Texas

which is 35 miles northwest of Lubbock. It produces first

quality 100% cotton denim fabric for Levi Strauss.

The plant resulted from a 1974 feasibility study pre­

pared by the Plains Cotton Cooperative inspired by the 1973

Rural Development Act. Under the original plant operation

there were 26 cotton gins, 3000 cotton producers, capital from

the Central and Texas Bank for Cooperatives, and a $33 million

Rural Development Loan participating in the venture.

Four possible locations for the mill were proposed with

Littlefield being chosen due to its: labor market, waste water

treatment facilities, water treatment facilities, proximity to

cotton production, the spirit of the community, site donation,

tax breaks, rail siting, adjacency to major highways, the

natural gas supply, and the electrical supply. The resulting

plant design was influenced by equipment, research, the South­

ern Building Code, OSHA, and Factory Mutual Insurance.

The plant operates on a 24 hour basis, 7 days per week.

There are 60 salary and 535 wage employees. The salary em­

ployees except the shift superintendents work from 8 a.m. to

99 Case Studies

5 p.m. The wage employees and their superintendents work on

one of four shifts: "A","B","C", or "D." "A" and "C" are day

shifts that work from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.; conversely, "B" and

"D" are night shifts that work from 7 to 7. The current com­

presses work schedule has been used since the plant began pro-

, . . 107 duction.

The plant may be divided into five divisions: yarn man­

ufacturing, dyeing, weaving, finishing, and administration.

The primary actvities in yarn manufacturing are: bale storage,

opening, cleaning, carding, drawing, spinning and ball warping.

The secondary activities include supervision and waste bailing.

In dyeing the primary activities are: indigo dyeing, long

chain beaming, and slashing. Secondary activities are: su­

pervision and storage. In weaving the primary activity is

shuttleless loom weaving. The secondary activities are: su­

pervision, loom beam storage, and filler supply. In finishing

the primary activities are: compressive shrinkage, cloth in­

spection, cutting, packaging, and storage. The secondary ac­

tivities are: supervision, shading and forklifting. In ad­

ministration the primary activities are management, reception,

quality control, purchasing, sales, plant engineering, indus­

trial engineering, payroll and clerical. Common to all di­

visions are the support activities: air conditioning, dust

100 Case Studies

removal, steam generation, quality control, electrical distri­

bution, training, maintenance, hygiene, breaks, conferences

and storage.

There is a linear progression to the circulation path of

the product from the north to the south of the facility. Boun­

daries of the activities are established by rolling doors,

hanging curtains and wide aisles. Employee territoriality has

been established by usage of possessive language, adopting

machines and personalizing work spaces.

The Littlefield plant's form consists of two highly dis­

tinctive parts, the administration and the manufacturing'

buildings connected by a narrow hall. The whole complex is

constructed of a tan brick but the administration building is

dwarfed by the shear physical size of the manufacturing build­

ing. While the manufacturing area is rectangular and boxy in

character, the administration area is basically a rectangle

that has been notched on three sides to create an angular

facade with deep overhangs over the windows. The only pen­

etrations to the manufacturing building are for exits, loading

and unloading, and curiously the service bays along each

longitudinal side have large fins at each air washer (Fig. 16)

At Littlefield the whole plant is air conditioned with

each division requiring specific temperatures and relative

humidities. To maintain the proper conditions each division

1 0 1 C a s e S t u d i e s

'=>Ejes/u/E, feA; t=;

!>Jc7iii,,7 t ?^e i .» -^ i2A.i.|;£|l

l«AVu -^ ic i J^ -

r i ^ \ ^ fAei-

• U A « £ . T € _ ifc&JHiJ<i|

-sofTb&T A^ -TiViin EJ^

• ioMl' i 'S^ '-'E 'SvieiiJitAi^i::

0 1 0 , o

Fig. 16: Schematic Floor Plan, Littlefield Plant

102 Case Studies

has an automatic monitor that controls the air washers. These

are equiped with deionizers to control static build-up. In

the dyeing division special duct insulation is moisture con­

densation. Special insulation is used on the roof and walls.

The supply ducts are overhead and the return air is in con­

crete head-high tunnels under the floor.-"" ^

The plant is will lit by flourescent fixtures. A back-up

generator is provided in case of power failure or disruption.

In addition, there are battery powered emergency lighting pro­

visions for exits.

The life safety systems within the plant include a

sprinkler system, fire hose stations, and a four hour fire-

rated wall dividing the plant in half. Each division has its

own first aid station with one station run by a registered

nurse.

The structural system of the manufacturing building is

heavy steel framing with steel decking except in dyeing where

concrete roofing is provided due to corrosion. All walls are

concrete block and the floors are steel hardened concrete.

The plant is located on Hwy. 54 just outside the city

limits and just off the Clovis Rd. from Lubbock. The plant

is aligned on a north-south axis with the approach running

parallel to the plant. The site is zoned- The building was

placed roughly in the middle of the site, behind it is wage

103 Case Studies

employee parking, delivery, loading, servicing, and waste dis­

posal. Directly in front is salary and visitor parking. The

expanse beyond the plant is well landscaped.

The site is rather flat sloping to the west. A railroad

spur is located at the plant.

The unit area cost of the Littlefield Plant was $42 per

sq. ft. in 1975. The total cost of the 600,000 sq. ft.

structure including equipment is $42 million.

Comparitive Analysis

The following is a brief comparative analysis which uti­

lizes the same topics for discussion: context, function, form,

building systems, site and cost.

Each plant originally shared the common goal of producing

some kind of 100% cotton product whether it became sheets and

pillowcases or denim fabric but that is where the similarity

ends. Two of the three, Littlefield and Post produce on a

contractual basis only. The decision to build differs among

the three. Southwest Textiles represents a local concern,

American Cotton Growers decided only after completing a com­

petitive and thorough examination of a 15 county area, and

Postex resulted in Burlington's discovery of an existing but

inoperative plant. Of course each represents a profit seeking

venture and each is located in an area of high cotton

104 Case Studies

production.

Labor statistics indicate roughly equal employment of men

and women. However, the major concentration of women tend to

be in weaving, winding, or sewing with all other activities

being male dominated. Supervisory and salary positions tended

to be held by men with women serving in clerical and staff

jobs .

The extent of the primary activities differs from plant

to plant mainly in relation th size. The Post and Littlefield

facilities are remarkably alike. They differ in spinning, dye­

ing, and finishing. The Abernathy Plant by its end product is

more abbreviated. The secondary and support activities for all

three are very similar.

Each mill has attempted to make the flow or path of cir­

culation as simple as possible. The more efficient the flow

the least handling is involved resulting in less labor costs

and better utilization of building space. The best example

coincides with the newest plant. Littlefield boasts a very

simple flow and highly automated machinery. The Postex plant

being the oldest and utilizing a variety of buildings and

additions has the worst flow.

Boundaries were established at each plant usually by walls

and rolling doors but at Littlefield color coding, plastic

105 Case Studies

curtains and space was used. The extent of territoriality

varied from plant to plant. At American Cotton Growers Plant

people exhibited the most noticeable signs. They personalized

their work spaces heavily using familiar drinking cups, stick­

ers, and cushions. They also used possessive pronouns to i-

dentify the machines they were responsible for at the plant.

All three demonstrated characteristics of the typical

cotton textile mills. Those form determinants are one level

construction, windowless arrangements, and single building

usage. Each plant is built with very durable and economic ma­

terials. At Post Burlington uses the walls for advertisement

quite successfully. The Postex Plant also illustrates com­

plete unity between manufacturing and administration while

Littlefield shows a dicotomy.

In each plant the most significant building system is the

mechanical system. The required working conditions vary but

almost all of the process require air conditioning. The

Littlefield system seem to the best because while supplying

fresh air through overhead ducts, lint filled air is being

sucked into the return air duct grilles located near the

machinery. Plants with dyeing ranges must contend with cor­

rosion and condensation.

Each plant met complex electrical supply and distribution

106 Case Studies

problems. At the Postex Plant two sub-stations are required

while at Littlefield only one is needed. Both of these plants

have their own generators in the event of power failure. Post

even has its own power plant complete with boilers and smoke­

stack though it is not used.

Abernathy and Littlefield use the city-owned water treat­

ment facilities but Post has its own waste effluent ponds

which the city uses. The mix of city to factory effluent

serves to dilute chemical concentrations allowing easier treat­

ment. All three plants use city water. The Postex Plant

however does have its own water treatment plant and reservoir.

All three plants have life safety systems that include

fire hoses, alarms and sprinklers. Post and Littlefield go

much further and provide rolling fire doors and rated fire

walls. Only Littlefield provides a tornado shelter.

Each site is relatively similar. All are flat to gently

sloping with good surface drainage. Each plant has direct

access to major highways and rail sidings. The site zoning

at Post includes numerous amenities. Only Abernathy is re­

strictive in the site's zoning and aesthetic possibilities.

The cost analysis must unfortunately rely on only one

figure, $42/sq.ft. at the Littlefield Plant in 1975. Aber­

nathy and Post company policies prevented attaining a unit

area cost of construction.

107 Case Studies

Critical Issues

Summarizing the analysis one finds these critical issues

common to all the plants:

Financial feasibility

Basis of operation

End product requirements for primary, secondary and

support activities

Flow and circulation paths

Form, aesthetics versus practically

Stringent building system requirements

Good site drainage, rail siting, and transportation

Unit area costs, payback period, net profit after taxes

and depreciation schedule

108 Chapter Seven

SPACE SUMMARY

109 Space Summary

Contents

Introduction 110

Manufacturing Division 111

Administration Division 114

Service Areas 115

External Facilities 117

110 Space Summary

Introduction

The space summary lists each space grouped functionally

and by cost of construction. The assignable square footage

and the manner in which it was determined is provided for each

space. Then subtotals, total net area, net to gross ratio,

and the total building area are derived. For the cotton tex­

tile mill the spaces have been divided into three sections:

manufacturing, service and administration.

Ill Space Summary

A. Manufacturing Division

1. Raw Product Storage

1. Unloading 600 sq.ft,

3 bays (docking) (a 200 sq.ft. ea."''"'"

2. Bale Storage 2162 sq.ft,

470 bales @ 4.6 sq.ft. ea."'•-'••'•

Subtotal 2762 sq.ft,

2. Waste Bailing 640 sq.ft.

1 waste bailer (§ 640 sq.f t. "'""'"

3. Opening

1. Cutting Bale Straps 200 sq.ft.

113 1 "strap-zapper" @ 200 sq.ft.

2. Unwrapping the Bale 200 sq.ft.

114 1 work area @ 200 sq.ft.

3. Feeding the Bale 960 sq.ft.

1 bale plucker (a 960 sq.f t. "'""'"

Subtotal 1360 sq.ft.

4. Carding

1. Feeding the Cotton to the Cards 50 sq.ft.

116 100 ft. of conveying duct (3 0.5 sq.ft.

2. Card Production of Slivers 1650 sq.ft.

6 cards @ 275 sq.ft. ea.-"--"-

3. Movement of Card Cans 972 sq.ft.

118 6 can changers @ 162 sq.ft. ea.

112 Space Summary

Subtotal 2672 sq.ft.

5. Drawing

1. Sliver Refinement 1900 sq.ft.

119 2 drawing frames @ 950 sq.ft.

2. Movement of Drawing Cans 324 sq.ft.

120 2 can changers (a 162 sq.ft.

Subtotal 2224 sq.ft.

6. Spinning

360 rotors @ 11.8 sq.ft." - 4248 sq.ft.

7. Warping

1 warper @ 2667 sq.ft.-"- ^ 2667 sq.ft.

8. Slashing

1 slasher (§ 4000 sq.ft."'' • 4000 sq.ft.

9. Weaving

34 looms (a 157 sq.ft." " 5338 sq.ft.

10. Finishing

125 1 finishing range @ 12,288 sq.ft.

1. Cloth Inspection 2288 sq.ft.

2. Cutting 2000 sq.ft.

3. Packaging 4000 sq.ft.

4. Shipping 4000 sq.ft.

Subtotal 12288 sq.ft.

113 Space Summary

Manufacturing Division Subtotal 38199 sq.ft.

net to gross ratio 85% 5730 sq.ft.

Manufacturing Division Gross Subtotal. 43929 sq.ft

114 Space Summary

B. Administration Division

1. Reception Room and Lobby 200 sq.ft.

1 @ 200 sq.ft.-^^^

2. President's Office 300 sq.ft.

1 @ 300 sq.ft.-'- '

3. Personnel Management Office 150 sq.ft.

1 (a 150 sq.ft.-^^^

4. Supervisor Offices 160 sq.ft.

2 @ 80 sq.ft.^^^

5. Industrial Engineer's Office 150 sq.ft.

130 1 @ 150 sq.ft.-^-^^

6. Purchasing and Sales Office 130 sq.ft.

1 (a 130 sq.ft.-"- -

Administration Dividsion Subtotal 1090 sq.ft.

net to gross ratio 75% 273 sq.ft.

Administration Division Gross Subtotal 1363 sq.ft.

115 Space Summary

C. Service Areas

1. Canteen 500 sq.ft.

56 people (max.) (a 8.9 sq.ft."""" ^

2. Men and Women's Toilets

1. Men's Toilet - Yarn Manufacturing 66 sq.ft.

3 fixtures (a 22 sq.ft.""""^^

2. Women's Toilet - Yarn Manufacturing 44 sq.ft.

2 fixtures (a 22 sq.ft.

3. Men's Toilet - Weaving and Finishing 88 sq.ft.

4 fixtures (§ 22 sq.ft.

4. Women's Toilet - Weaving and Finishing 88 sq.ft.

4 fixtures @ 22 sq.ft.

5. Men's Toilet - Administration 44 sq.ft.

2 fixtures @ 22 sq.ft.

6. Women's Toilet - Administration 44 sq.ft.

2 fixtures @ 22 sq.ft.

Subtotal 374 sq.ft.

3. First Aid Station 100 sq.ft.

134 1 (a 100 sq.ft.

4. Quality Control Laboratory 200 sq.ft.

1 (3 200 sq.ft.-^^^

5. Storage 382 sq.ft.

13 6 1% of the production area

116 Space Summary

6. Mechanical 3820 sq.ft.

137 10% of the production area

Service Areas Subtotals 5376 sq.ft,

net to gross ratio 65% 1882 sq.ft.

Service Areas Gross Subtotals 7258 sq.ft.

Total Building Area

Manufacturing Division

Administration Division

Service Division

Total Building Gross Area

43929

1363

7258

52550

sq.

sq.

sq.

sq.

,ft.

,ft.

,ft.

.ft.

117 Space Summary

D. External Facilities

1. Parking 18600 sq.ft.

13 8 62 autos (a 0.3 autos/thousands sq. ft.

2. Service Roads 3720 sq.ft.

139 20% of the parking area

3. Plazas 5255 sq.ft.

140 10% of the building area

External Facilities Gross Subtotal 27575 sq.ft.

118 Chapter Eight

SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

119 Systems Performance Criteria

Contents

Introduction 120

Structural Issues 121

Enclosure Issues 122

Mechanical Issues 123

Electrical Issues 124

Transportation Issues 125

Health Hazards/Life Safety Issues 126

120 Systems Performance Criteria

Introduction

The systems performance criteria presents in performance

language and performance outcomes those issues which are im­

portant to the design of the industrial cotton textile plant.

Those issues presented are: structural, enclosure, mechanical,

electrical, transportation, and health hazards/life safety.

121 Systems Performance Criteria

Structural Issues

1. Provide a structure resistant to tornado force winds.

One capable of withstanding 120 mph winds.

2. Provide a roofing system not easily damaged by hail

storms. One capable of withstanding 30 psi impact.

3. Provide a floor system capable of withstanding large

concentrated loads. Allow for live loads of up to 125

141 pounds per square foot.

4. Provide a structural system capable from which overhead

lifts and cranes could be used.

5. Provide contingency plans for expansion to the structural

system.

6. Provide a roofing system that allows natural light with­

out adding to the heat gain. The source of the illumin­

ation should be indirect light such as a northern expo­

sure.

7. Provide a roofing system that reduces the accumulation

of dust.

8. Provide an open-concept plan for yarn manufacturing di­

vision except where noted.

9. Provide a roof/ceiling clearance of the height of 142

machinery plus 150%.

10. Provide a foundation system capable of supporting build­

ing loads despite that some of the soil is non-bearing.

122 Systems Performance Criteria

Enclosure Issues

1. Provide work spaces that are stimulating, comfortable

143 and durable.

2. Provide floors that lessen worker's foot fatigue.

3. Provide an enclosure that is resistant to impacts, sound

absorbing, attractive to the eye (stimulating), odorless

and sanitary, and economically feasible.

4. Provide an enclosure capable of minimizing temperature

and relative humidity extremes.

123 Systems Performance Criteria

Mechanical Issues

1. Provide a system capable of supplying the proper tem­

perature and relative humidities to the various areas

as specified in the Case Studies.

2. Provide a thermostatic monitor for the mechanical system

in each of the spaces.

3. Provide a system of filters capable of removing large

amounts of dust from the air.

4. Provide a system of air grilles that draws the dust and

lint into the return air ducts.

5. Provide a system capable of handling temperature fluctu­

ations, - 50° F.

6. Provide roof and wall insulation to minimize the mechan­

ical load. Use R-19 or greater value insulation.

7. Provide a system capable of being maintained and serviced.

124 Systems Performance Criteria

Electrical Issues

1. Provide voltage of 110, 220 and 480; and the necessary

distribution system.

2. Place all electrical outlets in the floor or 4 foot 6

inches above the floor.

3. Lessen the visual impact where possible of the electrical

utilities.

4. Provide a 250 kw DC generator and batteries for periods

of power failure or disruption.

5. Provide a lighting system that minimizes heat gain and

loss while providing the illumination levels specified

in the Detailed Space List.

125 Systems Performance Criteria

Transportation Issues

1. Segregate the parking facilities between visitors and

salaried personnel and wage personnel.

2. Segregate truck deliveries, rail deliveries, and wage

employee parking.

3. Provide proper clearances and heights for truck and rail

platforms as specified in the Detailed Space List.

4. In developing the site minimize the visual impact by

providing landscaping.

5. Provide clearances for forklifts and can dollies as

specified in the Detailed Space List.

6. Provide sidewalks from the parking areas.

7. Provide clear access from Hwy. 80 to the plant.

8. Provide floor-level operation for the warehouse.

9. Provide a clear division between the shipping and re­

ceiving areas.

10. Provide protective canopies if the docks are located on

the south, east, or west sides.

11. Provide a means of security for the parking areas of

employees.

12. Use natural grades to facilitate site drainage.

13. Provide a paving surface that is durable and maintenance

free.

126 Systems Performance Criteria

Health Hazards/Life Safety Issues

1. Provide isolation of dangerous chemicals such as caustic

starches, acids, oil and waxes.

2. Provide safety from high voltage sources such as the

transformers, power lines and circuit breakers.

3. Provide protective surgical masks for workers.

4. Provide protective hearing equipment such as ear plugs

or ear phones.

5. Provide battery powered emergency exit lighting system,

exit lights, passage lights and safety lights.

6. Provide a tornado shelter for 100 people.

12 7 Chapter Nine

COST ANALYSIS

128 Cost Analysis

Contents

Introduction 129

Cost Estimate Analysis 130

Project Development and Construction Schedule 132

129 Cost Analysis

Introduction

The Cost Analysis is focused on future prices and is

provided for the client's use. The Cost Analysis (estimate)

is derived from Pena's Problem Seeking. It involves: Building

Cost, Fixed Equipment, Site Development, Total Construction

Cost, Site Acquisition, Movable Equipment, Professional Fees,

Contingencies, Administrative Costs, Permanent Financing Costs,

Interin Financing Cost and Total Budget Required. The chapter

144 also includes a project development and construction schedule.

130 Cost Analysis

Cost Estimate Analysis

A. Building Cost $2,294,858.50

formula - Future Value = (1 + interest rate/period)^ x ($ sum invested (a n = 0)145

$22.00 / sq.ft. (excellent quality of construction) in 1977

1985 mid-point of construction

i = 3% / year for the first 3 years

1 = 1 % / month for the last 5 years

1980 value = (1 -f .03/yr.)^ ^^" ($22 . 00/sq.f t.)

1980 value = $24-039 / sq.ft.

1985 value = (1 + .01/mon.)^° ™°^'($24.039/sq.ft.)

1985 value = $43,671 / sq.ft.

52,550 sq.ft. (3 $43.67 = Building Cost

B. Fixed Equipment $ 688,457.55

147 30% of A""

(specially high percentage due to nature of plant)

C. Site Development $ 688,457.55

30% of A 1 4 8

(specially high percentage due to nature of site)

D. Total Construction Cost $3,671,773.60

Sum of A -f B + cX^^

131 Cost Analysis

E. Site Acquisition $

149 free - donated by the Industrial Foundation

F. Movable Equipment $ 458,971.70

20% of A-'- ^

(high due to nature of the plant)

G. Professional Fees $ 293,741.89

151 8% of D

H. Contingencies $ 367,177.36

152 10% of D^

(medium percentage due to nature of site and plant)

J. Administration Costs $ 73,435.47

2% of D 1 "

J(A). Permanent Financing Costs

Investment Banker Fee $ 194,604.00

a. 4% of K

construction Loan Fee $ 97,302.00

155 b. 2% of K "

j(B). Interim Financing Cost $1,174,967.55

156 16% of D X 2 yr.-^

K. Total Budget Required $4,865,100.02

157 D + E + F + G + H + J = K

132 Cost Analysis

Project Development and Construction Schedule

The project development schedule is a complicated process

involving several dates of construction. The construction

schedule is a listing of important dates during the construct­

ion process. This schedule is modeled after one in Construct-

158 ion Management. The schedule is:

December 1983

April 1984

September

March 1985

July

December

Febuary 1986

Bid Date

Site Clearing

Grading and Foundation Work

Building Structure

Mechanical

Plumbing

Electrical

Interior Finishes

Substantial Completion

Beneficial Occupancy

133 Chapte r Ten

DETAILED SPACE LIST

134 Detailed Space List

Contents

A. Manufacturing Division

l.Raw Product Storage

1. Unloading

2. Bale Storage

2. Waste Bailing

3. Opening

1. Cutting Bale Straps

2. Unwrapping the Bale

3. Feeding the Bale

4. Carding

1. Feeding the Cotton to the Cards

2. Card Production of Slivers

3. Movement of Card Cans

5. Drawing

1. Sliver Refinement

2. Movement of Drawing Cans

6. Spinning

7. Warping

8. Slashing

9. Weaving

10. Finishing

1. Cloth Inspection

2. Cutting

135 Detailed Space List

3. Packaging

4. Shipping

B. Administration Division

1. Reception Room and Lobby

2. President's Office

3. Personnel Management Office

4. Supervisors' Offices

1. Yarn Manufacturing Supervisor Office

2. Weaving and Finishing Supervisor Office

5. Industrial Engineer's Office

6. Purchasing and Sales Office

C. Service Areas

1. Canteen

2. Men's and Women's Toilets

1. Men's Toilet - Yarn Manufacturing

2. Women's Toilet - Yarn Manufacturing

3. Men's Toilet - Weaving and Finishing

4. Women's Toilet - Weaving and Finishing

5. Men's Toilet - Administration

6. Women's Toilet - Administration

3. First-Aid Station

4. Quality Control Laboratory

136 Detailed Space List

5. Storage Areas

1. Storage Area - Yarn Manufacturing

2. Storage Area - Weaving and Finishing

3. Storage Area - Administration

6. Mechanical Room / Air Washers

137 Detailed Space List

Introduction

The Detailed Space List presents the scope of each space

in a standard format. This format includes: facility number,

descriptive title, floor area, functional description, number

of occupants, environmental requirements and furnishings or

equipment. Every space of this industrial cotton textile

plant will comprise a separate sheet.

138 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.

Descriptive Title: Manufacturing Division

Assignable Floor Area: 38,199 sq.ft.

Functional Description: The manufacturing division is that

part of the plant responsible for the production of fabric

(industrial toweling) from raw cotton. It involves: A.l Raw

Product Storage, A.2 Waste Baling, A.3 Opening, A.4 Carding,

A.5 Drawing, A.6 Spinning, A.7 Warping, A.8 Slashing, A.9 Weav­

ing, and A.10 Finishing.

Expected Number of Occupants: 49 workers

Environmental Requirements: Provide environmentally controlled

6 159 atmosphere of 70 - 75 F. and 55% r.h. Provide an illumin-

16 0 ation of at least 50 footcandles. Provide acoustical

treatment in all spaces. Provide hearing protection equipment 1 c -|

in all spaces where the soond intensity level exceeds 70 db.

Provide insulation (roof and wall) to lessen the heat gain and

loss. Provide fire protection equipment—sprinkler systems,

standpipes, hoses, alarms. Provide emergency lighting systems.

Provide durable maintenance-free surfaces. Provide automatic

cleaning systems.

Equipment: Provide as specified in each section.

139 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.1

Descriptive Title: Raw Product Storage

Assignable Floor Area: 2762 sq.ft.

Functional Description: Raw Product Storage involves unloading

the compressed bales with fork lifts from trucks or railroad

cars and placing them within a storage area. This activity

involves 1.1 Unloading and 1.2 Bale Storage.

Expected Number of Occupants: 2 fork lift drivers

Environmental Requirements: This space requires special clear­

ances for the trucks, railroad cars and fork lifts. These di­

mensions will be given in the following section. Due to ex­

posure to the outside environment during unloading the space

should not be environmentally controlled. Provide natural

lighting where possible. All surfaces should be durable and

maintenance-free. All electrical outlets should be at least

four feet above the floor.

Equipment: All equipment and furnishings will be examined in

the following sections.

140 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.1.1

Descriptive Title: Unloading

Assignable Floor Area: 600 sq.ft.

Functional Description: During Unloading trucks will back up

to the dock then fork lifts will remove the bales in preparation

for Bale Storage.

Number of Occupants: 1 fork lift driver

Environmental Requirements:

Required Dimensions—

a. Semi-trailer and truck: 55' 1. x 8' w. x 13'-6" h.""" ^

b. Dock (truck platform) height: 4'-4"l:^^3

c. Railroad Box Car: 41'-9" 1. x 10'-8" w. x 14'-1" h."*" "

d. Dock (railroad Platform) height: 3'-8" to 3'-10J5"' ^

e. Fork Lift: 8' x 4' 6' h.""- ^

f. Dock (platform area): 10' w. x 60' 1. "

Provide building protection devices at corners and at

walls. Provide weather canopies that shield the docking area.

Provide adequate ventilation to alleviate fumes.

Equipment: 1 fork lift

141 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.1.2

Descriptive Title: Bale Storage

Assignable Floor Area: 2162 sq.ft.

Functional description: This space involves the storing of

compressed cotton bales stacked 3 high and in units according

to the bale type and grade. The operation is by fork lift.

Number of Occupants: 1 fork lift driver

Environmental Requirements:

Required Dimensions--

16 8

a. Compressed cotton bale: 22" x 30" x 55" h.

occupying 4.6 sq.ft./bale

b. Fork Lift Aisle: 10' w-"*- ^

Fire protection devices must be provided in this area of

the building.

Equipment: 1 fork lift

142 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.2

Descriptive Title: Waste Baling

Assignable Floor Area: 640 sq.ft.

Functional Description: This space is the cleaning area of

the first three stages of production. It involves the collect­

ion of the bits and pieces of cotton by mechanical and/or man­

ual means and their subsequent processing to produce a wasts

bale which is often sold as a by-product of the plant.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator

Environmental Requirements: Special air filtration systems

and lint collection hoppers should be provided. This space

should be zoned or separated from other spaces due to the level

170 of dust produced. Utilize natural lighting where possible.

171 Equipment: Temafa Gmbh Waste Baler

143 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A. 3

Descriptive Title: Opening

Assignable Floor Area: 1360 sq.ft.

Functional Description: The opening stage of a cotton textile

plant begins with the bale being brought from the storage area.

Using the fork lift the bale straps are cut by a special ma­

chine. Then workers unwrap the bale and place it in a line so

that another machine can suck up portions of the bale into a

conveying duct for cleaning and processing. This space involves

A.3.1 Cutting Bale Straps, A.3.2 Unwrapping the Bale and A.3.3

Feeding the Bale.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1 fork lift driver and 1 operator

Environmental Requirements: This space must be environmentally

controlled and maintained at 70 - 75° F. with 55% r.h.

173 Provide an illumination level of 50 footcandles (min.).

Equipment: Provide as specified in the following sections

144 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.3.1

Descriptive Title: Cutting Bale Straps

Assignable Floor Area: 200 sq.ft.

Functional Description: The fork lift driver having gotten the

bale with the fork lift presses it against the "strap-zapper"

cutting the metal band which binds the wrapped cotton bale.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1 fork lift driver

Environmental Requirements: (see Manufacturing Division)

174 Equipment: 1 "Strap-Zapper" by Batson Co. (§ $15,400-00 ea.

145 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.3.2

Descriptive Title: Unwrapping the Bale

Assignable Floor Area: 200 sq.ft.

Functional Description: Once the metal bands have been cut a

worker manually unqraps the bale. The covering may be burlap

or plastic. Having removed it the bale is manuvered to the

feeding lines behind the "Bale-Plucker."

Expected Number of Occupants: 1 fork lift driver and 1 worker

Environmental Requirements: (see Manufacturing Division)

Equipment: 1 fork lift

146 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.3.3

Descriptive Title: Feeding the Bale

Assignable Floor Area: 960 sq.ft.

Functional Description: After the bales have been unwrapped

they are lined up behind and under the moveable arm of the

"Bale-Plucker." At this unit moves across the bales it sucks

up layers of cotton from two bales at the same time. As the

machine processes the cotton it is opened to a uniform degree,

preparing the cotton for conveyance to the cards.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator

Environmental Requirements: (see Manufacturing Division)

Equipment: "Pivoting Automatic Bale Plucker" by Marzoli @

$15,000.00 ea.-^^^

147 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.4

Descriptive Title: Carding

Assignable Floor Area: 2672 sq.ft.

Functional Description: Carding is the process of separating

and cleaning the cotton fibers preparing them for spinning.

The cotton begins the carding process by being conveyed from

the opening stage through overhead ducts. The cotton is in­

troduced to the carding machines where it is processed into

slivers for transportation and in preparation for drawing. The

carding process involves A.4.1 Feeding the Cotton to the Cards,

A. 4.2 Card Production of Slivers and A.4.3 Movement of Card

Cans.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator

Environmental Requirements: This space should be air condi­

tioned with the temperature between 70 and 75" with a relative

humidity of 55%. The illumination level should be at least

17 6

50 footcandles. The source of lighting should be flour­

escent lighting.

Equipment: Provide as listed in the foiling sections.

148 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.4.1

Descriptive Title: Feeding the Cotton to the Cards

Assignable Floor Area; 50 sq.ft.

Functional Description: Once the cotton has been opened and

parially cleaned it is fed into the cards by means of a pneu-

177 matic overhead duct system.

Environmental Requirements; (see Manufacturing Division)

Equipment: Marzoli Conveying Duct approximately 100 ft. (a

$1055.00/meter = $32,156.40.

149 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.4.2

Descriptive Title: Card Production of Slivers

Assignable Floor Area: 1650 sq.ft.

Functional Description: The opened cotton that has been pre­

viously separated is fed into the card by means of the con­

veying duct emerges as a sliver of cotton. A sliver is a

loosely twisted rope of cotton fiber which has been partially

aligned.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator

Environmental Requirements: Provide a dust removal system to

prevent the accumulation of dust.

Equipment: Gunter and Cooke Super Card II, 6 units.

150 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.4.3

Descriptive Title: Movement of Card Cans

Assignable Floor Area: 972 sq.ft.

Functional Description: As the cards produce the slivers it

is wound inside a card can in preparation for the drawing pro­

cess. The movement of the cans is automatic within each pro­

cess but is manual between them.

Environmental Requirements:

Required Dimensions—

a. Each unit is 82" x 238" or 6'-10" x 19'-10" resulting

in 162 sq.ft./unit.

Equipment: The Automatic Can Changer by Todoya, Model DY2P,

6 units.

151 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.5

Descriptive Title: Drawing

Assignable Floor Area: 2224 sq.ft.

Functional Description: In drawing the slivers produced in the

carding process are refined. During the refinement process the

fibers are more perfectly aligned. As the slivers emerge they

are wound in preparation for spinning. The drawing process in­

volves A.5.1 Sliver Refinement and A.5.2 Movement of Drawing

Cans.

Expected Number of Occupants: 2 operators

Environmental Requirements: (see Manufacturing Division)

Equipment: Provide as listed in the following sections

152 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.5.1

Descriptive Title: Sliver Refinement

Assignable Floor Area: 1900 sq.ft.

Functional Description: After the card can has been filled

and manually wheeled on a dolly to the drawing frames, eight

card slivers are fed into the machine. They emerge as one

sliver larger, cleaner—more refined. This sliver is then

wound in drawing cans.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator

Environmental Requirements:

Required Dimensions--

a. Provide an aisle with at least 10' clearance for the

dollies.

Equipment: Drawing Frames by Todoya, 2 units

153 Detailed Space List

Facility Number; A.5.2

Descriptive Title: Movement of Drawing Cans

Assignable Floor Area: 324 sq.ft.

Functional Description: As the drawing frame produces the

sliver it is wound into drawing cans in preparation for the

spinning process. The movement of the cans is automatic with­

in the process but it is manual between processes, accomplished

by means of a dolly.

Environmental Requirements:

Required Dimensions—

a. Each unit is 6'-10" x 19'-10" resulting in 162 sq.ft.

• 179 per unit.

Equipment: The Automatic Can Changer by Todoya, model DY2P,

2 units.

154 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.6

Descriptive Title: Spinning

Assignable Floor Area: 4248 sq.ft.

Functional Description: Spinning is the process of producing

yarn from the drawing sliver. The open-end rotor spinning

machine by centrifugal action pulls out fibers twisting them

into a thin strand. Spinning involves producing the yarn and

transferring the yarn to the warping process.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator

Environmental Requirements: (see Manufacturing Division)

Equipment; The Fully Automated Open-End Spinning Machine by

Todoya, model AS (a $1350.00/rotor. "''^ Since 360 rotors, 3

spinning frames, are needed the total cost is $486,000.00.

155 Detailed Space List

Facility Number; A.7

Descriptive Title; Warping

Assignable Floor Area; 2667 sq.ft.

Functional Description: Warping is the process of winding the

yarn produced in spinning onto a beam or very large spool in

preparation for slashing. The fully automatic Toyoda spinning

frame transports the warp yarn directly to the warping frame.

It is then placed on a metal framework and automatically fed

into the machine.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator

Environmental Requirements: Due to the size of the yarn a

181 high illumination level of 500 footcandles.

156 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A. 8

Descriptive Title; Slashing

Assignable Floor Area: 4000 sq.ft.

Functional Description: Slashing involves conditioning the

yarn on the beams in preparation for the weaving looms. The

process involves applying wax or starch to the yarn, drying

it, and rewinding it on a large loom beam.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator

Environmental Requirements: Provide overhead hydraualic move­

ment systems that serve warping, slashing, and weaving in the

movement of the beams.

Equipment: Hydraulic Lifting Equipment by Batson Yarn & Fabrics

Machine Group Inc.

157 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.9

Descriptive Title; Weaving

Assignable Floor Area; 5338 sq.ft.

Functional Description; Weaving involves interlacing two sets

of yarn, one running lengthwise in the loom, the warp, and the

other running crosswise in the loom, the filler. The product­

ion of fabric results from placing a loom beam beneath each

loom, the operation of the machine, and the removal of the

fabric roll.

Expected Number of Occupants; 34 operators

Environmental Requirements: Provide a controlled atmosphere

182 of 76 to 80' F. with 60 to 65% r.h. in the weaving area.

18 3 Provide an illumination of 500 footcandles.

Equipment: Provide 34, Jakob Muller Ltd. Narrow Fabric Looms

158 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.10

Descriptive Title: Finishing

Assignable Floor Area: 12,288 sq.ft.

Functional Description: In finishing, the fabric roll is

transported to the finishing area. The roll is either stored

or inspected. Following inspection the material is cut in

lengths acceptable to the buyer, then rolled and wrapped for

shipment. The process involves: A.10.1 Cloth Inspection,

A.10.2 Cutting, A.10.3 Packaging and A.10.4 Shipment.

Expected Number of Occupants: 4 operators

Environmental Requirements: Provide an illumination level of

500 footcandles in all spaces except Inspection.

Equipment: Provide as listed in the following sections.

159 Detailed Space List

Facility Number; A.10.1

Descriptive Title: Cloth Inspection

Assignable Floor Area; 2288 sq.ft.

Functional Description; After the fabric roll is moved to the

finishing area, it is placed within the machine and the woven

cloth moves over an inspection frame with workers examining

the cloth. Afterwards the cloth is rewound and moved to the

next operation, A.10.2 Cutting.

Expected Number of Occupants; 1 operator

Environmental Requirements; Provide an illumination level of

of 2000 footcandles. "

Equipment;

160 Detailed Space List

Facility Number; A.10.2

Descriptive Title; Cutting

Assignable Floor Area: 2000 sq.ft.

Functional Description; The fabric roll having been inspected

is unrolled mechanically cutting the fabric in the desired

lengths. It is then packaged.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1 operator

Environmental Requirements: Provide an illumination level of

185 300 footcandles.

Equipment; (Client has not selected it yet)

161 Detailed Space List

Facility Number; A.10.3

Descriptive Title: Packaging

Assignable Floor Area: 4000 sq.ft.

Functional Description; Once the fabric has been cut, it is

rolled and wrapped for shipment. This is a manual operation.

The wrapping is a heavy burlap fabric secured with rope which

encircles or encases the spool or fabric roll.

Expected Number of Occupants; 1 operator

Environmental Requirements: Provide an illumination level of

18 6 at least 50 footcandles.

Equipment; Burlap wraps and rope

162 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: A.10.4

Descriptive Title; Shipping

Assignable Floor Area: 4000 sq.ft.

Functional Description: After the fabric rolls have been

wrapped and packaged for shipment, they are moved to a ware­

housing area until they are loaded by fork lift into a truck

or railroad car.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1 driver

Environmental Requirements:

Required Dimensions—

(see A.1.1 Unloading)

Equipment: Fabric roll storage units and one fork lift

163 Detailed Space List

Facility Number; B.

Descriptive Title: Administration Division

Assignable Floor Area: 1090 sq.ft.

Functional Description; The administration division houses

the paperwork. Official records and files are maintained.

Those offices included are; B.l Reception Room and Lobby, B.2

President's Office, B.3 Personnel Management Office, B.4 Yarn

Manufacturing Supervisor's Office, B.4.2 Weaving and Finishing

Supervisor Office, B.5 Industrial Engineer's Office, and B.6

Purchasing and Sales Office.

Expected Number of Occupants: 13 people

Environmental Requirements: Provide an environmentally con­

trolled work space with the temperature at 72° in the winter

18 7 and 78" in summer with 30% r.h. Provide specially effective

roof and wall insulation to lessen heat gain and loss. Provide

glazing and other suitable means to give indoor-outdoor rela­

tionship. Provide acoustical ceilings and partitions. Provide

general illumination of 70 footcandles in work spaces and 20

18 8 footcandles in access areas. Provide natural daylighting

where possible. Provide durable and low maintenance floor and

wall surfaces. Provide acoustical barriers between Manufac­

turing and Administration. Provide dust barriers also. Pro­

vide an image that is quality-minded and appropriate for the

164 Detailed Space List

corporation, through the selection of materials and form.

Provide a pleasing working condition. Provide life safety

devices.

Equipment: Provide as specified

165 Detailed Space Lists

Facility Number: B.l

Descriptive Title: Reception Room and Lobby

Assignable Floor Area: 200 sq.ft.

Functional Description: The reception room serves as a greet­

ing and waiting space for the plant. Controlling the admit­

tance and allowing for the structured flow of visitors, the

receptionist must also take calls and messages.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1 receptionist and 6 people

waiting (max.)

Environmental Requirements: Provide an space with 72" in

-6 189 winter and 78 in summer with 30% r.h. Provide an illu-

190 mination level of 100 footcandles.

Equipment: 1 desk and chair, 6 chairs

166 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: B.2

Descriptive Title: President's Office

Assignable Floor Area: 300 sq.ft.

Functional Description: The President's Office is a private

workspace for the President of the plant.

Expected Number of Occupants; 1

Environmental Requirements: Provide an illumination level of

191 70 footcandles.

Furnishings: Provide one confe.rence table and eight chairs,

one desk and chair, two side chairs, one small table, and one

storage cabinet.

167 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: B.3

Descriptive Title: Personnel Management Office

Assignable Floor Area: 150 sq.ft.

Functional Description: This office houses the personnel

manager who is in charge of employee hiring, management and

firing.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1

Environmental Requirements: Provide an illumination level of

192 100 footcandles.

Furnishings: 1 desk and chair, 3 file cabinets, and 2 side

chairs.

168 Detailed Space List

Facility Number; B.4

Descriptive Title: Supervisor Offices

Assignable Floor Area; 2 (a 80 sq.ft."*" "

Function Description: The supervisor offices house the men in

charge of overseeing the general workers. The offices include

B.4.1 Yarn Manufacturing Supervisor Office and B.4.2 Weaving

and Finishing Supervisor Office.

Expected Number of Occupants; 1 supervisor each

Environmental Requirements: These offices must have direct

access or adjency to the areas involved.

Furnishings: Provide one desk and 2 chairs for each office.

169 Detailed Space List

Facility Number; B.4.1

Descriptive Title; Yarn Manufacturing Supervisor Office

Assignable Floor Area; 80 sq.ft.

Functional Description: The Supervisor is in charge of mon­

itoring all activities up to weaving. He is also responsible

for writing reports and keeping production records.

Expected Number of Occupants; 1

Environmental Requirements; Provide an acoustical barrier

between the Manufacturing space and the supervisor's office.

Furnishings; Provide as specified.

170 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: B.4.2

Descriptive Title: Weaving and Finishing Supervisor Office

Assignable Floor Area: 80 sq.ft.

Functional Description: This supervisor is in charge of all

activities from weaving to shipping.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1

Environmental Requirements; Provide an acoustical barrier

between the Manufacturing and office spaces.

Furnishings: Provide as specified.

171 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: B.5

Descriptive Title: Industrial Engineer's Office

Assignable Floor Area: 150 sq.ft.

Functional Description: The industrial engineer is responsible

for maintaining and improving the production levels of the

plant.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1

Environmental Requirements: Provide an acoustical barrier

between the manufacturing and office spaces.

Furnishings; Provide 1 desk and 2 chairs.

172 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: B.6

Descriptive Title: Purchasing and Sales Office

Assignable Floor Area: 130 sq.ft.

Functional Description: The purchasing and sales representa­

tive for the plant arranges buying orders, contracts, and

fabric sales.

Expected Number of Occupants: 1

Furnishings: Provide 1 desk and 3 chairs, 2 filing cabinets,

and 1 table.

173 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: C.

Descriptive Title: Service Areas

Assignable Floor Area: 5376 sq.ft.

Functional Description; The service areas represent the sup­

port activities vital to the entire project but collectively

grouped together. They include: C.l Canteen, C.2 Men and

Women's Toilets, C.3 First-Aid Station, C.4 Quality Control

Laboratory, C.5 Storage and C.6 Mechanical.

Expected Number of Occupants: In all the areas there are no

permanent occupants.

Environmental Requirements: Provide as listed.

Furnishings: Provide as listed.

174 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: C.1

Descriptive Title: Canteen

Assignable Floor Area: 500 sq.ft.

Functional Description; The canteen is a place to which

workers can go to eat during their breaks and during lunch.

It will provide vending machines and seating within an en­

joyable atmosphere.

Expected Number of Occupants: 49 workers and 7 administration

workers totals 56 people (max.).

Environmental Requirements: Provide an environmentally con­

trolled space with 72^ in winter and 78° in summer with 30%

19 4 r.h. Provide visual stimuli.

Required Dimensions--

Vending machines:

a. (ave.) 2'-6" w. x 5'-6" h. x 2'-6" d.^^^

b. fixed seating— 4'-0" w. x 5'-0" d. x 4'-0" h.^^^

Equipment: Provide 14 tables with fixed seating. Provide

8 vending machines and 2 microwave ovens, and 2 refuse col-

197 lectors.

175 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: C.2

Descriptive Title; Men and Women's Toilets

Assignable Floor Area; 374 sq.ft.

Functional Description: These facilities are provided for

personal hygiene. They include C.2.1 Yarn Manufacturing Men's

Toilet, C.2.2 Yarn Manufacturing Women's Toilet, C.2.3 Weaving

and Finishing Men's Toilet, C.2.4 Weaving and Finishing Women's

Toilet, C.2.5 Administration Men's Toilet, and C.2.6 Admini­

stration Women's Toilet.

Expected Number of Occupants: (see the following sections)

Environmental Requirements; Provide clean sanitary spaces.

•^ -, • u u 198

Provide 1 air change per hour. Equipment: Provide as listed in the following sections.

176 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: C.2.1

Descriptive Title: Men's Toilet--Yarn Manufacturing

Assignable Floor Area: 66 sq.ft.

Functional Description: Provided for personal hygiene.

Equipment; Based on 10 - 15 users; 1 water closet, 1 urinal,

199 and 1 sink.

177 Detailed Space List

Facility Number; C.2.2

Descriptive Title: Women's Toilet—Yarn Manufacturing

Assignable Floor Area; 44 sq.ft.

Functional Description: Provides personal hygiene space.

Equipment: Based on 1 - 15 users; 1 water closet and 1 sink.

178 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: C.2.3

Descriptive Title: Men's Toilet—Weaving and Finishing

Assignable Floor Area: 88 sq.ft.

Functional Description: Provided for personal hygiene.

Equipment: Based on 16 - 40 users; 2 water closets, 1 urinal,

^ o • 1 201 and 2 sinks.

179 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: C.2.4

Descriptive Title; Women's Toilte—Weaving and Finishing

Assignable Floor Area; 88 sq.ft.

Functional Description: Provided for personal hygiene.

Equipment; Based on 16 - 35 users; 2 water closets and 2

. , 202 sinks.

180 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: C.2.5

Descriptive Title: Men's Toilet—Administration

Assignable Floor Area: 44 sq.ft.

Functional Description: Provided for personal hygiene.

203 Equipment: Based on 1 - 9 users; 1 water closet and 1 sink.

I8l Detailed Space List

Facility Number: C.2.6

Descriptive Title: Women's Toilet--Administration

Assignable Floor Area: 44 sq.ft.

Functional Description: Provided for personal hygiene.

204 Equipment: Based on 1 - 15 users; 1 water closet and 1 sink.

182 Detailed Space List

Facility Number; C.3

Descriptive Title; First-Aid Station

Assignable Floor Area: 100 sq.ft.

Functional Description: The station provides treatment for

minor injuries or accidents and in the event of emergencies

it could give initial treatment until other facilities arrived.

The station would be stocked with medicine and some small

pieces of life-saving equipment.

Expected Number of Occupants: (none - permanently)

Environmental Requirements: Provide a security system to this

area and the medicine cabinets. Provide a clean sanitary space

Equipment: Provide 3 storage cabinets and 1 desk and chair.

183 Detailed Space List

Facility Number; C.4

Descriptive Title; Quality Control Laboratory

Assignable Floor Area: 200 sq.ft.

Functional Description: The laboratory monitors the production

process by testing the cotton at various times checking the

quality.

Expected Number of Occupants; (none - permanently)

Environmental Requirements: Provide an isolated space from

the dust and noise of the yarn manufacturing process.

Equipment: Provide the necessary machines to test the cotton.

18/|. Detailed Space List

Facility Number: C.5

Descriptive Title; Storage

Assignable Floor Area: 382 sq.ft.

Functional Description: The storage areas are used to hold

large quantities of chemicals or products for future use.

Expected Number of Occupants: (none - permanently)

Environmental Requirements: (general)

Equipment: From storage tanks to sacks (varies).

-185 Detailed Space List

Facility Number: C.6

Descriptive Title: Mechanical

Assignable Floor Area: 3820 sq.ft,

Functional Description; The air washers remove the dust and

lint from the air while chilling it to the proper temperature

and humidity.

Expected Number of Occupants: (none)

Environmental Requirements: Provide under slab clear access

tunnels for return air and dust collection. Provide overhead

duct distribution. Provide adjacency to the exterior.

Equipment; (The Client has not selected the specific kind)

N

187 Notes

Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, American Cotton Growers Representative, 16 September 1982.

2 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 16 September

1982.

3 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 16 Sept. 1982.

4 U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Marketing Service,

Cotton Division, Cotton Varieties Planted: 1982 Crop (Washing­ton, D.C.: GPO, 1982), p. 4.

5 Texas State, Agricultural Extension Service, Character­

istics of Cotton Varieties Grown in Texas (College Station, Texas: A & M Univ. Press, 1982), pp. 23-100.

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Dept. of Agricultural Econ­omics, S.C. Agricultural Experimental Station, Trends in Usage of Cotton and Competing Fibers (Clemson: Clemson Univ. Press, 1972), p. 2.

" Lockwood Greene Engineers, Inc., "Engineering and Fea­sibility Study," for American Cotton Growers, 1974, p. 11.

Lockwood Greene Engineers, p. 12.

^ Colorado City Industrial Team, Inc., "Colorado City Fact Book," 1981, n. pag.

^^ Personal Interview with J.C. Britton, 9 Oct. 1982.

Colorado City Industrial Team, n. pag.

- ^ Personal interview with Eddie Piland, 10 April 1982.

188 Notes

Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 16 Sept. 1982

Lockwood Greene Engineers, p. 19.

15 Personal interview with Danny Davis, 20 Sept. 1982.

1 6 Rose Marisette, "Stress," Navy Lifeline, Jan.-Feb. 1982,

p. 3 .

17 Personal interview with Carlos Martinez, 20 Sept. 1982.

18 Personal interview with I.E. Black, 27 Oct. 1982.

19 Abby Rosenthal, "Productivity Comes from People, Not

from Machines," The Air Force Comptroller, July 1981, p. 40-

20 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 October 1982.

21 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.

22 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.

23 Marisette, p. 3.

24 U.S. Cong., Senate, Committee on Labor and Human Re­

sources, Hearings, 96th Cong., 2nd sess., S. Rept. 2847 (Washington, D.C.; GPO, 1980), p. 70.

U.S. Cong., House, Committee on Education and Labor, Subcommittee on Labor Standard, Hearings, 97th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1981), p. 14.

Richard Rush, "Body Insults from Buildings," Progressive Architecture, July 1981, p. 122.

189 Notes

27 Rush, p. 125.

^^ Rush, p. 127.

29 Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.

30 U.S. Geological Survey, Topographic Map, 7.5 min.

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey: Mitchell County, Texas (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1969), p. 45.

32 Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.

3 3

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 45.

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 45.

^^ U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 45.

^^ U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 46.

37 38

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, pp. 2-6.

Lore and Legend, Colorado City Record (Colorado City, Texas: Mac McKinnon, 1976), p. 29.

^^ U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 46

^^ U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 45

Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.

190 Notes

42 Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.

43 Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, "Lakes: Colorado

City and Champion," n. pag.

44 Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.

45 Lore and Legend, p. 27.

46 Lore and Legend, p. 32.

47 Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, "City With A Past:

Map of Colorado City and Mitchell County," 1981.

48 Lore and Legend, pp. 181-184.

49 Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.

50 Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.

^^ Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information for Individuals & Industry," n. pag.

52 Lore and Legend, p. 47.

^^ Colo. City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information," n. pag.

^^ U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980 Census Data (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1981), n. pag.

^^ "Census Count Released," Colorado City Record, lo Oct. 1992, Sec. 1, p. 1, col. 8.

191 Notes

56 Personal observations, 16 Oct. 1982.

57 „ Water Problems D i s c u s s e d , " Colorado Ci ty Record, 7

October 1982, Sec . 1, p . 1, c o l . 3 -8 :

5 8 Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, "Agriculture and

Oil," n. pag.

59

U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980 Census Data, n. pag.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, n. pag.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, n. pag.

Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.

Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.

64 U.S. Bureau of the Census, n. pag.

65 Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, "Annual AJRA Rodeo

and Fly-In," n. pag.

Colo. City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information," n. pag.

Colo. City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information."

68 Colo. City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information."

69 Lore and Legend, p. 46.

192 Notes

70 Lore and Legend, p. 47.

71 Colo. City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information."

72 Colo. City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information."

73 Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.

74 Lore and Legend, p. 261.

7 5 Colo. City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information."

"^ Colo, City Chamber of Commerce, "Items of Information."

77

"Water Problems Descussed," col. 3-8.

"Water Problems Discussed," col. 3-8.

"^ Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag. 80 "Water Problems Discussed," col. 3-8

" Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.

^^ Colo. City Ind. Team, n. pag.

^ Personal observations, 16 Oct. 1982.

^^ U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 6

^^ U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, SCS, p. 6

193 Notes

8 6 U.S. Geological Survey, n. pag.

8 7 Personal observations, 16 Oct. 1982.

p p Victor Olgyay, Design With Climate: Bioclimatic Approach

to Architecture Regionalism (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1973), p. 44.

^^ Olgyay, pp. 48-49.

Olgyay, p. 50.

91 Olgyay, p. 51.

92 Olgyay, p. 33.

Q -D

Personal observation, 16 Oct. 1982.

94 Personal observation.

95

Personal observation.

Personal observation.

Colo, city Ind. Team, n. pag. Q p

Personal observation.

^ Personal interview with Joe Thom.pon, 15 Sept. 1982.

100 Personal observation at Littlefield, 15 Sept. 1982.

19^ Notes

101 ^ Personal interview with Joe Thompon, 15 Sept. 1982.

102 Personal interview with Walter Didway, 21 Sept. 1982.

103 „ 1 • . Personal interview with Walter Didway, 21 Sept. 1982.

104 „ Personal interview with Dan Wiggers, 21 Sept. 1982.

Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.

10 6 Personal interview v/ith Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.

107 Personal interview with Danny Davis, 20 Sept. 1982.

10 8 Personal observation at Littlefield, 20 Sept. 1982.

109 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 16 Oct. 1982.

Personal calculations based on Littlefield's allotment of space, 8 Nov. 1982.

Personal calculations.

112

Personal calculations.

-'-•'•• "The Strap-Zapper," Louis P. Batson Co., 1982.

Personal calculations.

J.J.-- "Pivoting Automatic Bale Plucker," Marzoli, 1982.

195 Notes

116 "Pivoting Automatic Bale Plucker," Marzoli, 1982.

1 1 7 T. 1 1 1 .

Personal calculations.

118 "Automatic Can Changer," Toyoda, 19 82.

119 Personal calculations.

120 "Automatic Can Changer," Toyoda, 1982.

121 Personal calculations.

122 Personal calculations.

123 Personal calculations.

Personal calculations.

125 Personal calculations.

12 6 Personal calculations.

Joseph de Chiara and John Hancock Callendar, eds., Time-Saver Standards for Building Types (New York: McGraw-Hill, IWOTT P- 1015.

^^^ Chiara, p. 1015.

129 L-hiara, p. 1015

1^° Chiara, p. 1015

196 Notes

131 ^^. Chiara, p. 1015.

132 „ Personal calculations.

133 ^ Joseph N. Boaz, ed., Architectural Graphic Standards

(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1970), p. 18.

134 „ Boaz, p. 18.

135 „ 1 1 1 . Personal calculations.

136 „ T 1 1 ^ . Personal calculations.

137 Personal calculations.

^^^ Chiara, p. 1049-

139 „ T 1 1 .-• Personal calculations.

140 „ T 1 1 ^ -Personal calculations.

141 Harry Parker, Simplified Engineering for Architects and

Builders (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1975), p. 134.

^^^ Chiara, p. 1022.

•^^^ Chiara, p. 1016.

William Pena, Problem Seeking; An Architectural Pro-aramiTiing Primer (Boston; Cahners Books International, 1977) , ^£^"•79-116.

197 Notes

145 Samuel M. Shelby, ed., Standard Mathematical Tables

(Cleveland: Chemical Rubber Co., 1972) , p. 634.

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

Pena, p. 111.

Pena

Pena

Pena

Pena

Pena

Pena

Pena

Pena

Pena

Pena

Pena

p. 104

p. 105

p. 105

p. 105

p. 105

p. 105.

p. 105

p. 106

p. 106

p. 106.

p. 105.

1 c p

Thom.as C. Kavanah, et at.. Construction Management: A Professional Approach (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978), pp. 314-315

159 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.

198 Notes

160 ,,. , T . William J. McGuinness, et al., Mechanical and Electrical

Equipment for Buildings (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1980) , p. 732.

161 McGuinness, p. 1167.

162 „ Boaz, p. 40.

163 ^ Boaz, p. 41.

164 ^, . , , .-Chiara, p. 1025.

165 Chiara, p. 1025.

166 ^ Boaz, p. 41.

167 ^ ., Boaz, p. 41.

16 8 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.

169 Boaz, p. 41.

170 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.

1 71 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.

1 72 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.

-'-'' McGuinness, p. 732.

174 iir[i]-e Strap-Zapper," n. pag,

199 Notes

175 "Pivoting Automatic Bale Plucker," n. pag.

17 6 McGuinness, p. 732.

177 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.

17 8 "Automatic Can Changer," n. pag.

179 "Automatic Can Changer," n. pag.

18 0 "Model AS Fully Automated Open-End Spinning Machine,"

n. pag.

181 McGuinness, p. 732.

1 8 2 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982.

1 8 3 McGuinness, p. 732.

184 McGuinness, p. 732.

1 8 5 McGuinness, p. 732.

1 s f\ McGuinness, p. 732.

187 Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982,

^^ McGuinness, p- 732.

1^^ Personal interview with Emerson Tucker, 27 Oct. 1982

200 Notes

190 ,, . McGuinness, p. 732

191 .. . McGuinness, p. 732

192 McGuinness, p. 732

193 ^, . Chiara, p. 1015.

194 McGuinness, p. 12

195 „ Boaz, p. 31

196 ^ Boaz, p. 30

197 Boaz, p. 31

198 ,, ^ . McGuinness, p. 134

199 Chiara, p. 1016.

200 ^, . ,„,^ Chiara, p. 1016.

201 Chiara, p. 1016

202 Chiara, p. 1016

^^^ Chiara, p. 1016

904 ^^^ Chiara, p. 1016,

BIBLIOGRAPHY

202 Bibliography

Books

Boaz, Joseph N., ed. Architectural Graphic Standards. 6th ed. New York: John Wiley t. tions, 1970.

Chiara, Joseph de, and John Hancock Callendar, eds. Time-Saver Standards for Building Types. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 198U. "

Colorado City, Texas. By the Backroads Graphics Co. No. 1. El Paso, Tx.: Guynes Printing Co., 1976.

Kavanagh, Thomas C , et al. Construction Management: A Pro­fessional Approach. New York; McGraw-Hill, 1978.

Lore and Legend. By the Colorado City Record. Colorado City, Texas; Mac McKinnon, 1976.

Lynch, Kevin. Site Planning. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1962.

McGuinness, William J., et al. xMechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. 6th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1980.

McKinney, Patrice, ed. The Mitchell County Centennial Com­memorative Book. Colorado City, Tx.: Bob Dennis Printing Co., 1981.

Olgyay, Victor. Design With Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1973.

Parker, Harry. Simplified Engineering for Architects and Builders. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1975.

Pena, William. Problem Seeking: An Architectural Programming Primer. Boston: Cahners Books International, 1977.

Shelby, Samuel M., ed. Standard Mathematical Tables. Cleve­land: Chemical Rubber Co., 1972.

Texas Almanac and State Industrial Guide 1982-1983. By the A.H. Belo Corp. Dallas: A.H. Belo, 1981.

203 Bibliography

Government Documents

Texas, State of. Texas Agricultural Extension Service. Char­acteristics of Cotton Varieties Grown in Texas. College Station: Texas A & M Univ. Press, 1982.

Texas, State of. Texas Dept. of Community Affairs. Economic Opportunity Division. The Texas Front: In the Nation's Struggle Against Poverty^ 1978. ~

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1980 Census Data. Washington, D.C. GPO, 1981.

U.S. Cong. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Sub­committee on Labor Standards. Hearings. 97th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D.C: GPO, 1981.

U.S. Cong. -Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. Hearings. 96th Cong., 2nd sess. S. Rept. 2847. VJash-mgton, D.C: GPO, 1980.

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Agricultural Marketing Service, Cotton Division. Cotton Varieties Planted: 1982 Crop. Washington, D.C: GPO, 1982.

U.S. Dept of Agriculture. Dept. of Agricultural Economics. S.C. Agricultural Experimental Station. Trends in Usage of Cotton and Competing Fibers, 1971. Clemson: Clemson Univ. Press, 1972.

U.S. Dept of Agriculture. Soil Conservation Service. Soil Survey; Mitchell County, Texas. Washington, D.C: GPO, 1969.

U.S. Geological Survey. Topographic Map. 7.5 min.

Peridicals

"Census Count Released." Colorado City Record, 10 Oct. 1982, vol. 77, no. 81, Sec. 1, p. 1, col. 8.

Marisette, Rose. "Stress." Navy Lifeline, Jan.-Feb. 1982, vol. 11, no. 1. pp. 2-4.

Rosenthal, Abby. "Productivity Comes From People, Not From Machines." The Air Force Comptroller, July 1981, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 40-44.

204- Bibliography

Rush, Richard. "Body Insults From Buildings." Progressive Architecture, July 1981, pp. 122-129.

Textile Industries: Buyers Guide, June 1980. vol. 144, no. 6.

"Water Problems Discussed." Colorado City Record, 7 Oct. 1982, vol. 77, no. 80, Sec. 1, p. 1, col. 3-8.

Unpublished Documents

"Agriculture and Oil." By Colorado City Chamber of Comjnerce, 1981.

"Annual AJRA Rodeo and Fly-In." By Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, 1981.

"Automatic Can Changer." By Toyoda Automatic Loom Works Ltd., 1982.

"City With A Past." By Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, map, 1981.

"Colorado City Fact Book." By Colorado City Industrial Team, Inc., 1981.

"Items of Information for Individuals and Industry." By Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, 19 81.

"Lakes: Colorado City and Champion." By Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, 1981.

Lockwood Greene Engineers. "Engineering and Feasibility Study," 1974.

Lockwood Greene Engineers. Plans and specifications for Amer­ican Cotton Growers Textile Plant, Littlefield Texas.

"Mitchell County Fair and Rail Head Arts and Crafts Fair." By Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, 1981.

"Model AS Fully Automatic Open-End Spinning Machine." By Toyoda Automatic Loom Works Ltd., 1982.

"Museum and Playhouse." By Colorado City Chamber of Commerce, 1981.

205 Notes

"Pivoting Automatic Bale Plucker." By Marzoli, 1982

"Strap-Zapper." By Louis P. Batson Co., 1982.

"Super Card Fiber Processing System." By Gunter and Cooke, 1982.

"Super Card, Super Card II." Gunter and Cooke, 1982.

Personal Interviews

Black, I.E. President, Industrial Textile Mills. Cleburne, Texas. Personal interview. 27 Oct. 1982.

Britton, J.C. Colorado City Industrial Foundation. Team member. Personal interview. 10 April 1982.

Crowley, Rick. City Manager, Colorado City. Personal inter­view. 10 April 1982.

Davis, Danny. Personnel Manager, American Cotton Growers Textile Plant. Personal interview. 20 Sept. 1982.

Didway, Walker. Personnel Manager, Postex Plant. Personal interview- 21 Sept. 1982.

Martinez, Carlos. Industrial Engineer, American Cotton Growers Textile Plant. 20 Sept. 1982.

Piland, Eddie. Colorado City Industrial Foundation. Team member. Personal interview. 10 April 1982.

Steadman, Robert. Professor, Textile Research Center, Texas Tech Univ. Personal inverview. 12 April 1982.

Steadman, Robert. Personal interview. 10 Sept. 1982.

Thompson, Joe. President, Southwest Textiles, Inc. Personal interview. 15 Sept. 1982.

Tucker, Emerson. Representative, American Cotton Growers. Personal interview. 10 Sept. 1982.

Tucker, Emerson. Personal interview. 27 Oct. 1982.

Wigge^S' Dan. Industrial Engineer. Postex Plant. 21 Sept. 1982

•.•••Itf * ! • - * » * - • * • J".

DOCUMENTATION

The cotton textile plant I designed was based upon

several form determinants. They came from two basic

sources: the site analysis and the process analysis.

Form the site analysis I determined that the optimum

location for the plant would be along the south side of the

site. Several reasons reinforced this location. First,

the land was higher in elevation avouding the 100 year

flood plain of the Colorado River. Second, the land

there had fewer obstructions to construction due to its

lack of concrete oil storage tank platforms and founda­

tions. Third, the land was suitable for construction

unlike other parts of the site which were oil-soaked.

Fourth, the close proximity of the Texas and Pacific

Railroad would lesson the length of my spur development.

Fifth, the proximity of the natural escarpment with its

curving walls of red clay topped with a horizontal lay­

ering of greenish-white sandstone covered by a thin

topsoil supporting scrubby mesquite and cedar trees in­

fluenced the design.

The analysis of the process describing the volume

of space, the technological conditions, the machinery,

the number of workers and an explanation of the process

are found on the following pages.

l<2^ ' k * k.^ • • - - . . '•

7*

r . 4

Irf- - - - " V . O •r:> -= ^ r»^»'/v^ «

, ' / ' j

i

n.

^it Ci/AMAr.) ^^Aift"*'. *'** wC^i -1!

i £^iJm'^

jl' injws 1.• "•*•'.,.^-«^««H(jiiwui'teL'.'^'j' i«(/ai«*w',r'lKra'«M:-,3Li!iCM2ciaynCi;i^''—

n^-M.^ Au'V^C'^c MaarifnA

t\eed<^ XU' ''''WSt C::fiC^ ^'ff.rr^ !<tJl>.'^i i.i^U'i'VVlA

rs

>^€

T <L, -- -4Ho»'''-'^'S ^^^"^ ' • '-^ <::ik'''''«^«cW - "^.

baXe.

M • \T not e^otV-<p .N I ^ , „ ^

Us*-^ '

i c;

'^

'c 'T-' -.;> <r

. - H V ^ -^K-i?t>/~.ci

'r=iiir-?|--,fe,,i, .-4_

LLLe f" t<JtC-^A-|$

^6^^

vA^l ~r<V'(.^^-'''^^^f^'<'

u dn '•Ci^-

- r iA #^e 'V i -- O A

J o

k,

I ,

- 1 I J • ^ t- ^A'-KTt*'

: . 3^p ^0r

y

w

\

yr^'- 1\

-T ^

I •^.o^:j

/

V

I I

I • - ' . • c A ^ *

C^U^-. Ji.M'U

'Si^ i^ {. <i -' ^ V _ / 'Zo - 7 c ' !*•'

41 !^-o-i:>»t»erx.

•>rt)'r^j:'^ rbSY^i

\ .

\!»t>r/:x^-^ /ncv-.ut.llc,/ '>^-K*»V'C^^ \^C^K€^

XHL)^'^ •.-'i€' •-''•'^it Ou'^-«-C/='

n /y\:v-vJ

' " ^ - ^ 1 ^

^ ^ - ^ I g ^ f ^ j K l H * *

If' Tjr.- < i« V » -

J. ..-, \l'\U- LJfc-'r ^^ ^'-ac

/v 7

I] I , I •

, v l - ' ' t>J 'l\ f\£.-r Ac„ h'To\(jMsi-\

^ ' : •! 1-0

;,/£-J

0 .i?vO-.

^-•lA

f

^^:A . ;„.i 'Xl\ ..Ih

•'^^

-V^

Mf'*>-^^'') p.-OH:c-^.^-^

C>4j> (iu-i^ A 0

0^*A''-' -

itn -.J^ffcClrM

l>ViurV^i^<^

" —- r>\J^<i^.\

hriexJ *y)4i^Xi.( ri-'.>^Xc^<^^ p^"

j,\i€ Au^^ \fOi.. •%'i» ' . " ' • ' / I ^ r

4 Cco\Ct c

<5 \f\ea4r'^ o-^ <-c^^ o- <:V < '--

Vn^ lU

J^\teA<-Z c»V>^ii^b.C. - r i f l O / ' i / ^ -

kfeteQ »««*. Bajt™^^" •«*«.

ii: 5l6

l^ijAe - ' ^ 4 : ^ ^ ^-rr^vrr

*\t^^^^^^^^ <re.^\)rn ^r"^u^<i. \,^J]^c£^ ^ci»•^(^\e. c \ ^ ^

mmv^M

-t^uo\#v- CJ^'\'

lrP>'w^^ -vlviyn^c;

•'A

^ \ €J^C'<^U. -\^ C^ CiO

y..

V_..^^£i^> uJsiMl 0re"ie<:«l<..

^»./<vnlA!/'

.J9^^

^7'' ^'

I (' (' '

icVv*.-!* ^7r' <-<* ' -^ ' . p l / ' " " ^ " ^ .M/^U' l^ .^

^ '-; . ..i.J^ (f

OoJe< cLy^ ~T,_

J - ^ _ . _ - - ^ - -V,,

i iJj I \ n

'C')\h V\i(^ Hf.MJ.^'~cr\ •->Vlfrr (\o\['.t^

• ^ye£Oh 'X^^'C'v'&, v v U ' - ' ' i -

/bt--^ nf .ed C ^v^ ( i ^./- ' sX^/vcsvi ^ u/J<^; 4<i>c. T

\

'-a. )ne-/ tSl k^/m^/'^ vMejXu-^' T ''yblc •

•er?-" - \ " ^ < % t k M

"i I *^Tv Jt —U35I it-—

TiSMp^]OtBI?£ll5*JlSJIS£^ :

T«;r3—~—"\j —

SPMMMMJ •"^""Ti-n nTi 111 ••••iiiMi _„ i^iiiiaiaii i

n ^-w«jitjaM»w

r i-'V' '*;!?- P ' / ^ ^-,^A »

titp^xr) ^

(•< i ,i, ^ V i">^;.-^' > • * !< •iv ftj , , • v

i p p r ^M^'- • / .*'^/^' '' i w ' / > ^ : ^ > t ^ ^ ' ^-^^^. ' i o -10CA»' U-- ',A^«V^pl/<rw

^ •-rV-£,,^^4'

J I H W r u, ft.y^'^

:!mD5i

^oix> ...> (i/ icc /'e^:^,v"<. ^ !'!<'<'w f(Z^'-o i X . > ^ - '

=5P

' U>il-( UA<^y<4^v<-«-v\

fgW?; ^

l/-^o-r rif^.c^s: i- 'f - , f » < ; « . ^- . •>*^, i> '^« ' '^ " ^ ^

vrVv-A ^ ^ f'.i

--<rKA -^^P^ O W .,>/.-Vvx 1 ,_-..^ -^(Ze^^ 1'

/ (^ -4«t^ -:

/ i^

\ I^ A -l/v>^ vi^^AiJ' (^tyo^ .C • J

-==m "?q^ r"ituy*fciw

V "/K -z^v^-^ - ^ ' •

4 ^ K J

• 4 ^

f'&w^ ^^S^ /#»^

I» i ^

J r

1 • , rfvv.'<:^y^-<- ^ j ' ^ - / '

l_^ '^\^tt<^a.. '^it'p^ii

• ^ t , , : ^ . ^ A - ^ <:?PM

(5

ii\-et/ I - »aM*WM»«l«|M _ji. '.^rwi.----j^

l/«t«,-hi> [)ejArrr-~'

/ ytt^^j^- -*\o<-^^.if \%t., L^- r t ' - .o

L --. sWi^-^ . ^'^V- o<i/Ho

- J^fjrf.Mf-O'-^: • ty (LUrf^

Ir^ . p .

liii^::

0

o

.," A t-to^j C .^i^'^kr^.LiL A-ov- o€Jjr<\

t'\f ^ ^ '; a^ . 0>U"^ i tv - | tp

fVicjvrA"' I rt' - ) ^

1 '

.-««y

..r^^f'-r' TK?.^- ' , !^ ^^-'^pt'^^l^J c/v^'^^Jf.'--O n f > - N

^ ^ f 2 ^ . ,,V:-'A ^ ' " " ^ --^ k^e s ^ - ( - ^ ' - ^ > ^ '

U- V »

'• "if

P^

A . «

• - -^^• i .3jfif/'r'-^.-l-tJr^ ni'.«'^:^ f , uj.'tLutJ^ c;,4f rvvAc //.^/-..^v ^.^ .1.^1 rK) !• -fu^Ac ' " * '

v ! ( /

\ » ,

< ^ — ^ ^ ^ J ,-iv>?,"' 6«r<->H- /i ^-t'f^'i. 'w^.'^ -K/isroi.x^'N r.<'4vv-'.r. / C A V ^

' ^

K,

|n-;^ii^/^i (l^'5i.?,«<b5ALJ

-Zl-JL^T-.

't.'nd l/'A'<"'»^l.«ll-'^'.jfo n - -

=3 -

(ft

z^_:

'-r '\—f"C-ni

, 1 ^ I ^ir~<.

r\ict£>'.) f--^ "^

mwma

. - ' ">>C(AAr</^

r

\s r u, (/Yl4p^-iC<Tt',

'Aoi c oA./'ruev-

^ f.J^'r^y^'^*-

fe ,-—- IAW:- ^

•unaMosaiuta

' i-iaz-O' -pv-t)-/6'-rC'^^->

jiutfjuHiKtuaMiMfrJUa

In addition to analyzing the parts of the process, I

also exajnined the process as a whole. Ihe results yeilded

•the idea that this process could by accomplished in clusters.

Three primary clusters emerged: one, unloading, bale storage,

opening and waste baling; two, carding, drawing, spinning,

warping, weaving and cloth inspection; three, cutting,

packaging, cloth storage and shipping. The connections

between these clusters became very important and an expression

of the technology that connects them. It was these con­

nections that symbolized the plant was a whole to the

workers from both tke inside and out.

The building form arose from several concepts. The

building was elevated following a classical concept of

separating the building from its environment. This also

met the functional requirement of a raised dock for un­

loading and shipping. The building also met a formal

axial concept in which the building axis was in opposition

to the mechanical and landscaping axis. The mechanical

and stair towers were in opposition' to the horizontality

of the main building. The building also relied upon

structural expressionism and an honesty of materials,

as well as being designed in both plan and elevation upon

a four foot grid.