INDUSTRIALIZATION IN EUROPE

The Great Transformation

Characteristics of this Great Transformation

New sources of energy. New labor-saving technologies. Increased standard of living. New patterns of work. New social patterns. Urbanization.

The “Traditional” Economy

Economic life dominated by “toil”Goal to secure food, warmth, and shelterAdvancements made it “easier” but…Every activity was labor intensivePower…human capitalFrench women and soil—terracing8 out of 10 farmed and did soil with their own

power

Traditional Economy and Manufacturing

Small textile industry sprung up in the countrysides of Europe.

Spend hours and hours spinning wool. They were paid by the “piece” (piece meal)

Rural workers paid less than urban workers, more desirable. Merchants sought them out as they would profit more from them. (no guild restrictions as well)

Life was dependent on human capital and the uncontrollable forces of nature.

“one of the great turning points in human history”

England in 1750-70% of people worked in agriculture.

By 1850-15%. Today 1.5%.Economies were growing confident they

could produce vast surplus.What do surpluses do again?Europe’s industrial transformation was a by

product of massive changes in agriculture.These dual changes created the greatest

change in the world since the Neolithic age.

Agricultural Revolution II

Transfer from agriculture as a “communal occupation” to an individual one. People fought for new lands that became available.they competed.

When agriculture was governed by the government or lords…potato example.

More land was made available by deforestation, swamp drainage, and conquest.

As many families gained more and more land…others did not and were forced into “cottage” industries.

Putting Out System

Mobilized the resources of the rural work force that wasn’t farming as much as it needed.

Raw materials purchased by powerful men and “put out” to rural workers which were then finished and sold for more materials to start again…rural industrialization.

It required little skill and and few tools

Back to Agriculture…

Enclosure…wealthy families began consolidating their lands into larger farms. Common land was “consolidated”

In the wake of a more “industrial” style farming run by those with the capital to make improvements. Lower middle and lower class farmers were left landless or with so little land they couldn’t earn a living.

Result?

Agricultural Innovations

Scientific Farming: Clover and TurnipFertilization using manureMeadow floatingAnimal husbandry

Growth of Farming

England: 1700: one farmer could produce enough food

for 1.6 people.1800: one farmer could produce enough food

for 2.7 people.

Factors fueling Industrialization

Factors promoting Industrialization DemographicsEconomicTechnological

Causes of the British Industrial Revolution? Why England?

Stable GovernmentMiddle and Business ClassesStable Banking SystemsIsland (preservation)GeographyColonies Agricultural StabilityAbundant waterAbundant coal

Demographic Factors

Population Growth in England: Population was doubling every 25 years!

Average was 3% per year.

Economic Factors

Agricultural: the second Agricultural Revolution in the 17th century. Necessity?

Capital: money for investment, stock sales. Necessity?

Technological Factors

Power: power that can be controlled, outside of geography. Watermills are only useful near water.

Thought Question

What innovations led to a revolution in power?

Why was power the key to the Industrial Revolution? Who had the early lead?

Portable Power

Alessandro VoltaThe Volta Battery

Movable Power: The Steam Engine

Initially developed in ‘theory’ by the Greeks.

Refined by James Watt:

Boil water until it expands and vaporizes use the expansion to push a turbine.

Watt’s Rotary Steam Engine

New Machines

Cotton Gin-Eli Whitney (1793)

Jacquard Loom

Flying Shuttle

Spinning Jenny

Power Loom

The Iron Horse

First stage of the Industrial Revolution in England was driven by a demand for consumer goods in textiles. The second by transportation—the rail.

Canals were effective…but inefficient.Coal was the primary item in need of movement.

It was done by pulling it with horses on temporary tracks.

George Stephenson changed the world with his prize winning invention: the Rocket. A locomotive that pulled 3x its weight at 30 mph!

Trevithick’s “Puffing Devil”

“Catch me if you can”

Continental Europe Catches Up!

Continental Europe changed after the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

Great Britain had kept their technology under lock and key—Cockerill and Slater

Responding to Industrialization

British goods creating a global dilemma as their ability to flood markets with cheap goods made it imperative for nations to “catch up”!

Continental Europe changes after 1815

Continental Industrialization

Three advantages: Rich tradition of small time (putting

out/cottage) industry

Skilled urban workers

Motivated political systems eager to erase the industrial gap

•Agents of Industrialization

1. British exports

Talented Entrepenuers: Fritz Harkort

Governmental support and initiative (tariff production and industrial subsidies

Support and growth of powerful banking interests in Europe

•Spread of Industrialization

China: departs from Industrialization after the 1100’s?

Islamic world-Ottoman industrialization thwarted by Europe and the capitulations

Indian industrialization thwarted by European imperialism.

African industrialization-non existent.Latin American industrialization-minimal

Only part of the picture…

While India was not on the verge of an industrial revolution when the British arrived. Their contributions were great.

Indian contributions to English industry:Shipbuilding “Forty years ago they had the

largest ships in the World” British captain.Textiles/patterns “We have destroyed the

manufactures of India” British textile merchant

Indian contributions

British rockets were derived from Indian examples. Indian rockets could fire from 1 KM away.

Metallurgy (Brass) “They produced the finest brass I have ever seen” Englishman John Wellesley

Chinese contributions

Ploughs and farm implements taken by the Swedes.

Bridge technologyChain technology

Status of Global Industrialization

Prior to 1890 no industrial revolution occurred outside European society.

Insular societies such as the Ottoman state resisted Industry—importing their first printing press in the late 19th century.

Unique case of Muhammad Ali

Muhammed Ali

Goal to make Egypt into a free, industrial power.

Siezed it from Ottomans (for whom he worked)

Reforms: new tax system, new schools, government sponsored agricultural reform, imported Western technology

Late Ottoman reforms

Inspired by Muhammed Ali, later Sultans of the Ottoman state began the process of westernization.

Established a postal system in 1834, a telegraph system in 1855, and steamships and rail in 1855-1866.

Result? Made it easier for Europe to place Ottomans under “capitulations”.

To conclude

“By the 1850’s a number of governments were clearly beginning to realize that some policy response to the industrial revolution was absolutely essential, lest Western influence become still more overwhelming. On balance, however, the principal results of very limited imitation tended to heighten the economic imbalance with Western Europe, a disparity that made it easier to focus on non- industrial exports.” Peter S. Stearns. Historian

Japanese industrialization 1865-1905

Part of the Meiji Restoration and reformsRealized necessity of programUsed China as an example of what “may” happen.State run factories with large scale production

(Zaibatsu)Intensive government regulationGovernment supported innovation and hired

foreign experts when needed.High tariffs and tight restrictions of products

entering Japan.

Russian Industrialization

Witte System:Railway construction to stimulate other

industriesRemodel the state financial system, use

tariffs and secure foreign loans and technology

Heavy industry grew dramaticallyTrans-Siberian Railroad.

The Impacts of Global Industrialization

The use of mechanized equipment to increase output and decrease labor costs of production

The creation of the factory systemMass production and standardizationA workplace that emphasized production with

assembly linesFinancing that often included shareholders and

stock companies.An expanded labor force that included, women,

immigrants, and children.A growing gap in economic prosperity between

Europe and the rest of the world.

Philosophy of the Industrial Revolution

New philosophical movements: Socialism-Karl MarxOwenism-Robert OwenFriedrich Nietzsche UtilitarianismExistentialism: Soren Kierkagaard

Philosophy and the Philosopher

Karl Marx (see video)Evolution of IndustrializationBuilt on the model of dialectic change as put

forward by Georg Hegel.Socialism and Communism the results.

Robert Owen

Benevolent factory owner.What happens when wages are increased,

hours shortened, and benefits are offered?Interesting!

Utopian Socialism

Charles Fourier and the model community based on principle of equality.

Stressed cooperative control of industry, education for all.

Owen’s Communal Vision

Darwin changes the world

His resilience saw his ideas on Natural Selection and Evolution put to print. They immediately were the subject of a global firestorm.

New Philosophies in Economics

Thomas Malthus: impacts of population and food production.

David Ricardo: The Iron Law of Wages

Freud alters the mental universe

Freud and Psychoanalysis

Gregor Mendel: Genetics

Using peas to understand inheritable traits and genetic distribution.

Ivan Pavlov

Operant ConditioningUsed dogs, bells, and food.