Industrialization & Nationalism

This Weeks’ Standards

Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors:

• Agricultural Revolution:– Wealthy bought more land → experimentation

– Results:• Tried new agricultural

methods• Small farmers forced to

become tenant farmers or give up farming & move to cities

– Ex: Jethro Tull invented seed drill

Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

• Crop Rotation:– Improved medieval 3-field

system

– Ex:• Year 1: Wheat (exhausted soil

nutrients)

• Year 2: Root crop like turnips (restore nutrients)

• Year 3: Barley

• Year 4: Clover

Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors:

• Why Britain?:– Natural Resources:

• Water power & coal –fuel machines

• Iron ore – construct machines, tools, buildings

• Rivers – inland transportation

• Harbors – merchant ships set sail

Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors:

• Why Britain?:– Economic Expansion:

• Investment in new inventions

• Highly developed banking system

• Growing trade, economic prosperity, climate of progress → increased demand for goods

Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors:

• Why Britain?:– Political Stability:

• No wars on British soil

• Positive attitude

• Laws to encourage business

• Britain had factors of production (land, labor, and capital)

Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors:

Industrialization in GermanyContributing Factors:

Natural Resources:– Obstacle = political

disunity

– Coal-rich Ruhr Valley

– Led to importation of British equipment, engineers

– Sent children to England to learn industrial management

• Railroads:– Built linking manufacturing cities to Ruhr

Valley

Industrialization in GermanyContributing Factors:

• Meiji Reform:– Meiji = “enlightened rule”

– Mutsuhito – symbolized pride & nationalism

– Took over gov’t after Tokugawa shogun stepped down

Industrialization in JapanContributing Factors

• Transportation:– James Watt – improved steam engine

– Robert Fulton – put steam engine in steamboat

– England – canals built – slashed cost of transporting goods

– Improved roads where wagons would not sink when it rained

– Steam-powered locomotives

Industrialization in EnglandProcess:

• Rise of Cities:– Growth of factory system → city building

and people shift toward cities (urbanization)

– Built near sources of energy (coal & water)

– London most important

Industrialization in EnglandProcess:

• Living & Working Conditions:– No development plans, sanitary & building

codes– Lacked housing, education– Sickness widespread– Avg. worker = 14 hrs/day, 6 days/wk– Factories not clean or safe – no aid in case

of injury– Coal mines most dangerous – children and

women employed here b/c they were cheap

Industrialization in EnglandProcess:

• Transportation:– See above

• Economy & Military:– Economic strength spurred ability to

become military power

Industrialization in GermanyProcess:

Industrialization in JapanProcess:

• Transportation:– Followed industrialization

– Early 1900s = modern economy

– Built railroads

Industrialization in JapanProcess:

• Westernization:– To counter western influence = modernize

– Diplomats sent to Europe, N. America to study Western ways

– Chose best & adapted

– Modernized military

• Modernization:– Coal production grew– Built thousands of

factories– Expanded unique

production (tea & silk)– Shipbuilding to be

competitive with west

Industrialization in JapanProcess:

IndustrializationWorking Conditions:

• Industry created many new jobs

• Factories were dirty, unsafe, dangerous

• Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline

• Long-Term Effect:– Workers won ↑ wages, shorter hours,

better conditions

IndustrializationSocial Classes:• Factory workers – overworked, underpaid• Overseers & skilled workers rose to lower

middle class. Factory owners & merchants formed upper middle class.

• Upper middle class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they were.

• Long-Term Effect:– Standard of living rose

IndustrializationSize of Cities:

• Factories brought job seekers to cities

• Urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size

• Many cities specialized in certain industries

• Long-Term Effect:– Suburbs grew as people

fled crowded cities

IndustrializationLiving Conditions:• Cities lacked

sanitary codes or building controls

• Housing, water, & social services were scarce

• Epidemics swept through the city

• Long-Term Effect:– Housing, diet, &

clothing improved

Impact of IndustrializationRise of Global Inequality:

• Widened wealth gap b/w industrialized & non-industrialized countries

• Industrialized saw poor countries as markets for manufacturing products

• Began seizing colonies for economic resources → imperialism

• Industrialization = tremendous economic power

• Population, health, wealth rose dramatically in all industrialized countries

• Development of middle class – education & democratic participation → social reform

Impact of IndustrializationTransformation of Society:

Important WritingsAdam Smith:

• Basic Ideas:– Economic liberty

guaranteed economic progress

– Government need not interfere in the economy

• Wrote “Wealth of Nations”

• Laissez-faire -government should leave business owners alone

Important WritingsKarl Marx:

• Predicted destruction of the capitalist system & creation of a classless communist state in which the means of production would be owned by the people

• Wrote “Communist Manifesto”

Impact of Urbanization on WomenMixed Blessing:

• Good: Factory work = higher wages than work done at home

• Bad: Women usually made 1/3 the amount men made

• Women formed unions in women-dominated fields

• Served as safety inspectors in women-dominated factories

Impact of Urbanization on WomenReform Movements:

• Ran a settlement house to provide social services to residents of a poor neighborhood

Impact of Urbanization on WomenJane Adams: