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Industrialization of Russia and Japan
Chapter 27
I. Introduction
Russia and Japan lagged behind most of EuropeRussia gained ground due to large population
Japan gained ground due to ability to imitate while maintaining identity
II. Russia
Became concerned with lack of industrialization Napoleon’s invasion
Wealth of other nations
Reforms, Revolts and IndustrializationRussian serfs complain about inequality
Full freedom or “freedom” while keeping traditions?
Decembrist UprisingArmy officers
Nicholas I becomes more repressive
II. RussiaCrimean War 1854-1856
Wanted to expanded into Poland and Ottoman Empire
British and France were concerned with Russia becoming too powerful
Help Ottoman Empire to defeat Russia
British concerned with losing trade advantage in India
Russia was at a large industrial disadvantageEncouraged Alexander II that the military needed reforms
II. RussiaReforms
Emancipation of the Serfs
Serfs got most of the land (best for aristocracy)
Tied to villages until redemption payments made
Kept them poor and repressed
Created larger urban labor force
Peasant uprisings
Political changes
Zemstvoes- local rulers: roads, schools and local issues
Military- merit not birth
Social
Increased literacy, more lenient social standards
II. RussiaIndustrialization
Guided by the state
Trans-Siberian Railroad-
Stimulated coal and iron production
Used to export grain
Count Sergei Witte
Finance minister
High tariffs
Improved banking
Foreign investors to boost production- ½ of industry foreign owned
Russia became greatly indebted to British, German and French
II. Russia
Industrialization continuedTop 5 in Steel, oil and textiles due to sizeIlliterate peasants did not improve agricultureNo middle class
All state sponsored and regulatedCan’t make money (and people don’t like that!)
II. RussiaRevolutions and Uprisings
Initially, mostly peasantsRedemption pay and famines
IntelligentsiaRadical intellectualsTerroristAnarchistIndustrialize without materialism
Alexander II assassinatedCensorship and resistance to reformMinorities repressed
Jewish pogroms
II. RussiaVladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
AKA Vladimir LeninModified Marxism for Russia
Didn’t need middle-classFormed the Bolsheviks
Majority that wasn’t a majorityEncouraged revolt of working class
Poor working conditions
II. RussiaRevolution of 1905
Expansion rather than fixing problems
Helped create Slavic NationsSerbia and BulgariaPromised to protect them (WWI)
Result of Russo-Japanese WarFought over KoreaJapan attacked without declaring
warRussia had a hard time mobilizing
II. RussiaRevolution of 1905 Results
Peasants revolted
Workers went on strike
Police repression
To help stop revolt, the Duma was formed
A national parliament
Stolypin Reforms
Peasants gained freedom from redemption payments
Freedom to buy/sell land
Kulaks – rich land owners that improved agriculture ($$$)
Eventually government represses the people again
III. JapanJapan became more nationalistic
Terakoya schoolsConfucianism, reading and Japanese cultureFor commoners
Dutch StudiesFocus on Dutch language (trade in Nagasaki)Studies Dutch medicine once foreign literature ban was lifted
III. JapanCommodore Matthew Perry (1853)
Took a number of American steamships to Edo Bay to force the Japanese to open for trade with US1854 2nd visit to Japan to force them to allow a US consul in its borders.Kept Americans under American law and not Japanese Forced Japan out of isolationism
Emperor no longer isolatedSamurai retaliate by attacking foreigners
Ended with Meiji movement that put Emperor
Mutsuhito on the throne- promoted reforms
III. JapanMeiji Reforms
Abolished feudalism and Samurai
Became poor and revolted in 1877
Emperor used conscripted troops with European weapons
Influenced “Last Samurai”
Expanded bureaucracy with Civil Service Exams
Formed Diet as a form of parliament
Passed laws and budgets
5% of men could vote
Emperor controlled military
III. JapanJapanese Industrialization
Had to import raw materials Education based to train loyal workers
Government controlled and censoredWesternization
Styles and medicineYet kept Shintoism and did not convert to ChristianityFamily values
Militarization 1st Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895
Result of need for resourcesRusso-Japanese War
IV. Conclusion
Yellow PerilAsian colonization
Russia’s influence in Eastern Europe influences WWI