1

INDUSTRY REFERENCE COMMITTEE

ANNUAL UPDATE 2020

INDUSTRYOUTLOOK

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

EMPLOYMENT & SKILLS OUTLOOK

WORKFORCE SUPPLY SIDECHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

MARITIME

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The Maritime industry is an intrinsic part of the Australian economy in the provision of import and export of goods, as well as tourism and other valued added activities. The industry had an estimated annual revenue of $6.21billion in 2019, adding $2.19 billion to the Australian economy.

There has been significant development in information and communication systems in modern navigation (e-navigation). New systems collect, integrate, exchange, and analyse marine information on board and ashore by electronic means to enhance navigation and improve safety and security. New technologies generate a substantial volume of data that will contribute to effective decision-making, enhanced safety, better environmental protection, and improved marine traffic management.

The development and trials of autonomous unmanned ships and vessels are gaining more traction. This technology can improve safety and be used in a range of operations such as underwater infrastructure inspection. Autonomous technology will reshape the industry’s technology-based operational systems and necessitate new skills and training.

Environmental concerns and new regulations from the International Maritime Organization (IMO) remain a focus for the industry. Hydrogen and fuel cells are being touted as alternative fuels for the industry. The concept of electric powered ferry (e-ferry) is gaining more traction, which can provide Australia with many opportunities in saving operating costs and minimising environmental impacts. The first successful trial of a hybrid vessel was completed in 2019, and the vessel is set to have its inaugural voyage in early 2020 in Europe.

The Australian maritime industry is projected to grow in the near future with more vessels berthing at Australian ports, which highlights the significance of ongoing maintenance dredging operations in order to ensure the safe passage of vessels. Dredging is important to maintain the optimal performance of channels and ports and maintain the declared depth of shipping channels. Dredging operations are crucial as any oversight or error could lead to critical damage to infrastructure and lead to both fatality and high financial loss. Dredging is also accompanied by environmental obligations. Given the sensitivity of dredging operations and the expected growth in demand, the industry needs to ensure its workforce is properly trained in seamless and safe operations as well as compliance with technical and environmental regulations and obligations.

The IRC continues to review and update qualifications to ensure workers are competent and able to work safely with new technologies and processes. Workforce planning and development activities undertaken by enterprises are essential to creating and retaining a viable and productive workforce.

Steven Moon OAM Maritime IRC Chair This IRC Skills Outlook was endorsed by the Maritime IRC on [DATE].

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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MARITIME

Training Package

Training Data

Challenges and Opportunities

Employment Opportunities

Industry Labour Shortages

Priority Skills

Workforce Supply Side

MAR

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IRC INDUSTRY OUTLOOKThe Industry Reference Committee (IRC) Industry Outlook focuses on the prioritisation of skill needs of the industry sectors that each IRC has responsibility for. At the June 2019 meeting, the Australian Industry and Skills Committee (AISC) changed the annual requirements for Industry Skills Forecasts to a rolling three-year schedule with a brief annual update in the intervening years. The Skills Forecast update will be submitted annually on behalf of the IRC to the AISC for approval, focusing only on proposed work for the year.

The Maritime IRC Industry Outlook identifies the priority skill needs of the Maritime industry following a research and stakeholder consultation process conducted by Australian Industry Standards (AIS) on behalf of the IRC.

The document is deliberately brief. It does not seek to identify every issue within every sector. It is a snapshot of a continually evolving story that is intended to alert and inform a wide audience and enhance the industry’s capacity to act.

The Maritime IRC consult broadly with stakeholders to ensure a whole-of-industry view about the opportunities and challenges for the workforce and the review work within the MAR Maritime Training Package necessary to meet industry needs.

More information on the National Schedule can be found at:

www.aisc.net.au/content/national-schedule

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MARITIME INDUSTRY REFERENCE COMMITTEEThe Maritime IRC has been assigned responsibility for the MAR Maritime Training Package.

MARITIME IRC MEMBERS

More information about the Maritime IRC and its work can be found here:

www.australianindustrystandards.org.au/committee/maritime-industry-reference-committee/

Steven Moon OAM (Chair)Association of Marine Park Tourism Operators

Henning Christiansen (Deputy Chair)Australian Institute of Marine and Power Engineers

Chris HaSealink

Fuji D’SouzaAustralian Maritime Safety Authority

Glen WilliamsMaritime Union of Australia  

Malcom MerreySpirit of Tasmania    

Mark Davis Australian Maritime Officers Union

Mark ShannonSerco Asia Pacific  

Sarah CercheMaritime Industry Australia Ltd (MIAL)

Oliver KrcoskiAustral Fisheries    

Capt. Stuart DaveyFremantle Ports

For more information please contact:

Klausch Schmidt Maritime Industry Manager Australian Industry Standards E klausch.schmidt@aistnds.org.auDRAFT

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MARITIME INDUSTRY OVERVIEWThe Maritime industry had an estimated annual revenue of $6.21 billion in 2019, adding $2.19 billion to the Australian economy. Ten per cent of the world’s sea trade passes through Australian ports and over 95 per cent of Australian exports are transported by sea. Our coastline is over 60,000 kilometres in length and our search and rescue region covers more than 10 per cent of the Earth’s surface.

Per capita, Australia has more cruise passengers than any other nation, making it the fourth-largest cruise market in the world. Into the future, shorter coastal cruises are expected to increase, requiring infrastructure upgrades to accommodate international and domestic vessels.1

EXPLANATORY NOTESCounts of Australian Businesses

Distinct from the Census and Labour Force data, the Counts of Australian Businesses data uses a top down approach where industries are primarily classified by the single predominant industry class associated with a business’ ABN. A limitation of this approach is that organisations with a presence in several States/Territories will be counted only once. This can lead to enterprise figures appearing low for a given state/territory, but it’s not that there are no enterprises existing in the state/territory, it’s that the headquarters are located elsewhere. A further consideration is that organisations in more than one industry will also be only counted in one industry.

AVG. AGE STUDENTS IN TRAINING

34.7 Years THE TYPICAL MAR STUDENT IS 4 YEARS, 4 MONTHS OLDER THAN THE AVERAGE VOCATIONAL STUDENT

WORKFORCE SIZE

2020

14,8172025

16,228

WESTERN AUSTRALIA

287

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SOUTH AUSTRALIA

77

AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY

0

EMPLOYMENTGROWTH TO 2025

9.5%

VICTORIA

231

TASMANIA

51

NEW SOUTH WALES

387

QUEENSLAND

368

NORTHERNTERRITORY

24

INDUSTRY VALUE

REVENUE

6.21B VALUE ADD

2.19B

GENDER DISTRIBUTION

32% 68%ENTERPRISES BY STATE

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KEY MARITIME STAKEHOLDERS » Trident LNG

» Yachting Australia

Employer Representatives

» Association of Marine Park Tourism Operators Ltd

» Australian Institute of Marine Surveyors

» Australian Mines and Metals Association

» Boating Industry Association of Western Australia

» Marina Industries Association

» Maritime Industry Australia Ltd

» Superyacht Australia

Employee Representatives

» Australian Institute of Marine and Power Engineers

» Australian Maritime Officers Union

» Maritime Union of Australia

Licensing / Regulatory

» Australian Maritime Safety Authority

Government

» Australian Communications and Media Authority

» Federal, State/Territory Departments

» Transport for New South Wales

Industry Advisory

» State and Territory Industry Training Advisory Bodies (ITABs)

Training Organisations

» TAFEs, Private RTOs, Enterprise RTOs

Employers

» Arc Marina Management

» ASP Ship Management

» Atlas Professionals

» Australian Defence Force

» Australian Fisheries

» Australian National Lines

» Australian Offshore Solutions

» Australian Superyachts

» CSL Australia

» Engage Marine

» Fremantle Ports

» Go Marine

» Harbour City Ferries

» Inco Ships

» Maersk Supply Services

» MMA Offshore Ltd

» OSM

» P&O Maritime

» Passions of Paradise

» Sealink Travel Group

» Serco Asia Pacific

» Smit-Lamnalco Towage & Related Services

» Solstad Pty Ltd

» Spirit of Tasmania

» Svitzer

» Teekay Marine Resources

» Teekay Shipping (Australia)

» Toll Shipping DRAFT

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domestic commercial vessels in Australia

27,000DRAFT

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MAR MARITIME TRAINING PACKAGEThe MAR Maritime Training Package provides the only nationally recognised Vocational Education and Training (VET) qualifications for occupations involved in general purpose hands, coxswains, marine engine drivers, marine engineers, marine surveyors, cooks, integrated ratings, deck officers, ship’s masters and marina operations.

The MAR Maritime Training Package comprises 26 qualifications, 16 Skill Sets and 199 Units of Competency and associated assessment requirements and covers near coastal and ocean going maritime operations.

The MAR Maritime Training Package contains the following qualifications:

Certificates

» Certificate I in Maritime Operations (Coxswain Grade 2 Near Coastal)

» Certificate I in Maritime Operations (General Purpose Hand Near Coastal)

» Certificate II in Maritime Operations (Marine Engine Driver Grade 3 Near Coastal)

» Certificate II in Maritime Operations (Linesperson)

» Certificate II in Maritime Operations (Coxswain Grade 1 Near Coastal)

» Certificate III in Marina Operations

» Certificate III in Maritime Operations (Marine Engine Driver Steam)

» Certificate III in Maritime Operations (Marine Surveying)

» Certificate III in Maritime Operations (Integrated Rating)

» Certificate III in Maritime Operations (Marine Cookery)

» Certificate III in Maritime Operations (Marine Engine Driver Grade 2 Near Coastal)

» Certificate III in Maritime Operations (Master Inland Waters)

» Certificate III in Maritime Operations (Master up to 24 metres Near Coastal)

» Certificate IV in Maritime Operations (Master up to 35 metres Near Coastal)

» Certificate IV in Maritime Operations (Marine Engine Driver Grade 1 Near Coastal)

» Certificate IV in Maritime Operations (Chief Integrated Rating)

» Certificate IV in Maritime Operations (Marine Surveying)

Diploma - Advanced Diploma

» Diploma of Maritime Operations (Master up to 80 metres Near Coastal)

» Diploma of Maritime Operations (Watchkeeper Deck)

» Diploma of Maritime Operations (Marine Surveying)

» Diploma of Maritime Operations (Engineer Watchkeeper)

» Diploma of Maritime Operations (Master up to 500 GT)

» Diploma of Maritime Operations (Marine Engineering Class 3 Near Coastal)

» Advanced Diploma of Maritime Operations (Marine Engineering Class 2)

» Advanced Diploma of Maritime Operations (Marine Engineering Class 1)

» Advanced Diploma of Maritime Operations (Master Unlimited)

The MAR Maritime Training Package is in the Scope of Registration of

75 Registered Training

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TRAINING DATAThe charts below investigate commencing qualification enrolments in each State and Territory along with qualification utilisation by occupational group. At the national level, qualification enrolments in the MAR Training Package have decreased by nearly 3% over the last four years while Units of Competency enrolments have decreased by 4.3%.

QUALIFICATION ENROLMENTS BY STATE/TERRITORYQualification enrolments in Maritime have declined in nearly all States and Territories except New South Wales. Growth here has been driven primarily by increases in lower level qualifications like Certificate I in Maritime Operations (General Purpose Hand Near Coastal) which nearly doubled enrolments between 2015 and 2018 (96%) and Certificate II in Maritime Operations (Coxswain Grade 1 Near Coastal) which grew by 65% in the same period. There was also very substantial growth in Certificate III in Maritime Operations (Marine Engine Driver Grade 2 Near Coastal) and Certificate III in Maritime Operations (Master up to 24 metres Near Coastal) though starting from smaller initial enrolments increased by 213% and 62% respectively. At a unit level, this increase in New South Wales appears to be entirely caused by government funding which increased by 89% in the period while domestic fee for service enrolments declined by 5%.

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QUALIFICATION UTILISATION BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUPThe occupational group that most utilises VET qualifications in the Maritime industry are Technicians and Trades Workers, where 76% of workers have a VET qualification. However, this group is primarily made up of cooks, fitters, welders and electricians. Marine Transport professionals also have high utilisation at 59.7% and make use of MAR Training Package qualifications directly, being comprised mainly of Masters, Engineers and Officers. The next group, Labourers, also have above average qualification utilisation at 52.1% and make use of the MAR training package since this group is largely made up of deck hands and freight handlers.

The Community and Personal Service Workers grouping primarily comprises tourism workers and here 45.6% hold a VET qualification which is just higher than the number that hold no qualification (41.5%). Among Machinery Operators and Drivers, 37.6% of workers hold a VET qualification and this group is largely made up of crane and plant operators as well as truck drivers and storepersons who count themselves in the Maritime industry. A far larger portion of this grouping have no qualification (57.3%). A third of Managers have a VET qualification which is somewhat less than the proportion that hold a tertiary qualification (38%). VET qualification utility among Sales Workers as well as Clerical and Administrative Workers is lowest among the occupational groups, being 30.6% and 35.7% respectively. Tertiary qualifications for these groups were lower in both instances. Overall, VET qualifications are held by 46.1% of workers in the Maritime Industry which is more than double the number of tertiary qualifications held in the industry.

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EXPLANATORY NOTESTraining Charts

Total VET Activity (TVA) data is collected from all types of training providers and not only those in receipt of Commonwealth or State funding. TVA data collection commenced in 2014. For Enrolments by Delivery type ‘Other’ includes; Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL), Credit Transfers and Units where the mode of delivery is mixed.

60,000KMAustralia’s coastline

span

Exemptions

Where the submission of training data to TVA conflicts with defence or national security legislation or jeopardises the security or safety of personnel working in defence, border protection, customs or Australian police departments, an exemption from reporting training data is available.

Organisations that deliver training for vital services to the community (such as emergency, fire, first aid and rescue organisations) may have received an exemption to submit data to TVA. From 1 January 2016 however, the exemption from reporting applies only in respect of training activity not delivered on a fee for service / commercial basis.

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CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESTECHNOLOGY IS SAILING THROUGH THE INDUSTRY

New cutting-edge technologies have been sweeping through the Maritime industry, improving operational efficiency and crew safety. New software systems are being integrated into existing ship control systems, creating new opportunities for maximising efficiency. Autonomous navigation systems are being developed which use a combination of sensors, machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) to navigate a vessel. This technology will combine data from visual images, environmental sound recordings, radar and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), satellite navigation, and vessel transponders which will be processed using new AI and machine learning software. These advances enable the vessels to identify and predict the movements of other vessels with improved accuracy.2

Onboard systems are being digitalised, improving ship-to-shore connectivity and optimising voyage fuel efficiency and navigation.3 Remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), or drones are being used to improve safety and efficiency in ship assets inspections (storage tanks or chimneys) and other maritime operations.4 Virtual Reality (VR) technology is often adopted to assist in training new entrants to simulate different weather conditions, improving training efficiency and minimising the risks of being at sea.5

The Australian Maritime industry is also the first in the world to test a new Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) which will be integrated with Precise Point Positioning to allow positioning accuracy to 10 centimetres, an exponential improvement over current positional accuracy of 10 metres.6 A sum of $160.9 million is planned to be invested in the development and operations of SBAS over the next four years.7 This innovation can lay the foundation for the next generation of autonomous systems and vessels.8 Other innovations shaping the maritime sector include robotics and automation, interconnected sensors and Big Data, remote

propulsion and powering, autonomous and ‘smart’ vessels, deep ocean mining, and marine biotechnologies.9

AUTOMATION AND UNMANNED VESSELS

Technological developments and digitalisation in the Maritime industry have realised the development and trials of autonomous ships. According to Bloomberg, the global autonomous ship market value is projected to reach $134.90 billion by 2030.10 The Asia Pacific region is poised to have the highest potential for the implementation of autonomous ships driven by factors such as the increasing world trade by sea, growing maritime tourism, and improving safety systems.11

About 77 per cent of collisions at sea occur due to human errors12 which can be reduced via autonomous technology. The implementation of Fifth Generation (5G) wireless technology will also improve the efficiency and safety of ships as it enables enhanced autonomous and remote control navigation as well as real-time monitoring of ships through the Internet of Things (IoT) platforms. A trial of 5G-based autonomous navigation was successfully conducted in South Korea in 2019.13

The Maritime industry has mainly used Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) for underwater research and exploration purposes. New advances in automation have improved this technology to allow AUVs to stay underwater for months at a time and perform more sophisticated tasks such as marine life monitoring and underwater infrastructure inspection e.g. oil or gas leakage detection in Australia.14 The world’s first autonomous and electrical commercial ship is currently under development and is anticipated to be completed by 2020. This battery-driven ship will be zero emission. The ship will be initially operated from a land-based control centre and then transition to fully autonomous operation by 2022 in Norway.15

74% of trade in goods by value is transported

by ship

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Developments in unmanned vessels include:

» Israel developing an unmanned surface vessel;

» Rolls Royce in the UK revealing plans for an autonomous, single role, naval vessel with a range of 3500 miles;

» Rolls Royce and Svitzer successfully demonstrating the world’s first remotely operated commercial vessel in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2017;

» Rolls Royce planning to have remotely controlled autonomous vessels in international waters by 2025; and

» the world’s first fully electric and autonomous cargo ship being built in Norway.

There are several challenges in the full implementation of autonomous ships, especially with regards to safety, manning, and operation. The Legal Committee of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has started a program for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). The aim is to conduct a gap analysis of liability and compensation treaties and to scope the work required for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships.16

In response to the increasing prevalence of autonomous vessels, the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) has similarly anticipated some challenges. Given these systems are operated in conjunction with humans, it is important to consider what level of human supervision is needed and what special provisions are necessary for the design, registration, certification and operation of autonomous vessels.17 AMSA is considering a qualifications framework for the operators of autonomous and unmanned systems. The maritime safety regulatory framework remains a challenge, as the industry needs to consider whether additional regulations are needed to ensure the safe operations of these vessels and how Australia’s regulatory framework may be applied to autonomous and unmanned vessels.18 Maintenance/reliability and cyber security concerns may slow transition to fully autonomous maritime operations.

These emergent technologies will have a significant impact on Maritime industries, with the potential to reduce human exposure to dangers of the high seas. This will require new skills, competencies, ongoing learning, and development

of future training initiatives. Companies will need to invest in capacity building through education and training of the workforce.

CHANGING MARITIME OPERATIONS

There has been significant development in information and communication systems in modern navigation. The IMO is leading new navigation initiatives under the umbrella term of “e-navigation”. It is defined as the harmonised collection, integration, exchange, presentation, and analysis of marine information on board and ashore by electronic means to enhance navigation and improve safety and security.19 There is also an international trend to implement Navigation Satellite Systems as a main means of shipboard navigation, which highlights the significance of electronic aids in navigation.20

These new systems will generate a huge volume of data that will contribute to effective decision-making, enhanced safety, better environmental protection, and improved marine traffic management. The industry needs to foster the development and provision of e-navigation services and changes to training in order to facilitate the implementation of new communication and navigation technologies.21

An increasing number of new vessels are equipped with Dynamic Positioning (DP) systems which help to keep vessels at a fixed position and heading

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by integrating a variety of systems and functions through a computer control system. Environmental factors such as wind, waves, and current may push a vessel off the desired course. DP systems use a vessel’s sensor data to calculate the steering angle and thrust power to offset the environmental factors and keep the vessel on the desired route and position.22 DP systems are commonly employed in cruise ships, drilling, dredging, pipe-laying, and construction vessels.23 This system is poised to be more increasingly used, leading to more efficiency and safety as well as causing changes in offshore maritime operations.24

New technologies are also poised to improve berthing and un-berthing, which is considered a challenging undertaking that can lead to fatal accidents. Japan is currently developing autonomous berthing and un-berthing technology which is expected to be operational by 2025. Remote monitoring and auto-collision technologies will also be trialled alongside this technology. It is expected that the new advancements reduce human errors, attributed to 80 per cent of marine accidents.25 Automated mooring technology is also in use where remote-controlled vacuum pads can moor or release vessels.26

These technologies will reshape maritime operations in different capacities. Therefore, to ensure the industry can take advantage of new opportunities and keep pace with cutting-edge emerging technologies, upskilling the workforce is deemed a priority.

DREDGING OPERATIONS

Australian maritime shipping, tourism, and cruise industries are all set to grow in the near future. Therefore, larger vessels will berth at Australian ports, highlighting the significance of ongoing maintenance dredging operations in order to ensure the safe passage of vessels. Dredging is important to maintain the optimal performance of channels and ports and maintain the declared depth of shipping channels.

Dredging operations are highly critical as any oversight or error could lead to critical damage to infrastructure and lead to both fatality and high financial loss.27 Dredging is also accompanied by environmental obligations, which necessitates a highly skilled and trained workforce to perform the relevant tasks and

comply with regulations.28

There are also new technologies being trialled internationally. A Finnish company has recently used a hybrid propulsion technology in dredging where the new Energy Management System (EMS) ensures immediate load taking and dynamic power demand, enabling the system to be adjusted automatically and optimise the dredging vessel performance and lifecycle. As a result, all the systems are integrated and the dredger facilitates smooth and continuous operations.29

Given the sensitivity of dredging operations and the expected growth in demand, the industry needs to ensure its workforce is properly trained in seamless and safe operations as well as compliance with technical and environmental regulations and obligations.

GROWTH IN CRUISE TOURISM OFFERS NEW OPPORTUNITIES

The growth in our tourism industry is creating great opportunities as well as challenges for the Maritime industry. Being one of the world’s largest market for cruise passengers, the Australian cruise ship sector is showing strong growth with $4.8 billion in national economic output in 2018-19.30 The future of this industry is very positive with a projection of 38 million annual passengers worldwide by 2027.31

To fully benefit from this potential, the Maritime industry will need to continue to develop and review international standards relating to passengers and also develop and review skills and training in safe operations, and search and rescue. Given the popularity of ecotourism in Australia, cruise ships will traverse environmentally sensitive areas and therefore training in environmental protection issues will be in demand. Considering that some cruise ships will operate in remote and pristine areas, training is needed to ensure that vessel operations are safe and crew members are ready to respond to unforeseen accidents.32

10% of apprentices are

indigenous

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MARITIME CYBER SECURITY SKILLS

The growing pace of new innovations and technologies is accompanied by increasing exposure to cyber security threats. With about 50,000 ships at sea or in port at any given time, the Maritime industry is highly exposed to cyberattacks. The linkage between onboard and terrestrial systems further complicates vessels’ safe operations. The cyber security of ships is dependent on the safe communication and data transfer between land-based infrastructures and vessels. There are also many different types of vessels with different computer systems to operate in a broad range of environments.33

Cyberattacks are a common risk to many industries including the Maritime sector. A recent report reveals that 99 per cent of cyber attacks targeted human factors rather than systems, where threat factors use identity deception techniques to trick users into making a risky click34 leading to data theft. Cyberattack risks are rated among the top four threats to organisational growth.35 Australian organisations recorded an 18 per cent increase in cyber security breaches, incurring a cost of US $6.9 million in 2018.36 Australia has also been identified

as the nation most under cyberattack threats in the Asia-Pacific region with 80 per cent of companies reporting a total of 5,000 threats a day,37 incurring a cost of $29 billion per annum to Australian businesses.38

The unique nature of the Maritime industry and technologies such as Big Data, AI, automation, etc., creates large amounts of data and can expose the industry to growing cyber security risks. Disruptions caused by cyberattacks or compromised systems can have severe repercussions such as physical harm to the ship, personnel, and cargo, potentially causing the loss of the ship or sensitive data.39 Australian Maritime Safety Authority has also emphasised the increasing danger of risks associated with interconnected systems and data and has indicated that many organisations lack the skill sets to adequately protect themselves.40

In the light of such serious safety risks, it is imperative to have a tailored cyber security training program not only to inform the workforce of the nature and examples of the Marine industry cyber-attacks, but also provide the skills and competencies to be able to resolve them. Businesses need to continue to raise awareness about the issue, have proper procedures in place and deploy the right technologies to help identify, block or remediate against any malicious attacks. Investing in skills and capabilities through educational programs is key to understanding cyber security and being protected from cyber threats.

DIGITAL LITERACY IS ESSENTIAL

Digital transformation has completely revamped every aspect of life and the workforce. New technologies and devices are widely used in the workplace, creating digitally-enabled environments that affect numerous occupations. Digital literacy and Information Communication Technology (ICT) skills are required to respond and adapt to the fast pace of change. Digital literacy is defined as having

practical skills in using technology to access, manage, manipulate, and create information

as well as the skills to critically analyse, interpret and apply the information to

relevant situations.41 Digital literacy also encompasses more technical skills in

programming and coding, data analysis, technology design, system analysis,

and presenting and managing content on the web to develop and manage applications.42DRAFT

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Advancements in AI, computer technology, automation, IoT, cloud computing, big data, customer-service platforms and social media are generating a massive volume of data and information, offering a range of benefits such as improved customer service and operational efficiency.

Currently, Australia faces shortages in key digital skills such as data management and analysis, cloud computing, AI and machine learning, cyber security, digital design, and software design.43 The government is committed to developing Australia’s digital skills through greater life-long engagement in evolving technologies. The Australian Government has also emphasised that education and training should meet current and future needs, to help businesses take advantage of digital opportunities.44 Digital innovations can provide $315 billion in gross economic value to Australia in the next ten years.45 These innovations will be driven by technologies that rely on the collection and analysis of large volumes of data which can affect many industries, hence the significance of digital skills to reap the benefits.

By 2024, Australia will need 100,000 technology workers with digital skills, which poses a challenge in terms of recruiting and reskilling the workforce. The economic benefit of reskilling workers to meet the digital skills demand can be more than $11,000 per worker annually.46 Digital skills have been identified as one of the top three priority skills by Australian industries and businesses.47 Participants at the AIS Industry Skills Forums across the country in 2018 also emphasised digital literacy as a highly significant skill in demand. A survey conducted by RMIT university concluded that VET qualifications need to reflect the current digital technologies and ensure that graduates are adequately skilled in digital literacy.48

Australia is very well positioned to be a leader in the digital economy. This will be enhanced through continued planning and investment in educational programs to train and upskill the existing and future workforce in digital literacy.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND ALTERNATIVE FUELS

The maritime industry, similar to many other industries, is seeking to reduce its carbon footprint. The IMO has tightened the allowable sulphur emission which will be reduced from the current 3.5 per cent to 0.5 per cent in January 2020.49 The IMO’s strategy on Green House Gas (GHG) emission is to reduce the carbon intensity of shipping to 70 per cent below 2008 level by 2050.50 IMO has also implemented Data Collection System for fuel oil consumption of ships of 5000 tonnage51 which account for 85 per cent of all ships emissions.52 This will provide greater visibility and can ensure uniform implementation of regulations. In a similar vein, the Australian shipping industry is committed to reducing its toxic emission to half by 2050.53

Hydrogen and fuel cells are being touted as alternative fuels for the industry.54 E-ferry concept is gaining more traction, which can provide Australia with many opportunities in saving operation costs and minimising environmental impacts.55 The first successful trial of hybrid vessel was completed in 2019, and the vessel is set to have its inaugural voyage in early 2020 in Europe.56

To minimise the environmental impacts, alternative fuels will be used such as liquified natural gas (LNG), biofuel, hydrogen, or methanol57. Innovations such as batteries, Fuel Cell (FC) systems and wind-assisted propulsion are also viable options.58 As remote-operated vessels are implemented, there is further room to improve efficiencies in fuel consumption and reduce CO2 emissions.

Continuous engagement with stakeholders through communication and educational programs is needed to support the new compliance and regulatory framework59 in relation to sustainable and environmentally-friendly practices. Training in the application of these methods and technologies will be a major skill requirement of the industry to ensure safety and compliance with new regulations.

22% of apprentices are

female

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33% of apprentices are 19

years or youngerDRAFT

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EMPLOYMENT AND SKILLS OUTLOOKEMPLOYMENT DEMOGRAPHICSThe following charts provide an overview of the Maritime workforce at a glance. These include historical and projected employment for the next five years, job vacancies for the main occupations in the industry as well as gender-composition by State/Territory.

PROJECTED AND HISTORICAL MARITIME WORKFORCE (2010 – 2025)

IBISWorld data reports a 6.6% increase in the Maritime Freight workforce to 2025, just trailing natural population growth at 1.3% per year. Maritime Passenger workforce figures are expected to grow strongly (18.4%), from approximately 3,700 in 2020 to 4,400 in 2025.

Source: IBISWorld Reports.DRAFT

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MARITIME JOB VACANCIES, MAIN OCCUPATION AND WIDER INDUSTRY (2009 – 2019)

Online job advertisements have been falling steadily for Marine Transport Professionals (Masters, Officers, Engineers, Surveyors, etc) over the last decade. In the last five years, advertisements have fallen by about a quarter (23.5%) or 5.2% per year. This general decline in online adverts was matched in the wider Transport, Postal and Warehousing industry until 2016 when the series diverged.

Source: Labour Market Information Portal Internet Vacancy Index (IVI)DRAFT

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GENDER COMPOSITION BY STATE/TERRITORY (2019)At a national level, around a third of the Maritime workforce is female (30.2%) but the figures among the States and Territories vary considerably. The workforce in New South Wales makes up about a third again (32%) of the national Maritime workforce but accounts for 41% of all employed females nationwide. The South Australian Maritime workforce has the highest female representation (42%) which in absolute terms (approximately 500 employed) is larger than the Western Australian female workforce (480) despite being almost three times smaller overall.

Source: Australian Bureau Statistics (2017) 6291.0.55.003 - Labour Force, Australia, Detailed. Australian Government.

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EXPLANATORY NOTESLabour Force Data

Outside of Census years, the size of an industry’s workforce is established by the Australian Bureau of Statistics using the Labour Force survey. This dataset provides a 30-year view of the industry where, like the Census, industry is assigned at the discretion of the individual respondent. Given that the survey is sample-based, it should also be understood that the smaller the industry being measured, the larger the margin of error.

The scope of the Labour Force survey is limited to the civilian population of Australia and therefore members of permanent defence forces are excluded from the survey.

IBISWorld Data

IBISWorld data is comprised from a variety of economic, demographic, government and company data, including the Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Labour Market Information Portal Internet Vacancy Index (IVI)

The IVI is the only publicly available source of detailed data on online vacancies, including for around 350 occupations (at all skill levels), as well as for all states/territories and 37 regions. The IVI is based on a count of online job advertisements newly lodged on SEEK, CareerOne and Australian JobSearch during the month. As such, the IVI does not reflect the total number of job advertisements in the labour market as it does not include jobs advertised through other online job boards, employer websites, word of mouth, in newspapers, and advertisements in shop windows. The IVI also does not take account of multiple positions being advertised in a single job advertisement.

51% of apprentices are 25

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MARITIME INDUSTRY LABOUR SHORTAGESOn behalf of the Maritime IRC, AIS conducted an online survey for stakeholders between 26 September 2019 and 18 January 2020. The IRC sought feedback on the current labour shortages and the reasons for the shortages, as perceived by industry stakeholders.

MARITIME LABOUR SHORTAGESNearly 46 per cent of respondents (only one of which could be identified as Blue Water) reported experiencing a labour shortage in the last 12 months. The occupations reported as being in shortage were:

1. Educators, Trainers and Assessors

2. Engineers (various)

3. Maintenance

4. Small vessel (<35m) Masters

5. Marine Engine Drivers

REASONS FOR SHORTAGEEmployers identified the following reasons for the shortage with the most frequent response listed first.

1. Cost/time to achieve the required qualification

2. Ageing workforce / current staff retiring

3. Competition from other organisations

4. Unattractive job / poor industry image

5. Shift / weekend work

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PRIORITY SKILLSThe priority skills of the Maritime industry are drawn from stakeholder responses to the Maritime IRC Skills Forecast survey conducted between 26 September 2019 and 18 January 2020.

SKILL CATEGORYIn order of priority to the industry, the following skills were identified from the survey as the most important for the Maritime workforce within the next three to five years.

Technical skills

1. Vessel operations

2. Navigation/vessel handling

3. Health/Safety

4. Search and rescue

5. Compliance

Non-technical skills

1. Communication

2. Problem Solving

3. Teamwork

4. Leadership

5. Critical Thinking

GENERIC SKILLSThe Generic Skills listed are provided to AIS by the Department of Employment, Skills, Small and Family Business. Within the survey, the IRC asked stakeholders to rank these skills in order of importance to the industry. Ranking of the 12 generic workforce skills in order of importance to the Maritime industry are as follows:

1. Technology

2. Learning agility / Information literacy / Intellectual autonomy and self-management

3. Managerial / Leadership

4. Design mindset / Thinking critically / System thinking / Solving problems

5. Communication / Virtual collaboration / Social intelligence

6. Language, Literacy and Numeracy (LLN)

7. Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM)

8. Customer service / Marketing

9. Environmental and Sustainability

10. Financial

11. Data analysis

12. Entrepreneurial

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WORKFORCE SUPPLY SIDE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESTHE CHANGING WORKPLACE AND THE DEMAND FOR MICRO-CREDENTIALS

The rapid pace of technological change creates challenges for both employers and workers; a flexible VET system can ensure both current and future demand for training is met. While employers require timely reskilling and/or upskilling of the workforce, employees will also require a responsive VET system capable of delivering affordable training with options for flexible delivery.60 Shorter form learning is emerging as a potential solution to the rapid upskilling requirements to meet both specific industry needs and individuals seeking to progress their careers.61 Using methods such as micro-credentials or Skill Sets are gaining momentum. A Skill Set is defined as “a single Unit of Competency or a combination of Units of Competency from a Training Package which link to a licensing or regulatory requirement, or a defined industry need.”62 Micro-credentials permit individuals to acquire industry recognised skills in stages, without necessarily committing to a full qualification.

Skill Sets are becoming increasingly important to workplaces in their management of changing demands. The number of Skill Sets in Training Packages has grown from 20 in 2008 to a little under 1500 existing Skill Sets by 2019. Reported enrolments in Training Package Skill Sets have grown from 58,000 in 2015 to over 96,000 in 2018.63

Throughout AIS Industry Skills Forums in 2018, the topic of micro-credentials emerged as a solution to upskilling the workforce in a constantly changing environment. This requires a strong and ongoing partnership with industry to ensure skills standards and training delivery keeps pace with the fast-changing workplace.64 There is ongoing work to improve the recognition of shorter form credentials more broadly across the Australian Qualification

Framework (AQF) qualifications as well. The latest AQF review has called for Pathways Policy revision to broaden guidelines for credit recognition across AQF qualifications including micro-credentials. A key focus of the review is the formalisation of the ways micro-credentials can be mapped onto the AQF so employees can attain formal recognition for their incremental learning.65 Similarly, the Joyce Review of the VET system has called for the increased use of short-form credentials such as Skill Sets or micro-credentials because they provide an effective way to meet flexible training needs of both employers and employees.66

THE CHANGING WORKFORCE DEMOGRAPHIC

Australia’s Maritime workforce is one of the oldest in the country, with 49 per cent of workers aged 45 years or older.67 The ageing workforce appears to be more prominent in the ex-Seafarers working ashore where there tends to be a higher number of older workers and fewer employees under 25 years.68 In the short to medium term, the ability to successfully attract, train and retain younger workers will be critical in meeting the future skills requirements of the industry. However, this is likely to require increased investment in training from stakeholders right across the industry given the current low numbers of cadets/trainees coupled with the expected shortfall of seafarer employees at sea and ashore over the next five years.69

The provision of mentoring and leadership training to skilled operators with comprehensive technical knowledge will enable the industry to help develop younger workers and assist with employee retention.

If the Maritime industry incorporates cutting edge technologies and innovative practices to appeal to younger workers, skill building around these technologies and practices will be required.70 An increase in the digital literacy of new and established workers will enhance their career progression and contribute to the sustainability of the industry.

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INCREASING DEMAND FOR SKILLED WORKERS

Demand is expected to increase for employees across all seafaring classifications at sea and ashore in the next five years. According to MIAL’s 2018 Seafaring Skills Census, maritime industry stakeholders forecast they will need 11.6 per cent additional seafarers in seagoing roles and 17.7 per cent additional ex-seafarers to work ashore.71 It is also anticipated that between 2014 and 2030 vessel activity at Australian ports will increase by 34 per cent.72 Currently, 74 per cent of trade in goods by value is transported by ship.73 As the volumes of cargo are growing, there is an increasing need to improve operations while maintaining efficiencies and compliance.

The risk of a widening skill gap between the current workforce and new maritime technological systems and processes is becoming a focus for the industry worldwide. This is putting pressure on the workforce as the complexity of shipping systems increase. Reviewing and ensuring that competency-based training remains relevant in the Maritime industry is necessary to ensure the workforce is suitably qualified and can meet the demands of new shipping systems. Competition for trained staff

from industries such as fishing, aquaculture, tourism, and patrol

and rescue is also compounding the challenges of recruiting skilled

workers.74

SOFT SKILLS FOR A DIGITAL FUTURE

The workplace has fundamentally changed over the past decade and will continue to be transformed due to the advent of new technologies. In addition to technical and digital skills, soft skills remain vitally important. Non-technical skills such as teamwork, problem-solving, and creativity are integral to the successful adoption and implementation of disruptive technologies.75 The World Economic Forum has also indicated that soft skills such as critical thinking, leadership, and emotional intelligence will be in demand in the next four years.76 A recent Deloitte report reveals that by 2030, about two-thirds of jobs will be strongly reliant on soft skills.77 Industry experts and participants at the AIS Industry Skills Forums in 2018 also emphasised the significance of soft skills as well as lifelong learning in order to have a workforce prepared for the future. Creativity and problem-solving skills also enhance the ability of workers to explore and engage with new technologies more effectively in the workplace.

ACCESS TO TRAINING

Training for blue water seafarers is heavily dependent on many factors such as cost and access to training berths. The International Maritime Organisation requires sea time to be served as a part of the Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping. This means that access to berths is important, as Australian seafarer trainees are required to have nine months of sea service.78 The recent decline of blue water vessels within the Australian fleet has negatively impacted on training opportunities over the last few years. However, the problem appears to be more complex with employers reporting spare, unused training berths. The capacity still exists, but cost is the major barrier to utilizing these resources.79

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specialist technical areas. Longer term, this situation may lead to capacity constraints for industry and Registered Training Organisations (RTOs) alike. These conditions present challenges for RTOs when considering future investment in training infrastructure and equipment, particularly those involved in new technology.

By delivering high-level skills in digital practices, RTOs will have the opportunity to influence the adoption of similar approaches within the Maritime industry. The benefits of incorporating cutting-edge technology in education can be seen through ship and tug simulators. These innovations enable Maritime workers to gain high-fidelity and realistic simulated work experience. This technology can be applied to the entire manoeuvring team, assisting the upkeep and maintenance of contemporary skills and knowledge in the industry.80

TRAINING OF DECK & ENGINEER ‘WATCHKEEPER’ OFFICERS

The decline of blue water vessels within the Australian fleet affects the number of training berths available for seafarers – both entry level and those aspiring to higher certification. In particular, there are no Australian oil tankers or chemical tankers available for Deck or Engineer Officers to obtain the required sea service for these types of vessel endorsements. There is also a lack of Australian LNG-Carriers, making it difficult for Engineers to have the required sea service.

Limited vessel positions are forcing many senior Australian mariners to accept more junior positions on board that otherwise would have been made available to trainees. Consequently, if an Australian seeks to pursue a career in the maritime industry, upon the completion of the required training, limited opportunity exists to obtain the necessary sea-service to get Certification from AMSA.

The replacement of Australian deck and engineer officers with overseas domiciled and trained seafarers on vessels working exclusively in Australia’s EEZ, makes training and employment of Australians uneconomical. Consequently, only a handful of companies are now employing Australian Cadet/Trainees.

The displacement of qualified deck and engineer officers from Australia’s offshore oil and gas industry in the short-term, creates an artificial skills surplus of WatchKeeper [and above] officers which will further depress training of new entrant Australian deck and engineer officers.

The effect of this is that there may be a decline in demand for these qualifications which may force the current providers to either rely on overseas students or remove the qualification from their scope, in which case Australia would cease to have the capacity to train this level of deck and engineer officers.

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WHAT IS DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION?SHAPING OUR FUTUREDigital Transformation is the process of adopting digital technologies to create new or modify existing business processes, culture, and customer experiences to improve productivity and meet changing business and market requirements.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEAn advanced computer programming language aimed at enabling computers to emulate human reasoning.

AUTOMATION The trend toward using computers/robots, artificial intelligence and other technologies to produce, oversee, and deliver goods and services.

BIG DATAMassive data sets that are produced in a variety of formats at a fast speed that can be stored, analysed, and used with the help of special tools and methods.

CLOUD COMPUTING A secure data centre or a network of remote servers, able to store data on the internet rather than on personal computers.

CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM (CPS)A system that links physical objects/processes with digital elements/processes via open and constantly interconnected information networks.

DATA ANALYTICSThe process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming and modelling data to discover useful information, suggest conclusions, and support decision-making. Techniques include data mining, machine learning and business intelligence.

INDUSTRY 1.0Mechanisation of manufacturing

processes, steam and water power, weaving loom

INDUSTRY 2.0Mass production, assembly line,

electrical energy

$315B digital innovations’ gross economic value to Australia in the next 10 years.

300,000 Australia’s projected technology workforce by 2024.

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PLUG-AND-PLAYDenotes software or devices that are intended to work perfectly when first used or connected, without the need for physical device reconfiguration or adjustment by the user.

DIGITAL TWINA digital twin is a computerized (or digital) version of a physical asset and/or process. The digital twin contains sensors that collects data to represent real-time information about the physical asset.

DIGITALISATIONThe use of digital technologies to change a business model and provide new revenue and value-producing opportunities. It is the process of moving to a digital business.

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)A network of physical objects that contain embedded technology to communicate and sense or interact with their internal states or the external environment.

INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIOT)The application of the Internet of Things to the manufacturing, logistics, oil and gas, transportation, energy/utilities, mining and metals, aviation, and other industrial sectors.

ROBOTICSA programmable, versatile machine for handling and manipulating objects which acts independently of humans.

SMART FACTORYA facility where the degree of integration across systems can enable self-organisation and self-optimisation in production processes and all business processes relating to production.

INDUSTRY 3.0Advanced production, computers,

IT-systems, and robotics.

INDUSTRY 4.0Cyber physical systems, internet of

things, networks, autonomous systems, machine learning

$5.3B the value of IoT at Australian homes by 2023.

1,100 robotic companies in Australia.

66% time spent using technology skills by 2030.

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1 Commonwealth of Australia (2017) Office of Transport Security, Transport Security Outlook to 2025.

2 Smart Maritime Network. (2019). “Tallink Grupp Vessel to Pilot Autonomous Navigation Systems.” Retrieved from https://smartmaritimenetwork.com/2019/02/04/tallink-grupp-vessel-to-pilot-autonomous-navigation-systems/

3 Rasmussen, M. (2018). “Maritime Operators and Digital Transformation.” Maritime Reporter Magazine. Vol: 7, No. 80.

4 Australian Maritime College. (2018). “Partnership to Deliver Drone Training to the Maritime Industry.” Retrieved from http://www.amc.edu.au/about-amc/news-and-events/news-items/partnership-to-deliver-drone-training-to-the-maritime-industry

5 Australian Maritime College. (2018). “Maritime Simulation Centre.” Retrieved from http://www.amc.edu.au/facilities/centre-for-maritime-simulations

6 Maritime Extra Magazine. (2018). “The SBAS Project.” Maritime Extra Magazine (MAX). Edition 1705.

7 Technology Breaking News. (2019). “Location, Location, Location: How Australia is Getting Precise about Positioning.” Retrieved from https://www.technologybreakingnews.com/2019/04/location-location-location-how-australia-is-getting-precise-about-positioning/

8 Mathers, N. (2018). “Space: Supporting Intelligence Decision-Making in Australia.” The Strategist. Retrieved from https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/space-supporting-intelligent-decision-making-in-australia/

9 Lloyd’s Register, QinetiQ, and University of Southampton. (2015). Global Maritime Technology Trends 2030.

10 Bloomberg. (2019). “Autonomous Ships Market to Reach $134.90 bn, Globally, by 2030 at 4.4% CAGR: Allied Market Research.” Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2019-08-22/autonomous-ships-market-to-reach-134-90-bn-globally-by-2030-at-4-4-cagr-allied-market-research

11 MHD Supply Chain News. (2019). “Autonomous Ships Market worth $19.1 Billion by 2030.” Retrieved from http://mhdsupplychain.com.au/2019/01/14/autonomous-ships-market-worth-19-1-billion-by-2030/

12 Deglinnocenti, M. (2019). “Autonomous ships in the US: What’s Next and is Your Job at Stake?” Professional Mariner: Journal of the Maritime Industry. Issue 239, Oct/Nov.

13 Pai, L. (2019). “SHI, SKT Trial Autonomous Ship Using 5G.” Marine Link. Retrieved from https://www.marinelink.com/news/shi-skt-trial-autonomous-ship-using-g-473716

14 Maslin, E. (2018). “Hunting Hydrocarbons.” Marine Technology Magazine. Vol: 1, No. 8.

15 Wingrove, M. (2018). “Vard Set to Build World’s First Autonomous Ship.” Retrieved from http://www.marinemec.com/news/view,vard-set-to-build-worlds-first-autonomous-ship_53918.htm

16 Daily Cargo News. (2019). “Maritime Law: Autonomous Ships: 2019 Update and the Future.” Retrieved from https://www.thedcn.com.au/maritime-law-autonomous-ships-2019-update-and-the-future/

17 Australian Maritime Safety Authority. (2017). Looking Ahead AMSA’s Operating Environment 2017-2027.

18 Ibid.

19 Whyte, P. (2018). “It is not Where You Are. It’s Where You Should be That Matters.” Maritime Reporter Magazine. Vol: 80, No. 9. September 2018.

20 Australian Maritime Safety Authority. (2017). Looking Ahead AMSA’s Operating Environment 2017-2027.

21 Ibid.

22 The Nautical Institute. (2018). “Dynamic Positioning.” Retrieved from https://www.nautinst.org/en/forums/dynamic-positioning/index.cfm

23 Offshore Engineering. (2018). “Introduction to Dynamic Positioning.” Retrieved from https://www.offshoreengineering.com/education/dynamic-positioning-dp/what-is-dynamic-positioning

24 Keefe, J. (2019). “The ABC’s of DP 101.” Marine News Magazine. Vol. 30, No. 9.

25 Ship Technology. (2019). “Berth Control: Looking at the Potential of Auto-Berthing Technology.” Retrieved from https://www.ship-technology.com/features/berth-control-looking-potential-auto-berthing-technology/

26 Maritime Executive. (2019). “New Mooring Technology Operational for Tankers.” Retrieved from https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/new-mooring-technology-operational-for-tankers

27 Professional Mariner. (2019). “Dredge Contractor’s Ineffective Oversight Linked to Pipeline Explosion.” Professional Mariner: Journal of the Maritime Industry. Issue 239, Oct/Nov.

28 Port of Melbourne. (2019). Dredging Program 2012-22: Environmental Management Plan REV 7.

29 Ship Technology. (2019). “Wärtsilä Rolls Out Hybrid Product to Enhance Dredging Operations.” Retrieved from https://www.ship-technology.com/news/wartsila-dredging-operations/

30 Australian Cruise Association. (2019). Annual Report 2018-19.

31 Ibid.

32 Australian Maritime Safety Authority. (2017). Looking Ahead AMSA’s Operating Environment 2017-2027.

33 Forbes, V. L. (2018). The Global Maritime Industry Remains Unprepared for the Future Cybersecurity Challenges

34 Proofpoint. (2019). Human Factor Report 2019.

REFERENCE

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35 KPMG. (2019). Agile or Irrelevant: Redefining Resilience – 2019 Global CEO Outlook. KMPG International.

36 Accenture. (2019). The Cost of Cybercrime. Ponemon Institute.

37 CISCO. (2018). CISCO 2018 Asia Pacific Security Capabilities Benchmark Studies: Regional Breach Readiness.

38 Microsoft. (2018). “Direct Costs Associated with Cybersecurity Incidents Costs Australian Businesses $29 Billion Per Annum.” Retrieved from https://news.microsoft.com/en-au/features/direct-costs-associated-with-cybersecurity-incidents-costs-australian-businesses-29-billion-per-annum/

39 Mayger, J. (2019). “Are you Cyber Safe?” Maritime Logistics Professional. Vol. 9, Issue 4.

40 Australian Maritime Safety Authority. (2019). Corporate Plan 2019-20.

41 Western Sydney University. (2017). Digital Literacy. Retrieved from https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/1105398/eBook_-_Digital_literacy.pdf

42 McPherson, S. (2017). Digital Literacy: “What is it and How Important is it in the Future of Work?” Foundation of Young Australians. Retrieved from https://www.fya.org.au/2017/06/29/digital-literacy-important-future-work/

43 Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. (2018). Australia’s Tech Future: Delivering a Strong, Safe and Inclusive Digital Economy. Australian Government.

44 Ibid.

45 AlphaBeta. (2018). Digital Innovation: Australia’s $315B Opportunity.

46 Deloitte Access Economics. (2019). ACS Australia’s Digital Pulse 2019.

47 Australian Industry and Skills Committee. (2018). National Industry Insights Report: 2018/19 National Overview.

48 NCVER. (2019). Skilling the Australian Workforce for the Digital Economy.

49 Parker, B. (2018). “Catching a Glimpse: LNG Looms as the Bridge to a ‘Zero Emission’ Future for Shipping.” Maritime Reporter Magazine. Vol: 80, No. 5.

50 Gillham, A. (2019). “The Maritime Energy Transition.” Maritime Extra Magazine (MAX). Edition 1902.

51 International Maritime Organisation. (2019). “Data Collection System for Fuel Oil Consumption of ships.” Retrieved from http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/Data-Collection-System.aspx

52 Pagni, J. (2019). “Maritime Gears up to Meet New Global Challenge.” Shipping Australia: The Journal of Shipping Australia. Autumn/Winter.

53 Daly, J. (2018). Australia’s Shipping Industry to Have Toxic Emissions by 2050 with Dramatic Drop of Sulphur in Fuel. by Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2018-05-02/australia-shipping-industry-halving-toxic-fuel-emissions/9716812

54 Rosenheim, D. (2019). “Hydrogen Fuel Cell Ferry Moves Closer to Reality.” Retrieved from https://www.thebaycitybeacon.com/politics/hydrogen-fuel-cell-ferry-moves-closer-to-reality/article_5a3ccf5e-dfac-11e9-a346-83aca22cfc77.html

55 Energy Networks Australia. (2019). “Beyond EVs: Batteries in the Water.” Retrieved from https://www.energynetworks.com.au/news/energy-insider/2019-energy-insider/beyond-evs-batteries-in-the-water/

56 Howard, M. (2019). “New Hybrid Powered Cruise Ship Completes Sea Trials.” Marine Link. Retrieved from https://www.marinelink.com/news/new-hybrid-powered-cruise-ship-completes-473525

57 Australian Maritime Safety Authority. (2018). How to Comply in 2020. Retrieved from https://www.amsa.gov.au/marine-environment/air-pollution/2020-low-sulphur-fuel

58 DNV.GL. (2019). Maritime Assessment of Selected Alternative Fuels and Technologies.

59 Australian Maritime Safety Authority. (2017). Looking Ahead AMSA’s Operating Environment 2017-2027.

60 Expert Panel for the Review of the Australian Qualifications Framework. (2018). Review of the Australian Qualifications Framework: Discussion Paper. Australian Government: Canberra.

61 Oliver, B. (2019). Making Micro-Credentials Work for Learner, Employers and Providers. Deakin University: Australia.

62 Australian Skills Quality Authority. (2015). Standards for Registered Training Organisations (RTOs) 2015. Australian Government: Canberra. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019C00503

63 National Centre for Vocational Education Research. (2019). Are Skill Sets Booming? An Analysis of Training Package Skill Sets. NCVER: Adelaide.

64 Australian Industry Standards. (2018). Future Skilling Our Workforce: A National Conversation. AIS: Melbourne.

65 Expert Panel for the Review of the Australian Qualifications Framework. (2019). Review of the Australian Qualifications Framework: Final Report. Commonwealth of Australia.

66 Australian Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2019). Strengthening Skills: Expert Review of Australia’s Vocational Education and Training System. Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra.

67 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017). 2016 Census – Employment, Income and Education. Australian Government.

68 Maritime Industry Australia Analytics. (2018). Seafaring Skills Census Report

69 Ibid.

70 IHS Markit. (2016). Five Trends Shaping the Global Maritime Industry.

71 Maritime Industry Australia Analytics. (2018). Seafaring Skills Census Report.

72 Australian Maritime Safety Authority. (2018). Corporate Plan: Covering 2017-18 to 2020-21.

73 Australian Maritime Safety Authority. (2019). Annual report 2018-19.

74 Queensland Government. (2018). Queensland Transport and Logistics Workforce: Maritime and Ports.

75 National Centre for Vocational Education Research. (2018). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: The Implications of Technological Disruption for Australian VET.

76 World Economic Forum. (2018). The Future of Jobs Report 2018.

77 Deloitte. (2019). The Path to Prosperity: Why the Future of Work is Human.

78 Queensland Government. (2018). Queensland Transport and Logistics Workforce, Current and Future Trends: Maritime and Ports.

79 Ghosh, S. and Bowles, M. (2014). “Management of Berths at Sea for Seafarer Students”. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs.

80 Nico, J. (2017). HR Wallingford Opens New Ship Simulation Centre at Atwell Arcade. Freemantle Gazette.DRAFT

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Australian Industry Standards (AIS) is a Government appointed Skills Service Organisation (SSO) that partners with industry to shape the workforce of the future through the development of skills standards. We work under the direction of Industry Reference Committees that represent the following sectors: Aviation, Transport and Logistics, Maritime, Energy, Water and Utilities, Public Safety, Police, Fire, Defence and Corrections. Together, these industries keep Australia productive, powered and secure. AIS supports IRCs through industry engagement, research and analysis to prioritise the skill needs of their industry. We help to develop contemporary, future focused and world class qualifications for the workforce, create career pathways, and support industry growth and productivity.

australianindustrystandards.org.au | enquiries@aistnds.org.au

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