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INDUSTRY REFERENCE COMMITTEE
ANNUAL UPDATE 2020
INDUSTRYOUTLOOK
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
EMPLOYMENT & SKILLS OUTLOOK
WORKFORCE SUPPLY SIDECHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
ESI GENERATION
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Electricity generation constitutes an integral part of the Australian economy. It provided an estimated annual revenue of $16.5 billion and added nearly $5.67 billion to the economy in 2019. The industry employs almost 13,000 people across Fossil Fuel and Renewable Generation.
Digitalisation and automation are transforming the industry’s operation. New innovations can reduce energy costs and increase the operating life of equipment. Technologies such as big data, cloud computing, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are being leveraged to provide real-time information and more visibility over electricity consumption. Asset conditions can be monitored in real time and potential network issues are identified before they occur, enabling the industry to move towards predictive maintenance.
Insights provided by data analytics and AI can also improve decision making processes in the energy generation sector. Work is being conducted to use AI to predict changing weather conditions in order to predict and forecast demand for utilising renewable resources. AI can play a key role in orchestrating and managing the integration of energy from other sources into the grid. Successful execution of automation and digital technologies requires a comprehensive upskilling program to enable workers to prepare for the future.
Innovative technologies, such as solar panels, are transforming the electricity grid, changing it from its traditionally centralised structure to a more decentralised one, which allows consumers to be producers of electricity as well. Electricity consumers can send their excess solar power energy back into the grid. These innovations have enabled Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) which are cloud-based power plants that can integrate electricity from solar panels and wind farms and release it into the grid. VPPs offer consumers the opportunity to tap into their stored solar power during peak times.
Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), such as solar photovoltaic, battery storage, and wind generating units, are instrumental in managing electricity supply reliability gaps. Energy storage reduces load on grids at peak times and enables energy providers to manage their supply and demand more effectively. Australia’s energy supply involves increasing integration of renewable sources into the grid. Renewable energy sources have greatly diversified the energy sector and in Australia accounted for 17 per cent of all power generation in 2018-19.
Microgrids, which are isolated or remote power systems, play a key role in supplying remote areas and communities with affordable and reliable electricity. Renewables sources and technology have proven highly useful in enabling microgrids. As microgrids are becoming more reliant on renewable energies, the workforce will require new skills especially in microgrid project design and assessment of the feasibility of these systems.
The IRC continues to review and update qualifications to ensure workers are competent and able to work safely with new technologies and processes. With increasing interconnectedness and decentralised generation models, it is critical to have technical expertise at all levels to maintain the operations of these systems. Workforce planning and development activities undertaken by enterprises are essential to creating and retaining a viable and productive workforce.
Tony Saxby ESI Generation IRC Interim Chair This IRC Skills Outlook was endorsed by the ESI Generation IRC on [DATE].
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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ESI GENERATION
Training Package
Training Data
Challenges and Opportunities
Employment Opportunities
Industry Labour Shortages
Priority Skills
Workforce Supply Side
UEP
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IRC INDUSTRY OUTLOOKThe Industry Reference Committee (IRC) Industry Outlook focuses on the prioritisation of skill needs of the industry sectors that each IRC has responsibility for. At the June 2019 meeting, the Australian Industry and Skills Committee (AISC) changed the annual requirements for Industry Skills Forecasts to a rolling three-year schedule with a brief annual update in the intervening years. The Skills Forecast update will be submitted annually on behalf of the IRC to the AISC for approval, focusing only on proposed work for the year.
The ESI Generation Industry Outlook identifies the priority skill needs of the ESI Generation Industry following a research and stakeholder consultation process conducted by Australian Industry Standards (AIS) on behalf of the IRC.
The document is deliberately brief. It does not seek to identify every issue within every sector. It is a snapshot of a continually evolving story that is intended to alert and inform a wide audience and enhance the industry’s capacity to act.
The ESI Generation IRC consult broadly with stakeholders to ensure a whole-of-industry view about the opportunities and challenges for the workforce and the review work within the UEP Electricity Supply Industry - Generation Sector Training Package necessary to meet industry needs.
More information on the National Schedule can be found at: www.aisc.net.au/content/national-schedule
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ESI GENERATION INDUSTRY REFERENCE COMMITTEEThe ESI Generation IRC has been assigned responsibility for the UEP Electricity Supply Industry - Generation Sector Training Package.
ESI GENERATION IRC MEMBERS
More information about the ESI Generation IRC and its work can be found here:
http://www.australianindustrystandards.org.au/committee/esi-generation-sector-industry-reference-committee/
Tony Saxby (Interim Chair)Delta Electricity
Jason WatsonThomson Bridge
Mark BurgessElectrical Trades Union
Richard Harvey Thomson Bridge
Tony HawesOrigin Energy
Vanessa GarbettElectrical Regulatory Authorities Council
Yvonne WebbIndustry Skills Advisory Council Northern Territory
For more information please contact:
Jason Lazar ESI Generation Industry Manager Australian Industry Standards M 0417 903 566 E [email protected]
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ESI GENERATION INDUSTRY OVERVIEWThe ESI Generation industry has an estimated annual revenue of $16.5 billion, adding $5.67 billion to the Australian economy in 2019. The industry employs almost 13,000 people across Fossil Fuel and Renewable generation. Although the demand for electricity is expected to increase over the next five years, public concern about the environment represents a significant challenge for the industry.
EXPLANATORY NOTESCounts of Australian Businesses
Distinct from the Census and Labour Force data, the Counts of Australian Businesses data uses a top down approach where industries are primarily classified by the single predominant industry class associated with a business’ ABN. A limitation of this approach is that organisations with a presence in several States/Territories will be counted only once. This can lead to enterprise figures appearing low for a given state/territory, but it’s not that there are no enterprises existing in the state/territory, it’s that the headquarters are located elsewhere. A further consideration is that organisations in more than one industry will also be only counted in one industry.
AVG. AGE STUDENTS IN TRAINING
38.1 Years THE TYPICAL CSC STUDENT IS 7 YEARS, 8 MONTHS OLDER THAN THE AVERAGE VOCATIONAL STUDENT
WORKFORCE SIZE
2020
12,8772025
12,885
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
110
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SOUTH AUSTRALIA
54
AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY
13
EMPLOYMENTGROWTH TO 2025
0.1%
VICTORIA
230
TASMANIA
19
NEW SOUTH WALES
365
QUEENSLAND
145
NORTHERNTERRITORY
12
INDUSTRY VALUE
REVENUE
16.5B VALUE ADD
5.67B
GENDER DISTRIBUTION
22% 78%ENTERPRISES BY STATE
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KEY ESI GENERATION STAKEHOLDERS
» TransAlta
» Transfield Worley Power Services
» United Energy Distribution
» Vestas
Western Power
Employer Representatives
» Australian Pump Industry Association
» Australian Energy Council
» Clean Energy Council
» Energy Networks Australia
» The Australian Power Institute
Employee Representatives
Australian Services Union
Electrical Trades Union
Licensing / Regulatory
» Australian Energy Market Commission
» Australian Energy Regulator
» Safe Work Australia
Government
» Federal, State/Territory Departments
Industry Advisory
» State Industry Training Advisory Boards (ITABS)
Training Organisations
» TAFEs, Private RTOs, Enterprise RTOs
Employers
» AGL
» Alcoa Australia
» Alinta
» Aurora Energy
» Ausgrid
» AusNet Services
» Delta Electricity
» Endeavour Energy
» Energex
» Energy Australia
» Engie
» Envion
» Ergon Energy
» ERM Power
» Essential Energy
» General Electric
» Goldwind
» Horizon Power
» Jemena
» Metro Power Company
» Newcrest Mining
» Origin Energy
» Power and Water
» Powercor Australia
» SA Power Network
» Siemens
» Snowy Hydro
» Suzlon Energy
» Synergy
» Territory GenerationDRAFT
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UEP ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY - GENERATION SECTOR TRAINING PACKAGEThe UEP Electricity Supply Industry - Generation Sector Training Package provides the only nationally recognised Vocational Education and Training (VET) qualifications for occupations involved in plant operations support, systems operations, plant operations, electrical and mechanical maintenance and large-scale wind generation maintenance.
The UEP Electricity Supply Industry - Generation Sector Training Package comprises 14 qualifications, 4 Skill Sets and 236 Units of Competency and associated assessment requirements and covers generation operations and maintenance, large scale renewables and remote area supply.
The UEP Electricity Supply Industry - Generation Sector Training Package contains the following qualifications:
Certificates
» Certificate II in ESI Generation - Operations Support
» Certificate II in Remote Area Essential Service
» Certificate III in ESI Generation - Systems Operations
» Certificate III in ESI Generation - Operations
36% of renewable generation
in 2017–18 was from Hydro, the largest
contributor to renewable generation
» Certificate IV in ESI Generation - Operations
» Certificate IV in ESI Generation Maintenance - Electrical Electronics
» Certificate IV in ESI Generation Maintenance (Fabrication)
» Certificate IV in ESI Generation - Systems Operations
» Certificate IV in Large Scale Wind Generation - Electrical
» Certificate IV in ESI Generation Maintenance (Mechanical)
Diploma - Advanced Diploma
» Diploma of ESI Generation (Maintenance)
» Diploma of ESI Generation - Operations
» Diploma of ESI Generation Maintenance - Electrical Electronic
» Diploma of ESI Generation - Systems Operations
The UEP Electricity Supply Industry - Generation
Sector Training Package is in the Scope
of Registration of
43 Registered Training
Organisations.DRAFT
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TRAINING DATAThe charts below investigate commencing qualification enrolments in each State and Territory along with qualification utilisation by occupational group. At the national level, qualification enrolments in the UEP Training Package have increased by 42.4% over the last four years while Units of Competency enrolments have increased by 54.8%.
QUALIFICATION ENROLMENTS BY STATE/TERRITORYUEP Enrolments in Queensland and Victoria mirror each other here with enrolments in Queensland declining 61.6% since 2016 and enrolments in Victoria increasing 17 times (1612.5%) in the same period, more than compensating for the declines in the northern State. Enrolments in Victoria are highly concentrated in Certificate III in ESI Generation – Operations, which accounted for nearly 95% of UEP enrolments in the State in 2018. At the unit level, funding for enrolments in Victoria has been almost entirely driven by domestic fee-for-service contributions.
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QUALIFICATION UTILISATION BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUP
The Technicians and Trades Workers occupational group, which is mainly comprised of Plant Operators, Electricians and Fitters, are primarily VET qualified (84.1%), and make up 42.7% of the Electricity Generation workforce. This group is more likely to have no qualification (9.6%) than a tertiary qualification (6.3%). By contrast, the next largest group, Professionals, are dominated by tertiary qualification holders (74.6%) with VET qualifications coming in a distant second (19.5%). This group is primarily made up of Engineering Professionals of different types. Managers, which make up 14.1% of the workforce, are also more likely to have tertiary qualifications than VET qualifications (56.8%|36.7%). Clerical and Administrative Workers account for 12.7% of the workforce and hold more VET qualifications than tertiary (44.9%|24.9%). Each of the remaining groups account for approximately 5% of the workforce or less and primarily hold qualifications outside of the UEP training package.
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EXPLANATORY NOTES
Training Charts
Total VET Activity (TVA) data is collected from all types of training providers and not only those in receipt of Commonwealth or State funding. TVA data collection commenced in 2014. A number of apprentices (electrical, mechanical, fabrication) in UEE11 qualifications are employed in the ESI Generation workforce but aren’t captured in the training charts which are limited to UEP. For Enrolments by Delivery type ‘Other’ includes; Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL), Credit Transfers and Units where the mode of delivery is mixed.
2m solar PV installations
in Australia
Exemptions
Where the submission of training data to TVA conflicts with defence or national security legislation or jeopardises the security or safety of personnel working in defence, border protection, customs or Australian police departments, an exemption from reporting training data is available.
Organisations that deliver training for vital services to the community (such as emergency, fire, first aid and rescue organisations) may have received an exemption to submit data to TVA. From 1 January 2016 however, the exemption from reporting applies only in respect of training activity not delivered on a fee for service / commercial basis.
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CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESAUTOMATION AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
The ESI Generation industry is being rapidly transformed by increasing automation and digitalisation which offers vast opportunities and challenges. Automation can lead to increased reliability and affordability of energy services.1 Installation of sensors and implementation of data analytics can save organisations more than 16 per cent on energy costs and also increase the operating life of equipment, lowering maintenance expenditure through predictive maintenance.2 National Energy Resource Australia (NERA) is planning to establish the Wireless Industrial Support Environment, a project which assists the industry to deploy sensors, diagnose issues and optimise operations more efficiently.3
The industry can also leverage the benefits of technologies such as big data, cloud computing, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to address contemporary and future challenges. These technologies provide real-time information and more visibility over electricity consumption and potential power outage and fault identification.4 Asset conditions can be monitored in real time and preventive actions can be taken proactively to troubleshoot potential network issues.5
Insights provided by data analytics and AI can also improve decision making processes in the energy generation sector.6 Research is being conducted to use AI to predict changing weather conditions in order to predict and forecast demand for utilising renewable resources.7 Australia’s energy supply involves increasing integration of renewable sources such as wind and solar where AI can play a key role in orchestrating and managing the integration of energy from other sources into the grid.8
Successful execution of automation and digital technologies requires a comprehensive upskilling program to enable workers to prepare for a digital workplace.
THE MODERN DECENTRALISED GRID
Innovative technologies, such as solar panels, are transforming the electricity grid, changing it from its traditionally centralised structure to a more decentralised one, which allows consumers to be producers of electricity (prosumers) as well. Electricity consumers can send their excess solar power energy back into the grid.9 These innovations have enabled Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) which are cloud-based power plants that can integrate electricity from solar panels and wind farms and release it into the grid. VPPs offer consumers the opportunity to tap into their stored solar power during peak times.10 A large VPP is currently running in South Australia, connecting more than a 1000 homes. South Australia, in collaboration with Tesla, is also planning to build the largest VPP with 50,000 homes.11 Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) has also invested in VPP12 and trials are being conducted in New South Wales.13
These innovations require upskilling the current and future workers to be able to work from remote operating centres to monitor and review demand in real-time and analyse and interpret data that is generated from home-based batteries and VPPs.
ENERGY LITERACY
A research report by The University of Queensland and National Energy Resources Australia has highlighted the need to improve Australian energy literacy. The report indicates that despite recent energy technologies and accompanied challenges regarding energy pricing, reliability and renewables, grid electrification and pathways to a low-emissions future, there has been very little improvement to the levels of energy understanding in the community, known as energy literacy. The concept of energy literacy is defined as an appropriate level of knowledge which empowers energy users to make informed rational energy decisions and take actions which have a positive outcome for the individual and society.14 The report recommends identifying gaps in energy information and developing a plan to address them. More informed communities and consumers play a significant role in transitioning to a carbon-free
34% of renewable electricity generation by wind in
2017-18
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future. The report calls for a coordinated national approach to enhance energy literacy and build the required skills.15
DIGITAL LITERACY IS ESSENTIAL
Digital transformation has completely revamped every aspect of life and the workforce. New technol-ogies and devices are widely used in the workplace, creating digitally-enabled environments that affect numerous occupations. Digital literacy and Infor-mation Communication Technology (ICT) skills are required to respond and adapt to the fast pace of change. Digital literacy is defined as having practical skills in using technology to access, manage, ma-nipulate, and create information as well as the skills to critically analyse, interpret and apply the infor-mation to relevant situations.16 Digital literacy also encompasses more technical skills in programming and coding, data analysis, technology design, system analysis, and presenting and managing content on the web to develop and manage applications.17
Advancements in AI, computer technology, automa-tion, IoT, cloud computing, big data, customer-ser-vice platforms and social media are generating a massive volume of data and information, offering a range of benefits such as improved customer service and operational efficiency.
Currently, Australia faces shortages in key digi-tal skills such as data management and analysis, cloud computing, AI and machine learning, cyber security, digital design, and software design.18 The government is committed to developing Australia’s digital skills through greater life-long engagement in evolving technologies. The Australian Government has also emphasised that education and training should meet current and future needs, to help businesses take advantage of digital opportunities.19 Digital innovations can provide $315 billion in gross economic value to Australia in the next ten years.20 These innovations will be driven by technologies that rely on the collection and analysis of large volumes of data which can affect many indus-tries, hence the significance of digital skills to reap the benefits.
By 2024, Australia will need 100,000 technology workers with digital skills, which poses a challenge in terms of recruiting and reskilling the workforce. The economic benefit of reskilling workers to meet the digital skills demand can be more than $11,000 per worker annually.21 Digital skills have been identified as one of the top three priority skills by Australian industries and businesses.22 Participants at the AIS Industry Skills Forums across the country in 2018 also emphasised digital literacy as a highly significant skill in demand. A survey conducted by RMIT univer-sity concluded VET qualifications need to reflect the current digital technologies and ensure that gradu-ates are adequately skilled in digital literacy.23
Australia is very well positioned to be a leader in the digital economy. This will be enhanced through continued planning and investment in educational programs to train and upskill the existing and future workforce in digital literacy.
ENERGY-SPECIFIC CYBER SECURITY SKILLS
Australia’s electricity grid is currently undergoing unprecedented transformations which are leading to a more decentralised network model. Distributed energy resources, smart metering devices, changing consumer needs and increasing digitalisation are modernising the grid. New digital technologies are accompanied by new security risks which can expose electricity networks to cyber attacks. According to a
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recent global survey on power cyber security, only 8 per cent of respondents had fully implemented proper protocols and strategies to protect their information and guard against cyber attacks, whereas the rest either did not have or only had a partial cyber security strategy. Also, 34 per cent of respondents considered employees’ lack of cyber security understanding as a threat.24 Cyber attack risks are rated among the top four threats to organisational growth.25 Australian organisations recorded an 18 per cent increase in cyber security breaches, incurring a cost of US $6.9 million in 2018.26
IoT devices, Cloud-based systems, and Industrial Control Systems (ICS) such as supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) are becoming more vulnerable to cyber threats27 which can cause disruptions to electricity supply or lead to data theft. A cyber security report indicates 30 per cent of organisations in the energy sector consider IoT as a top cybersecurity risk which can cause both financial loss as well as major incidents in utilities such as infrastructure shutdown or critical infrastructure damage.28
The Finkel Review into the future security of the National Electricity Market also recommended an annual report about the cyber security preparedness and capabilities of the energy sector. In response, the Australian Energy Sector Cyber Security Framework has been developed to consistently provide insights into the energy sector’s cyber security maturity and serve as a foundation for industry assessment.29 The Australian Energy Market Operator’s latest report into cyber security preparedness seeks to establish a cyber security vision for the industry and develop a roadmap for operators to assess their security maturity, and strengthen measures.30 There is also ample evidence that potential cyber attacks on critical infrastructure is on the rise31 and Australia is a target.32
A recent report reveals that less than 99 per cent of cyber attacks targeted humans rather systems. According to the report, the energy sector is among the top five sectors targeted by imposter attacks where threat factors use identity deception techniques to trick users into making a risky click33 leading to data theft.
Cyber security specialists have been identified as one of the most critical roles for the future.34 The electricity grid has become more dependent on digitally connected information systems. In the light of such serious safety risks, it is imperative to have a tailored
cyber security training program not only to inform the workforce of the nature and examples of the ESI Generation industry cyberattacks, but also give them the skills and competencies to be able to resolve them. In line with Australian Government’s cyber security strategy, businesses and education providers need to develop cyber security skills and introduce programs for all people at all levels in the workforce to improve their cyber security skills and knowledge.35 Investing in skills and capabilities through educational programs is key to understanding cyber security and being protected from cyber threats.
DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES AND DECARBONISATION
Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) are bringing unprecedented changes to the way electricity is produced and consumed in Australia. DERs are smaller generation units such as solar photovoltaic (PV), battery storage, and wind generating units connected to the central grid. DERs are instrumental in managing electricity supply reliability gaps.36 Energy storage reduces load on grids at peak times and enables energy providers to manage their supply and demand more effectively.37
Australia has committed to reducing its CO2 emissions to 26-28 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030. The Electricity sector accounts for 33 per cent of Australia’s total emission38 and further integration of DERs can play a significant role in reducing the industry’s carbon footprint. Energy Networks Australia and the CSIRO predict more than 40 per cent of industrial customers will use DER by 2027, lifting to 60 per cent in the next 30 years.39
With the expected retirement of several coal generation plants, which will affect one third of electricity consumption,40 the DERs will be more prominent in the energy sector. New methods and technologies to improve the efficiency of electricity generation are being investigated for conventional coal powered systems. One method is Carbon Capture and Storage which captures CO2 at a major emission
23% of renewable energy
generation by solar in 2017-18
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source such as a coal or gas-fired power station and compresses it to a dense state so that it may be transported (by pipeline) to a site where it can be injected into a deep underground rock formation and permanently stored. This method can reduce emissions from coal fired power stations by around 85 per cent.41 Other methods such as battery storage and demand management will also be key in reducing electricity generation emissions.
RENEWABLES AND NEW METHODS
Renewable energy sources have greatly diversified the energy sector. New technologies are also contributing to this diversification. A trial, funded by The Australian Renewable Energy Agency, is currently underway in Australia to convert sea wave energy into electricity which can be subsequently integrated into microgrids or stored in batteries.42 New innovations have also generated interest and investments in projects which create energy out of waste in Australia.43 Other
technologies such as cogeneration and trigeneration can improve efficiency and reduce the strain on the grid.44 Cogeneration and trigeneration refer to installations that use an engine that burns natural gas to generate electricity onsite. The waste heat is retained and used for heating or converted to chilled water for cooling through absorption chillers. Cogeneration produces electricity and heating, whereas tri-generation produces electricity and heating, plus cooling.45 New electricity generation methods also include biomass gasification where organic materials or biomass are used to produce electricity. It can be done either through direct combustion where biomass produces steam to drive steam turbines; or through thermal gasification where biomass produces synthesis gas which is used to run gas engines or gas turbines; or also through a method called fast pyrolysis where biomass is used to produce liquid fuels or synthesis gas with properties similar to diesel fuels.46
Globally, renewables are rapidly growing and they are projected to account for two-thirds of global energy generation by 2040.47 In Australia, renewable generation accounted for 17 per cent of all power generation in 2018-19. Australia’s energy consumption (including fuel inputs to electricity generation) dropped by 4 per cent in 2017-18, due to the increasing uptake of renewables. Approximately, 13 per cent of Australia’s electricity was generated outside the electricity sector by industry and households in 2017–18.48 A CSIRO report considers the energy transition to renewables is among the top five key shifts in the Australian economy.49 Renewable energy growth in Australia is ten times faster than the world average and nearly three times faster than the next fastest country, Germany. 50 South Australia is leading the way in renewable energies and managed to generate half of its electricity from renewables
over the last 18 months.51
Australia is also becoming less reliant on coal to produce electricity. In 2018, coal accounted
for 60 per cent of electricity generation, a reduction of 20 per cent compared to 20
years ago.52 Ten of Australia’s coal plants have already shut down and by 2030
about 55 per cent of the existing coal plants will be over 40 years
old.53 Therefore renewables have an essential role in the energy
outlook and there is an opportunity to retrain coal
plant workers to enable them to transition into
the renewable energy workforce.54 DRAFT
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HYDRO, WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY
Hydropower has been at the front and centre of the renewable industry. It involves pumping water from a storage reservoir at a lower elevation to a storage reservoir at a higher elevation, and later releasing it through turbines to generate electricity.55 There are currently over 22,000 potential sites across Australia, where pumped hydro can be developed.56 Hydro is the largest contributor to renewable generation, producing 36 per cent of renewable generation in 2017–18 (7 per cent of total electricity generation). Wind and solar generation also contributed 34 per cent and 23 per cent of renewable energy generation respectively in 2018.57 Solar installation has been steadily growing with currently over two million installations in Australia58 with 90 per cent of solar power generation coming from rooftop solar PVs.59
Renewables can also contribute to energy reliability, which is very important to the industry, especially with regards to the ageing of power plants and the imminent closure of some coal and gas fired stations.60 Diversification of electricity grid, especially hydropower, plays a key role in providing affordable energy and increasing grid reliability and resilience.61
The industry will need to focus on building the skills required for workers in renewables, especially developing skills for first responders for installation, maintenance, and operation of equipment as the industry continues to evolve.
ENERGY PRICING
Electricity price has been one of the most challenging issues in the energy industry over the past decade as electricity prices have been rising and putting con-straints on consumers. Many Australian households spend 4.8 to 7.6 per cent of their disposable income on electricity.62 There has been a slight drop in electric-ity prices in the first half of 2019 compared with the previous year which is mainly due to the increasing uptake of renewables, especially solar PVs.63 Strong policy design and also technologies such as smart meters can help consumers to be more aware of their consumption and keep the prices down. Data pro-vided through smart meters can empower consum-
ers to make more informed energy decisions.64 It is predicted that in 2020 the average consumers will be paying slightly less on their energy bills due to further integration of renewables into the grid.65 Removing barriers to innovation in the retail energy market is a key step in ensuring affordable and accessible prod-ucts add services to people.66 Regulations should also reflect key services and customers’ ability to share or upload their power to the grid and incentivise ‘reward pricing’ where customers are rewarded for managing their energy choices.67
MICROGRID
Supplying remote areas and communities with af-fordable and reliable electricity is a significant task. Renewables sources such as wind and solar energy as well as battery storage technology have proven highly useful in addressing this challenge. One solution im-plemented in Australia is microgrids defined as au-tonomous/isolated grids (remote power systems) or hybrid generation systems which are small scale and can either operate separately or be connected to the main grid. The global microgrid industry is growing rapidly and is projected to be valued at US $22 billion by 2022.68 As solar, wind, and wave energy become more viable, their energy can be integrated into the grid or be stored in batteries. Apart from supplying energy into the grid, microgrids also play a significant role in minimising environmental impacts of energy production.69 Microgrids can be installed in remote communities or commercial/industrial/research facil-ities. They can also enhance electricity grid resilience and reliability especially in severe environmental and natural disasters such as bushfires, floods, or storms by supplying electricity regardless of damages to the main grid during and after natural disasters.70
As microgrids are becoming more reliant on renew-able energies and new technologies, the workforce will require new skills especially in microgrid project design and assessment of the feasibility of these sys-tems.71
17% of all power generation
in 2017-18 from renewables
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17%of electricity generation
is from renewablesDRAFT
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EMPLOYMENT AND SKILLS OUTLOOKEMPLOYMENT DEMOGRAPHICSThe following charts provide an overview of the ESI Generation workforce at a glance. These include historical and projected employment for the next five years, job vacancies for the main occupations in the industry as well as gender-composition by State/Territory.
PROJECTED AND HISTORICAL ESI GENERATION WORKFORCE (2010 – 2025)
At the projected rate, employment in renewable electricity generation is expected to surpass non-renewable generation in Australia by 2024. The Wind and Solar workforce is expected to increase by almost a fifth (19.8%) by 2025 and the Hydro-Electric workforce by more than a fifth (22%). Employment in Fossil Fuel generation, on the other hand, is expected to decline by nearly 16% in the same period, bringing the growth rate for the ESI Generation industry as a whole back to stasis (0.1% growth over five years).
Source: IBISWorld Reports.DRAFT
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ESI GENERATION JOB VACANCIES, MAIN OCCUPATION AND WIDER INDUSTRY (2009 – 2019)
Online advertisements for Power Plant Operators have declined by about a fifth (21%) in the last five years, while adverts for the broader Utilities Industry (including Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services) have increased by 22.9% each year of the last five.
Source: Labour Market Information Portal Internet Vacancy Index (IVI)DRAFT
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GENDER COMPOSITION BY STATE/TERRITORY (2019)The proportion of females working in the industry in New South Wales is substantially lower than the national average (24.3%) and lower in absolute terms (730) than the next two states (1,080|1,100). The remaining four states and territories make up less than 15% of the national workforce also vary considerably from almost a third of the workforce being female in Tasmania to no reported females in the ESI Generation workforce in ACT.
Source: Australian Bureau Statistics (2017) 6291.0.55.003 - Labour Force, Australia, Detailed. Australian Government.
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EXPLANATORY NOTESLabour Force Data
Outside of Census years, the size of an industry’s workforce is established by the Australian Bureau of Statistics using the Labour Force survey. This dataset provides a 30-year view of the industry where, like the Census, industry is assigned at the discretion of the individual respondent. Given that the survey is sample-based, it should also be understood that the smaller the industry being measured, the larger the margin of error.
The scope of the Labour Force survey is limited to the civilian population of Australia and therefore members of permanent defence forces are excluded from the survey.
IBISWorld Data
IBISWorld data is comprised of a variety of economic, demographic, government and company data, including the Australian Bureau of Statistics.
Labour Market Information Portal Internet Vacancy Index (IVI)
The IVI is the only publicly available source of detailed data on online vacancies, including for around 350 occupations (at all skill levels), as well as for all states/territories and 37 regions. The IVI is based on a count of online job advertisements newly lodged on SEEK, CareerOne and Australian JobSearch during the month. As such, the IVI does not reflect the total number of job advertisements in the labour market as it does not include jobs advertised through other online job boards, employer websites, word of mouth, in newspapers, and advertisements in shop windows. The IVI also does not take account of multiple positions being advertised in a single job advertisement.
1% growth in Australia’s
energy consumption in 2017-18DRAFT
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PRIORITY SKILLSThe priority skills of the ESI Generation industry are drawn from stakeholder responses to the ESI Generation IRC Skills Forecast survey conducted between 26 September 2019 and 18 January 2020.
SKILL CATEGORYIn order of priority to the industry, the following skills were identified from the survey as the most important for the ESI Generation workforce within the next three to five years.
Technical skills
1. Digital
2. Electrical
3. Instrumentation
4. Health/Safety
5. Operational (Plant, boilers and turbines)
Non-technical skills
1. Problem Solving
2. Teamwork
3. Flexibility/Adaptability
4. Critical Thinking
5. Communication
GENERIC SKILLSThe Generic Skills listed are provided to AIS by the Department of Education, Skills and Employment (DESE). Within the survey, the IRC asks stakeholders to rank these skills in order of importance to the industry. Ranking of the 12 generic workforce skills in order of importance to the ESI Generation industry are as follows:
1. Design mindset / Thinking critically / System thinking / Solving problems
2. Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM)
3. Technology
4. Learning agility / Information literacy / Intellectual autonomy and self-management
5. Communication / Virtual collaboration / Social intelligence
6. Data analysis
7. Managerial / Leadership
8. Customer service / Marketing
9. Language, Literacy and Numeracy (LLN)
10. Environmental and Sustainability
11. Financial
12. Entrepreneurial
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30%-45% of Australia’s electricity
is estimated to be produced by consumers
by 2050DRAFT
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WORKFORCE SUPPLY SIDE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESFUNDING AND APPRENTICESHIPS
Variations in jurisdictional funding and traineeship arrangements are reported as impacting the viability of training delivery. This is especially true for small markets with specialist technical areas. This may lead to capacity constraints for both employers and Registered Training Organisations (RTOs) in the long term. These conditions present challenges for RTOs when considering future investment in training infrastructure and equipment, particularly those who are involved in new technology. The average workforce age profile has also risen slightly in the past ten years.72 There is concern that reduced apprentice recruitment, coupled with the loss of industry knowledge and skills due to an ageing workforce, will result in fewer RTOs providing contemporary and industry-valued training.
THE CHANGING WORKPLACE AND THE DEMAND FOR MICRO-CREDENTIALS
The rapid pace of technological change creates challenges for both employers and workers; a flexi-ble VET system can ensure both current and future demand for training is met. While employers require timely reskilling and/or upskilling of the workforce, employees will also require a responsive VET system capable of delivering affordable training with options for flexible delivery.73 Shorter form learning is emerg-ing as a potential solution to the rapid upskilling requirements to meet both specific industry needs and individuals seeking to progress their careers.74 Using methods such as micro-credentials or Skill Sets are gaining momentum. A Skill Set is defined as “a single Unit of Competency or a combination of Units of Competency from a Training Package which link
to a licensing or regulatory require-ment, or a defined industry need.”75 Micro-credentials permit individuals to acquire industry recognised skills in stages, and without necessarily committing to a full qualification.
Skill Sets are becoming increasingly important to workplaces in their management of changing de-mands. The number of Skill Sets in Training Packages has grown from 20 in 2008 to a little under 1500 existing Skill Sets by 2019. Reported enrolments in Training Package Skill Sets have grown from 58,000 in 2015 to over 96,000 in 2018.76
Throughout AIS Industry Skills Forums in 2018, the topic of micro-credentials emerged as a solution to upskilling the workforce in a constantly changing environment. This requires a strong and ongoing partnership with industry to ensure skills standards and training delivery keeps pace with the fast-chang-ing workplace.77 There is ongoing work to improve the recognition of shorter form credentials more broadly across AQF qualifications as well. The latest Australian Qualification Framework (AQF) review has called for Pathways Policy revision to broaden guidelines for credit recognition across AQF qualifi-cations including micro-credentials. A key focus of the review is the formalisation of the ways micro-cre-dentials can be mapped onto the AQF so employees can attain formal recognition for their incremental learning.78 Similarly, the Joyce Review of the VET sys-tem has called for the increased use of short-form credentials such as Skill Sets or micro-credentials be-cause they provide an effective way to meet flexible training needs of both employers and employees.79
SKILLS FOR RENEWABLES
There are several trends that are shaping the workplace and job design of the ESI Generation industry. In response to Government policies, the industry is transitioning away from carbon intensive power generation, leading to a significant rise in renewable energy generation. The sector is also operating in an increasingly automated operating environment, utilising new technologies, DRAFT
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interconnected devices and big data for decision making and efficiency gains.
The new trends will see changes in the skills required by those working in the industry, with greater demand for skills in renewable energy systems, operating new systems and interfaces, a robust understanding of autonomous systems, and big data analytical skills. Workforce planning and development activities need to be undertaken by enterprise workforces to ensure relevancy of skills is maintained and to create and retain a viable and productive workforce.
SOFT SKILLS FOR A DIGITAL FUTURE
The workplace has fundamentally changed over the past decade and will continue to be transformed due to the advent of new technologies. In addition to technical and digital skills, soft skills remain vitally important. Non-technical skills such as teamwork, problem-solving, and creativity are integral to the successful adoption and implementation of disrup-tive technologies.80 The World Economic Forum has also indicated that soft skills such as critical thinking,
leadership, and emotional intelli-gence will be in demand in the next
four years.81 A recent Deloitte report reveals that by 2030, about two-thirds of
jobs will be strongly reliant on soft skills.82 Industry experts and participants at the AIS
Industry Skills Forums in 2018 also emphasised the significance of soft skills as well as lifelong
learning in order to have a workforce prepared for the future. Creativity and problem-solving skills also enhance the ability of workers to explore and en-gage with new technologies more effectively in the workplace.
A NATIONAL LICENCING MODEL
Regulations and standards, as well as registration and licensing controls at state and territory level can be a significant barrier in the face of new technologies and growing adoption of renewables83. The ESI Gen-eration IRC identified the lack of a national licencing model for workers in the industry as an issue that needs to be addressed. The widespread adoption of new technologies and renewable projects across the country means that the workforce will also need to become more mobile. A unified licencing model will enable the industry to benefit from the skills of a more qualified workforce across the country.
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WHAT IS DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION?SHAPING OUR FUTUREDigital Transformation is the process of adopting digital technologies to create new or modify existing business processes, culture, and customer experiences to improve productivity and meet changing business and market requirements.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEAn advanced computer programming language aimed at enabling computers to emulate human reasoning.
AUTOMATION The trend toward using computers/robots, artificial intelligence and other technologies to produce, oversee, and deliver goods and services.
BIG DATAMassive data sets that are produced in a variety of formats at a fast speed that can be stored, analysed, and used with the help of special tools and methods.
CLOUD COMPUTING A secure data centre or a network of remote servers, able to store data on the internet rather than on personal computers.
CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM (CPS)A system that links physical objects/processes with digital elements/processes via open and constantly interconnected information networks.
DATA ANALYTICSThe process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming and modelling data to discover useful information, suggest conclusions, and support decision-making. Techniques include data mining, machine learning and business intelligence.
INDUSTRY 1.0Mechanisation of manufacturing
processes, steam and water power, weaving loom
INDUSTRY 2.0Mass production, assembly line,
electrical energy
$315B digital innovations’ gross economic value to Australia in the next 10 years.
300,000 Australia’s projected technology workforce by 2024.
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PLUG-AND-PLAYDenotes software or devices that are intended to work perfectly when first used or connected, without the need for physical device reconfiguration or adjustment by the user.
DIGITAL TWINA digital twin is a computerized (or digital) version of a physical asset and/or process. The digital twin contains sensors that collects data to represent real-time information about the physical asset.
DIGITALISATIONThe use of digital technologies to change a business model and provide new revenue and value-producing opportunities. It is the process of moving to a digital business.
INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)A network of physical objects that contain embedded technology to communicate and sense or interact with their internal states or the external environment.
INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIOT)The application of the Internet of Things to the manufacturing, logistics, oil and gas, transportation, energy/utilities, mining and metals, aviation, and other industrial sectors.
ROBOTICSA programmable, versatile machine for handling and manipulating objects which acts independently of humans.
SMART FACTORYA facility where the degree of integration across systems can enable self-organisation and self-optimisation in production processes and all business processes relating to production.
INDUSTRY 3.0Advanced production, computers,
IT-systems, and robotics.
INDUSTRY 4.0Cyber physical systems, internet of
things, networks, autonomous systems, machine learning
$5.3B the value of IoT at Australian homes by 2023.
1,100 robotic companies in Australia.
66% time spent using technology skills by 2030.
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1 Vardy, S. (2019). “Automation – The Key to Unlocking the Future of Energy Grid.” Energy Magazine. June, Issue 6.
2 Capgemini Research Institute. (2019). Intelligent Automation in Energy and Utilities: The Next Digital Wave.
3 Siobhan. (2019). “Digitalisation of the Energy Resources Sector Accelerated by Partnership.” Utility Magazine. Retrieved from https://utilitymagazine.com.au/digitisation-of-the-energy-resources-sector-accelerated-by-partnership/
4 Vardy, S. (2019). “The IoT Power Play.” Utility Magazine. Issue 23, August.
5 McGrail, T. (2019). “Condition Monitoring in an Age of Modernisation: How and Why to Adapt.” Australasian Power Technologies: Purchasing Directory. April-May.
6 McKinsey&Company. (2018). The Digital Utility: New Challenges, Capabilities, and Opportunities.
7 AEMO Energy. (2018). “The Intelligent Future of Industry.” Retrieved from http://energylive.aemo.com.au/News/Siemens-Digitalization-2018
8 Polizzi, G. (2019). “AL in Australia’s Electricity Sector.” Electrical Comms Data, Vol 1, No. 1.
9 Tomevska, S. (2018). “Standards Uptake.” Electrical Comms Data Magazine. Vol: 17, No. 2.
10 McKinsey. (2017). Digital Australia: Seizing the Opportunity from the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
11 Government of South Australia. (2019). Transition to a Sustainable Energy Future. Retrieved from https://virtualpowerplant.sa.gov.au/virtual-power-plant
12 Hill, J. (2019). “AEMO to Trial Using Virtual Power Plants for Frequency Control.” Renew Economy, Retrieved from https://reneweconomy.com.au/aemo-to-trial-using-virtual-power-plants-for-frequency-control-92695/
13 Utility Magazine. (2019). “New Virtual Power Plant for NSW.” Utility Magazine. Issue 22, May.
14 University of Queensland & National Energy Resources Australia. (2019). Building Australia’s Energy Literacy
15 Ibid.
16 Western Sydney University. (2017). Digital Literacy. Retrieved from https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/1105398/eBook_-_Digital_literacy.pdf
17 McPherson, S. (2017). Digital Literacy: “What is it and How Important is it in the Future of Work?” Foundation of Young Australians. Retrieved from https://www.fya.org.au/2017/06/29/digital-literacy-important-future-work/
18 Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. (2018). Australia’s Tech Future: Delivering a Strong, Safe and Inclusive Digital Economy. Australian Government.
19 Ibid.
20 AlphaBeta. (2018). Digital Innovation: Australia’s $315B Opportunity.
21 Deloitte Access Economics. (2019). ACS Australia’s Digital Pulse 2019.
22 Australian Industry and Skills Committee. (2018). National Industry Insights Report: 2018/19 National Overview.
23 NCVER. (2019). Skilling the Australian Workforce for the Digital Economy.
24 Ernst & Young. (2018). Is Cybersecurity About More Than Protection: EY Global Information Security Survey 2018-19. EY.
25 KPMG. (2019). Agile or Irrelevant: Redefining Resilience – 2019 Global CEO Outlook. KMPG International.
26 Accenture. (2019). The Cost of Cybercrime. Ponemon Institute.
27 Crundell, G., & Chambers, M. (2019). “Why Wait for Cyber Catastrophe to Prepare for a Cyber Attack?” Energy Magazine. Issue 6, June.
28 Wipro. (2019). State of Cybersecurity Report 2019.
29 Australian Energy Market Operator. (2018). “Cyber Security.” Retrieved from https://www.aemo.com.au/Electricity/Wholesale-Electricity-Market-WEM/Cyber-Security
30 AEMO. (2018). 2018 Summary Report into the Cyber Security of the National and WA Wholesale Electricity Market. Retrieved from https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/Files/Cyber-Security/2018/AEMO-2018-AESCSF-Report.pdf
31 Accenture (2018). Securing Critical Infrastructure: Creating a Strong and Resilient Critical Infrastructure Community.
32 McIlroy, T. (2019). “Power Grid Could be Attacked at any Time.” Financial Review. Apr 15, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/power-grid-could-be-attacked-at-any-time-20190414-p51dyt
33 Proofpoint. (2019). Human Factor Report 2019.
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34 Deloitte & ACS. (2019). ACS Australia’s Digital Pulse 2019. Deloitte Access Economics.
35 Department of Home Affairs. (2019). Australia’s 2020 Cyber Security Strategy. Australian Government.
36 AEMO. (2019). Technical Integration of Distributed Energy Resources: Improving DER capabilities to benefit consumers and the power system.
37 Australian Trade and Investment Commission. (2017). Microgrids, Smart Grids and Energy Storage Solutions.
38 Climate Council. (2018). Australia’s Rising Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
39 Energy Networks Australia & CSIRO. (2017). Electricity Network Transformation Roadmap: Final Report.
40 Crestias, M. (2019). A Brigher Look at the Energy Sector of 2040. Smart Energy. Vol 39, Issue 153.
41 Finkel, A. (2017). Independent Review into the Future Security of the National Electricity Market: Blueprint for the Future.
42 Day, S. (2019). “Wave Energy Technology to be Trialled.” Utility Magazine. September.
43 Murphy, I. (2019). “Where are the Opportunities in Waste-to-Energy?” Energy Magazine. Issue 6, June 2019.
44 Clean Energy Council. (2018). Clean Energy Australia Report 2018.
45 Australian Gas Network. (n.d.). “Cogeneration and Trigeneration.” Retrieved from https://www.australiangasnetworks.com.au/gas-connections/choosing-gas-appliances/commercial-appliances/cogeneration-and-trigeneration
46 Rycroft, M. (2019). “Biomass Gasification for Large Scale Electricity Generation. Transmission and Distribution Magazine.” Aug-Sep 2019.
47 British Petroleum. (2019). BP Energy Outlook 2019 Edition.
48 Department of Environment and Energy. (2019). Australian Energy Update 2019.
49 CSIRO. (2019). Australian National Outlook 2019.
50 Stocks, M., Blakers, A., $ Baldwin, K. (2019). “Australia in the Runway Global Leader in Building New Renewable Energy.” The Conversation. Sep 25th, 2019.
51 The Australia Institute. (2019). National Energy Emissions Audit: Providing a Comprehensive Up-to-Date Indication of Key Electricity Trends in Australia.
52 Department of Environment and Energy. (2019). Australian Energy Update 2019.
53 Climate Council. (2018). End of the Line: Coal in Australia.
54 Engineers Australia. (2017). The Future of Australian Electricity Generation.
55 Finkel, A. (2017). Independent Review into the Future Security of the National Electricity Market: Blueprint for the Future
56 Clean Energy Council. (2019). Hydro. Retrieved from https://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/resources/technologies/hydroelectricity
57 Department of Environment and Energy. (2019). Australian Energy Update 2019.
58 Smart Energy. (2019). “The Rise of Renewable Energy.” Vol 39, Issue 153
59 Department of Environment and Energy. (2019). Australian Energy Update 2019.
60 AEMO. (2019). 2019 Planning and Forecasting Consultation Paper.
61 AEMO. (2019). Building Power System Resilience with Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
62 Australian Energy Regulator. (2019). Affordability in Retail Energy Markets.
63 Ibid.
64 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. (2018). Restoring Electricity Affordability and Australia’s Competitive Advantage.
65 Australian Energy Market Commission. (2018). “Electricity Prices Falling Overall with Variation between Jurisdictions.” Media Release. December, 21. 2018.
66 Australian Energy Market Commission. (2019). “Consumer Protections Needed as Energy Technology Changes.” Media Release. September 12. 2019.
67 Energy Networks Australia. (2019). “Future Shock – Regulating Tomorrow’s Electricity Grid.” Retrieved from https://www.energynetworks.com.au/NEWS/ENERGY-INSIDER/FUTURE-SHOCK-REGULATING-TOMORROWS-ELECTRICITY-GRID/#_FTN1
68 Mohn, T. (2019). “A Recognised Industry Voice for Microgrids.” Energy Magazine. Issue 7, September.
69 Handberg, K. (2016). Microgrids: The Pathway to Australia’s Smarter, Cleaner Energy Future. International Specialised Skills Institute.
70 Ibid.
71 Ibid.
72 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017). 2016 Census – Employment, Income and Education. Australian Government.
73 Expert Panel for the Review of the Australian Qualifications Framework. (2018). Review of the Australian Qualifications Framework: Discussion Paper. Australian Government: Canberra.
74 Oliver, B. (2019). Making Micro-Credentials Work for Learner, Employers and Providers. Deakin University: Australia. DRAFT
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75 Australian Skills Quality Authority. (2015). Standards for Registered Training Organisations (RTOs) 2015. Australian Government: Canberra. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019C00503
76 National Centre for Vocational Education Research. (2019). Are Skill Sets Booming? An Analysis of Training Package Skill Sets. NCVER: Adelaide.
77 Australian Industry Standards. (2018). Future Skilling Our Workforce: A National Conversation. AIS: Melbourne.
78 Expert Panel for the Review of the Australian Qualifications Framework. (2019). Review of the Australian Qualifications Framework: Final Report. Commonwealth of Australia.
79 Australian Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2019). Strengthening Skills: Expert Review of Australia’s Vocational Education and Training System. Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra.
80 National Centre for Vocational Education Research. (2018). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: The Implications of Technological Disruption for Australian VET.
81 World Economic Forum. (2018). The Future of Jobs Report 2018.
82 Deloitte. (2019). The Path to Prosperity: Why the Future of Work is Human.
83 Murphy, N. (2018). 2019 Predictions for the Electrical Service Industry. Electric Comms Data Magazine Issue Vol 17, No. 5.
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Australian Industry Standards (AIS) is a Government appointed Skills Service Organisa-tion (SSO) that partners with industry to shape the workforce of the future through the development of skills standards. We work under the direction of Industry Reference Committees that represent the following sectors: Aviation, Transport and Logistics, Mari-time, Rail, Energy, Water and Utilities, Public Safety, Police, Fire, Defence and Corrections. Together, these industries keep Australia productive, powered and secure. AIS supports IRCs through industry engagement, research and analysis to prioritise the skill needs of their industry. We help to develop contemporary, future focused and world class qual-ifications for the workforce, create career pathways, and support industry growth and productivity.
australianindustrystandards.org.au | [email protected]
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