МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ МОСКОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИМОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ОБЛАСТНОЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

INFINITIVE

GERUND

PARTICIPLE Belyaeva I.F.

Golubeva L.K.

Korshunova E.E.

Tugolukova G.I.

Москва - 2011

THE INFINITIVE, GERUND, PARTICIPLEАвторы:И.Ф. Беляева, Л. К. Голубева, Е.Е. Коршунова, Г. И. Туголукова

Инфинитив, герундий, причастие. Сборник упражнений по практической грамматике английского языка. – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: Издательство МГОУ, 2011. – 110с.

Пособие представляет собой сборник упражнений по одному из наиболее трудных разделов грамматики английского языка — неличным формам глагола.

Весь материал сборника построен на примерах из произведений современных английских и американских авторов.

В каждый раздел включены разнообразные упражнения, дающие возможность прочно усвоить данное грамматическое явление. В конце пособия дается раздел на повторение всех неличных форм глагола.

Предназначается для студентов II—III курса лингвистических специальностей.

© Беляева И.Ф., Голубева Л.К.

Коршунова Е.Е., Туголукова Г.И.,

2011

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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕНастоящее пособие предназначено для работы над темой «Неличные

формы глагола» и соответственно состоит из трех разделов: инфинитив, герундий и причастие. Характер упражнений во всех трех разделах, в основном, идентичен. Отдельные различия вызваны спецификой той или иной неличной формы. Например, в раздел «Инфинитив» включены упражнения на употребление частицы «to», которых, естественно, нет в разделах «Герундий» и «Причастие». В разделе «Причастие» имеются упражнения на идентификацию функции причастия при помощи союзов.

Каждый раздел начинается с упражнений аналитического характера, которые позволяют изучить функционирование неличных форм в речи и вскрыть их особенности. Студентам даются задания определить морфологические категории рассматриваемой неличной формы глагола, ее синтаксические функции, проанализировать двойственный характер неличных форм глагола, например, глагольные и субстантивные свойства инфинитива, глагольные, адъективные и адвербиальные свойства причастия I, проанализировать состав предикативных конструкций1 с неличными формами и т.д.

Затем даются упражнения, направленные на выработку у студентов навыков употребления неличных форм глагола. Эти упражнения содержат элементы творческой работы. Большое место в работе отводится упражнениям типа: «Combine the sentences so as to use infinitives», «Complete the following sentences ...», «Make up sentences using the following constructions» и т.п.

Содержащиеся в каждом разделе пособия диалоги представляют собой, с одной стороны, иллюстративный материал, показывающий, как неличные формы глагола употребляются в живой разговорной речи, а с другой стороны, являются основой для творческого использования этих образцов диалогической речи. Наличие нескольких заданий при работе с диалогами предполагает творческий подход преподавателя к выбору заданий в зависимости от подготовленности студентов.

Каждый раздел заканчивается упражнениями на повторение «Revision Exercises». В конце пособия даются повторительные упражнения — «General Revision». «Revision Exercises» и «General Revision» дают преподавателю возможность подвести итоги работы по каждому разделу и по всей теме «Неличные формы глагола».

Разрабатывая систему упражнений, авторы стремились как можно полнее охватить материал, и дать правильное сочетание аналитических и тренировочных упражнений, исходя из специфики темы. Последовательность выполнения упражнений определяется преподавателем в зависимости от конкретных условий работы. В пределах предлагаемых упражнений возможна дополнительная работа после выполнения упражнения: выделение типичных моделей, смена

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лексического состава и т.п.

_______________________________________1 Под понятием «предикативная конструкция» авторы имеют в виду

все конструкции с неличными формами глагола.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abrahams P. — Abrah. Aldington R.— R. Aid. Aldridge J. — J. Aid. Amis — Amis Austen J. — J. Aust. Banks L. — Banks Bark P. — P. B. Bates I. — Bates Bennet A. — Bennet Bronte Ch. —Bronte Cain J. — Cain Carter D. — Cart. Carter N. — N. Cart. Cecil H. — H. Cec. Chase J. — J. Ch. Christie A. — A. Chr. Conrad J. — Conr. Cooper F. — F. C. Cronin A. — Cron. Cusack D. — Cus. Davis J. — Davis Dickens Ch. — Ch. D. Dickens M. — M. D. Donleavy I. — Donleavy Dreiser Th. — Dr. Einstein Ch. — Einstein Eleven American Stories —Am. St. Fitzerald F. — F. F. Fleming J. — Flem. Forster E. — Forster.. Gr. — Gr. Gr. Hailey A.-A. H Hemingway b. — b. n. Henry 0. —0. H. Hitchcock A. — H. A. Huxley A. — Huxley Irving W. —W. I. James H. — James

Galsworthy J. — Galsw. Greene Gr. — Gr. Gr. Hailey A.-A. H Hemingway E. — E. H. Henry 0. —0. H. Hitchcock A. — H. A. Huxley A. — Huxley Irving W. —W. I. James H. — JamesJerome K. Jerome — J. K. J. Kipling R. — Kipling Lawrence D. H. — Law. Lindsay J. — Lind. London J. — J. L. Maltz A. — Maltz Mansfield K. — K. Man. Maugham S. — S. M. Maurier D. — D. M. Morning Star — M. S. Murdock I. — I. M. Parker D. — D. P. Priestley J. —J. Pr. Rhys J. —J. Rh. Robbins H. — H. R. Robins D. — D. Rob. Salinger J. —J. Sal. Saroyan W. — W. S. Satire A. — Satire Shaw B. —B. Sh. Shaw I. — I. Sh. Shute N. —Shute Sillitoe —Sill. Snow Ch. — Snow Spark M. — Spark Stevenson R. — Steve. Still Life—St. L.The Best One-Act Plays of 1960-61 — The Best Plays The Pocket Book of Adventure Stories — The Pocket Book Unvexed Isles — Un. Is. Twain M. — M. T. Vickers F. — Vickers Walpole H. — H. Wal. Ward B. —Ward Wells H. — H. W. White P. — White Wilde 0. — 0. W. Wodehouse P. — P. W.

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Contents Page

List of Abbreviations .........................................................

The Infinitive ..................................................................

Predicative Constructions with the Infinitive ...... ……..

Revision ........................................................................

The Gerund ...................................................................

Predicative Constructions with the Gerund ..................

Revision ........................................................................

The Participle .................................................................

Predicative Constructions with Participle I ...................

Absolute Participial Constructions ...............................

Participle II .................... ………………………………...

Revision ........................................................................

General Revision .................... …………………………

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THE INFINITIVE

I. There are the following verbals in English: the infinitive, the gerund, the participle (I and II).

II. The Infinitive - combines the characteristics of the verb with those of the noun. Verbal features of the infinitive: tense-correlation, aspect, voice; takes a direct object, can be modified by an adverb. Noun features: syntactical functions of the infinitive are close to those of the noun.

Transitive verbs have six forms of the infinitive:Active Passive

Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

to writeto be writingto have writtento have been writing

to be written---------------to have been written---------------

a) The indefinite form (non - perfect) of the active voice.E.g. She is said to teach English. Говорят, что она преподает английский.b) The continuous form of the active voice.E.g. She is said to be giving an English lesson now. Говорят, что она дает урок английского сейчас.с) The perfect form of the active voice.E.g. She is said to have taught English before.

Говорят, что она преподавала английский.d) The perfect continuous form of the active voice.E.g. She is said to have been teaching English since 1995(for 2 years).Говорят, что она преподает английский с 1995 года (уже 2 года).e) The indefinite form of the passive voice.E.g. She is said to be taught English. Говорят, что ее обучают английскому.d ) The perfect form of the passive voice .E.g. She is said to have been taught English before. Говорят, что ее обучали английскому.

Intransitive verbs lack passive forms of the infinitive.Active Passive

Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

to sleepto be sleepingto have sleptto have been sleeping

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III. The Indefinite Form of the infinitive expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb, so it may refer to the present, past, future.

* I like to read. * I hope to see you tomorrow.

The Continuous Form expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb but this action is an action in progress, it is a temporary and not a usual one.

* She is said to be giving a lesson now.

The Perfect Form has three functions:

a) The perfect form expresses priority (this is its general meaning).

* I`m glad to have spoken to you.

b) after the modal verbs ought to, could, should and after the verbs expressing hope or intention the perfect form expresses an action that wasn`t carried out.

* You ought to have consulted the doctor. (but you didn`t) * She could have finished her work long ago.* I meant to have written to you. (but I didn`t)

c) Together with the verbs must, may, might the perfect form expresses probability with regads to a prior action.

* She must have lost her pen in the tram. (I am almost sure.) * She may have lost her pen un the tram. (I am less sure.)* She might have lost her pen in the tram. (I am even less sure.)

IV. The use of the Infinitive without the particle to. (The Bare Infinitive.)

In modern English the infinitive is chiefly used with the particle “to“. But there are cases when so - called BARE Infinitive is used , they are as following:

1. after auxiliary verbs:

* I don`t understand you.

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* I shall go there at once.2. after modal verbs, except: ought to, have to, be to:

* If one cannot have what one loves, he must love what he has.

3. after verbs denoting sense perception such as: to see, to feel, to watch, to observe

* I felt my heart jump. * I never saw you look so before.

4. after the verb to make in the meaning of “заставлять “ and the verb to have in the meaning of “заставлять, велеть“:

* What makes you think so? * I had them take my luggage.

5. after the verb to let: * Let us be the best friends in the world.

6. after the expressions: had better , would rather , would sooner, cannot but , nothing but

* You`d better go to bed. * I would rather not speak upon this subject. * I would sooner die than marry such a person. * I cannot but think so. * There was nothing left for him to do but watch and wait.

7. in questions of special type (infinitive sentences beginning with “why“)

* Why not go to the Zoo?

V. Particle «to» instead of the Infinitive

1. Particle «to» may be used so that to avoid the whole infinitive construction.

* I went there because I wanted to ( = because I wanted to go there). –

Я пошел туда потому, что мне так хотелось.

2. Particle «to» may be omitted after nouns, adjectives and some verbs.

* He`ll never leave home: he hasn`t got the courage (to). –

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Он никогда не уедет из дома: у него не хватит смелости (сделать это).

* I think he should get a job, but you can`t force him to if he isn`t ready (to). –

Я думаю, что ему следует взяться за работу, но его никто не сможет

заставить это сделать, если он не готов к этому.

* - Can you drive the car? – Ты умеешь водить машину?

- O.K., I`ll try. – О.к. Я постараюсь.

3. Particle «to» can`t be omitted after want and would like:

* -Are you interested in entering the University? – Ты заинтересован в том,

чтобы поступить в университет?

- Yes, I`d like to (Not: I would like). – Да, мне бы этого хотелось.

But: Particle «to» is often omitted after want and would like in subordinate

clauses:

* Come when you want. – Приходи, когда захочешь.

* I`ve decided to do what I like. – Я решил делать, что мне хочется.

VI. Split Infinitive

Split Infinitive – is the construction where an adverb is used between the particle

«to» and the verb.

* He began to slowly get up off the floor. – Он начал медленно вставать с

пола.

The Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence

The Subject

1.to do sth is (was, will be) necessary would be impossible means (meant) a mistake to do smth * To get angry was stupid.* To translate the article was a difficult task.

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2 . The infinitive is used as the subject when the sentence opens with the

introductory it which serves as introductory subject .

necessary is important to do smthit was interesting to be done will be easy to be doing smth simple nice

* It is useless to discuss this question.

The Predicative

1 .-------- is-------- was to do smth-------- will be to be done

* What I want is to be left alone. * His hobby is to collect stamps.

2 . nicesmb is hard smth was difficult to do (at, with) pleasant impossible * She is nice to work with.* The house was not easy to find.

Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate (Modal and Aspect).

1. With modal verbs, modal expressions, and verbs expressing modality the infinitive forms part of a Compound Verbal Modal Predicate.

* We mustn`t leave him by himself.

2. With verbs denoting the beginning, duration or end of the action the infinitive forms part of a Compound Verbal Aspect Predicate.

* He began to read this book two days ago.

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The Object

1 . promise offer remember forget to do smth agree to be doing smth decide to be done pretend want mean

* Helen learned to dance at school.* We agreed to differ.

2. be glad to do smth pleased to be doing astonished to have done angry to have been doing delighted to be done afraid to have been done

* She was pleased to see me.* They were angry not to have found me there.* The girl was delighted to have been dancing the whole evening .

The Attribute

The use of the infinitive as an attribute is far more extensive in English than in Russian. In Russian it modifies only abstract nouns, whereas in English it modifies:

1. ordinal numerals

the first last to do smth second * She was the last to take the exam.* She was the first to see the danger. * He was the second to cross the finish line.

2. indefinite pronouns

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somebody nobody to do smth anything someone

* I have nobody to say a kind word to me.* I have nothing to give to you.* Have you anything else to say?

3. class nouns

man place to do smth time thing

* She wasn`t a woman to suffer in silence. * I haven` t got any time to examine this room.* It`s just the book to read in the train.

NOTE : The passive infinitive is seldom used in the attributive function . This is why we say “ it is a book to read “ and not “ to be read ”.

Exceptions : there is nothing to be done and nothing to do ; there is something to be said and something to say

NOTE : The attribute passive infinitive may have a future meaning.* The houses to be built here will be of the same type.

The Adverbial Modifier

1. of Purpose

(in order) to get smthto do smth (so as) to be given smth

* I have come here to speak to you.* Sometimes you retreat in order to advance.

2. of Result (after the adverbs too, enough) old to do smth( too ) young ( enough ) to be done easy to have done difficult to have been done

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* I was too busy to see anyone.* She is old enough to be taken for his mother.* That girl is stupid enough to have believed every word he said.

3. of Comparison or Manner (after as if, as though)

* He moved his hands towards his lips as if to stop her.

4. of Attendant Circumstances

* I` m sorry to have raised your expectations only to disappoint them.

The infinitive as Parenthesis

* To speak the truth I was troubled.* He was rude, to say the least of it.* To cut a long story short ...(Короче говоря ...)* To say nothing ... (Не говоря уже ...)

COMPLEXES with the INFINITIVE

The infinitive may have a subject of its own within the sentence. In this case it forms with it a construction called a complex . The relations between the elements of the complex are predicative. The infinitive forms three such complexes.

THE COMPLEX OBJECT (The Objective with the Infinitive Construction. The Accusative with the

Infinitive.)

This complex consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the infinitive mostly Indefinite or Passive . This complex is always an object in the sentence. It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause.

It is used after verbs denoting:a) sense perception

to see to hear smb do smth to notice to watch

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to feel * I saw Brown enter the room. * I felt the blush rush into my cheeks.

b) mental activity to know to think smb to do smth to consider to believe * Everybody expected Pete to marry Ann.

c) declaring

to pronounce smb to do smth to declare

* She declared him to be a pleasant child.

d) wish and desire

to wish smb to do smthto desireto meanto intend

* I don`t mean you to learn this poem by heart.* I want you to come and dine with us.

e) emotion

to like smb to do smth to dislike to hate to bare * I dislike you to talk like that.* I cannot bear you to speak of that.

f) order and permission

to allow smb to do smth to permit to forbid

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to let smb do smth

* He ordered his luggage to be ready early in the morning.

g) compulsion

to make smb do smth to have ( распорядиться )

* We had her do the work at once.

to cause (заставлять) smb to do smth to get (заставлять, убеждать)* He caused her to do that.

* I cannot get her to finish her lessons.

THE COMPLEX SUBJECT (The Subjective with the Infinitive Construction. The Nominative with the

Infinitive.)

The complex consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative caseand any of the six forms of the infinitive. The complex is considered to be the subject of the sentence. Its Russian equivalent is in most cases a subordinate clause.

* She was seen to leave the house. Видели, как (что) она выходила из дома. or Ее видели, когда она выходила из дома.

1. seen is heardsmb was expected to do smth will be told to be done ordered asked allowed

The Russian equivalent is: кого - то видели ..., кому - то позволили ...

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* The rider was seen to disappear in the distance.* She was expected to be back any minute.

2.

considered to do smth is known to be donesmb was supposed to be doing will be believed to have done reported to have been done said to have been doing The Russian equivalent is: считали, что ...; полагали, что ... * He was thought to be clever and kind. * She is supposed to have been taken to hospital.

3. sure to do smth is certain to be doing smth smb was bound to be done will be (not) likely to have done smth to have been doing smth to have been done The Russian equivalent is: конечно, обязательно, вряд ли, непременно...

* He is sure to marry her.* The old man wasn`t likely to have made a mistake.* The film is bound to be remembered.

4.

seems , seemed , will seem to do smth appears , appeared , will appear to be done

smb happens , happened , will happen to be doing smth ------ proved , will prove to have done smth ------ turned out , will turn out to have been doing smth

The Russian equivalents are : seem , appear - казаться happen - случаться prove , turned out - оказаться * They seemed to have quite forgotten him already.

* The experiment proved to be a failure.

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NOTE: The negative statement is formed by adding the negation to the predicate and not to the infinitive.

* He doesn`t seem to know it.

THE FOR - PHRASE

The for - phrase consists of three elements: the preposition for, a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and an infinitive. The for - phrase has different syntactical functions in the sentence.

The Subject 1. hard easyit is good for smb to do smth was bad for smb to be doing smth will be important for smth to be done impossible not * It will be best for her to go back home. * It`s silly for you to be asking me questions.* It`s not for me to say so.2. nice kindit is sensible of smb to do smth was silly will be stupid tactless* It was silly of you to ask that question. * It`s nice of you to say so.

The Object 1. to long to wait to arrange for smb to do smth to mean to be anxious * I have arranged for you to have a private room.* I`m anxious for you to succeed.

2.

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difficult to make easy to think it necessary for smb to do smth to believe important best

* He thinks it best for you to stay here.

The Attribute

1. somebody nothing for smb to do smth anyone * There is no one for the children to play with.* There is nothing else for me to say.

2. man thing for smb to do smth time place * It si not the right time for us to speak about it.* It was the only thing for me to do.

The Adverbial Modifier

1. of Purpose

to do smth for smb to do smth

* He stood aside for us to pass.

2. of Result

easy( too ) difficult ( enough ) for smb to do smth young old

* The day was too cold for anybody to have a good time.

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INFINITIVE PHRASES

The infinitive may be used in combination with how, when, where, what, who, which, whether, if. This combination is called the infinitive phrase.

howwhen to do smthwhy where

what who to take (choose)

which

whetherif to do smth

The infinitive phrase is used in the sentence as:

- the subject * How to get across was the problem.

- the predicative * The difficulty was how to explain her absence.

- the object * She wondered whom to ask to the party.

- the attribute * She gave me a long explanation of how to do it.

Ex. 1. State the form of the infinitive.1. Aunt Ann didn't ask him to explain this strange utterance. (Galsw.) 2. I

would give a great deal to know what is behind that affair. (A. Chr.) 3. With a woman's instinct when the trouble is to be faced she went to the battle with a glance as courageous as old Jolyon's itself. (Galsw.) 4. There is only one more incident to be related here, and it happens seven years farther on. (F. F.) 5. But these people are illogical, they want to be reassured by your telling them what they want to believe. (A. Chr.) 6. "When you've got time to listen," he said crossly, "you might be interested in discussing the poor house question with me." (F. F.) 7. Now he discussed what he ought to have said instead of what he said. (S. M.) 8. "Damn," said Lord Caterham, springing up from an armchair in which he appeared to have been taking forty winks. (A. Chr.) 9. I say to you — I

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believe them to be burnt. (A. Chr.) 10. "Dear me," said Virginia, "I seem to have been frightfully indiscreet." (A. Chr.) 11. I was not going to have come all this way for nothing... (M. D.) 12. "The sound was very slight," said Virginia. "It might have been just my imagination." (A. Chr.) 13. The twist of her imagination which, two months before, had disclosed to her unguessed desire to see him again, seemed now to have been leading up to this dance. (F. F.) 14. To be able to sift evidence impartially, to take the facts and look at them as facts that seems to me the only logical method of arriving at the truth. (A. Chr.) 15. Though his father is known to have been either English or Irish, he himself has worked chiefly in Paris. (A. Chr.) 16. At that hour people were less likely to be coming in or going out. (Un. Is.) 17. It is possible that you in England may not even have heard of our famous and fantastic King Victor. (A. Chr.) 18. "It is a very curious thing," he said slowly, "but Miss Marple happens to have hit upon the truth." (A. Chr.) 19. I felt she must be suffering, and I did not want to see a pain which I could not help. (S. M.) 20. Well, I thought it would be a good thing if I was thought to be going. (A. Chr.)

Ex. 2. Use the infinitive in brackets in the required form of the active or passive voice.

1. And now that she was going to live in the country there was a chance for her (to turn) over a new leaf. (Galsw.) 2. There was something about a dress in her bag that had (to iron). (J. Sal.) 3. We seem (to say) all there is (to say) — except good night. (A. Chr.) 4. I wanted no one (to take) notice of me, so that I could observe these famous creatures at my ease... (S. M.) 5. "Well," he said, "there's nothing more (to see) here." (A. Chr.) 6. Did he ever ask you (to engage) or talk about marrying? (Cus.) 7. I wanted (to persuade) her (to clear) things up — I mean to let things (to clear) up by you. (A. Chr.) 8. She seemed (to lose) heart in the business after that. (J. K. J.) 9. She would forgive him, because it was not a matter of any moment but rather something (to brush) aside lightly. (F. F.) 10. Henet was one of those people whose fate is (to devote) to others and to have no one devoted to them, (A. Chr.) 11. She asked this as she might (to ask) such a question a few years ago. (F. F.) 12. So it was with the idea of concealed dictaphones in mind, dictaphones which could (to turn on) by the pressure of a toe. Thus loyalty could (to check) several times a day. (F. F.) 13. I hoped that I should never (to send) to that war. (M. D.) 14. Outside men's voices could (to hear). (S. M.) 15. The cows wound into the yard at evening (to milk). (White)

Ex. 3. Use the infinitive in brackets in the perfect or non-perfect form.1. She was relieved (to feel) she need not investigate, and probably would

never hear the reason for this quarrel. (White) 2. She had tried (to give) her a ring for Christmas, and failing that, got her (to accept) a gold watch but that must (to cost) two hundred dollars. (F. F.) 3. I started (to walk) on tiptoe. (J. Rh.) 4. She is not likely (to take) him into her confidence. (A. Chr.) 5. I've tried (to plan) you a house here with some self-respect of its own. (Galsw.) 6. She would appear to listen and would remember nothing inconvenient, since her

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mind was sure (to be dwelling) on some problem connected with the children all the time. (A. Chr.) 7. We must (to sit) there, with scarcely a word, for well over an hour. (F. F.) 8. What happened is a very long time ago, I'm going (to ask) her to let bygones be bygones. (Galsw.) 9. If she had done so, she would have been sure (to mention) the fact at once. (A. Chr.) 10. It had been the Christmas Eve custom of the Carters' (to hang up) their children's stockings and (to fill) them with inexpensive toys. (Un. Is.) 11. He promised (to come) and (to see) them before he left. (Un. Is.) 12.The big chandelier should (to be flooded) with light; but instead, all that happened was the clink of the switch. The room remained in darkness. (A. Chr.) 13. She watched him with lips parted ready (to speak) at any minute. (J. M.) 14. I am a person who likes (to cross) a "t" and dot an "i". (S. M.) 15.1 had no cases of special interest (to attend). (A. Chr.) 16. Regret would ripen into guilt, until he remembered her mother, who took so much upon herself, would (to be taken) care of. (White) 17. "Everyone seems (to be dying)," she said with a certain relish. (A. Chr.) 18. Irene's gone upstairs with a splitting headache. She wanted (to go) with you but I made her (to go) to bed. (F. F.)

Ex. 4. Use the infinitive in brackets in the required form of the active voice.

1. She would (to speak) to Soames — would (to put) him on his guard. (Galsw.) 2. Tomorrow is going (to be) different from what anything in the past has been. (A. H.) 3. Poirot seemed (to debate) the matter in his mind. (A. Chr.) 4. Bosinney's office was in Sloane Street, close at hand, so that he would be able (to keep) his eye continually on the plans. (Galsw.) 5. "King Victor?" he said reflectively ... "Somehow, I seem (to hear) the name." (A. Chr.) 6. I want (to see) w-hat's going on outside. (A. H.) 7. (To make) matters worse, all during the month of August she had been visited by her cousin Bernice from Ean Claire, and it seemed impossible (to see) her alone. (F. F.) 8. "I perceive," said Jolyon, "that you are trying (to kill) two birds with one stone." (Galsw.) 9. Victor dug me in the ribs. "You're supposed (to take) notes. You can (to write) this one up if you like." (M. D.) 10. You will express to your people my regrets at not being able (to be) of service to them. (D. Rob.) 11. Soames liked (to talk) during dinner about business or what he had been buying and so long as he talked Irene's silence didn't distress him. (Galsw.) 12.1 had it in my hand, so I must (to stick) it somewhere, I thought I'd just slip in and find it. (F. F.) 13. She seemed (to lose) her difference. (Galsw.) 14. I liked people (to be) straightforward. (A. Chr.) 15. I know myself that I shouldn't like (to live) on my own because I do get very confused sometimes. (A. Chr.) 16. Although she seemed (to listen) to Doreen, only half of her mind heard what she was saying. (Cus.) 17. Let him (to go) to centres of culture and civilization. (E. H.) 18. Bowman had just happened (to look) at her. (Un. Is.) 19. It's only decent (to warn) you that you will be bored to extinction. (S. M.) 20. She seemed (to make) very lame excuses, and James didn't look at her. (Galsw.)

Ex. 5. Use either of the infinitives in brackets; give two variants where

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possible and explain the difference.1. But one demand he returned to again and again. He wanted (to make, to

be made) a producer tomorrow. (F. F.) 2. I really do believe I'll be able (to sleep, to be sleeping) tonight. (M. D.) 3. The puzzle seemed (to fit, to be fitting) itself together piece by piece. (A. Chr.) 4. There wouldn't be many people about yesterday afternoon (to see, to have seen) him. (A. Chr.) 5. The things that Tuppence thought funny were, he knew by long experience, not really (to describe, to be described) by such an adjective at all. (A. Chr.) 6. They had not very long (to wait, to be waiting) however before the door opened and Miss Packard came in. (A. Chr.) 7. Behind the cupboard door there was a long list of rules, ending with: "No nails (to drive, to be driven) into walls." (M. D.) 8. You might (to change, to have changed) your mind about them. (A. Chr.) 9. If you were told (to do, to be doing) twice as much and by a superhuman effort achieved it, it would (to take, to be taken) as much for granted as your heart beat. (M. D.) 10. I was dropping with fatigue and would (to give, to have given) anything not (to go, to be going) out. (M. D.) 11. Something seemed (to amuse, to be amusing) her immensely. (A. Chr.) 12. Tea was at four and the bread was new and had (to cut, to be cut). (M. D.) 13. His red cheeks seemed (to fall, to have fallen) in and he looked a positive wreck of his usual jolly, healthy self. (A. Chr.) 14. And what brings you (to see, to have seen) us so early, my good Japp? (A. Chr.) 15. And Evant was supposed (to be devoted, to have been devoted) to his master. (A. Chr.) 16. He wished Chilla was still there, and he could (to point, to have pointed) her out to him. (Cus.) 17. A great weight seemed (to roll, to have rolled) off my mind. (P. W.) 18. Here was something (to hold, to be held) off. But there were also greetings (to make, to be made). (White) 19. And then, by the sound of his voice, she knew that they should (to go, to be going). (White)

Ex. 6. Use the infinitive in brackets in the required form.1.Architecture appeared (to exhaust) his regularity. (Galsw.) 2. After the

two years at the front and a wound that had taken longer (to heal) that it should he was glad (to settle) down quietly at Apia. (S. M.) 3. I suppose you're not going (to be) down here very long? (A. Chr.) 4. He appeared (to do) business with them. (D. Rob.) 5. Poirot rubbed his hands together and smiled cheerfully. He seemed (to enjoy) himself. (A. Chr.) 6. Natural thing would be for them (to stay) at the Ritz or Claridge's or some other big hotel somewhere. (A. Chr.) 7. I'm deeply sorry (to involve) you in this. (I. M.) 8. At home Mrs. Goff would not have kept my supper. You had (to be) on the dot if you wanted (to feed), so I usually went with one or the other (to have) cheese rolls and beer. (M. D.) 9. Don't expect comfort. You've just got (to be) thankful if we get a bed (to sleep) on and a roof over our heads. (S. M.) 10. I seemed (to be) all right there and went on (to learn) that one should never sit in the presence of superiors. (M. D.) 11. Ten years before she would have lain down and slept, but now she had a feeling that things needed watching; there were sure (to be) grocery-men that

24

had (to talk) to. (F. F.) 12. "Perhaps," suggested Rollock, "the man didn't want (to see) turning into the house from the road." (A. Chr.) 13. At last Мог allowed himself (to persuade). (I. M.) 14. "What about (to come) in and (to wash) up?" he asked suddenly. "No, thanks," said John. "I ought (to go) home—my wife'11 be worried." (F. F.) 15. I began (to walk) very slowly. (J. Rh.) 16. "Now I must (to go)," said the man, "and you young ladies walk off home." (White) 17. He ought perhaps (to put) a spoke in the wheel of their marriage. (Galsw.) 18. He seemed (to be) in a brown study and I thought he hardly heard what we were saying. (S. M.)

Ex. 7. Translate into Russian paying attention to the form of the infinitive in the combination "modal verb + the infinitive".

1. Old Jolyon said simply, "I suppose I oughtn't to have come here, Jo!" (Galsw.) 2. To the north we could look across a valley and see a forest of chestnut trees. (E. H.) 3. "I wish you could put some sense into Uncle Simon," he said. (A. Chr.) 4. Something festive ought to be done tonight. (F. F.) 5. "I thought a nice visit might cheer you up," said Miss Packard. (A. Chr.) 6. She had to be at seven the next morning. (Spark) 7. You ought to have learnt by now that I know my own mird. (A. Chr). 8. "My lord Milton," cried Evelyn, "couldn't you have done something?" (F. F.) 9. But as she often justly remarked, sentiment was to be depricated. (Galsw.) 10. "Well," said Lemvine. "I must be going now, I felt it was due to you to know exactly how things stand." (A. Chr.) 11. ...I am to be given more food and drink... (A. Chr.) 12. I could have crumpled them (the papers) up and thrown them "at him, only they would not have hurt. (M. D.) 13. I promise faithfully that I'll be on that train. I suppose no great harm could be done in two hours. (F. F.) 14. I feel I ought to have gone with him. One of us ought to have done so. (A. Chr.) 15. She must have come early to have got a position like that. (Cus.) 16. You must see that I cannot take the responsibility. (Flem.) 17. Yet the gentleman might have said, "I should like a portrait of my wife," and the lady might have said, "I should like a portrait of my husband." (St. L.) 18. "All right," I said to Andy. "You can come, and he can run in ahead of us if he likes." (St. L.) 19. That may have been a false statement made so that Rogers should appear to be in the same position as ourselves. (A. Chr.) 20. I fancy he must have belonged to some society... (A. Chr.)

Ex. 8. Insert the particle "to" before the infinitive where required.1.Fall made him ... clench his hands and ... tremble and ... repeat

sentences to himself. (F. F.) 2. "So I don't think you need ... worry about it," said Tuppence. (A. Chr.) 3. Heater was really frightened now and even Mrs. Ogilvie was beginning to look as if she would rather ... be somewhere else. (M. D.) 4. She watched Theodora's hands ... move as if they were about ... reach out and ... touch something. (White) 5. Before we were married you promised to let me ... go it our marriage was not a success. (Galsw.) 6. What does it matter what made him ... change his mind, as long as he has changed it? (A. Chr.) 7. Paul tried ... break away ... come to me. (A. Chr.) 8. Then nobody need ... be disturbed. (A.

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Chr.) 9. "Thanks," Andrew answered, "I'd rather .. see the cases myself." (Cron.) 10. He saw him ... turn to Irene and say something. (Galsw.) 11. This made everyone ... run out of the house. (White) 12. I looked up, quick ... notice the change of tone. (A. Chr.) 13. I was pleased at the idea of no more of that chilly room, where the light hung in the one place where you could neither ... see and ... read in bed nor ... do your face, but soon I began ... be worried. (M. D.) 14. I wasn't worrying about that, I happen ... be going to London. That's all. (A. Chr.) 15. I watched the car ... crawl up the hill and ... disappear. (A. Chr). 16. He did not think the cheeses ought ... be kept much longer. (J. K. J.) 17. What I remember next ... have extended over a space of five or six hours, though it comes back to me as something that might ... have taken five minutes or a year. (F. F.) 18. I sun would like to hear you ... play that song. (W. S.)

Ex. 9. Translate into Russian paying attention to the use of the particle "to" which implies the verb already mentioned.

1. I would like to help George to sing — the way I always wanted to myself and never could. (P. B.) 2. "I'm sorry, was I making a speech?" "You were beginning to." 3. "Don't tell me anything you don't want to," I said by way of encouraging him. (A. Chr.) 4. He has taken her hand because she expects him to. (White) 5. When Liza caught Mrs. Blakeston's eye she ... stepped forward a little to go and speak with the woman, but Mrs. Blakeston, standing still, looked so angrily at her that she was afraid to. (S. M.) 7. "Good-bye." He shook hands. "I expect Evensford will be here if ever we want to come back." "If ever we want to." (Bates) 8. "I think it's turned much warmer," he said. "I think we shall probably sing out-doors this evening. In that case you needn't come inside if you didn't want to." (Cates) 9. "Harry, would you like to give me a hand before you go out?"- "Of course, Nora, I'd be pleased to." (Meet the Parkers) 10. "Nora, you look a bit tired — what have you been doing all day?" "I've been cleaning the whole house." "I said I was going to." (Meet the Parkers) 12. And you want to go to a sanatorium? I think you ought to. (P. W.) 13. "Why not come down there for a bit?" said Bill hospitably. "Well, I'd love to, Bill, old man." (P. W.) 14. Bill gaped. "I beg your pardon." "I m glad you have the grace to." (P. W.) 15. I noticed for the first time how short he was; but he looked more distinguished than he used to. (S. M.)

Ex. 10. Respond to the following questions or statements, using the phrases from the list below.

1. I see you haven't read this article. 2. Why didn't you go to the country? 3. They say you work hard now. 4. Why didn't you buy a new dictionary for him? 5. Let's forget it. 6. You are going to write a letter, aren't you? 7. Will you go to the cinema with us? 8. You seem to have insulted him. 9. I'll be glad to drop in. 10. You must join them the sooner the better. 11. Have you anything else to tell me?

_________________________________________I don't think I want to; I'm glad to; I know I have to; I didn't have spare

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time to; I didn't mean to; Not so much I as have to; Willingly, if you want me to; I'm sorry, I didn't mean to; You are always welcome to; He didn't ask me to; I intended to

Ex. 11. Define the function of the infinitive. 1. To sound a man as to "his intentions" was peculiarly unpleasant to

him. (Galsw.) 2. I think we've both said all there is to be said. (A. Chr.) 3. The meal was to have consisted, it seemed, of fried steak and potatoes, with tinned apricot and cream. (Bates) 4. It is dangerous to go against the majority. (Galsw.) 5. To get Irene out of London is the main thing — thought Soames. (Galsw.) 6. I wish to arrange my ideas with order and method. (A. Chr.) 7. As he walked to the office he decided to mention no facts or names within the walls of the studio. (F. F.) 8. It was a fixed principle with him never to allude to June. (Galsw.) 9. To have seen him dance... you would have thought St. Vitus himself that blessed patron of the dance, was figuring before you in person. (W. I.) 10. The accounts were already prepared on a folding table, and with a nod Soames sat down to study them. (Galsw.) 11. To get round to this window from the road on a night like last night would be a difficult and unpleasant proceeding. (A. Chr.) 12. ...there were instructions to be carried out. (Cron.) 13. To speak with her was impossible. (H. Cec.) 14. But it seemed they couldn't promise to make it so terribly early. (Un. Is.) 15. She went out to post the letter. (Un. Is.) 16. Swithin saw no necessity to laugh. (Galsw.) 17. To see this wonderful Mrs. Thompson's performance is what I have come for. (A. Chr.) 18. It was a little difficult to know how to begin. (P. W.) 19. That's no good to me — not if I'm going to live in England. (A. Chr.) 20. They rose to leave the place. (Galsw.)

Ex. 12. Define the type of the adverbial modifier expressed by the infinitive.

1. Soft as a tom-cat, he crossed the room to press the bell. (Galsw.) 2. I'm too excited to be quiet. (A. H.) 3. ... it would be as well to make a few inquiries to establish the fact. (A. Chr.) 4. Numerous other applicants were sent to see it. (A. Chr.) 5. The waiter knocked... and came in to take away the soup. (J. Rh.) 6. He threw open the door and Dermot walked in, whilst Trent switched on the light, and then came to join him. (A. Chr.) 7. Rain followed him and sat down on a chair to look at the canvas. (J. M.) 8. He shook himself and looked to see the familiar streets. (I. M.) 9. There were always long lines of trolley cars waiting to start somewhere.(F. F.) 10. The Terrars only came to live here just over a year ago. (A. Chr.) 11.1 got up and stood up at the door to see if it was raining. (E. H.) 12. Two or three times it needed just a touch of pressure to bring her to the point of tears. (F. F.) 13. We were told that the patient was too ill to see anyone that day. (S. M.) 14. ... to hear him talk, you might imagine him to be—er, the Almighty. (A. Chr.) 15. He remembered how often he had waited for a minute or two on the landing to get his breath after the ascent, and how absurdly his impatience to see Blanche had taken it away again. (S. M.) 16.1 did not think there was anyone in the front room, but I went across to look. (M. D.) 17. I left

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my office to go out to lunch. (Un. Is.) 18. She stretched her arms out to embrace herself. (Galsw.) 19. One would need great broad-mindedness and a distinct sense of humour to appreciate such a merciless expose. (A. Chr.) 20. They wouldn't pay you enough to cover the bus fare. (M. D.)

Ex. 13. Translate into Russian paying attention to the function of the infinitive.

1. The decision to build had been weighing on his mind all the week, and he had made up his mind to tell her. (Galsw.) 2. To write down "I have two hundred and forty bushes of barley" means nothing unless you have the barley. (A. Chr.) 3. Dorean rang the following Thursday to tell him that Jan had a bad set-back. (Cus.) 4. Yet she certainly seemed disposed to linger and chat. (A. Chr.) 5. To be ignorant that he is a Forsyte was in the nature of a Forsyte. (Galsw.) 6. We have forgotten to inform Mr. Poirot of that. (A. Chr.) 7. She turned and ran quickly up the stairs, retaining a confused picture of rays of cigar smoke and a loud discussion in the centre of the room that seemed to be developing into an argument. (F. F.) 8. I think I'm very lucky to have come here, they are so kind and thoughtful; and the gardens are so beautiful. (A. Chr.) 9. To face the worst and have it over was better. (Galsw.) 10. 1 was waiting for you to say it. (Un. Is.) 11. The story I am about to tell is a perfectly simple and straightforward one. (A. Chr.) 12. He was a medical missionary and he was liable to be called at any time. (S. M.) 13. George was waiting to be called up. (M. D.) 14. I was anxious to learn what Japp had come about. (A. Chr.) 15. To have approved his son's conduct in that clash was of course impossible. (Galsw.) 16. She stood up to learn the rules of the game that she must play. (White) 17. It was a thing to do, a way to kill time. (W. S.) 18. "Oh, we're awfully pleased to meet you," said chairman. (A. Chr.) 19. Then she drew a deep breath, "I don't want to talk shop." (H. R.) 20. Go and tell him I wish to speak with him. (A. Chr.)

Ex. 14. Point out verbal and noun characteristics of the infinitive in the following sentences.

1. I was standing at the meat counter, waiting for some rib lamb chops to be cut. (J. Sal.) 2. Then at last it closed on words, "I got to be making tracks," he said. (White) 3. Your work here was to help Sir Gervase with the book he was writing. (A. Chr.) 4. He was not to spend at the outside more than twelve thousand and fifty pounds. (Calsw.) 5. What he is going to do is still in the doubt. (Dr.) 6. That's just why they couldn't have had the key. (A. Chr.) 7. Wilson was standing by while we gave the cabman instructions, for we had given him a lift to save him the hot dusty walk. (S. M.) 8. Your father is not to be disturbed. (White) 9. Monsieur and Madame Renard gave a party to celebrate the engagement of their daughter. (S. M.) 10. A great temptation came to Utterson to open the envelope at once. (Steve.) 11. Do vou think it would do any good to try to get hold of Waker?"(J. Sal.) 12. "Oh, dear," Mr. Boggis said clasping his hands. "There I go again. I should have never started this in the first

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place." "You can't back out now, a deal is a deal." (St. L.) 13. Of course, I could promise to send it back next month, but — I 'd better say three months. Just as soon as I start to sell drawings. 14. You needn't worry, I shall be careful all right. (A. Chr.) 15. He wished to give her every chance. (Galsw.) 16. He ought perhaps to have put a spoke in the wheel of their marriage. (Galsw.) 17. He longed to go and say to him, "Look here, you sir! Are you going to jilt my granddaughter?" (Galsw.)

Ex. 15. Recast the following sentences so as to use the infinitive in the function of the attribute. Model: I have only a few minutes that I can spare.—> I have only a few minutes to spare.

1. Who was the last person that arrived before me? 2. This is not the way how7 you should ask for something. 3. We had no alternative that we could choose. 4. There w^as nobody who could explain it to those people. 5. There is nobody to whom we could turn for advice. 6. Where is the packet that should be taken to the post-office? 7. Mr. Palmer is the only man to whom you can talk about this matter. 8. I need a pen with which I could write. 9. I have got a lot of friends to whom I could turn for help. 10. This is a nice place where j one can sit and watch the busy traffic. 11. He is not a man. who would ignore the views of his colleagues. 12. He is a very charming person with whom one can spend a nice evening. 13. He was the third that had invited me to the party. 14. He is not a man who would make fun of it. 15. You would have to know the address to which we could send it. 16. He felt that was the opportunity which he shouldn't miss. 17. He bought himself brown shoes and a tie which would match it. 18. Her opinion was not one that could be neglected. 19. The gardeners were picking fruit which they could send to the market.

Ex. 16. Combine the sentences so as to use the infinitive.Model I: Mr. Simpson is very old. He can't work.—> Mr. Simpson is too old

to work. Model II: My cousin plays the violin well. He can give a concert.—> My

cousin plays the violin well enough to give a concert.Model III: The apple you gave me is so sour. I can't eat it.—> The apple you

gave me is too sour for me to eat.1. She is still young. She can't travel to London alone. 2. John doesn't earn

much. He can't buy it. 3. He was very late. He didn't catch the 12:30 train. 4. I can see you aren't clever. You can't do these calculations in your head. 5. You don't know the poem well. You can't recite it in front of the class tomorrow. 6. He was very far. He couldn't see what they were doing. 7. The water in the lake is very cold. I can't bathe. 8. You are very quick. You can easily catch up with the group. 9. You don't understand it. You" are too young. 10. You are clever. You can answer any question. 11. The .weather is warm. We can go out. 12. This tea is too hot. I can't drink it. 13. You were too angry. You couldn't speak. 14. It is so foggy today. I can't drive the car there. 15. My cousin plays the piano very well. He can perform at a concert. 16. He has recovered. He can attend

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classes. 17. You work very slowly. You can't catch up with us. 18. He is strong enough. He can climb up this mountain.

Ex. 17. Make up sentences using the following infinitive phrases parenthetically.

1. to start with; 2. to make a long story short; 3. not to speak; 4. to say honestly; 5. to tell the truth; 6. so to speak; 7. to be quite truthful; 8. to speak candidly; 9. to go into particulars; 10. to be more exact

Ex. 18. Recast the following sentences so as to use the Perfect Infinitive.Model: I am glad that I have seen the film.—> I'm glad to have seen the

film.1. We were sorry when we heard about your failure. 2. I am sorry that I

have disappointed you. 3. She is lucky because she has such a good teacher. 4. I am very pleased that I have met you. 5. You were very kind that you gave me that advice. 6. We were disappointed when we heard that she had fallen ill. 7. We are pleased because we have been able to help you. 8. They were pleased when they heard about my success. 9. He is disappointed because he hasn't been awarded the prize. 10. She was surprised when she didn't find me at home. 11. She is disappointed because she hasn't received an invitation to that party. 12. We were right when you told him not to interfere in our affairs. 13. The dean is sorry that he hasn't been able to see you personally on that date. 14. She was angry when she found that the book was missing. 15. I should be glad if I had been chosen for that job. 16. I was delighted when I heard that she liked my book. 17. I should have been surprised if I had met him in the South. 18. He was very sorry that he hadn't been able to join you. 19. He is very pleased that he has read this in the original. 20. I was lucky that I had visited that town.

Ex. 19. Complete the following choosing a suitable infinitive from the list below.

1.But I quite see it is one of those things that has got ... . 2. Now we can get our heads together and ... what is best ... .3. Really it is too dreadful. One feels one must do something ... oneself cheerful. 4. But nobody could ... it for sure. 5. I'm going ... my coffee now and I don't want ... anybody. 6. Don't you think I'm old enough ... of myself. 7. "Very good of you ... me." He shook hands with them both. 8. "This story made me ... of him at once," said Miss Marple. 9. You could taste the dirt in the air and it always seemed ... . Ю. "Whatever happens," Michael thought, "I've got ... or I shall be dropping a brick." 11. Well, .... he wrote to me at the beginning of last month and said he was just off to a new job. 12. The whole town seemed ....

________________________________to think; to ask; to take care; to have; to see; to be asleep; to cut a long

story short; to be done; to be raining; to keep; to do; to make

Ex. 20. Complete the following using the infinitivea) as predicative:

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1. All they do is... . 2. To get straight to the best is... . 3. The only safe and sane thing to do was... . 4. What my father should do is... . 5. My original idea was... .

b) as subject:1. ...is not my custom. 2. ...is quite unusual for her. 3. ...was the last thing

any man wanted. 4. ...is a hardship.c) as object:1. There is a couple of things I want... . 2. I order... . 3. I didn't mean... . 4.

Has your mother persuaded you... . 5. It occurred to me... . 6. Don't bother... .d) as attribute:1. He regretted his inability... . 2. There is nothing... . 3. His wife was the

first... .e) as adverbial modifier of purpose:1. The family had gathered... . 2. She might have dropped in,... 3. She

bowed graciously and turned... . 4. We climbed up the mountain ... . 5. He rose from his chair... .

f),as adverbial modifier of result:1. The novel was easy enough... . 2. She was too sad... . 3 ,,He couldn't

do enough... . 4. He knew enough of the country not... 5. We are too aware of the fact not... . 6. He was too astonished... .

PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE INFINITIVE Ex. 1. Point out objective predicative constructions with the infinitive in

the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.1. He felt his work to be directionless, merely "copy". (F. F.) 2. She felt

the wind blow cold on her back. (F. F.), 3. He watched her turn from him and run to the door. (Rob.) 4. I never saw a man pick up this work so fast. (F. F.) 5. I don't even think they heard us come in. (J. Sal.) 6. I have watched you paint a picture. (White) 7. Fanny watched Frank push away his plate. (White) 8. I never before heard him speak so much. (S. M.) 9. He had seen tigresses in the Zoo walk just like that. (S. M.) 10. With my mind's eye I saw Strickland throw his hat on a table... (S. M.) 11. I can watch your heart beat. (White) 12. Katina watched the slow smoke rise from white houses. (White) 13. "Well, what's the matter?" She broke out finally. "Do you expect me to jump up and sing?" (F. F.) 14. He had married Judy Jones and seen her fade away before his eyes. (F. F.) 15. She heard the boots squeak among the trees. (White) 16. He can make anyone talk who needs help. (Maltz) 17. I saw one of the three men start for him and I saw this man's face. (E. H.)

Ex. 2. Define the structure of objective predicative constructions with the infinitive in the following sentences.

1. She made her come down to the front. (The Pocket Book) 2. Nick's father ordered some water to be put on the stove. (E. H.) 3. He never wants anyone to carry anything. (E. H.) 4. Paul suppressed a shiver, and forced himself

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to ask the question uppermost in his mind. (Cron.) 5. ...everyone knew him to be feeling fine. (Sill.) 6. He dressed well and he liked his clothes to be properly looked after. (S. M.) 7. I told him everything except where I believed the papers to be hidden. (A. Chr.) 8. She caused a telegram to be sent to him. (Galsw.) 9. I thought the English were stiff, but it's wonderful the way you make me feel at home. (Galsw.) 10. He wanted them all three to walk down the street. (E. H.) 11. He saw the girl leave her chair and trip swiftly across the floor to the newcomer. (J. L.) 12. After a ten-minute wait I watched the train pull out. (J. Ch.) 13. Perhaps his wordless gaze had caused her to break silence. (Cron.) 14. Jennie was intensely sorry. She had never heard Lester complain before. (Dr.) 15. How can you expect anyone to think well of us when such things are written about us? (B. Sh.) 16. Her smile was friendly and she made you feel, that she was really pleased to see you. (Cus.)

Ex. 3. Define the meaning of the verb with which objective predicative constructions with the infinitive are used.

1. Next day, though I pressed him to remain, Stroeve left me. (S. M.) 2. 1 never heard him speak of those whose work had a certain analogy with his own. (S. M.) 3. Rusty was so busy he didn't notice her come in. (J. Ch.) 4. I am not at all sure that in her own interests I shan't require her to return to me. (Galsw.) 5. I tried to induce your father to give him the authority he desired. (A. Chr.) 6. ...he was good at court games, had a number of big game fishing records and had just shown himself to be a coward. (E. H.) 7. Your wife says that nothing you can do will ever induce her to divorce you. (S. M.) 8. She was known very soon to be the perfect parlour-maid. (S. M.) 9. I didn't mean you to hear, or that old person. (Galsw.) 10. Short of actually beating his wife, he perceived nothing to be done. (Galsw.) 11. Soames, glanced at her (Mrs. James) beneath his eyelids, nodded, and he saw Irene steal at him one of her unfathomable looks. (Galsw.) 12. So I think I'd like you to know that it's just well to be prepared, so that if she did go suddenly it wouldn't be any shock to you. (A. Chr.) 13. ...as we walked out into the snowy yard we saw the tail light of a car turn the corner at the end of the black alley. (F. F.) 14. She wanted him to see Ede with the other children — to see how dignified and polite she was. (F. F.) 1.5. Paul watched him destroy the sheet. (Cron.) 16. You could hardly have expected me to go to the garage. (P. W.)

Ex. 4. Insert the particle "to" in objective predicative constructions with the infinitive where necessary.

1. The room made him ... feel embarrassed. (The Pocket Book) 2. They want me ... run out. (Cart.) 3. When I heard him ... go downstairs I went down after him. (The Pocket Book) 4. She could not bring herself ... tell him about Vesta. (Dr.) 5. Paul felt his heart ... melt. (Cron.) 6. Suddenly he saw her ... rise and ... turn away. (Galsw.) 7. At first he had believed them ... be married. (Dr.) 8. The colonel ordered everyone ... wear a gas mask. (R. Aid.) 9. My feelings as a father and a husband compel me ... ask you yet again whether you will not

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reconsider your decision. (R. Aid.) 10. I forced him ... eat, and after luncheon I induced him ... lie down, but he couldn't sleep. (S. M.) 11. I told the driver ... take me to the hospital fast. (J. Ch.) 12. I never knew him ... stand and ... look at that beautiful, calm face. (Vickers) 13. She let her eyes ... rest on Jan`s scarcely touched tray. (Cus.) 14. She made George ... acknowledge that it was no use to throw away all the beautiful things. (S. M.) 15. And, returning with the packet in her hand, she suddenly observed Richard ... emerge from the drawing-room. (Cron.) 16. Did you see Miss Perbmarch ... enter or ... leave the house? (A. Chr.) 17. ... middle age and pressure of business forced him ... give up hunting. (S. M.) 18. She persuaded him ... see a doctor. (Dr.)

Ex. 5. Form objective predicative constructions with the infinitive out of the elements in brackets.

1. I don't wish (you, to understand) me. (Cron.) 2. When he came in he wanted to call you, but I persuaded (he, to wait) until morning. (Dr.) 3. I cannot allow (you, to throw) away an enormous property like this. (B. Sh.) 4. Soames must have been pressing (she, to go) back to him again, with public opinion and the law on his side, too! (Galsw.) 5. Then she turned to the window and asked (me, to open) it. (Galsw.) 6. Now, can I trouble (you, to come) in here? (The Clocks) 7. I saw (my mother, to pause) and (to put) her hand to her forehead. 8. He controlled himself, and clenching his teeth, set (oneself, to read). (Cron.) 9. She laughed and I heard (she, to strike) a match. (Gr. Gr.) 10. Old Jolyon watching from his corner saw (his brother's face, to change). (Galsw.) 11. Maybe I could get (he, to pay) her seventy-five a week. (J. Ch.) 12. He was well set up too, a good figure, blemished only by an accident at football which caused (he, to turn) in his right foot slightly when he walked. (Cron.) 13. The daughter turned uneasily not because it irritated her to work, but because she hated (people, to guess) at the poverty that made it necessary. (Dr.) 14. He flushed indignantly but forced (oneself, to answer)... (Cron.) 15. He could trust his cook to send in a meal that his guests would take pleasure in eating and desired (his parlour-maid, to wait) with neatness and dispatch. (S. M.) 16. I felt they expected (I, to say) clever things, and I never could think of any till after the party was over. (S. M.) 17. It was a serene, quiet, satisfied smile — and again Renisent felt (a tide of revolt, to rise) in her. (A. Chr.) 18. That at all events she understood, and then she heard (he, to bolt) the door. (S. M.) 19. From now on I'll have (you, to know) this is my business. (Cus.) 20. That's the way I meant (it, to be). (E. H.)

Ex. 6. Recast the following sentences so as to use objective predicative constructions with the infinitive.

1. I still consider we were right to resist them. 2. They required that I should arrive at 8 a.m. 3. The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 4. I believe they are very good in physics and other pure sciences... 5. He... did what he could, though considered he got little thanks for^ it from his wife and five kids. 6. And she saw that the lower part of her face was twisted out

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of shape. 7. He gazed across! at Grace... watching her as she dealt with the marmalade. cheerfully and happily. 8. He felt that she was unreasonable and unjust. 9. He knew he was a bad leader. 10. I think his father is one of the heads in Universal Stores. 11. He thought I was just a kid to be ordered. 12. I don't expect you'll think of me. 13. I think both of you are too simple to be dishonest.

Ex. 7. Complete the following so as to use objective predicative construction» with the infinitive.

1. She saw two of the girls... . 2. I have never heard... . 3. She felt the wind... . 4. Andrew Manson considered his work... . 5. They had no money, no experience, nothing but a desire to make a dream... . 6. He watched and suddenly he saw her... . 7. He liked to see people... . 8. Well, I let them... . 9. The window was open, and he could hear somebody... . 10. She was asleep when we returned from the market, but at once got up when she heard us... . 11. Will you come over and watch me.. . 12. You will then allow me... . 13. I say that certain things are to be done, but I don't order anybody... . 14. He was right, but something warned me.... 15. Obviously, he was not so strong as she had thought him... 16. I am sorry but my experience compels me... . 17. She had been almost afraid to ask him and when she forced herself... . 18. When you get this, I want you not... . 19. There was a shock and he felt himself... .

Ex. 8. Point out subjective predicative constructions with the infinitive in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. But I don't happen to know anything. (J. Sal.) 2. The tomb appeared to be that of the king. (A. Chr.) 3. You would never be likely to fall in love with me. (A. Chr.) 4. It doesn't seem to do her any harm, that's the cheeriest thing about it. (A. Chr.) 5. We are working now and we'll be sure to pay you Saturday. (Dr.) 6. I was not sure how a reporter was supposed to behave on occasions like this. (M. D.) 7. Blanch Stroeve loved working about the studio she happened to be living in and took pride in keeping it in apple-pie order. (S. M.) 8. It's thrilling to watch the blossoming of a young girl, particularly when she happens to be one's daughter. (White) 9. He thinks she's a stenographer but she turns out to be a writer. (F. F.) 10. She would be sure to throw her arms round his neck and say, "Oh, Jo, how I make you suffer!" (Galsw.) 11. A motor containing two foreigners is quite likely to have been noticed. (A. Chr.) 12. ...the pot was raised higher and higher and its contents appeared to be getting less and less. (S. M.) 13. We have not been required to undertake any work. (M. S.) 14. I don't happen to see any difference between them. (J. Sal.) 15. That is supposed to be a rose. (White)

Ex. 9. Define the structure of subjective infinitive constructions with the infinitive in the following sentences.

1. "I'm not going to stand it," he is declared to have said. (S. M.) 2. He seemed to be turning it over in his mind. (P. W.) 3. Old Thomas, the groom, had been taken with jaundice and Andrew was compelled to make his rounds on foot. (Cron.) 4. The changes are likely to be announced in the April Budget. (M.

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S.) 5. Recent attack of typhoid, from which he was thought to be recovering proves fatal. (Dr.) 6. The old man seemed to have lived a life on the roads. (F. C.) 7. The picture is supposed to be the passage of the Red Sea. (Cain) 8. Kilimanjaro is a snow covered mountain and is said to be the highest mountain in Africa. (E. H.) 9. The company was reported to be paying starvation wages to its black workers. (M. S.) 10. Yet now few will be found to deny his greatness. (S. M.) 11. He was known to have refused office in the interests of his profession. 12. He was compelled to write his weekly review. (R. Aid.) 13. At the end of ten minutes he appeared to have solved his troubles with the machine. (Ward) 14. ...he was known to be one of the best shots in England. (S. M.) 15. The two have been observed to meet daily during the past week in Richmond Park. (Galsw.) 16. He was forced to give up work last December because of chronic arthritis. (M. S.) 17. I am thought to have so much influence in the getting of offices. (The Best Plays) 18. Saddle, as you know, did turn to be a star. 19. Some members of the action committee are believed to have spoken yesterday. (M. S.)

Ex. 10. Define the meaning of the verb and word groups with which subjective infinitive constructions with the infinitive are used.

1. He could be made to fight easily enough. (Dr.) 2. I was known to be nearsighted. (Satire.) 3. Your lungs appear to be all right. (P. W.) 4. ...on the following afternoon Jame chanced to be a witness of some resulting actions. (Ward) 5. Children appear to go through definite stages as they develop. (M. S.) 6. He seemed to be wondering whether much anxiety of mind had affected his eyesight. (P. W.) 7. I have often thought, Lester, if mamma had not been compelled to worry so much she might be alive today. (Dr.) 8. The past I looked at seemed to have its reality. (S. M.) 9. They were seen to just touch each other's hands. (Galsw.) 10. After that Tommy was forced to admit the prospect looked dreary. (A. Chr.) 11. But he was expected to go down to keep up his father's prestige. (Lind.) 12. She seemed to know most of the Blackstable news. (S. M.) 13. Before Krebs went away to the war he had never been allowed to drive the family motor-car. (E. H.) 14. But perhaps her father could be induced to remain silent. (Dr.) 15. They've been known to chap holes in the roof. (Cain) 16. Jennie was finally compelled to tell Vesta that Lester's fortune had been dependent on his leaving her. (Dr.) 17. ...the two sides are expected to meet again next week. (M. S.) 18. So he was found to be unfit for active service... (R. Aid.) 19. ...when he was brought to Charing Cross Hospital life was found to be extinct. (S. M.)

Ex. 11. Recast the following sentences so as to use subjective predicative constructions with the infinitive.

1. It seems that he is not in the habit of coming in time. 2. They say that he is honest. 3. A group of people at the gangway saw that the boat came into harbour. 4. It appeared that he had done it well. 5. It was not likely that he was going to be drawn into an argument. 6. The man had read his papers, it seemed. 7. It is very unlikely they would allow her to see visitors at this time of night. 8.

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It was felt that she was perfectly capable of taking care of herself. 9. It is believed that his advice was ignored. 10. It appeared that Betty was delighted. 11. It is pretty unlikely that they would approve of it. 12. It appears that they have some difficulties with the car.

Ex. 12. Recast the following sentences with subjective predicative constructions with the infinitive so as to use complex sentences.

1. David seemed rather at a loss for the moment. 2. Everything that evening seemed to be ironical. 3. But to Aunt Ann they seemed all Forsytes. 4. He had a patriarchal look and in spite of lean cheeks seemed master of perennial youth. 5. I happened to be staying for a long weekend not far from Tercanbury. 6. Now and again her glance rested on him for a moment and I seemed to see in her expression not only7 love but fondness. 7. You two seem to be having such a wonderful time together. 8. ...he appeared to be fast asleep. 9. She seemed to know all that was going on there. 10. I'm not supposed to have seen him for two years. 11. ...active members of the party were simply permitted to speak for themselves. 12. On Friday letters might be expected to arrive at his rooms. 13. She must be made to understand. 14. Something stronger than myself seemed to be holding me back and urging me not to enter.

Ex. 13. Choose any sentence and use it in your own situation.1. Then we came nearer, and I seemed to recognize it. 2. She seemed to

see nothing. 3. She seemed to be making very lame excuses. 4. The newcomer seemed to feel that he ought to enter the spirit of this long-distance conversation. 5. He seemed scarcely to see her. 6. She seemed to speak every language with ease. 7. By the way, I seem to know the name. 8. She seemed to be much more at home there. 9. She seemed to have been out for a moment.

Ex. 14. Paraphrase the following using subjective predicative constructions with the infinitive.

Model: He was taken aback (to seem). He seemed to be taken aback.1. She is busy today (to seem). 2. The situation has changed a lot (to

appear). 3. The Crimea was visited by numerous hikers last summer (to know). 4. He didn't have any money with him (to happen). 5. This path is used quite often nowadays (to appear). 6. Nobody knew the way, so I had to return (to happen). 7. His plan is rather unrealistic (to appear). 8. She wasn't properly dressed (to happen). 9. Amy Driffield would never speak to me again (unlikely). 10. He was in high spirits when he got out of the train (to seem). 11. He lived with an uncle and aunt on the outskirts of a little Kentish town by the sea (to be known). 12. He got a scholarship to Wadham. 13. We filled in Driffield's study; it was a large room on the other side of the house (to appear).

Ex. 15. Complete the following so as to use subjective predicative constructions with the infinitive.

1. The girl seems... . 2. The weather appears... . 3. You are supposed... . 4. Our friends are sure... . 5. It is wonderful how everything seems... . 6. He said somebody was supposed... . 7. Everything that morning seemed... . 8. Several

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thousand people are expected... . 9. Your home during the last few years seems... . 10. I will not deny that several times I was tempted... .11. None will accompany me, and I am forced... . 12. It's hard for us to understand how such a thing is permitted... . 13. As a result, when they were told..., they did it. 14. She was sure that he should be made... . 15. I admit he seemed... . 16. What time are you supposed...? 17. The train was seen... . 18. This was supposed... . 19. They might be made... .

Ex. 16. Define the function of the f or-to-infinitive construction.1. Theodora Goodman sat in the hall near the reception desk and waited

for somebody to come. (White). 2. My friend motioned for him to come in. (E. H.) 3. Well, seventy was the outside limit, it was then time, George said, for them to go and leave their money to their children. (Galsw.) 4. ...in their shrill laughter he found a terrible dissonance that made him pray for the twilight to come. (F. F.) 5, "You should ask your Violet Adams to Merve," said mother, waiting for father to bring round the horses. (White) 6. "It's not for me to disagree there," said Jolyon, "but that's all quite beside the mark." (Galsw.) 7. She waited for Violet to say something. (White) 8. "When will you marry me?" "Are you ready for me to marry you?" (F. F.) 9. ...it was good experience for me to see it to its completed form. (M. D.) 10. "This question of company," he said, "is something for me to decide." (White) 11. The lady was speaking too fast for me to catch what she said. (A. Chr.) 12. It would not be possible for a human and intelligent person to invent a rational excuse for slavery. (M. T.) 13. They told him to be a good boy and wait for them to come home in the evening. (W. S.) 14. It was instinctive now for him to take her into his confidence. (Cron.) 15. Theodora sat down. Confident her intuition would identify, she waited for Lieselotte to appear. (White) 16. ...they thought it was better for me to live in a place like this. (A. Chr.)

Ex. 17. Point out the for-to-infinitive construction in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.So now she waited for Frank to speak. (White) 2. Theodora waited many days for something to happen, but it did not. (White) 3. Theodora sat and waited for Violet to speak. (White) 4. "We have a number of interesting personalities I shall be glad for you to meet," said Elsie. (White) 5. You waited for the red moon to crash like a thunderous gong. (White) 6. I have arranged for Sister Marie to board with her. (A. Chr.) 7. I should have thought it would be much easier for you to stand that. (A. Chr.) 8. "That's easy for you to say," began Gordon, his eyes narrowing. (F. F.) 9. You all used to be so sweet and loving to each other, it was a joy for me to see you. (J. Sal.) 10. Theodora waited for the clear glaze of morning to split. (White) 11. It was impossible for me to persuade myself that this urgent desire of his was disinterested. (S. M.) 12. In a minute it would be fitting for me to take my leave. (S. M.) 13. They were grouped about the mother, waiting for something to happen. (White.) 14. She decided that she would wait for Holstius to come.

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Ex. 18. Form for-to-infinitive constructions using the words in brackets in the appropriate form.

1. Although it was a busy section, it would be hard for (I, to name) the business that comprised its activity. (F. F.) 2. I am going to ring the bell for (the visitors, to go). (A. Chr.) 3. ...it's a bit technical here and there for (I, to follow). (A. Chr.) 4. My friend motioned for (he, to come) in. (E. H.) 5. It is not necessary for (I, to explain) that we are twins. (White) 6. Waiting for (the hymn, to stop) she watched the light blaze. (White) 7. Theodora waited for (she, to go). (White) 8. It was easy enough for (the drivers, to get) in that way. (A. Chr.) 9. It is so unusual for (a man, to bring) home a thing like this. (A. Chr.) 10. It's no easv thing for (I, to get hold) of it. (F. F.) 11. He didn't answer and I waited for some time for (he, to speak). (S. M.) 12. She waited for (some act) that still had (to perform). (White) 13. Often enough Theodora wondered whether it was time for (she, to go). (White) 14. Now I longed for (they, to return) to me. (White) 15. Theodora looked for (some other object, to concentrate). (White) 16. It would be fine for (her folks, to have her back home) after so much travelling around. (White) 17. He listened to her with what looked like polite interest, putting in now and then a remark in a voice too low for (I, to catch). (S. M.)

Ex. 19. Respond to the following questions using for-to-infinitive constructions.

Model: Whom is she waiting for?—> She is waiting for her daughter to come from school.

1. Why is it necessary for her to translate this article? 2. What is it for her to decide? 3. Why is it good experience for me to read books in the original? 4. Who told him to wait for them to return? 5. What do you think will be more sensible for him to do? 6. Why are you sure it'll be better for you to live in the country this summer? 7. What does she seem to be waiting for? 8. Why is it impossible for me to join them? 9. What have you arranged for her to do? 10. Wouldn't it be better for us to learn more about each other? 11. Why was it difficult for you to persuade him to come to see us? 12. When is it time for me to ring the bell? 13. Why was it not easy for the drivers to ride the cars that day? 14. Why does she long for them to return home? 15. Would it be easy for you to go there?

Ex. 20. Complete the following so as to use for-to-infinitive constructions.1. The best thing for you... . 2. I am very anxious for ... . 3. I have

arranged for... . 4. It took a moment for... . 5. It would be much easier for... . 6. She was sitting and waiting for someone... . 7. It's not for her... . 8. It was bad experience for me... . 9. It's something for her... . 10. It would be more sensible for... . 11. It would be better for... . 12. There will be many interesting people for you... . 13. It would be possible for... . 14. She has arranged everything for... . 15. It took ten minutes for... . 16. It is a joy for him... . 17. It would be hard for her... . 18. It was easy enough for... . 19. It is unusual for a person... . 20. It's time for me....

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Ex. 21. Translate info Russian paying attention to infinitive constructions.1. We walked to the door and I saw her go in and down the hall. (E. H.) 2.

Lawyers just know the law; they don't seem to have any kind of natural sense. (A. Chr.) 3. There was no one in Washington for him to see — but he was watching Jonquil narrowly... (F. F.) 4. I want you to answer my one question. Is he going to be on this train? (F. F.) 5. She saw two of the girls exchange glances. (F. F.) 6. I don't suppose that it would be likely to happen in any case. (A. Chr.) 7. I've got him here now" for you to see. (A. Chr.) 8. She appeared not to have read anything since she left school. (M. D.) 9. I've never heard her say anything to a boy except that it's hot or the floor's crowded. (F. F.) 10. "Where on earth did you get hold of him, Ellen?" "On the train," she answered. Immediately she seemed to regret this admission. (F. F.) 11.1 believe he had a sister living at Exeter and I think I have heard him mention a nephew or nephews. (A. Chr.) 12. "Hello, George. I didn't see you come in." (F. F.) 13. I heard her come in the bedroom and hid the score under my pillows (Cain) 14. She will expect you to marry, a doctor ought to marry. (B. Sh.) 15. She could not allow the poor fellow7

to go about in a dirty shirt. (S. M.) 16. I heard her put a tray down on the end of the bed. (Gr. Gr.) 17. She made me translate what she could only express in her own tongue. (S. M.) 18. I never heard him say he was satisfied yet. (B. Sh.) 19. He expected her to walk to the main road. (Sill.)

Ex. 22. Translate into English using subjective predicative constructions.1. Говорят, что он живет где-то на Крайнем Севере. 2. Считали, что

она прекрасно играет в теннис. 3. Известно, что в Советском Союзе книги издаются на многих языках. 4. Было известно, что он принимал участие в этой экспедиции. 5. Можно считать, что этот вопрос уже решен. 6. Вряд ли игра закончится вничью. 7. Она оказалась хорошим преподавателем. 8. Я уверена, что вам понравится этот спектакль. 9. Новая картина молодого художника, выставленная в музее, оказалась интересной. 10. Похоже на то, что она приняла его предложение. 11. Как оказалось, вечер прошел успешно. 12. Как оказалось, вопрос был не по существу. 13. Вероятно, вам придется некоторое время подождать. 14. Говорят, что его старшая сестра занимается художественной гимнастикой уже три года. 15. Я, кажется, знаю этого человека. В юности он был отличным бегуном, а теперь, говорят, он тренирует молодых спортсменов. 16. Известно, что первые Олимпийские игры состоялись в 1896 году в Афинах. 17. Кажется, этот пассажир не выходит из каюты уже 2 дня. С ним что-нибудь случилось?—Да, он страдает морской болезнью. 18. Известно, что в 1900 году в Олимпийских играх впервые принимали участие женщины.

Ex. 23. Translate into English using objective predicative constructions.1. Мы видели, что студенты разговаривали с деканом. 2. Она видела,

что он взял эту книгу. 3. Я не хочу, чтобы вы приходили так рано. 4. Вы заметили, как она ушла? 5. Я ожидаю, что она вернется около пяти. 6. Он видел, что она сидела в кресле и просматривала журналы. 7. Он не слышал,

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как его дочь вошла в комнату. 8. Вы слышали, как он говорит по-английски? 9. Когда я вошла в комнату, я увидела, что она писала письма. 10. Его мать хочет, чтобы он стал врачом. 11. Я не спала и слышала, как она вышла из комнаты. 12. Я не ожидала, что они вернутся так скоро. 13. Я не могу понять, что заставило его отказаться от этой поездки. 14. Она не ожидала, что мы примем участие в этой конференции. 15. Я надеюсь, это заставит вас подумать, как найти выход из этого положения. 16. Она пропустила много занятий по болезни. Но мы предполагаем, что она быстро догонит группу. 17. Все считают ее умной и трудолюбивой. 18. Мы любим, когда он нам рассказывает интересные истории о своих путешествиях.

Ex. 24. Translate into English using predicative constructions with the infinitive.

1. Этот дом, вероятно, будет построен в следующем месяце. 2. Предполагается, что на собрании выступит декан факультета. 3. Ее, кажется, очень хорошо обучили английскому языку. 4. Известно, что футбол — наиболее популярный вид спорта в Англии. 5. Вряд ли его спросят об этом. 6. Известно, что Московский университет был основан более 200 лет тому назад. 7. Она, наверное, напишет ему письмо. 8. Этот роман, кажется, переведен с французского. 9. Маловероятно, что они смогут достать билеты на этот спектакль. 10. Я слышала, что они спорили в соседней комнате, но когда я вошла туда, они замолчали. 11. Вряд ли они знают мой адрес. Они случайно заходили ко мне как-то с моим братом. Что заставляет вас думать, что они знают мой адрес? 12. Он наблюдал, как они торопливо шли по мосту по направлению к почте. 13. Всегда считалось, что русские леса богаты редкими породами пушных зверей. 14. Известно, что когда-то Британские острова были частью материка Европы. 15. Говорят, что они работают на Крайнем Севере с 1970 года. 16. Я слышала, как ребята шумели, когда их оставили одних в комнате. 17. Кажется, он очень пополнел за последнее время. Ему бы лучше соблюдать диету. 18. Вы, вероятно, придете проводить своего друга на станцию и помахать ему на прощание. Он будет рад вас видеть.

REVISIONEx. 1. State the form of the infinitive.1. They could hardly have been hidden on board. (A. Chr.) 2. I found that

he didn't seem to be taking in what I was saying. (A. Chr.) 3. I don't want to seem always to be criticizing your methods. (P. W.) 4. I tried to imagine what had happened to drive the poor creature to that step. (S. M.) 5. The most elderly member of the party threw up his arms in what appeared to be a defensive gesture. (F. F.) 6. Soames was reserved about his affairs, but he must be getting a very warm man. (Galsw.) 7. "Well, I must be going," he said after a short pause. (Galsw.) 8. It is most unlikely, I must have made a mistake. (A. Chr.) 9.

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"There is something to be done, but what," she said. (White) 10. Even though he never seemed to have nickel to his name, he managed better than the others. (W. S.) 11. He had brought his way through to knowing — what peoples' motives are and what means they are likely to resort to in order to attain their goals. (F. F.) 12. I should have liked to say something final but I could not think of anything, I just said that I must be getting along and with a curt nod left him. (S. M.) 13. She has written over thirty novels and her works are beginning to be adapted for television and film. (M. D.) 14. You seem to have had a rotten time in Paris. (S. M.) 15. She was supposed to be a nice girl. (M. D.) 16. It had been put there to be washed. (White) 17. I didn't expect my novel to sell more than twenty thousand copies. (F. F.)

Ex. 2. Define the function of the infinitive.1. I do not think it is necessary to insult Miss Elsa Hard's intelligence by

telling her. (A. Chr.) 2. He made a supreme effort to break it. (Galsw.) 3. To say that I had not resented this foul deed which seemed to me deserving the title of the crime of the century, would be paltering the truth. (P. W.) 4. He wished to give her every chance. (Galsw.) 5. To tell it is to live through it all again. (0. W.) 6. Hers was not a face to command instant attention or recognition. (A. Chr.) 7. To have taken the field openly against his rival, would have been madness. (W. I.) 8. I'm not running a cafeteria here you know, whatever some people seem to think. (M. D.) 9. You're supposed to play without ceasing. (J. Sal.) 10. She had seen two men start toward her from opposite sides. (F. F.) 11. But though danger had been there for some time it was never likely to get acute. (A. Chr.) 12. You're all supposed to be intelligent. (J. Sal.) 13. The big problems of life seemed to solve themselves. (F. F.) 14. He hadn't expected Strickland to take him up on the sport and make his preparations to go there and then. (S. M.) 15. He took time to get his cigarette lighted. (J. Sal.) 16. I saw him take forcible possession of her hand. (Steve.) 17. The boys downstairs were supposed to wait until we gave it to them. (M. D.)

Ex. 3. Point out and define the type of infinitive constructions in the following sentences.

1. I just don't seem to care about it any more. (A. Chr.) 2. Then, as he turned up the street that led to the residence district, Judy began to cry quietly to herself. He had never seen her cry before. (F. F.) 3. "Do you expect me never to go anywhere?" Jonquil demanded, leaning back against the sofa-pillows until she seemed to look at him from many miles away. (F. F.) 4. He was forced several times to sit down on a bench, when crossing the park. (Cron.) 5. It's wonderful how everything seems to turn out right for me. (A. Chr.) 6. A young man was reported to be... completely under the thumb of his mother. (A. Chr.) 7. I watched the engine come nearer. (E. H.) 8. The lady turned out to be nice, and the chrysanthemums were enormous and extraordinary beautiful. (F. F.) 9. I feel therefore, that the time has come for me to set down all I know of the affair in black and white. (A. Chr.) 10. It was the first time I had ever heard her laugh.

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(E. H.) 11. Mr. Renauld declared that he was not likely to use the car. (A. Chr.) 12. The question of our agreeing or not agreeing to her plan did not seem to occur to her mind. (A. Chr.) 13. A young Minnesotan who seemed to have had nothing to do with his generation did a heroic thing. (F. F.) 14. Is that a likely thing to happen? (A. Chr.) 15. They appeared to be wealthy people with a passion for everything connected with the stage. (A. Chr.) 16. When the time had come for him to wear good clothes, he had known who were the best tailors in America. (F. F.) 17. Bosinney didn't seem to hear. (Galsw.) 18. But best of all, take them along and then you're sure to be on the safe side. (A. Chr.)

Ex. 4. Insert the particle "to" where required.1. You would hardly ... believe it. (A. Chr.) 2. The inspector very kindly

allowed me ... accompany him to the Three Anchors. (A. Chr.) 3. He'd better not ... let me ... catch sight of him. (S. M.) 4. I can't ... tell you how I hate it when I go out and I can't ... give satisfaction, so ... speak. (A. Chr.) 5. I didn't see anyone, but I did hear the front-door bell ... ring once or twice. (P. W.) 6. My friend motioned for him ... come in. (E. H.) 7. "You should better ... shut up the shop," she said. (K. Man.) 8. I better ... go in first. I mean we wouldn't want ... come in. (F. F.) 9. I want you ... go away because I have let myself ... get fond of you. (A. Chr.) 10. But after all, that's life, and Jeremy had better ... find it out. (White) 11. Andrew dared not... meet his wife's eyes. (Cron.) 12. "You shouldn't have let him ... get away with that," she said. (F. F.) 13. She has made him ... play first fiddle to that woman. (F. F.) 14. What did I expect ... happen? 15. Only Mr. Pellet was supposed ... fill in the initials, because he liked ... be sure where everybody was. (M. D.) 16. She seemed ... be making very lame excuses and James did not look at her. (Galsw.) 17. Pat caught Leam's eye but Learn happened ... look away at the moment. (F. F.) 18. I watched; the shore... come closer. (E. H.)

Ex. 5. Translate into Russian paying attention to the function of the infinitive and predicative constructions with the infinitive.

1. This dog seems to have taken a fancy to you. (Galsw.) 2. He made up his mind to have another talk with Margot, and meanwhile he put the matter out of his head. (Cart.) 3. ...he would go there at once, and take very good care that he didn't have to go again on the same errand. (Galsw.) 4. It seems to be a very funny hobby for an elderly woman, doesn't it? (A. Chr.) 5. "I reckon people are about the same," he said, "wherever they happen to be." (White) 6. Mentally he appeared to exist on political abstractions. (White) 7. Mrs. Morel watched the sun sink from the glistening sky, leaving a soft flower-blue overhead. (Law.) 8. The vase was put in the cupboard to be shown to the curious until its wonder was forgotten. (White) 9. She appeared to be in high spirits and no one could have guessed that she had gone through a harassing experience. (S. M.) 10. To have approved his son's conduct in that crash was impossible. (Galsw.) 11. With his disinterested passion for art he had a real desire to pay-attention to a talent. (S. M.) 12. It is my duty to warn you that you run a great risk. (S. M.) 13. The

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new vicar had come from the East End and he couldn't be expected to fall in all at once. (S. M.) 14. ...they had a longing to get away from this painfulness, to get away quickly and go about their business and forget. (Galsw7.) 15. She brought her knees together firmly, as if to make herself a smaller unit. (J. Sal.) 16. Our host seems to be enjoying himself. (Rob.)

Ex. 6. Recast the following sentences so as to use subordinate clauses instead of constructions with the infinitive.

1. He saw a little elderly woman come towards him. 2. She suddenly observed Richard emerge from the drawing-room. 3. I hear the front door slam. 4. I believe him to have done nothing but harm. 5. "You seem to forget," she said, "that I am in a hurry." 6. Well, I can't seem to: find out exactly what happened... but I'm going to write about it as if it was ten times funnier than anything you've said. 7. She saw them build a fire. 8. ...yet her friends knew that she expected them to ask him to dinner at least once a year. 9. To our great surprise our visitor proved to be Mr. Green. 10. During the interminable moment she thought she heard loud voices downstairs—but she seemed to be indifferent. 11. It was supposed to be the only house left standing by the Spaniards when they shelled the place in fifteen hundred and something.

Ex. 7. Complete the following so as to use predicative constructions with the infinitive.

1. He appeared... . 2. Do you expect me... . 3. The teacher brought the article for... . 4. The translation proved too difficult for... . 5. When she went out with me she was supposed... . 6. "I absolutely agree," he was heard... . 7. It wasn't the sort of place he was likely... . 8. Have you got anything for me... ? 9. His novels happen... . 10. But a few moments later there was something for her... . 11. I'm sure you don't want him... . 12. He sat down quietly and allowed... . 13. I shall never forget the tactful patience with which he persuaded her... . 14. When we came back I made her... . 15. He would not permit me... . 16. Many highly trained workers are expected... . 17. No one must be allowed... . 18. There w'-as a dinner later and she was compelled... .

Ex. 8. Translate into English using predicative constructions with the infinitive.

1, Боссини сидел погруженный в свои печальные мысли и не заметил, что молодой Джолион смотрел на него. 2. Джо сделал вид, что он погружен в чтение газеты, когда увидел, что Амелия и Ребекка вошли в комнату. 3. Вполне вероятно, что она унаследовала характер своего отца. Она такая же добрая и отзывчивая. 4. Считается, что читать в оригинале романы Диккенса трудно. Только люди, владеющие английским языком, могут их оценить. 5. Дориан думал, что ничто не заставит его нарушить обещание, данное Сибилле Вейн. 6. Если он займется наукой, то, наверняка, станет хорошим ученым. 7. Если вам случится быть там снова, наведите справки. 8. Он не хочет, чтобы его приглашали туда. 9. Она не любит, когда ей задают вопросы. 10. Я хотел бы, чтобы меня спросили об

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этом.Ex. 9. Read the following dialogue and point out predicative

constructions with the infinitive in it. Make up your own dialogues using, predicative constructions with the infinitive.

DIALOGUENora: Robert, I'd like you to do something for me.Robert: (Irritably) Oh, 'what is it. Mum?Nora: I want you to make up the stove for my bath.Robert: But I'm busy. I'm doing my homework.Nora: Do you think I haven't got any work to do? Look at all these clothes I've

got to iron. Robert: Yes, but do you expect me to stop in the middle of what I'm writing?Nora: I can't make you help me if you don't want to; but I've seldom know you

take so much interest in your homework. I only asked you to help me for a minute. I don't like my boys to be disagreeable.

Harry: Robert, do I understand you to say you refuse to help your mother? You oughtn't even to wait for her to ask you. I've been watching you "do your work", as you call it. Looking out of the window half the time! Let me tell you, young man, you need some real work to do. Never mind, Nora, let me help you.

Nora: Thank you, Harry. I'd just like the stove to be made up for me to have a bath. I haven't got used to this kind of stove yet — you understand it better. Harry: Oh yes. I'll soon get the water to boil. Where's the coal? (He shovels some coal into the stove) ... There, my boy, that didn't take me long to do, did it?

Robert: No, Dad, but I advise you to have another look inside the stove before you sit down again, I think the fire was out.

Harry: (Opening front of stove) Good heavens, so it was. Well, you're jolly well going to relight it, Robert. I refuse to.

Dual-Channel Exercises to Meet the Parkers, Tartu, 1965Ex. 10. Translate into English using the required form of the infinitive. 1.Строить планы на лето – приятное занятие. Я хочу, чтобы моя

семья провела отпуск на Кавказе, на берегу Черного моря. Несомненно, нам это очень понравится. 2. Ей ничего не оставалось сделать, как рассказать нам правду. 3. Кажется, они ничего не сделали, чтобы изменить ситуацию. 4. Вряд ли он написал эту контрольную хорошо. Говорят, что он пропустил много занятий. Хотя я считаю его способным студентом, эта тема слишком трудна, чтобы овладеть ею без достаточной тренировки. 5. Известно, что этот красивый мост был построен еще в середине прошлого века. 6. На нее приятно смотреть, когда она играет с детьми. 7. Ничто не могло его заставить изменить точку зрения, если он считал, что он прав. 8. Вам бы лучше принять это лекарство от насморка. 9. Он почувствовал, как его сердце забилось от радости. Он так давно хотел приобрести эту книгу.

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10. Он первым сыграл эту роль в театре, и все нашли, что его игра превосходна. 11. Главное, что мы должны сделать – это не забыть спросить их мнение об этой поездке. 12. Он оказался большим знатоком оперного искусства. 13. Почему бы не попытаться попасть на этот спектакль? Вероятно, у входа будут продаваться лишние билеты. 14. Мы рады, что познакомились с достопримечательностями этого города. Нам было очень интересно узнать его историю. 15. Вот физические упражнения, которые помогут вам похудеть. 16. Я это говорю, чтобы вы правильно поняли мое поведение вчера. 17. У меня нет времени, чтобы пойти в парикмахерскую уложить волосы. 18. Этот рассказ слишком труден, чтобы он смог перевести его на немецкий без словаря.

Ex. 11. Translate into English using the required form of the infinitive. 1. Кажется, он отказался от плохой привычки читать во время еды. 2.

Вам необходимо придерживаться диеты. Если вы хотите похудеть. 3. Видели, как шофер остановил машину около нашего дома. Но никто не видел, как Майкл сел в машину и уехал. 4. Девушка заставила их подать друг другу руки и обещать забыть ссору. 5. Я рад, что победил в шахматном чемпионате нашего института. 6.Единственный выход из этого положения – это регулярно заниматься спортом. Иначе ваш ребенок будет болеть постоянно. 7. Аня первой догадалась, что нужно делать в данной обстановке, если мы хотим добиться успеха. 8. Он не тот спортсмен, кто мог бы победить в мировом чемпионате. 9. Мы ожидали, что в этом озере много рыбы, и надеялись, что у нас будет хорошая рыбалка. 10. Я не настолько хорошо его знаю, чтобы просить у него совета. 11. Они слишком заняты на конференции сейчас, чтобы поехать на экскурсию. Нам надо бы согласовать время этой поездки заранее. 12. Его словам трудно поверить. 13. Известно, что многие люди поправили свое здоровье на этом курорте. Почему бы не поехать туда? 14. Почему бы не купить эту картину? Кажется, она стоит 200 рублей. 15. Говорят, что в этой библиотеке богатый выбор различных книг. 16. Тебе бы лучше держаться подальше от этого человека: он кажется очень хитрым и неискренним. 17. Вряд ли последняя книга этого писателя привлекла внимание читателей. Никто не знал даже, что она переведена на русский язык. 18. Она была удивлена, что не застала сестру дома. Вряд ли она забыла, что пригласила Джоан именно в это время. Должно быть произошло что-нибудь неожиданное. 19. Мне нечего вам сказать в свою защиту. Да, я действительно отказался выполнять эту работу, так как считал ее пустой тратой времени. 20. Нам бы лучше узнать друг друга поближе. 21. Если вам случится посетить этот город, обязательно сходите в картинную галерею. Вам несомненно понравятся картины, которые выставлены там.

THE GERUND

Ttansitive verbs have four forms of the gerund:

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Indefinite Passive writing being written Perfect Perfect Passive having written having been written Intransitive verbs have no passive forms: Indefinite Passive standing ---------- Perfect Perfect Passive having stood ----------

* She is tired of asking questions.* She is tired of having asked too many questions.* She is tired of being asked many questions.* She is tired of having been asked too many questions.

The Indefinite form expresses simultaneous or posterior actions with regard to the finite form of the verb.

* He tells told me of his writing a report. will tell

The Perfect form expresses prior actions which took place in the past.

* I am surprized at his having put so much weight.

However a prior action is not always expressed by the perfect form of the Gerund , in some cases we find the indefinite form of the Gerund instead of the perfect form though the action refers to the past.

It occurs after the verbs: to remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank after the prepositions:on, upon, after, without

* I don`t remember hearing this story before.* You must exuse my not answering your letter.* I thank you for helping me yesterday.* On leaving the house we directed our steps to the post - office.* After walking about ten yards he found his hat.* She went away without saying good -bye.

It is to be observed that after the verbs: to want, to deserve, to require, to need and

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the adjective worth the Gerund is used in the active form though it is passive in its meaning.

* His room needed painting.* The child deserves punishing.* They were not worth saving. * The car wants repairing.

The Gerund the same as the Infinitive combines the characteristics of the verb with those of the noun.

Verbal features: tense and voice forms, can take a direct object, can be modified by an adverb.

Nominal features: can be used with a preposition (after writing, by writing, before writing). Most of the syntactical functions strongly remind us of the noun because the gerund can be the subject and the object of the sentence. Can be modified by a possessive pronoun or a noun in the possessive case.The relations in this case are predicative. Compare: His reading (the verbal noun) has improved . His reading (the gerund) this letter was a mistake.

FUNCTIONS OF THE GERUND IN THE SENTENCE

The Subject 1. no useit is useless doing smth was no good

* It is no use crying. Бесполезно плакать.* It was no good objecting. Возражать не имело смысла.

2.There is no doing smth was

* There was no going back. Назад пути не было.* There is no hiding these facts. Эти факты не спрячешь.

3. does smth Doing sth did smth

will do smth would do smth

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* Crying will do no good. * Reading love stories made her cry.

The Predicative

1. The main thing

Smb`s wish job is / was doing smth duty * The main thing is getting there in time.

2.to feel like ( up to ) to be for / against doing smth

* I don`t feel like walking.* Are you against staying here?

The Direct Object

(can) avoid (can) afford (can) stand (can) help

need want doing smth

to be worth to be busy

to mind to like to love to hate

* I couldn`t avoid speaking to her.* The coat needs / wants pressing.* The film is worth seeing.* Do you mind staying here?

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The Prepositional Object

to think to suspect smbto accuse ofto be afraid

to object toto be used

to succeed in doing smthto be engaged being done having done smth to insist on having been done to depend

to apologizeto be grateful forto be responsibleto thank smbto blame smb

to be clever atto prevent smb from

* He is responsible for keeping the place in order.* She insisted on being treated as a grown woman.

The Attribute

intention apology harm astonishment plan capacity skill disappointment sense passion interest delight purpose of reason for use in pleasure at idea reputation point surprise habit talent difficulty way excuse experience fantasy about opportunity gift thought objection to

* He had the habit of being very strict.* Have you got any reason for saying such a thing.* There is little point in doing it.

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The Adverbial Modifier

1. of Time after prepositions: after, before, at, in, on (upon), since

* I hesitated before entering the room.* After saying this he left the room.* For the first time since entering the room I looked around.

2. of Cause (Reason) after prepositions: for, through, owing to, because of

* Excuse me for being so late. * He caught cold through getting his feet wet.

3. of Manner after prepositions: by * He improved his article by changing the end.

4. of Attendant circumstances after prepositions: besides, instead of, without

* Besides being clever, he is very industrious.* Instead of writing the letter himself he asked his friend to do it.* He left the room without waiting for a reply.

5. of Purpose Note: The gerund in this function is mainly used in the official

language. after prepositions: for, for the purpose of, with a view to

* He gave these instructions with a view to speeding up the shipment of goods. * The Commission has been established for the purpose of settling disputes between the organizations. 6. of Condition after prepositions:

without, in case of, in the event of

* In case of being asked he should tell the truth. * You will never speak good English without learning grammar. * In the event of being ordered to two ports of loading the steamer will not

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arrive at the port of discharge before September 15.

7. of Concession after prepositions: in spite of * In spite of being disturbed late at night, Rod fell asleep again.

Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate

to begin start go on doing smth keep continue stop

* He kept looking at me.* The trams have stopped working.

THE GERUNDIAL COMPLEX

The gerund can have a subject of its own different from that of the sentence. (Compare : I insist on doing it . - I insist on your doing it). In this case the gerund and its subject form a construction called the gerundial complex. The relations between the elements are predicative. The first element of the complex may be expressed in a number of ways: by a noun in the common case, a noun in the possessive case, a pronoun in the objective case, a possessive pronoun.

girl ` s girl doing smthmy being done me

The gerundial complex has practically the same syntactical functions as the gerund:

The Subject 1. no useit is useless smb `s doing smth was no good

* It is useless your going there. 2. does smth

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Smb ` s doing smth did smth will do smth would do smth

* His saying this made all the difference.

The Predicative

1. The main thing

Smb`s wish job is / was smb ` s doing smth duty * The main thing is his getting there in time.

2.to feel like ( up to ) to be for / against smb ` s doing smth

* I am against your going there alone.

The Direct Object

(can) avoid (can) afford (can) stand (can) help smb `s doing smth to mind to like to love to hate

* I can ` t help his making mistakes. * Do you mind my waiting here?

The Prepositional Object

to think of to be afraid

to object toto be used

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to insist on smb ` s doing smth to depend

to apologizeto be grateful forto be responsible

* Much depends on your taking the job.

The Attribute

intention apology harm astonishment plan capacity skill disappointment sense passion interest delight purpose of reason for use in pleasure at idea reputation point surprise habit talent difficulty way excuse experience fantasy about opportunity gift thought objection to

* There is little harm in his doing it.* I had no idea of your being here.

The Adverbial Modifier onafter beforeby smb ` s doing smth throughbecause ofwithout

* All that was after their leaving the place.

Gerund and Verbal Noun Gerund Verbal Noun

1. Has a double nature (noun + verb). 1. Has only nominal characteristics

2. Has tense and voice forms. 2. ------------

* being done, having done

3. It isn`t used with articles. 3. May be used with articles

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* the daily talkings

4. Can`t have the plural form. 4. May be used in the Plural form.* sayings

5. May be modified by an adverb. 5. May be modified by an * reading fast adjective, a demonstrative or indefinite pronoun. * bright sayings * these sayings

* some sayings6. Can be part of an aspective verbal 6. --------------- predicate following the verbs: to begin, to stop, to go on, to keep, to continue. * begin reading7. ------------------- 7. Can be followed by a prepositional phrase in an attributive function * writing of the letter

Ex. 1. State the form of the gerund.1. When I had asked him what first gave him the idea of being a painter,

he was unable or unwilling to tell me. (S. M.) 2. We happened then to cross the street and the traffic prevented us from speaking. (S. M.) 3. I know you dislike being aroused early, but it is nine o'clock. Pagget insists on regarding 9 a. m. as practically the middle of the day. (A. Chr.) 4. The world is a fine place and worth fighting for. (E. H.) 5. He was accustomed to having all his thoughts sifted through his mother's mind. (St. L.) 6. I see, Mr. Clarke, that you are if I may say so without being offensive — still a boy at heart. (A. Chr.) 7. I can't explain, but having done it just once is enough. (A. H.) 8. After fifteen minutes she located a physician who sounded angry and sulky at being called out of bed. (F. F.) 9. Mrs. Harter couldn't help smiling at him. (A. Chr.) 10. The cook left, having heard that she could earn three times her present wages in London, without being obliged to prepare more than two dinners in the week... (P. W.) 11. He had never committed the imprudence of marrying, or encumbering himself in any way with children. (Galsw.) 12. And as though in the habit of taking each other home every night they went out. (Galsw.) 13. He reproached me for not being foresighted enough to bring a picnic lunch. (Am. St.) 14. I didn't at all like the prospect of having to break the bad news to him. (P. W.) 15. It was not until the crowd had cleared away a bit that we got a chance of having a word together. (P. W.) 16. ...when she took a thing into her head there was no stopping her. (Galsw.) 17. "I don't see anything funny about a child being hurt!"

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She said in a trembling voice. (F. F.) 18. There was something in his personality which prevented him from being dull. (S. M.) 19. Almost without meaning to she put one of her own hands into his hand. (S. M.)

Ex. 2. Use the. gerund in the active or passive voice (non-perfect form) instead of the infinitive in brackets.

1. Mr. Davidson has a wonderful heart and no one who is in trouble has ever gone to him without (to comfort). (S. M.) 2. I eat very little myself, but I make a point of (to have) a proper dinner served to me every night. (S. M.) 3. "I wanted to see you," I said and now I was anxious just to avoid (to look) at her and to collect my wits. (S. M.) 4. 1 think he was a little ashamed of (to be) so successful. (S. M.) 5. This was an appeal to which Eleonor was incapable of (to turn) a deaf ear. (S. M.) 6. We were in the habit of (to bathe) at a beach called the Baths of Liberius. (S. M.) 7. Worst of all, he had no hope of (to shake) her resolution. (Galsw.) 8. ...I hated thus (to deprive) oi the sweetness of youth. (O'Hara) 9. Never had he felt George's presence without the sense of being laughed at. (Galsw.)

Ex. 3. Use the gerund in the perfect or non-perfect form instead of the infinitive in brackets.

1. Without (to ask) his advice I have taken an important step. 2. My sister usually stopped (to read) when there was something terrible in the story. 3. He disliked (to run) the whole department. 4. He spoke with an air of (to work) this out accurately. (White) 5. On behalf of my wife and myself we thank you for (to be) with us on this joyous occasion. (H. R.) 6. Miss Marple had been shown every antique piece of furniture that contained or could be suspected of (to contain) a secret drawer. (A. Chr.) 7. (to hear) them talk about bathing made me want to bathe too. (A. Chr.) 8. That charming lady is capable of (to tell) any lie to her advantage, with the most childlike candor. (A. Chr.) 9. People had grown tired of (to say) that the "Disunion" was on its last legs. (Galsw.) 10. I think I am correct in (to say) that they have remained in the safe. (A. Chr.) 11. He remembered (to meet) her in the park. (Kipling) 12. Mr. Kosak is tired of (to give) us credit. (W. S.) 13, I remember (to read) about it in one of the historical novels ... (P. W.) 14. (to picnic) with Jan was better than a feast with anyone else. (Cus.) 15. He knew, but he had no intention of (to reveal) the fact. (A. Chr.) 16. He never spoke of (to have) any relations. (A. Chr.) 17. He gave no sign of (to hear) them. (S. M.) 18. They hate her for (to get away) with it. (Am. St.)

Ex. 4. Use the gerund in the required form instead of the infinitive in brackets.

1. Gil Tullock was never tired of (to look) at his wife. (White) 2. I wasn't keen on (to wash) this kind of dirty linen in public. (J. Sh.) 3. He'll be afraid of (to think) ungrateful. (Galsw.) 4. ...he came back to town in a poor way, and went about with pathetic attempts at.(to make) 'the best of a bad job. (Galsw.) 5. The clothes were washed elsewhere: in here they were but aired before (to put

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on). (Galsw.) 6. Warren wants me to go home and give up the idea of (to go) on the stage. (I. M.) 7. They would send out for coffee and sandwiches, and after they had finished (to eat), it would be around seven o'clock. (I. M.) 8. Here, they felt, was someone worth (to take) a little trouble over. (S. M.) 9. He was so young, so gay, he laughed so merrily at other people's jokes that no one could help (to like) him. (S. M.) 10. I beg the House's pardon for (to be) so long in (to fulfil) my task. (Galsw.) 11. I seem honoured in (to permit) to draw the attention of all the parties to this. (Galsw.) 12. "I, Mrs. Michael Mont, withdraw" the words concerning Miss Marjorie Ferrar contained in my letters... and hereby tender a full and free apology for (to write) them." (Galsw.) 13. After (to mourn) for her so many years it is time that you once more enjoyed life. (A. Chr.) 14. ...Mrs. Soudamore… hesitated before (to kiss) her daughter good-bye. (P. W.) 15. Martin Eden never looked at him without (to experience) a sense of repulsion. (J. L.) 16. And ever since she's been haunted by what she did. I can't help (to feel) sorry for her. (A. Chr.) 17. Thank you for (to look) in on me. (H. R.) 18. I remember (to go) to the British Museum one day to read up the treatment for some slight ailment. (J. K. J.) 19. Soames had the peculiar feeling of (to overdo) his own honesty. (Galsw.)

Ex. 5. Translate into Russian paying attention to the form of the gerund.1. ...he spoke of being back by morning. (A. Chr.) 2. One minute he had

the sense of being a trespasser. (F. F.) 3. He had practically given up sleeping, save on short vacations deliberately concentrated to simple pleasures. (F. F.) 4. Peter Himmel, escort to the lovely Edith, was unaccustomed to being snubbed, having been snubbed, he was hurt and embarrassed, and ashamed of himself. (F. F.) 5. I insisted on all relations with the Klausners being broken off... (Am. St.) 6. ...the only thing that kept me from being really frightened was the conviction that Hugh would not become violent... (Am. St.) 7. The whole time I was conscious of being surrounded by a network of intrigue... (A. Chr.) 8. He had no intention of taking George any further into his confidence. (A. Chr.) 9. Hayson was by way of being interested in antiquarian matters and he talked to us with a great deal of energy and enthusiasm. (A. Chr.) 10. I ...present my apologies for leaving so soon. (H. R.) 11. He had keen blue eyes and a natural gift of pleasing people... (F. F.) 12. She had a happy kna,ck of looking very busy about doing nothing. (M. D.) 13. It involved supervising" all incoming flights in the west quadrant. (A. H.) 14. I remember riding on top of a taxicab along deserted Fifth Avenue... (F. F.)

Ex. 6. Define the function of the gerund.1. Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. (Proverb) 2. In

spite of myself I could not help smiling-(A. Chr.) 3. In the silence he began humming once again. (A. H.) 4. I always enjoy exercising my ingenuity. (A. Chr.) 5. Old Jolyon came out of Lord's cricket ground that same afternoon with the intention of going home. (Galsw.) 6. On hearing the tragic news, she fell at once into an alarming state of agitation. (A. Chr.) 7. You do not know how I

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suffer; all last night I could not sleep for thinking of your peril. (Steve.) 8. I'm thinking of travelling there by train in future. (A. H.) 9. He spared no pains in trying to see all and sundry who might be of use to him. (Dr.) 10. "William," Elizabeth said, "would you mind telling my brother w4iat instructions Mr. Lozier gave you?" (Am. St.) 11. Another election! Could he stand a second time without showing his true colours? (Galsw.) 12. It's no use crying over spilt milk. (Proverb) 13. Billy O'Brien... started writing dramatic criticism for little reviews. (Л1. S.) 14. I just don't like getting mixed up in this thing. (Am. St.) 15. There was a reason for not doing so; a secret he had shared with no one, not even Natalie, his wife. (A. H.) 16. It was, she supposed, Henet's way of amusing herself. (A. Chr.) 17. Why have you come to me before going to her? (A. Chr.) 18. What d'you mean by saying that you're my nephew? (A. Chr.) 19. The children woke soon and began chattering and playing in the bed. (M. S.)

Ex. 7. Define the type of the adverbial modifier expressed by the gerund.1. It did not look as if it would be cleared until the next mealtime and

perhaps not even then; if room could be made by pushing the dirty plates aside. (M. D.) 2. Baydz and his father entered the room. They looked at each other without speaking. (H. R.) 3. He was overwhelmingly generous, and his generosity was of that rare and excellent kind which makes you feel as if you are doing... a favour by accepting it. (Am. St.) 4. Without giving myself time to reflect, I walked straight to the house... (A. Chr.) 5. Instead of worrying he took a deep breath of the crisp air ... (F. F.) 6. When a little while ago, my publisher expressed a wish to reissue it (a novel), I felt that, before consenting to this, I really should read it again. (S. M.) 7. The rain poured down without ceasing. (S. M.) 8. Ede had obtained Billy's teddy-bear by pulling it forcibly from his arms... (F. F.) 9. This morning, the old servant Francoise, on descending to start her work, found the front door ajar. (A. Chr.) 10. You never realize that by lying back in an armchair, with the eyes closed, one can come nearer to the solution of any problem. (A. Chr.) 11. Without much searching, I found an apartment on the fifth floor. (S. M.) 12. Well, doubtless we'll come across that in looking through Captain Trevelyan's papers. (A. Chr.) 13. That was soon established, by comparing it with the memorandum from the desk. (A. Chr.) 14. Sometimes Liza fell into light doze and Jim would keep very still for fear of waking her. (S. M.)

Ex. 8. Translate into Russian paying attention to the function of the gerund.

1. George, on hearing the story, grinned. (Galsw.) 2. From all I can learn, he's got no business, no income, and no connection worth speaking. (Galsw.) 3. But afraid of losing the expansion of his chest, he leaned back again into a state of immobility. (Galsw.) 4. "My wife, Doctor," Ben Ezra's voice was frightened. "She stopped breathing." (H. R.) 5. Without blotting the letter, he re-read it carefully. (A. Chr.) 6. Glancing back over his shoulder he saw the girl had calmly resumed her weeding. (A. Chr.) 7. Serves him right for sticking at the

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price. (Proverb) 8. We worked without ceasing, day and night and we seemed to make no progress. (S. M.) 9.. Gossip spread fast enough without helping it actively. (A. H.) 10. Do I not tell them so without ceasing? (A. Chr.) 11. I do so love doing things on the spur of the moment, don't you? (A. Chr.) 12. The children began running up and down the platform, playing games of their own making. (Shute) 13. That was when they started seeing each other. (A. H.) 14. But you see I do so hate being unhappy. (A. Chr.)

Ex. 9. Point out verbal, noun and adverbial characteristics of the gerund in the following sentences.

1. He lifted his head, but still without looking at me, his huge hands were clenched into fists. (Banks) 2. I wonder at Jolyon's allowing the engagement. (Galsw.) 3. It was ridiculous to think of going back there. (Banks) 4. But to my intense surprise, on getting down early the next morning, and eagerly opening the newspapers, there was not a word about the arrest! (A. Chr.) 5. I felt quite calm again, as divorced from my own immediate problems as if I were coming out after seeing a particularly absorbing film. (Banks) 6. I bent again to smell the bushy spikes, but Father stopped me by stooping quickly and snapping one off to give me. (Banks) 7. I wondered if I should apologise for never having called her back. (St. L.) 8. She never tired of praising his beauty. (S. M.) 9. I don't remember leaving the club, but I remember being in a taxi and saying: "Toby, I'll pay for this," and him saying: "This is my party..." (Banks) 10. The effort of getting up the third and fourth flights, which I tried to manage in one go, muddled me somehow. (Banks) 11... .she was not used to being kept waiting... (S. M.) 12. Nobody ever thought of making them at home. (K. Man.) 13. She began looking, rather hopelessly, at the names wandering whether one of them would recall something... . (S. M.) 14. He insisted on coming downstairs with her and putting her into a cab. (S. M.) 15. He was tempted by the idea of having a flat of his own, but it was out of the question... . (S. M.)

Ex. 10. Insert prepositions where necessary.1. What was the use ... keeping half a dozen servants eating their heads

off. (Galsw.) 2. That would have been much the easiest way ... doing it, he agreed. (A. Chr.) 3. He was a little hesitant about his reason ... -wanting to get away so badly. (Shute) 4. Yet, ironically, there was seldom any difficulty ... getting money for non-operational improvements. (A. H.) 5. You see a definite reason ... going down to Hand-borough? (A. Chr.) 6. Either complete frankness, or complete ignoring—and that meant ... living with the sword of Damocles above his head. (Galsw.) 7. I am not in the habit ... letting my judgement be influenced, as you call it, Hastings. (A. Chr.) 8. Her voice had become thrill; Ralph spoke in the hope ... restraining it. (Am. St.) 9. You can't tell how a man's feeling just ... looking at him. (P. W.) 10. He was possessed with a wild notion ... rushing out into the streets and taking a train to Detroit. (F. F.) 11. Certain people, you see, have a gift ... seeing things in a crystal. (A. Chr.) 12. She gave the impression ... being frail, innocent and very young. (I. Sh.) 13.

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"You haven't thanked me yet ... saving your life," I said with false sweetness. (A. Chr.) 14. "Roger!" cried Gretchen. "What d'you mean ... talking like that?" (F. F.) 15. Naturally he wears glasses to conceal his eyes, and is an invalid since he does not want to run the risk ... meeting Ridgeway. (A. Chr.) 16. She did not make a mistake ... fixing the night of Madame Daubrenil's visit. (A. Chr.) 17. In the afternoon she was overtaken by a desperate fit ... sobbing. (Galsw.) 18. I never did succeed ... teaching her to drive. (St. L.) 19. The man insisted ... shaking hands enthusiastically. (F. F.) 20. We shoveled out at the risk ... getting frostbite and sore muscles. (Am. St.)

Ex. 11. Complete the following using the gerund a) as subject or predicative:1. There's no use... . 2. It was useless... . 3. It would be no good... . 4. Is it

worth while... ? 5. ... is more difficult than swimming. 6. His ambition was... . 7. He had an exaggerated opinion of his capabilities. There was... it. 8. Her aim is... .

b) as a part of a compound verbal predicate:1. His temper kept... . 2. Doctor Flegg began... . 3. He kept... . 4. Now I

will go on... . 5. Author started... . 6. All the time he was talking to me I went on... . 7. The officer finished... . 8. Suddenly he darted and began ... . 9. In the silence he started... . 10. He immediately stopped... . 11. When a ship goes down off their coast they cannot help... . 12. Her laughter was so infectious that I could not help... . 13. In spite of myself I could not help... . 14. She just continued... .

c) as a non-prepositional object:1. Mel was aware that he disliked... . 2. He had practically given up... . 3.

Her mother mentioned... . 4. I hate... . 5. I distinctly remember... . 6. It involved... . 7. She would have enjoyed... . 8. Would you mind.... 9. He lost his mother at a young age and he badly needs... . 10. I don't mind... . 11. Presently he suggested... .

d) as a prepositional object:1. George wrote that he could not think of... . 2. Presently we were talking

about... . 3. But that won't prevent you from ... . 4. You would tell me anything to keep me from... . 5. Thank you for... . 6. They persisted on... . 7. You haven't thanked me yet for... . 8. He knew how to flatter her father into... . 9. He has not succeeded in... . 10. She was counting on... . 11. I could barely restrain myself from... .12. Again they looked at each other sulkily this time, as if each suspected the other of... . 13. He insists on... . 14. My sister was never tired of... . 15. I was looking forward to... . 16. You are quite sure about... . 17. You are fond of... . 18. I'm good at... . 19. Ann was aware of... .

e) as an attribute:1. I have really had no intention of... . 2. She has planned a way of... . 3.

He had some vague scheme of... . 4. It was clear the dog had no intention of... . 5. She gave the impression of... . 6. Not much in the habit of... . 7. The Captain had the reputation of.'.. . 8. He had an opportunity of... . 9. I found the cause of...

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. 10. It occurred to me that there was an easy way of... . 11. He was possessed with a wild notion of... . 12. There was a reason for not... . 13. Ralph spoke in the hope of... . 14. I had, of course, no means of... . 15. With him there, she stood a better chance of... . 16. He described the methods of... . 17. I have the idea of... . 18. I got the knack of... . 19. This gave him a sense of... .

f) as an adverbial modifier:1. We worked without... . 2. You're trying to fight me inspite of... . 3. It

would have been impossible to reach it without... . 4. He had to go there himself inspite of ... . 5. He jumped to his feet and muttered an apology without... . 6. The pupil answered without... . 7. Yesterday he had closed out the greatest problem of his life by... . 8. It could be made by... . 9. They looked at each other without... . 10. We are in dreadful danger and you share it by... .11. She did not make a mistake because of... . 12. I shocked them by... . 13. She finished up by... . 14. He proved it by... . 15. He lit a cigarette before... . 16. She went there immediately on....

Ex. 12. State whether the -ing-form is the gerund or the verbal noun. Give your reasons.

1. Liza was able to make her own living by working at a factory. (S. M.) 2. When I imagined that on seeing his pictures I should get a clue to the understanding of his strange character I was mistaken. (S. M.) 3. He could feel that he •was very close to a beginning of some sort, but he couldn't tell what sort it would be. (W. S.) 4. Helen doesn't jib at the washing-up and Dong is so handy on the boat. (P. W.) 5. He translated quite mechanically, without paying attention to the words as he wrote them one after the other. (S. M.) 6. It was everywhere perfectly still, save for the rustling of leaves and birds. (J. L.) 7. But the most striking thing about him was the feeling he gave you of suppressed fire. (S. M.) 8. You stay here, my man. No slipping off to warn your master. (A. Chr.) 9. ...he hadn't time for worrying about the weather. (F. F.) 10. The diary is useful for recording the idiosyncrasies of other people — but not one's own. (A. Chr.) 11.1 didn't at all like the prospect of having to break the bad news to him. (P. W.)

Ex. 13. Recast the following sentences with the gerund so as to use complex sentences.

1. In giving his friend a wrong address I knew he was perhaps playing a trick on him. 2. She looked through the photographs again before putting them back. 3. But by now, after having passed through the ordeal so many times, she had acquired a certain nonchalance. 4. On hearing the tragic news, she fell at once into an alarming state of agitation. 5. On receiving her letter, I changed my mind. 6. He lit a cigarette for himself before answering. 7. After telling her, Mrs. Benson had spoken of the house in the strictest confidence to Mrs. Green. 8. Why have you come to me before going to her? 9. Why do you insist on going to the cinema? 10. Before starting we had sent a telegram to our friends giving them the time of our arrival in Leningrad. 11. After calling to enquire after the

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girl he returned home with a feeling of having been betrayed.Ex. 14. Recast the following sentences so as to use constructions with the

gerund instead of subordinate clauses. Insert prepositions wherever necessary.1. I reflected that I had seen him only once. 2. When I reached Leningrad

I found waiting for me an urgent request that I should go to my mother's place. 3. I called on my friends before I left. 4. When I left Moscow I corresponded with him. 5. And when you start a thing like that you don't know7 what you're letting yourself in for. 6. When she had turned the last page she decided that she would read the book again. 7. She was a trifle out of breath when she came to the third landing. 8. When Eva reached the restaurant she found that she \vas the last to arrive. 9. When Clare had had a cup of coffee and her bath... she began to feel much more herself. 10. When she had taken off her theatrical make-up she looked old and tired. 11. I suddenly remembered that I had seen that film.

Ex. 15. Make up sentences using the following constructions with the gerund.

1. could not help smiling; 2. on hearing the news; 3. the habit of reading in bed; 4. a chance of speaking to her; 5. avoided looking at her; 6. without saying good-bye; 7. grew "tired of repeating; 8. remembered reading; 9. had no intention of going; 10. gave up the idea of going; 11. worth taking a little trouble over; 12. instead of reading; 13. on the point of bursting into tears; 14. give up smoking; 15. after telling her (him); 16. would you mind my showing; 17. what do you mean by saying; 18. before answering; 19. serves him right for being; 20. forgive me for being

Ex. 16. Make up questions using the gerund after the following words or word combinations. Let your fellow students answer them.

1. to be worth; 2. to mind; 3. to insist on; 4. to prevent from; 5. the idea of; 6. instead of; 7. can't help; 8. to be tired of; 9. to give up; 10. to suggest; 11. to get used to; 12. to take advantage of; 13. the chance of; 14. to object to; 15. to be aware of; 16. to be fond of; 17. to be surprised at; 18. to feel like; 19. to think of; 20. to thank for

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PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS (COMPLEXES) WITH THE GERUND

Ex. 1. Point out predicative constructions with the gerund in the following sentences and define their functions.

1. I hate the idea of Larry making such a mess of his life. (S. M.) 2. Later, in the night, I was awakened by the sound of someone moving softly about the room. (A. Chr.) 3. Do you think there is much chance of one seeing him again? (A. Chr.) 4. Well, it was the same fellow. And do you remember me saying that I was sure I had seen him somewhere before? (P. W.) 5. "Will you pav anv attention if I forbid you to go?" "No, darling," I said, "none." Then she said, "That's what I imagined. In that case there doesn't seem to be much point in my forbidding it." (S. M.) 6. What can be the possible use of Larry's learning dead languages? (S. M.) 7. Jane bit her lip till the blood came, and walked back to her seat without another word, but she couldn't help the tears of rage rolling down her face. (Galsw.) 8. "Well," he said, "I couldn't help Irene's having no money." (Galsw) 9. He had called there three times now without her being able to see him. (Galsw.) 10. His having come home so late has caused her much anxiety. (Cus.) 11. I'm afraid just at first he'll be rather lonely and I shall feel more comfortable if I can count on your keeping an eye on him. (S. M.) 12. I shan't mind its coming out a hundred or so over the, mark. (Galsw.)

Ex. 2. Define the structure of predicative constructions with the gerund in the following sentences.

1. The blood returned to Michael's heart. Curious how he had dreaded its having anything to do with her. (Galsw.) 2. Arthur was proud of his unselfishness, and Miriam added to her family duties the job of trying to prevent her mother imping more than necessary on her husband's ordered life. (M. D.) 3. Nothing keeps me going but the sight of other people spending money. (Galsw.) 4. Fancy her wanting to know what was troubling him! (Galsw.) 5. I shall want you lying on your face just here with your elbows on the ground and your head up. (Galsw.) 6. The entrance of the manager was marked by Sir Lawrence's monocle dropping on to his coat-button with a tinkle. (Galsw.) 7. Whatever she thought about his being at the station with her mother, and Louise could not help wondering what she thought, she did not show it. (M. D.) 8. "It's due to the pancreas, they say. That's a thing that lays under your stomach like a fish under a stone." He cleared his throat, looked at Louise and added, "If you'll excuse my mentioning it." (M. D.) 9. What reason is there to suppose that our bumps of benevolence will increase in time to stop our using these great new toys of destruction, Michael! (Galsw.) 10. ...the ordinary public will take your Marquesan seriously, and resent your making him superior to themselves. (Galsw.) 11. The sight of her mother dabbing gently with a mop annoyed Miriam... (M. D.) 12. He did not recollect such a thing having happened to him before. (Galsw.)

Ex. 3. Use the gerund in the required form as the second part of the

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predicative constructions with the gerund.1. He had declared that his stepfather would not hear of his (to marry) a

penniless girl. (A. Chr.) 2. I remember your father, Mr. James, (to come) into the office the morning the Franco-Prussian war was declared — quite in his prime then, hardly more than sixty, I should say. (Galsw.) 3. The whole place is in a bustle, and the chances of one particular person (to notice) telephoning or getting into the express are very small indeed. (A. Chr.) 4. There was no point, however, in Eva (to discuss) the play with her, since Louise thought it a sordid and unreal concoction and could not see what all the fuss was about. (M. D.) 5. My friend, Doctor Sheppard, said something of the butler (to suspect)? (A. Chr.) 6. He had a superstitious fear that if even one day passed without his (to add) to the book he would lose himself again in that drab labyrinth of un-doing. (Banks) 7. There's no sense in your (to agonize) over me. I'm all right, do you hear? I just want to be left alone to run my own life without the family (to butt) in all the time. (M. D.) 8. I had reached this point in my meditations, when I was aroused by the sound of the door (to open). (P. W.) 9. Ann did not mind her (to come) to see the baby, but she would not let her help with it. (M. D.) 10. They told me all about his (to be) there, and the questions he had asked. (A. Chr.) 11.1 must beg, that in the case of my (to be able) to contribute something to the solution of the mystery, my name may not be mentioned. (A. Chr.) 12. I'm tired of people (to have) to be kind to me. (M. D.) 13. I'm eight years older than you are—oh! I don't mind M. Poirot (to know) that — ! (A. Chr.) 14. Louise had been going to say something diplomatic about women (to like) fat men, but was glad she did not... . (M. D.) 15. "I never dreamed of her (to be) the thief," I expostulated. (A. Chr.)

Ex. 4. Form predicative constructions with the gerund out of the elements in brackets.

1. They might, she always felt, disapprove of (women, to smoke) in public halls. (Galsw.) 2. ...I did ask her why she could not sleep and what kept (she, to think) so much as she listened to the nightingale. (Bates) 3. "It's not much good (me, to spend) half an hour writing to your uncle if he changes his mind the next letter he gets from you," said the headmaster irritably. (S. M.) 4. Kate smiled at (Anthony, to shift) on his chair. (Gr. Gr.) 5. "I couldn't stop (she, to come here)." He spread his hands helplessly. (M. D.) 6. If you don't object to (me, to accompany) you as far as the door, sir...? (A. Chr.) 7. Louise did not mind staying there, although she was always glad to get away to a bath with hot water, and a meal without (dogs, to clamour) round the table. (M. D.) 8. No one would dream of (he, to be) so near at hand. (A. Chr.) 9. Slipping into the room like a ghost, she crept into her grandmother's bed, and finished (she, to cry) unchided until she fell asleep. (M. D.) 10. "You must not mind our (to be surprised)," she said. (A. Chr.) 11. After all I'm partly to blame for (you, to miss) the train so the least I can do is to help you out of a jam. (Cus.) 12. ...there was still a chance of (Bart, to come). (Cus.) 13. Naturally, I realise that this pleurisy

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will put her back a bit, but I suppose it won't prevent (she, to be) out by the end of October? (Cus.)

Ex. 5. Recast the following sentences with predicative constructions with the gerund so as to use complex sentences.

1. "You must forgive my acting without consulting you, Philip," she said. 2. Everyone was surprised at their being late. 3. I insist on your apologizing to them, you are very rude. 4. It was hard to keep your mind off illness with Doris and Edith talking about it all the time. 5. "What's the use of Caroline and me filling ourselves with streptomycin day and night," thought Jan. 6. "If I was engaged to you," said Dick, "there wouldn't be any fuss about my paying for you at the hospital." 7. He went up the road with fear and anger fighting in him. 8. The thought of Helen being alone and waiting for him made Dan run the block. 9. He had never thought of Jean meeting his people before. 10. I hadn't thought of crops failing—not this one at any rate! 11. Is there any objection to my seeing her? 12. Mr. Barker consoled himself with the thought that there's no chance of Diana and Gerald getting married for years. 13. Dorothy had to agree, although she did not approve of Laura going to the cinema so often. 14. I don't like your going off so soon. 15. I don't like to think of you going there alone. 16. Who suggested their going to the country with us?

Ex. 6. Recast the following sentences so as to use predicative constructions with the gerund. Use prepositions where required.

1. Presently I became aware that someone was moving softly about this room. 2. I was about to suggest that you should lunch with me. 3. For my part I had never before suspected that Kate had a deep vein of superstition in her nature. 4. I cut short his lamentations, by suggesting that we should start for the camp at once. 5. I like you so much because you are such a good cook. 6. I boasted that my father was different; he would understand that I was an artist. 7. She took a peculiar delight in the fact that he was Peter's son..8. He felt proud of the fact that he had been able to win a woman whom everybody admired. 9. She gave no sign that she heard that he had slammed the door. 10. She insisted that he should drop his voice. 11. He was clever, no one had ever denied that he was clever.

Ex. 7. Complete the following so as to use predicative constructions with the gerund.

1. You don't seem to mind their... . 2. What is the reason of his... ? 1 don't understand what prevents her... . 3. There's no sense in your... . 4. She finished her... . 5. He dropped the subject without my... . 6. Louise didn't like to run the risk of her... . 7. He liked the idea of their... . 8. They saved time by Tom's... . 9. There was no excuse for Isabel's... . 10. There was no possibility of David's... .11.1 was awakened by the sound of someone... . 12. I sat there listening to Arthur... . 13. I don't like her ... . 14. He was right in his... . 15. There is no point in my... . 16. Bobby gave no sign of his... . 17. There was an absolute proof of his... . 18. Forgive my... . 19. It was the only excuse for her... .

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Ex. 8. Translate into Russian paying attention to the predicative constructions with the gerund.

1. She did it because she couldn't bear to see you selling those balloons. (Galsw). 2. I don't mean it's queer your getting him the cigarette box —why shouldn't you? But it's queer your never mentioning it. (J. Pr.) 3. Doesn't like it? How can she not like someone doing the dishes for her? (M.D.) 4. Louise could not imagine him not being nice about children. (M. D.) 5. What his new enterprise was, Louise barely knew, except that it was something to do with shares and companies, and necessitated his having lunches with mysterious sounding men in places like the Savoy, which Louise did not think they could afford. (M. D.) 6. He disapproved, he didn't believe in girls drinking, he was full of the conceptions of a generation older than himself. (Gr. Gr.) 7..It was a great mistake, my being born a man, I would have been much more successful as a sea-gull or a fish. (B. Sh.) 8. Monna Caterina told me it was no good my waiting, she gave me another drink of wine and sent me away. (S. M.) 9. "It's no good your carrying on, mother," said Sally in her quiet way. "I'm not going to marry him." (S. M.) 10. The distressing commotion in the bedroom was ended by Arthur taking the picture away and saying that he would burn it. (M. D.) 11. He rubbed his hair crossly. "It's no good your scratching your head," she said. (A. Chr.) 12. He's never there when you want him. He just takes advantage of you being so soft. (M.D.) 13. "Miss Tomson, don't mind my asking you a question?" "No." (Denleavy) 14. "Would you have any objection to our examining the package, Mr. Pulling?" "I most certainly would." (Gr. Gr.)

REVISIONEx. 1. State the form of the gerund.1. I was bewildered, but I knew that it was no good asking him to explain.

(A. Chr.) 2. In a low voice, in answer to Mr. Philips' questions, he denied having ordered anything from Parkson's in June. (A. Chr.) 3. ...people got annoyed at being sent to a place that had, perhaps, been let some time. (A. Chr.) 4. After being invalided out of the Army I had been given a recruiting job... (Ar. Chr.) 5. Poirot was busy mopping a grey suit with a minute sponge. (A. Chr.) 6. Her remarks at being dragged out of bed at that hour of a Sunday morning were expressed frankly and unprofessionally... (Cus.) 7. It was useless arguing with Jan when she looked like that. (Cus.) 8. He is matron's dog but he insists on being introduced to all the new patients. (Cus.) 9. The old man did not remember him, but he asked the doctor a number of questions without paying attention to the replies. (S. M.) 10. If the Captain comes off the bridge I want you to thank him for having looked after your wife so beautifully. (K. Man.) 11. At first, as I told you, I was inclined to suspect her of being concerned in the crime. (A. Chr.) 12. A dish of coffee and milk was respectfully submitted to the cat, who drank it contemptuously and then retired to her box of shavings with an air of having sustained an insult. (Banks) 13. ... but before long it was obvious

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that our other arms, stuck out as they were, were in imminent danger of being torn away. (Banks) 14. His voice gave the effect, somehow, of being forced through a narrow tube. (Bates) 15. ...I did not like to run the risk of being seen with people whom they would not at all approve of. (S. M.)

Ex. 2. Define the function of the gerund.1. Reginald took a deep breath of his cigarette. "It's ghastly, this idea of

going back," he said. (K. Man.) 2. He is said to pride himself on keeping his word. (S. M.) 3. At last he finished writing and put the cap on his pen. (Bates) 4. After pausing a few minutes respectfully, so as not to spoil his effect, I gave him Lawrence's message. (A. Chr.) 5. I remembered coming home in the train and listening to the wheels saying 'I can do anything — I can do anything — (Banks) 6. Toby started off by holding me in the conventional way, with only one arm round me... (Banks) 7. Moira was asleep. Sleeping was her latest discovery. (K. Man.) 8. Madame Daubreuil was in the habit of visiting him here in the evenings. (A. Chr.) 9. That evening I went to a film and got to bed early and read for a while before going to sleep. (Banks) 10. She couldn't go out of the room without saying something to him. (K. Man.) 11. Mildly I said, "I'm sorry you object to my bringing in a few of my own things..." (Banks) 12. Do you mind following me into the drawing-room, Constancia? I've something of great importance to discuss with you. (K. Man) 13. When she went on looking blank, I made my point a little clearer adding, "You won't be able to cast it." (Banks) 14. I'm getting on, you know. Dolly, it's no good denying it. (S. M.) 15. All I'm interested in is getting you better, see? (Cus.) 16. It's no good your flying in a temper. You've just got to listen. (S. M.)

Ex. 3. Translate into Russian paying attention to the function of the gerund predicative constructions.

1. I've enjoyed working for you very much. (Banks) 2. I thought of telling her, but rejected the idea without knowing quite why. (Banks) 3. In the drawing-room Meg, Jose and good little Hans had at last succeeded in moving the piano. (K. Man.) 4. And didn't you like handing the new loaves to the customers? (K. Man.) 5. He smiled a little, with-out altering the sad expression. (Banks) 6. I remembered I'd had nothing to eat or drink before leaving the house. (Banks) 7. Although she knew he took these attentions so lightly she could not help feeling angry and jealous. (S. M.) 8. ...I insist on your being educated, like a gentleman. (S. M.) 9. Are you satisfied to go on playing those sort of parts for ever? (S. M.) 10. He loved acting, but his physique prevented him from playing any but a few parts, which was fortunate, for he was a bad actor. (S. M.) 11. He was carefully engaged in brushing his coat before putting it on, and seemed wholly engrossed in the task. (A. Chr.) 12. You remember my speaking of my friend Poirot?... He has been a most famous detective. (A. Chr.) 13. She liked the idea of having to make a parcel of such a curious shape that no one could possibly guess what it was. (K.Man.) 14. I went upstairs uneasily and knocked on his door. Instead of opening it, he called out after a moment: "Who there?" (Banks)

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Ex. 4. Use the gerund or the infinitive of the verb in brackets. Insert prepositions where necessary.

1. He had begun (to retrace) his steps when he at last caught sight of Bosinney. (Galsw.) 2. Jan began (to walk) slowly down, her arm through Doreen's. (Cus.) 3. It began (to get) dark. (Un. Is.) 4. Then she began (to tremble), not that she was afraid, but at the thought of the people she would meet. (White) 5. He finally refused (to eat) anything but boiled eggs. (A. Chr.) 6. The sun had begun (to sink) towards the high rim of the hills. (Cron.) 7. They began (to drive) across the island. (White) 8. She began (to walk) up and down angrily. (A. Chr.) 9. The game begins (to be) dangerous. (Galsw.) 10. I really begin (to believe) she was Blenkisop. (A. Chr.) 11. Jane continued (to discuss) her problem with no appreciation of his presence. (A. Chr.) 12. He stopped (to chat) with Joe from the scenario department. (F. F.) 13. Please, tell her it is necessary (to keep) the patient under morphia. (A. Chr.) 14. Tired? Do you want (to stop)? (A. Chr.) 15. Then, he went on (to give) me details. (A. Chr.) 16. Mr. Tower paused (to take) breath. (S. M.)

Ex. 5. Recast the following sentences so as to use clauses instead of predicative constructions with the gerund.

1. When they'd had tea he'd probably suggest their going to the pictures. 2. It's my fault, I ought to have insisted on your taking a holiday long ago. 3. I don't remember my mother ever trying to contradict me. 4. He didn't believe in people living beyond seventy. 5.1 insist on your paying what is due to him. 6. The doctor didn't mind my being sent to the Crimea. 7. Mrs. Joice insisted on her husband having a bath every day, though he was not used to it. 8. As she had foreseen, I even regretted having prevented her telling me the whole truth. 9. She did not approve of Louise going there. 10. Again Michael... was conscious of something deep and private stirring within himself. 11. She disapproved of her mother being so excited in public.

Ex. 6. Recast the following sentences so as to use predicative costructions with the gerund instead of subordinate clauses.

1. Do you mind if 1 take your dictionary. 2. Do you think father would mind if we go to the park now? 3. She insisted we should put off our conference. 4. Linda was surprised. She had no idea that he was good at mathematics. 5. I w-'as annoyed because they shouted so loud. 6. "He's a dear little man," said she. "I'd no idea you knew him." 7. As we drove away he suggested that we should return by train. 8. Laura remembered she had left that umbrella standing in the corner. 9. She suggested that Philip should pass himself off as her brother. 10. A miner insisted that I should stay at his home. 11. Michael suggested that she should go to the Crimea to be near her mother. 12. Harold insisted that we wait for you. 13. He suggested that she should sit down. 14. She remembered that Charles had once said to her that the origin of poetry was emotion. 15. Julia suggested that they should go down.

Ex. 7. Translate into English using the gerund or predicative

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constructions with the gerund.1. Я не настаиваю на том, чтобы заняться этим вопросом

немедленно. 2. Нельзя было не заметить ее радости. 3. Друзья начали расхваливать голос Хэриса, и в конце концов, он согласился спеть. 4. Все зависит от того, примете ли вы необходимые меры. 5. Он не мог уйти, не спросив разрешения. 6. Когда дядя Поджер принимался что-нибудь делать, он вовлекал в работу всю семью и все больше и больше волновался, но у него никогда не хватало духа самому что-либо делать. 7. Это очень разумный совет, им стоит воспользоваться. 8. Вместо того чтобы посылать ему телеграмму, я свяжусь с ним по телефону. 9. Никто не возражал против того, чтобы Франк представлял фирму на выставке. 10. Это выражение часто встречается, его стоит выучить.

Ex. 8. Read the following dialogue. Make up your own dialogues using the gerund.

DIALOGUEHarry: Nora! Nora!Nora: (Coming into the room) Yes, what it is now. Harry? Harry: Oh, there you are. Look here, Nora, I'm tired of lying here on my back

with nothing to do. I hate doing nothing.Nora: Don't be silly, Harry. You've got a temperature, and staying in bed is the

only sensible thing to do. Now just be quiet, and stop preventing me from doing my housework.

Harry: No, seriously, Nora, I can't bear it. Lying flat on my back!Nora: Well then, try lying on your stomach for a change! Harry: Stop being funny. I'm going to get up. There! Look, I'm standing up. I'm

quite all right. What's the use of staying in bed? Nora: I think you're being very silly. You'll only make your temperature go up

again.Harry: It's no use talking, Nora — being ill doesn't suit me. Nora: No — and trying to nurse you doesn't suit me! Harry: Now don't be bitter about it. You know I'm grateful to you for looking

after me. But you mustn't try to keep me in bed like a naughty boy.Nora: Well, you began it, by behaving like a naughty boy.Harry: I'm all against this staying in bed for no reason. Nora: Harry, being ill is a reason... Now don't stand by that window and catch

another cold... Let me see, half past eleven —Harry: Why do you keep looking at the clock? Nora: I'm expecting Mother — she's coming over for the day. Harry: Good heavens! I didn't know that. Nora: Yes, I think she has something

she wants to talk toyou about.

Harry: Oh heavens! Has she? (groans) ... You know, Nora I do feel a bit ill; perhaps I had better get back to bed.

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Nora: (Disingenuously) Oh, what a pity! I thought perhaps you might stay up to see her.

Harry: (To himself) That's the very reason I'm getting back into bed! Nora: What did you say? Harry: Oh, er — nothing.

Meet the Parkers

Ex. 9.Translate into English using the required form of the gerund. 1. Он продолжал переминаться с ноги на ногу, не говоря ни слова. 2.

Бесполезно было привозить рекомендательное письмо. Оно едва стоит бумаги, на которой написано. 3. Он настаивал на том, чтобы мы осмотрели достопримечательности Британского музея в Лондоне. 4.Он хвастался, что дела в институте идут хорошо. Но вымученная улыбка на его лице заставила нас не поверить его словам. 5. Соблюдение диеты помогает людям не полнеть. 6. Я не люблю пересаживаться с поезда на пароход, а потом на другой поезд. Я предпочитаю путешествовать самолетом. 7. Я не могу не признать, что путешествие пешком экономит плату за проезд по железной дороге. 8. Он не привык зря тратить время в поездках. Ему удавалось много прочитать и продумать. 9. Море было бурным. Я не удивилась тому, что он не выходил из своей каюты. 10. Хотя был сезон отпусков, нам удалось купить билеты на поезд прямого сообщения. 11.Не думайте заставить его рассказать об этом событии. Он очень необщительный. С ним трудно иметь дело. 12. Я с нетерпением жду, когда он расскажет нам все и прольет свет на это загадочное происшествие. 13. То, что она так поправилась и совершенно изменилась, очень удивило меня. Я не видела ее лишь год. 14. Вы не возражаете, если мы положим вещи на багажную полку? 15. Дождь идет с утра, и наша машина стала такой грязной, что ее нужно помыть, прежде чем мы продолжим свое путешествие. 16. Почему вы возражаете против того, чтобы Елене дали эту роль? Я думаю, у нее достаточно опыта в исполнении именно таких ролей. 17. Проводив поезд взглядом, он обернулся и увидел меня.

Ex.10. Translate into English using the required form of the gerund.1.Я помню, что видел этого актера в какой-то другой пьесе. 2. Я

настаиваю, чтобы меня выслушали. 3. Странно, почему она избегает говорить на эту тему. 4. Она боялась испортить первое впечатление, посмотрев этот фильм снова. 5. Она перестала отвечать на мои письма. 6.Извините меня за то, что я причинил вам столько беспокойства. 7. Он предложил сойти на берег и осмотреть порт. 8.То, что он был помолвлен с Джун, помешало мне поговорить с ним об этом деле откровенно. 9. Бесполезно звонить ему. В это время его никогда не бывает дома. 10. Спорить с ним – это только напрасно терять время. 11. Дождь пошел с того времени, когда мы выходили из дома. 12. Он возражал против того, чтобы его сын принимал участие в этой работе. 13. Я был очень разочарован, что

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не застал его дома. 14. Мои ботинки нужно починить. 15. Он не возражает против того, чтобы его послали туда. 16.Встретили ли вы какие-нибудь затруднения в разрешении этой проблемы? 17. Я не мог не выразить восхищение при виде этой картины. 18. Они предложили, чтобы мы обсудили все вопросы до того, как принять окончательное решение. 19. Он был горд, что его назначили на эту должность. 20. Помимо того, что он умен, он очень трудолюбив. 21. Постояв минут пять у моего стола, он повернулся и ушел, не сказав ни слова. 22. Она отрицала, что брала мои книги. 23.Почему она подозревает меня, что я ходил туда, не сказав ей об этом?

PARTICIPLE

The Participle is a non - finite form which has certain verbal features and the syntactical functions of adjectival or adverbial character.

There are two participles in English - Participle I and Participle II. They are also called the present and the past participles.

Transitive verbs have four forms of Participle I. Active Passive

Indefinite writing being writtenPerfect having written having been written

Intransitive verbs have only two forms of Participle I. Active Passive

Indefinite standing ------- Perfect having stood -------

Participle I Indefinite shows that the action named by the participle took place at the same time with that of the finite verb. These forms denote simultaneousness in the present, past or future.

* Do you see that child waving a flag?* They stayed at home watching TV.* In a few minutes the guests will be arriving wearing smiles.

Participle I Perfect shows that the action named by the participle preceeded that of the finite verb. These forms denote priority to a present, past or future action.

* Having said that I want to leave now.* Having said “a” he proceeded to saying “b” without loss of time.* Having settled this point you will feel satisfaction.

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Participle II has only one form – written.

Most intransitive verbs have no forms of paticiple II outside the analytical forms of the verb – have walked.

Participle II in most cases denotes priority.* She pulled the long forgotten letter out of its hiding place.Participle II sometimes have a meaning of simultaneousness. * The dog carried by the boy gave a sharp yelp.

Participle I may take a direct object.* Holding the child ...* Having written the last word Participle I and II may be modified by adverbs.* Watching me steadily ...* Deeply hurt ...

FUNCTIONS OF PARTICIPLE I IN THE SENTENCE

1 . Attribute

* We admired the stars twinkling in the sky. * I looked at the smiling child.

2 . Adverbial Modifier

of Time * Travelling in Africa, he saw a lot of interesting places. * Having closed the door on him she entered the room.

Participle I in this fuction is often preceeded by conjunctions when, while. * When crossing the street, first look to the left. * While crossing the street, he heard somebody call him out.

Participle I of the verb to be is not used in the function of the adverbial modifier of time. In this case a subordinate clause introduced by when or while is used.

* When he was a child he liked to read books.

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of Cause

* Being a foreigner she couldn`t get accustomed to it. * Not knowing the language he couldn `t understand the conversation. * Having lived in England for many years he spoke English well. * Having been a little in that line myself , I understood it . of Manner and Attendant Circumstances

* She was silent looking at her hands. of Comparison - after as if , as though

* This was said as if thinking aloud.

Note: Participle I Indefinite is used both as an attribute and adverbial modifier.

Participle I Perfect is used only as an adverbial modifier. 3. Predicative

* The effect of her words was terrifying.

Compare with Gerund: The main thing is getting there in time.

4. Part of the Complex Object

* I saw his wife talking to you on the stairs.

5. Parenthesis

* Frankly speaking ..... * Judging by appearance .....

FUNCTIONS OF PARTICIPLE II IN THE SENTENCE

1. Attribute (only of transitive verbs)

* locked door * broken cup * a newspaper published in Moscow 2. Adverbial Modifier (in this function Participle II is usually introduced

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by the conjunctions)

of Time (when, while)

* When questioned, Anny answered about her brother. * When shown the letter she understood everything.

of Condition (unless, if) * He never spoke unless spoken to. * The crime if discovered might cost you a death sentence.

of Comparison, Manner (as if, as though)

* Mr. Kite shook his head as if lost in admiration. * I did as requested.

of Concession (though)

* Her spirit, though crushed, was not broken.NOTE : in adverbial function Participle II is mostly used in literary or formal style.

3. Predicative * I was impressed. * You look exhausted. 4 . Part of Complex Object

* I have found her changed.

Russian equivalents of Participles Used as Attributes

читающий который читает reading

читавший который читал ( тогда ) reading

прочитавший который прочитал раньше who + attributive clause который будет читать

применяющиеся

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применяемые ( обычно ) used

применявшиеся которые применялись ( раньше ) used

примененные которые были применены ( тогда ) used

применяемые которые применяются ( в момент речи ) being used

But : которые будут применяться - to be used

Russian equivalents of Participles Used as Adverbial Modifiers

читая когда читаю ( when , while ) reading когда читал

прочитав когда прочитал having read потому что прочитал

увидев когда увидел seeing

GERUND AND PARTICIPLE I

Gerund Participle I

1 . can be used as the subject, object, --------- part of a compound aspect predicate * Seeing is believing. * I like singing. * He kept smiling.2 . can be used as an attribute can be used as an attribute but is preceeded by a preposition * the idea of walking * a walking boy

3 . can be used as an adverbial modifier can be used as an adverbial

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modifier but always follow a preposition may follow when, while * After writing * Having written * On singing * ( While ) singing

4 . can follow a possessive pronoun or a noun in the possessive case -------------

* his reading, boy`s singing

5. If the Gerund is part of the Compound 5. If the Participle is used as a definite Noun, then a person or a thing expressed person expressed by a Noun, then By this Noun doesn`t show the action this person carries out the action expressed by the «ing» form : expressed by the «ing» form: * A dancing hall (= a hall for dancing) * A dancing girl (= a girl who dances)

But still there are cases when both variations are suitable and that`s why it is clear only to the speaker what is meant: the Gerund or the Participle.* A sewing machine ( a machine for sewing and a machine that sews)

Note: The participle clause is immediately followed by the Subject of the

sentence, and is separated from it by a comma. The Gerundial clause is itself the

subject of the sentence, and is immediately followed by a verb.

Compare:

* Looking hard at the prisoner, he recognized his uncle.

* Looking at pictures in art-galleries was very interesting.

Note: While translating Russian sentences into English with «не +

деепричастие», we translate «without doing smth». It is usually an

Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances or Condition. In these

cases one should ask a question «In what way? How?»

* He left without saying a word. (Att. circumstances)

* He couldn`t do it without asking for permission. (Condition)

We translate «not doing smth» if it is the Adverbial Modifier of Cause

«Why? Because of what?».

* Not knowing her address he couldn`t find her.

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СOMPLEXES with the PARTICIPLES

The participle forms three complexes .

The COMPLEX OBJECT

The Complex Object consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the participle.

The Complex Object with Participle I.

to see hear feel leave smb doing smth find imagine have keep

* I left her sleeping.* I found them talking over cups of tea.

NOTE : to see hear smb doing smth - когда , как кто - то что - делал feel

to see hear smb to do smth - что , чтобы кто - то что - делал feel

to have smb doing smth - довести до ....., заставить to have smb do smth - распорядиться чтобы

The Complex Object with Participle II.to see hear leave wish smth done find want oneself done have get

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* We found the picture damaged.* He left the work unfinished.

* I couldn`t make myself heard.* How did she get herself invited?

BUT : to order allow expect smth to be done know enableThe Complex Object with Participle II or the passive infinitive depends on

what the verb precedes the complex.

A very frequently used pattern is: to have smth done

* I have my hair done every Friday. Я делаю прическу каждую пятницу.

* You can have your coat cleaned here. Здесь вам почистят пальто.

The COMPLEX SUBJECT

The Complex Subject consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case and the participle.

The Complex Subject with Participle I.

seen is heardsmb was found doing smthsmth will be left can be kept

* She was kept waiting for a long time.* The children were heard singing.

The Complex Subject with Participle II.

found is left was considered donesmth will be believed

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can be seen

* The picture was considered stolen.* The car was found missed.

The second element of the construction may be an adjective, a noun, an adverb.

considered is called clever was elected a beautysmth will be chosen oversmb may be named can be made

* The lesson can be considered over.* She may be made your boss.

THE NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE

The nominative absolute construction consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case and participle I or II.

doing smth being donesmb having done smth smb did smthsmth having been done

done

* The room being practically dark I could not at first see where the speaker was.

* The letter written he went out to post it.

Though formally independent of the sentence the nominative absolute construction is a logical adverbial modifier of time, cause or condition.

* The lessons being over he went home. * It being hot we went for a swim.

In the following model the nominative absolute construction has the meaning of an adverbial modifier of manner or attendant circumstances.

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doing smth being done smb adjectivesmb does smth ( with ) noun smth adverb prepositional phrase

* She looked even prettier with most of the make up gone from her young face.

* He rose to his feet his arms folded.

Ex. 1. State the form of the participle.1. Turning round, he stared at me, but I perceived he did not see me. (S.

M.) 2. I kept silence for a little while, thinking of what Stroeve had told me. (S. M.) 3. He looked... like a man, who has fallen into the water with all his clothes on, and, being rescued from death, frightened still, feels that he only looks a fool. (S. M.) 4. When Ashendon, having warmly shaken their hands, closed the door behind the pair he heaved a great sigh of relief. (S. M.) 5. ...having tried various topics of conversation... I asked her to tell me who all the people at table were. (S. M.) 6. Neither of us had seen Strickland for two or three weeks — I because I had been busy with friends who were spending a little while in Paris, and Stroeve because, having quarrelled with him more violently than usual, he had made up his mind to have nothing more to do with him. (S. M.) 7. Above the mantelpiece was a most peculiar picture, which showed nothing more than a child's small wooden chair, painted red... . (Cron.) 8. ...having inquired the way from one of the group of youths lounging outside the Valley Ice Cream Saloon, he (Andrew) set out for the dentist's house. (Cron.) 9. He went out quickly, shutting the door behind him. (A. Chr.) 10. She didn't return with us, having been asked to a supper party... (A. Chr.) 11. In the provinces, you not only know everybody, but you know all their life histories, and can give advice at the drop of a hat on anyone's love problem, having listened to all the telephone conversations and read most of the correspondence relating to the affair. (M. D.) 12. Then she got out and the man seeing her gave an astonished shout. (A. Chr.) 13. I laughed embarrassed, but not wholly displeased with the role thrust upon me. (A. Chr.) 14. There was another silence; Liza sat thinking, and Tom stood at the window, looking at her. (S. M.)

Ex. 2. Use Participle I in the required form instead of the infinitive in brackets.

1. I stood for a moment at the window, (to look) at the gaiety of the day. (S. M.) 2. (to finish) his toilet,: he wrapped himself in a thick overcoat and wound a muffler round his neck. (A. Chr.) 3. And (to reach) the conclusion, he gave no further thought to the matter. (P. W.) 4. And then when the table (to set)

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for and dinner brought in, he put aside his book and gave her a glance... she was startled... (S. M.) 5. He peered at her, (to blink). (P. W.) 6. He got out of his seat and walked over and stood in front of Janet and Mary, (to look) down at them. (Rob.) 7. ...he writes a long letter to his critic, (to tell) him he is very sorry he thought his book was bad. (S. M.) 8. His father, (to retire), lived in an unpretentious, but not mean, house. (S. M.) 9. (to revolve) these and... other matters in my mind, I went mechanically on my round. (A. Chr.) 10. It was about ten o'clock at night; I had been dining by myself at a restaurant, and (to return) to my small apartment, was sitting in my parlour, reading. (S. M.) 11. (to ruffle) his grizzled hair with an affectionate hand, she remained for a while in silent meditation. (P. W.) 12. He decided to speak to her in the train (to come) home. (Cron.) 13. The next minute... the front door was flung open and he was in the lighted halt (to welcome)... by a short, plump, smiling woman of about forty... . (Cron.) 14. It was not so much the fact that, (to invite) down to this place for a... visit, he found himself requested by his host to go and tell his uncle bedtime stories. (P. W.) 15. I came down here, (to hope) that I would get over it. (P. W.) 16. She drank deeply, and, (to do) so, sighed with satisfaction. (P. WQ 17. Again the hands rose eloquently, (to express) better than words could do Mr. Hercule Poirot's sense of utter outrage. (A. Chr.) 18. Sam, feeling that the interview, (to reach) this point might be considered over, got up. (P. W.)

Ex. 3. Define the function of Participle I.\. The returning troops marched up Fifth Avenue. (F. F.) 2. It was a

pleasant room overlooking the garden with French windows that opened on it. (A. Chr.) 3. And isn't it always alarming — one's first contact with the natives? (P. W.) 4. Ashenden, standing in front of the fire to warm himself, a cigarette between his lips, made no reply. (S. M.) 5. "Sit down, sit down," she said, waving her hand towards one of the couches. (D. Rob.) 6. Using a direct outside line, Mel dialed his home number. (A. H.) 7. Turning to his sister, he grasped her hand and said in a tone of command: "Well, Juley." (Galsw.) 8. It was a small oil painting representing a pale pink house standing adjacent to a canal... .(A. Chr.) 9. Coming out of the dining-room, we met the other day nurses coming in for the ordinary breakfast. (M. D.) 10. There were fleecy white clouds, hovering above Table Mountain, and nestling on the slopes below, right down the sea was the sleeping town gilded... by the morning sunlight. (A. Chr.) 11. Being an actress, she was able to make her point. (A. Chr.) 12. I put on my hat and went out intending to buy a few souvenirs. 13. He sat for a long time watching the flames leap up into the darkness. (Cus.) 14. From it you locked down on the big waves lashing against the black rocks. (A. Chr.) 15. Desolate, he stood in front of the automobile gate with a crowd of staring children, feeling that he had reached the end at last. (F. F.) 16. In this instance my attention wandered to the four people sitting at the next table. (A. Chr.) 17. But this morning he viewed it (his medal) less with pride than with a queer secret entreaty as though trying to restore his condifence in himself. (Cron.)

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Ex. 4. Define the type of an adverbial modifier expressed by Participle I.1. Liza walked back, wishing to get home in time to cook the dinner. (S.

M.) 2. She leant en the sill, looking out into the street. (S. M.) 3. ...Bosinney was looking round as if pointing out the peculiarities of the guests. (Galsw.) 4. When listening to her I had the impression that she actually had done what she claimed to do — worked a kind of gigantic miracle. (A. Chr.) 5. My personal assistant was speaking; someone called Ellen Smith was on the line, asking to speak to me urgently. (P. W.) 6. ...she felt as if she could sit there all through the night looking out into the cool, dark street... . (S. M.) 7. Arriving at Hazelmoor once more, they rang again and knocked, but elicited no response. (A. Chr.) 8. Mrs. Sun-bury, disapproving of her make-up..., took an instant dislike to her ... . (S. M.) 9. I led a very regular life, working in the morning, and in the afternoon lounging about the gardens of the Luxemburg... . (S. M.) 10. After that I was left to my own devices, and I proceeded to carry out a plan, I had formed coming home. (A. Chr.) 11. In half an hour the Dutchman, looking at his watch, announced that he must go. (S. M.) 12. "Where's sister?" he snapped, snatching down the chart of his first patient and scattering the notes all over the floor. (M. D.) 13. Clearly he wrote the letter keeping himself well in hand. (A. Chr.) 14. ...I stood there, taking no heed of time, lost in a dream. (A. Chr.) 15. Andrew, having inquired his way of the janitor, found himself outside the classroom of Standard I. (Cron.) 16. Miss Waterford was a good hostess and seeing my embarrassment came up to me... . (S. M.)

Ex. 5. Translate into Russian paying attention to the function of Participle I.

1. He drove slowly, enjoying the quiet of the evening. (Cron.) 2. At that moment a man, leaning on a stick, came walking slowly along the veranda. (S. M.) 3. And in the straight narrow road, leading up the hill their feet kicked up a yellow dust. (Galsw.) 4. Looking back, I realize that what I have written about Charles Strickland must seem very unsatisfactory. (S. M.) 5. Vere street... is a short straight street leading out of the Westminster Bridge Road... . (S. M.) 6. So much Jeanne heard before she went out, closing the door behind her. (A. Chr.) 7. I kept silence for a while, thinking of what Stroeve had told me. (S. M.) 8. When she had finished she sat staring in front of her for some minutes. (A. Chr.) 9. I went out on to the landing, and cautiously down the stairs, hoping that one of the... doors would open... . (M. D.) 10. Carriage nodded and went back to the desk. Baydr leaned back in his chair, thinking. (D. Rob.) 11. "I am afraid it is a big problem I have brought you today," said the girl giving me a pleasant bow. (A. Chr.) 12. She came at last, hurrying across the road with her suitcase in her hand. (Cus.) 13. She was tremendously excited, laughing and singing... . (S. M.) 14. She sat, leaning her head on her hands, breathing in the fresh air... . (S. M.) 15. Suddenly she rose and peered at the paper, holding it as close under the light as possible. (A. Chr.) 16. I am glad you could come so soon because as a matter of fact I have already three or four people waiting for a vacancy to come here.

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(A. Chr.) 17. And the picture of the pale pink house by the canal bridge Tuppence hung over the mantelpiece in her bedroom where she could see it every morning when drinking her early morning tea. (A. Chr.) 18. Baydr, looking from his window, saw the white roofs of the houses below him. (D. Rob.) 19. She settled herself in a chair and sat watching him. (S. M.)

Ex. 6. Point out verbal, adjectival and adverbial characteristics of Participle I in the following sentences.

1. Nick looked on at the moon, coming up over the hills. (E. H.) 2. Obediently shutting the door, Edna advanced into the room... . (A. Chr.) 3. I got a telegram from Bill's uncle asking me to come. (P. W.) 4. Having got his son back like this, he felt he must know what was his financial position. (Galsw.) 5. His wife was of the opinion that a frown suited his... face, giving it authority. (White) 6. To begin with, it appears he caught sight of a man behaving suspiciously. (A. Chr.) 7. The car stopped. Drawing a long breath Pat got out. (F. F.) 8. The photograph showed a young girl standing... against the conventional background of a photographer's studio, a pagoda and a group of palm trees. (S. M.) 9. Having arrived in front of it (the house), she put her hands to her mouth in trumpet form and shouted: "I! I! I! Sally!" (S. M.) 10. Sally saw the advertisement of a play being acted at the neighbouring town. (S. M.) 11. "Nonsense," said Caroline in reply... "you'll see. Ten to one she's left a letter confessing everything." (A. Chr.) 12. Turning slowly, holding on to the wall, he dragged his way back into his room. (Cron.) 13. The following evening, having refused Elliot's telephoned offer to fetch me, I arrived quite safely at Mrs. Bradley's house. (S. M.) 14. ...pushing the people aside, he made his way through the crowd... . (S. M.) 15. And for a moment they all three stood silently looking at one another. (S. M.) 16. ...quickly taking her handkerchief, she hid her face in it and began to sob broken-heartedly. (S. M.)

Ex. 7. State whether the action expressed by Participle 1 is prior or simultaneous with the action of the verb-predicate.

1. I kept silence for a little while, thinking of what Stroeve had told me. (S. M.) 2. Gripping his bag, Manson leaped from the train and walked quickly down the platform, searching eagerly for some sign of welcome. (Cron.) 3. ...she passed him, pretending to look in front of her. (S. M.) 4. Jim put on his hat and went out, slamming the door... . (S. M.) 5..I was sitting in the cafe, reading a newspaper. (S. M.) 6. I wandered about looking at the pictures I knew so well and let my fancy play idly at the emotions they suggested. (S. M.) 7. Turning back to the first page he wrote at the top: "Ballet Shoes". (F. F.) 8. "How dreadful!" I said, looking alarmed. (A. Chr.) 9. "Why did you invite Barry?" Gil Tulloch asked, reddening. (White) 10. A moment later the other sailor climbed beside him, then both stood idly smoking and talking. (D. Rob.) 11. Turning in what was for her obvious and only possible direction early in life, Val Tulloch was a woman who believed that all others must accept the one way to happiness. (White) 12. "Twenty-five minutes past five," said Mr. Rycrolf glancing at the

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clock. 13; "Tea," I said, setting the big white cup... in front of him. (Banks) 14. Buttoning her raincoat up to her throat and knotting a scarf round her hair she went to Victoria Street. (Cus.) 15. Getting up, I ran impulsively across the room and flung my arms round her neck. .(A. Chr.) 16. Waking as the sun crept over his pillow, he yawned, sat up and perceived that another dav had arrived. (P. W.)

Ex. 8. Recast the following sentences so as to use attributive clauses instead of the constructions with Participle I.

1. ...it was quite dark and she didn't recognize the man standing in front of her. 2. We passed into a large sunny apartment looking out towards the sea. 3. Most people living in out-of-the-way places when the mail comes tear open impatiently their papers. 4. A little way off he saw his wife in a long chair talking with the Davidsons and he strolled over to her. 5. He picked up a chattering acquaintance with several persons living in his hotel and he was not lonely. 6. There were people passing to and fro and he joined one of the groups. 7. When we were in the train, speeding towards Riga, my friend wrote busily for a few minutes. 8. Having nearly two hours to wait he made himself comfortable in the waiting room. 9. There is a taxi, waiting just round the corner. 10. Rising, he went to the parlour, where the doctor, standing on the hearthrug with his back to the fire, greeted him. 11. And then, quite unexpectedly, he received a message from Mr. Anderson, asking him to call at the Company offices. 12. The place was crowded with doctors and their wives, talking, laughing, generating immense cordiality. 13. I've just had a letter from my aunt asking me to go down to her place and stay.

Ex. 9. Recast the following sentences so as to use constructions with Participle I instead of attributive clauses.

1. To hide the tears which were coming from her eyes she turned away and walked homewards. 2. Going upstairs she woke the woman who lived on the floor above her. 3. She went with her long, rigorous stride to the steps that led down from Oxford Street. 4. They got into the car which smelt of hot leather and petrol. 5. It was very dark with a gusty wind and a fine spatter of rain, which blew into their faces at street corners. 6. I don't suppose he ever lived in a house that had a bathroom till he was fifty. 7. I noticed as we walked along the street that sometimes the men who passed us stared at my girl-friend. 8. It was a long, wide, straight street that ran parallel with the Vauxhall Bridge. 9. He followed her across the lawn to the table which stood in the shade of a fine tree. 10. He saw in the garden a solemn young man in a brown suit who was striding up and down the lawn. 11. The ship, which had arrived at the dock that afternoon, had taken fourteen days to cross the Atlantic. 12. I caught sight of a lean man of mournful appearance, who was moving in the opposite direction. 13. In the interval which had elapsed since his parting from Mr. Brown a striking change had taken place in his appearance. 14. He looked up. Over the fence which divided the garden from the one next door a familiar face was peering. 15. The photograph which had so excited the young man was the large one that stood in

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the centre of the mantelpiece. 16. I had said all that I had to say on the subject that had brought me there. 17. He was never at a loss for a remark; he could discourse on the topics of the day with an ease that prevented his hearer from experiencing any sense of strain.

Ex. 10. Recast the following sentences so as to use adverbial clauses instead of constructions with Participle I.

1. Accompanying him down the road, Annie told him as best as she could about Dick. 2. Peter, meeting Andrew in the street, remarked airily: "I never had a better case.", 3. Suddenly she roused herself with a start, fancying she had heard something. 4. Closing the window, she went into the passage and opened the street door. 5. Leaving the house of the Browns Andrew continued on his round with a queer warmth round his heart. 6. Andrew, hurrying home full of the triumph of the scientific method, kept everything he had to say to his wife. 7. He glanced quickly at Christine, hoping she had not observed the incident. 8. Liza did not answer, and Mrs. Webster, having nothing more to say, continued her supper in silence. 9. He could exercise tact when dealing with the affairs of the others but none when dealing with his own. 10. Advancing towards him, she held out her hand. 11. He generally used that language when talking to children. 12. And now", suddenly realizing that his work as Doctor Bell's assistant must terminate at the end of the month, he began immediately to look for another position. 13. Coming to the Botanical Gardens one morning in the middle of October, John found his favourite bench occupied. 14. I sank down on the sofa, suddenly realizing what had happened. 15. A tenant had made inquiries concerning the house, wishing to rent it. 16. He showed enthusiasm when talking about his books. 17. I walked down to the beach to bathe, and my uncle, having something to do in the town, walked part of the way with me. 18. Jack worked at night, and Rosie, having nothing to do, was glad to go out with one or other of her friends.

Ex. 11. Recast the following sentences so as to use constructions with Participle I instead of adverbial clauses.

1. While Alee had many loyal friends, he also had enemies. 2. Liza, when she was left alone, began to turn things over in her mind. 3. I saw a light in your window as I was passing. 4. Though I felt sorry for him I could not help laughing. 5. When I heard he was in town, I used to send a boy to find him and make him come to dinner with me. 6. When he had finished his tea, Andrew left the kitchen. 7. When Jack reached Andrew he gave a theatrical start of recognition. 8. When he got to Euston he paid off the taxi and inquired for the next train to Dover. 9. When I went upstairs, I found him asleep, with all his clothes on. 10. "I knew Tom well," he said, as he leaned back in his chair and lit the cigar, I had offered him. 11. When I arrived, a little late, I found the party already complete. 12. When his first picture was exhibited they came to Amsterdam to see it, his father and his sister and his mother, and his mother cried, when she looked at it. 13. And while she waited for him to come, her

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pride began revolting. 14. After we left the bears, we left the Zoo and crossed over this little street in the park. 15. As Andrew pulled on his coat he reflected miserably that he had not exchanged a word with Ada. 16. After the uncle had once concented to the boy's going out with the Browns, he made no further objection to his association with them.

Ex. 12. Translate what is given in brackets using Participle I. Pay attention to the form of Participle I.

1. Presently she came into the kitchen, (вытирая руки передником). 2. I felt I wanted to go out into the garden and remain there, (любуясь бурей). 3. Lucy and Rose entered the train together, (улыбаясь друг другу). 4. (Увидев, что я не пью чай) she brought a bottle of delicious yellow aerated water. 5. "Tea," I said, (поставив большую белую чашку перед ним). 6. Snow was falling now in soft, large fakes, (покрывая красные крыши). 7. Men wandered about, looking at the women who sat at their windows reading or sewing, (не обращая внимания на прохожих). 8. "It would be a brave man who tried to stand up against Mr. Eden," said his wife, (поджимая губы). 9. (Выбив свою трубку), he inspected it as though it demanded all his attention. 10. Daniel opened a letter, glanced at it and laid it down, (добавив его к небольшой стопке писем на столе). 11. "That's odd," he said, (хмурясь). 12 He turned to me with a puzzled look, and then, (узнав меня), seized my hand. 13. I clenched my hands (пытаясь успокоиться). 14. (Вернувшись в свой номер), I opened a book and began reading it. 15. Henry, (услышав шум), came into the room. 16. A middle-aged servant with a pale face brought in the supper (бросив взгляд на Эндрю) as she entered. 17. (Промчавшись мимо Лотти), Teddy rushed at the door. 18. He peered at her, (мигая).

Ex. 13. Complete the following using participial constructions from the list below.

1. I remained in the garden... . 2. She came into the kitchen... . 3. He shook my hand... . 4. Suddenly she rose and went to the front door... . 5. He held out his hand... . 6. I could not help laughing... . 7. He left the room... . 8. He laughed merrily... . 9. He got up... . 10. He grasped her hand... .______________________________

smiling happily; enjoying the gayety of the day; having nothing more to say; putting on her apron; while reading that story; fancying that she heard a knock; feeling that the interview was over; turning to his sister; advancing towards me; shutting the door behind him

Ex. 14. Put "why''-questions to the following statements. Let your fellow-students respond to them.

Model : For a moment they stood smiling at each other. A. Why did they stand smiling at each other? B. They stood smiling at each other because they were glad to see each

other (or they were happy, etc.).1. When listening to her I had an impression that something worried her.

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2. In half an hour my friend, looking at his watch, announced that he must go. 3. Taking her handkerchief she hid her face in it. 4. Jim went out slamming the door. 5. "Why did you invite Bill?" Ann asked, reddening. 6. The boy clenched his hands, trying to. pull himself together. 7. He looked at me smiling nervously. -8. He stood quite still for a moment peering around. 9. The boy rushed to his mother crying bitterly. 10. Feeling that the interview was over the correspondent got up. 11. They walked slowly enjoying the quiet of the evening.

Ex. 15. Make up sentences using the following constructions with Participle I in the function of an adverbial modifier.

1.working regularly; 2. looking at his watch; 3. disapproving of her behavior; 4. wishing to get home in time; 5. when listening to the report; 6. going straight to the telephone; 7. enjoying the quiet of the evening; 8. laughing and singing;9. having enquired the way; 10. not seeing; 11. having quarrelled; 12. smiling at one another; 13. taking no notice; 14. not knowing; 15. jumping up from her seat; 16. glancing up at the clock; 17. while skating; 18. leaping from the taxi;19. having ordered from the menu; 20. when speaking about his books

Ex. 16. Make up sentences using the following constructions with Participle I in the function of an attribute.

1. in a trembling voice; 2. a shining face; 3. with smiling eyes; 4. the passing crowd; 5. admiring eyes; 6. the street leading to; 7. a letter announcing; 8. the children playing; 9. the people sitting; 10. the house standing; 11. the conference taking place; 12. the road joining; 13. the crying child; 14. a sleeping dog; 15. the rain pouring; 16. the trees bursting into leaf; 17. the rising sun

Ex. 17. Translate into English using Participle I in the function of an attribute wherever possible or an attributive clause.

1. Девушка, оставившая эту записку, обещала зайти через 2 часа. 2. Студенты, принимающие участие в научных конференциях, всегда узнают много нового и интересного. 3. Студенты, выступившие с содержательными докладами на конференции, были награждены грамотами и дипломами. 4. Человек, вошедший в приемную Мэнсона, представился как доктор Денни. 5. Идя по улице, Том Сойер заметил незнакомую девочку, глядевшую на него из окна дома Тетчеров. 6. В комнате было очень тихо; единственным звуком, нарушавшим тишину, было тиканье часов. 7. Нельзя не смеяться, читая о приключениях трех друзей, путешествующих вниз по Темзе. 8. Человеком, первым поднявшимся в космос, был советский гражданин, Юрий Гагарин.

Ex. 18. Translate into English using Participle I in the function of an adverbial modifier.

1. Успешно сдав все экзамены, студенты решили работать летом гидами. 2. Войдя первый раз в класс, молодая учительница увидела десятки любопытных глаз, глядящих на нее. 3. Играя в шахматы, Стрикленд обычно подсмеивался над своими партнерами. 4. Придя к

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заключению, что они серьезно больны, трое друзей решили, что они нуждаются в отдыхе. Уложив свои чемоданы и захватив собаку, они отправились вниз по Темзе. 5. Прочитав несколько страниц, девочка отложила книгу и стала задумчиво смотреть в окно. 6. Услышав слова Давида Копперфильда «я ваш племянник», тетя Бетси была ошеломлена. 7. Проходя мимо этого дома вчера, я слышала, как кто-то прекрасно пел. 8. Подходя к дому, мать увидела, что дети ждут ее, стоя у калитки. 9. Видя, что Чарли в отчаянии, мать всячески старалась успокоить его. 10. Услышав чьи-то шаги и голоса, Том и Гек спрятались за деревом. Они были очень испуганы, узнав в одном из приближающихся к ним мужчин индейца Джо. 11. «Проходя мимо, я увидел свет в окне и решил заглянуть к вам и познакомиться», — сказал Денни. 12. Когда Джо увидел, что Том красит забор, он направился к нему. Заметив друга, Том начал весело работать, делая вид, что эта работа доставляет ему большое удовольствие. 13. Поссорившись со Стриклендом, Стрёв несколько дней не видел его, но узнав, что Стрикленд болен, он пришел в отчаяние.

PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH PARTICIPLE IEx. 1. Point out objective predicative constructions with Participle I in

the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.1. I saw him walking briskly through the crowd wearing a tan raincoat... .

(F. F.) 2. She could hear Bart moving about outside, whistling as he worked. (Cus.) 3. ...he felt his heart pounding and his mouth was dry again, but it was excitement, not fear. (E. H.) 4. I've seen her sitting poring over her pass book. (A. Chr.) 5. With a neat push Poirot sent him staggering down the steps. (A. Chr.) 6. "I hear you've seen Blanch," he said. "How on earth did you find out?" "I was told by someone who saw you sitting with them." (S. M.) 7. He felt Bill coming up to the fire. (E. H.) 8. He leaned back watching Jan working with passionate absorption on the pullover... .(Cus.) 9. ...but I could hear two people talking in the room. (A. Chr.) 10. Aswald could feel his heart beating. (R. Aid.) 11. Then I heard someone weeping. (Gr. Gr.) 12. In the silence I could hear the clock ticking. (J. Ch.) 13. Then she heard the stranger laughing quietly, and his footsteps came across the room. (H. W.) 14. He found her watering some plants, her face expressed her surprise at his unusual presence. (Dr.) 15. At his home, he let himself in, and to his surprise, found his wife coming towards him in the hall. (Cron.) 16. They could hear the Invisible Man breathing. (H. W.) 17. Then she noticed another figure standing looking after the barge that was making for Thebes... . (A. Chr.) 18. Mike saw him standing in the doorway. (Lind.) 19. Then her charming face grew eager, and glancing round, young Jolyon saw Bosinney striding across the grass. (Galsw.)

Ex. 2. Point out subjective predicative constructions with Participle I in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. He was seen making his way to the house. (Cart.) 2. Here the nurse's voice was heard calling from the top landing. (Cron.) 3. Many students with

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blood streaming down their faces were seen running down the side streets to avoid arrest. (M. S.) 4. He suffered from dyspepsia, and he might often be seen sucking a tablet of pepsin... . (S. M.) 5. At times he was seen driving with her by people who. knew him in a social and commercial way. (Dr.) 6. The boots of Albert could be heard racing upstairs. (A. Chr.) 7. You're found hanging around the grounds of a big house after dark... . (Cron.) 8. ...in a few moments during the launching of the boats, Dan-vers was seen speaking to a young American girl. (A. Chr.) 9. Jennie was seen wearing the gold watch. (Dr.) 10. While Miss Cutler was in the room dispensing vermilion bacon, the day's post could be heard arriving. (Amis.) 11. He could often be seen walking with his eyes fixed anxiously on little Pablins Dartie's sailing-boat. (Galsw.)

Ex. 3. Define the type of predicative constructions with Participle I.1. The car paused momentarily at the door of the commissary. Pat saw

blank eyes staring at him and he stared back at them blankly from the rear seat. (F. F.) 2. Cokane and Sartorius are seen returning by the river gate. (B. Sh.) 3. I saw her going off in that direction about a quarter of an hour ago. (A. Chr.) 4. One Yankee businessman had been overheard asking the police why they didn't use tear-gas... . (Lind.) 5. In a moment I heard Stroeve's voice asking if I was in. (S. M.) 6. He braced himself against the slope and felt his feet moving within his swollen boots. (J. Aid.) 7. And in the slight pause young Nickolas was heard saying gently that Violet... was taking lessons in pastel... . (Galsw.) 8. He watched them eating, and decided that they ate like pigs. (J. L.) 9. My door happened to be ajar, and I heard her talking to some one in the passage. (A. Chr.) 10. Shut up in her room she could be heard chattering away hour after hour... (S. M.) 11.1 don't feel their absence, I don't want them weeping around my deathbed and being polite about me afterwards, which I believe is the general notion. (Forster) 12. Don't you remember, I said yesterday I'd overheard two people talking about a female called Jane Finn? (A. Chr.) 13. He felt his head trembling slightly with rage as he said this. (Amis.) 14. He could hear his wife breathing quietly, asleep. (E. H.) 15. She could hear him telephoning, stressing the gravity and urgency of the case. (Cron.) 16. I wondered if that was the reason I used to hear my father pacing up and down in his room long after the rest of the house had gone to bed. (H. R.) 17. It set her heart leaping.... .(Cus.) 18. The hot east wind drove the flames, whipped them up and sent them racing. (Vickers)

Ex. 4. Define the structure of predicative constructions with Participle I in the following sentences.

1. Pat turned and saw the door softly closing. (F. F.) 2. It seemed to young Jolyon, that he could hear her saying:

"But, darling, it would ruin you!" (Qalsw.) 3. Yet he still found himself struggling towards some solution of the problem ... . (Cron.) 4. He felt her trying to draw herself away, and smiled. (Galsw.) 5. But I had always fancied myself choosing my moment with surroundings to my liking... . (S. M.) 6. Despite the

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heat of the day I felt myself shivering inside as I looked at the faces of the men. (Vickers) 7. I heard him listening, so I moved again in the blankets. (E. H.) 8. I saw Nurse Howes coming into the ward at one end of the theatre trolley. (M. D.) 9. They heard him going carefully down the long flight of rickety wooden stairs, and then the street door banged shut. (Cart.) 10. ...I found myself scratching my head in stunned amazement. (R. Aid.) 11. None of them saw the guard standing there. (J. Aid.) 12. I see the sweat coming out on his forehead. (0. H.) 13. Dixon noticed Bertrand becoming aware of this scrutiny and looking away. (Sill.) 14. She could see Draycott Deyo exchanging glances with his mother and then being conscientiously charitable to her. (F. F.) 15. I stole a quick glance at Marty and Jerry sitting in the first row and saw them smiling. (H. R.) 16. I can see her just saying all the things you told me to a lot of her old friends... . (A. Chr.)

Ex. 5. Define the meaning of the verb with which objective predicative constructions with Participle I are used.

1. Passing into the picture gallery, as it was still called, he saw Irene standing nearby. (Galsw.) 2. It set him thinking. (Dr.) 3. We may suppose him representing the England of Napoleon's wars, and general unrest. (Galsw.) 4. Well, I don't want you coming here and telling me I'm untidy... . (Vickers) 5. In her ears there rang on a sudden the outrageous and unaccountable laughter that had sent Miss Warren flying from the room. (S. M.) 6. I thought I saw something moving along the track. (Vickers) 7. But he found his traps waiting for him in the porter's lodge... . (S. M.) 8. I opened the door with extreme reluctance and found Morton standing outside. (R. Aid.) 9. The four soldiers noticed Christian watching them. (I. Sh.) 10. She ran up the drive... and I heard her fumbling for the key. (J. Ch.) 11. From where she stood she could hear everything going on at once. (A. Chr.) 12. I heard the guards moving behind us. (Gr. Cr.) 13. I remember him saying: "What are you looking for, Frank?" (H. R.) 14. I felt him looking at me now and again, but I took no notice. (S. M.) 15. ...their ears spread wide to hear the first noise that would send them rushing into the bush. (E. H.)

Ex. 6. Form objective predicative constructions with Participle 1 out of the elements in brackets.

1. ...he saw (a young girl, to be driven) away from the door in tears. (S. M.) 2. I turned my head over my shoulder and saw (she, to stand) in front of the house. (A. Chr.) 3. He felt (her eyes, to rest) on him with a strange, touching look. (Galsw.) 4. Renata watched (he, to smoke). (E. H.) 5. That set (one's heart, to thump). (J. Ch.) 6. It would never do for her to come out and see (he, to talk) there with them. (J. L.) 7. Why on earth didn't you send (Strickland, to pack). (S. M.) 8. And Michael saw (his father-in-law, to stare up) at the Lincoln statue. (Galsw.) 9. Jolly was anxious that they should see (he, to row) so they set forth to the river. (Galsw.) 10. June saw (Soames, to stand) just behind her. (Galsw.) 11. Wilkins had heard (we, to row), and looked at me, and motioned me on. (Cain) 12. Yet their conviction that they had that very moment heard

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(somebody, to move) in the room had amounted to a certainty. (H. W.) 13. She thought she heard (he, to groan). (S. M.) 14. You'd only to see (she, to look) at him when she was off guard. (A. Chr.) 15. Giving a side glance at Betty, he saw (she, to watch) him with a warm look of admiration. (Lind.) 16.1 could feel (my breath, to tremble) as we drove along and I could feel (she, to look) at me too. (Cain) 17. Even in that first meeting I felt (he, to give) me some of his own courage. (Vickers)

Ex. 7. Paraphrase the following using objective predicative constructions with Patriciple I.

Model: The children were running towards the forest (she, to see). She saw the children running towards the forest.l. She was looking round eagerly (he, to see). 2. She was watching him

(he, not to see). 3 Someone was shouting (I, to hear). 4. The water was sucking at the piles beneath the house (they, to hear). 5. She was scrutinizing me closely (I, to see). 6. My cheeks were going red (I, to feel). 7. His ears were glowing (he, to feel). 8. Her little maid was starching and pleating her linen dresses... (she, to watch). 9. The gardeners were watering beds of young lettuce (he, to watch). 10. My sister was signalling to me from another table (I, to see). 11. The corner of a three-penny detective novel was protruding from Albert's pocket (he, to note). 12. The rain drops were pattering against the leaves (I, to hear). 13. His father was moving around in the living room (he, to hear). 14. He was hurrying through the hot June forenoon, up the hill and on to the open downland (they, to imagine). 15. He was standing there, the light glittering on his spectacles, his white cruel face expectant (they, to see). 16. He was waiting about five minutes (they, to keep). 17. They were sitting in the sunshine (she, to find).

Ex. 8. Complete the following so as to use objective predicative constructions with Participle I.

1. They watched the children... . 2. He didn't see her... . 3. I didn't notice you... . 4. He liked to watch his father... . 5. He found himself... . 6. I've never heard you... . 7. I didn't see anybody... . 8. The girl saw someone... . 9. The blow sent the boy… . 10. Не watched the theatre crowd... . 11. The wind sent the leaves.... 12. She watched the car... . 13. She heard the footsteps... . 14. I saw the door... . 15. She heard the children... . 16. He felt her... . 17. Did you overhear them ...? 18. We imagine them... .

Ex. 9 Make up sentences using the following objective predicating constructions with Participle I.

1. him listening; 2. the children playing; 3. the waves rolling; 4. them talking; 5. her looking round; 6. the crowd streaming; 7. the door slamming open; 8. him waiting outside; 9. hеr poring over a book; 10. you sitting here; 11. someone weeping; 12. the clock ticking; 13. a figure standing; 14. Pete working; 15. a voice saying; 16. my mother washing; 17. the box rattling down; 18. him smoking; 19. her grandmother knitting

Ex. 10. Recast the following sentences so as to use objective predicative

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constructions with Participle I.1. I noticed that now his eyes were resting on me with a faint smile of

amusement. 2. At the corner of the street I now saw that a small crowd was collecting, attracted by the fire. 3. So as I strode now along Bake street I felt that I was doing something useful... . 4. Then Frank's eyes lit up, he saw that Martha was cutting a cake, cutting an enormous wedge of plum cake. 5. When I opened my eyes I saw the others were dozing so I sneaked out. 6. I noticed that Constance was sitting close against Freddy's chair, and that he broke across what he was saying. 7. I could see that Dave was still standing in the door-way. 8. I felt I was getting hot under the collar, and all my romantic humour was gone. 9. When he got on the sand he saw that Arthur was looking at the boat. 10. He could see that a man was standing on the pavement, facing the swing doors. 11. When he opened the window he heard how the birds were singing in the garden. 12. In a minute or two I noticed that her eyes were stealthily peeping at me over the top of the book. 13. I could feel that the room was rocking under my feet.

Ex. 11. Recast the following sentences with the objective predicative construction with Participle I so as to use complex sentences.

1. He found Harris waiting for him inside the main entrance. 2. On the sidewalk below he saw a man lighting a cigarette and slowly walking away. 3. He came back and found Jan waiting for him. 4. He heard the little child counting slowly, one, two, three, four, five, and on — aloud. 5. He heard someone coming very heavily up the stairs. 6. She heard someone groaning. 7. He could feel his heart beating. 8. Suddenly he heard someone shouting loudly. 9. ...Job felt his heart pounding and his mouth was dry again. 10. I felt him looking at me now and again. 11. As I began to wash up, I heard Frieda talking on the telephone. 12. He liked to watch them walking under the shade of the trees. 13. I saw Philip looking at me with a curious smile. 14. Liza got into Vere Street, and was walking quickly towards her house when she saw Linda coming towards her. 15. ...no sooner did he hear the bell ringing for the end of the interval than he was in a fret to get back to his box for fear he would miss the last ballet. 16. They left the room and a few seconds later I heard the water running in the bathroom. 17. Then her charming: face grew eager, and, glancing around, with almost a lover's jealously, Julia saw Kate striding across the grass. 18. Shortly after we got back to London, I noticed a magnificent model of a foxhound adorning Gordon's mantelpiece.

Ex. 12. Translate into Russian paying attention to predicative constructions with Participle I.

1. He watched the pulse beating rapidly in her throat, the flutter of her breathing between parted lips. (Cus.) 2. As. Paul consulted his silver watch he felt the other watching him with a strange covetousness. (Cron.) 3. The sight of them set my heart hammering so violently I could scarcely breathe. (J. Ch.) 4. We came up for air at the same moment and heard the footsteps going away towards the tower. (Gr. Gr.) 5. He perceived a struggle going on within her.

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(Galsw.) 6. I could see the farm growing, could feel the satisfaction of it growing in me. (Vickers). 7. Manuel noted the fresh blood shining down the black shoulder and dripping down the bull's leg. (E. H.) 8. Down towards the town men and women were running, and he noticed clearly one man coming out of a shop door with a stick in his hand. (H. W.) 9. They came to be on such good terms that he gave her a little leather picture — case from his dresser which he had observed her admiring. (Dr.) 10. He put some more on the plate, then turned his back politely so he would not watch them eating. (J. Aid.) 11.1 saw a lot of grass and one or two sheep but I didn't see anybody working. (Galsw.) 12. I noticed a couple of pictures hanging on the wall that I'd never seen before. (Vickers) 13. She could feel her knees violently trembling, and a sharp migraine had suddenly caught her eyes and forehead. (R. Aid.) 14. During the night two porpoises came around the boat and he could hear them rolling and blowing. (E. H.) 15. ...he would certainly have found himself going round the house a second time. (Galsw.) 16. Baker observed with calm super-ciliousness the coast going by... . (Sill.) 17. She slipped to. her own room and heard Veronica breathing. (Dr.)

ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONSEx. 1. Point out nominative absolute participial constructions in the

following sentences and define their functions.1. The Strand, it being the hour when the theatres began to empty

themselves, was a roaring torrent of humanity and vehicles... . (P. W.) 2. She looked at me, her eyes widening. (H. R.) 3. Liza and Tom and the Blakestones had got a seat together, Liza being between the two men. (S. M.) 4. ...the complication which the doctor had feared having ensued, recovery was impossible. (S. M.) 5. "You're worse than Claire," said Ray, her eyes ceasing to glitter. (White) 6. He glared at Tom with outrage, his eyes glittering... with excitement. (Bates). 7. She had put some order into the drawing-room by now, her housewifely instincts having got the better of her dismay. (S. M.) 8. She said it in a low voice, a spasm of pain crossing her face. (A. Chr.) 9. And in the evening after the high tea which was their last meal, they sat in the stiff parlour, the ladies working and Dr. Macphail smoking his pipe, the missionary told them of his work in the island. (S. M.) 10. Then his face lightening, he ran to the desk. (A. Chr.) 11. Dinner began in silence; the women facing one another and the man. (Galsw.) 12. "It's a rum business," said Sergeant Pollock, his eyes wandering to the littered floor. (A. Chr.) 13. Sitting like that, his eyes half-closed, tasting blood, an image began to form hazily in his mind... . (I. Sh.) 14. Supper finished, he led him into the parlour... . (S. M.) 15. In the house, the lamp lighted, Saxon looked at the coin. (J. L.) 16. And there I lay for a blasted hour, everybody hitting the lower path. (J. L.)

Ex. 2. Point out nominative absolute participial constructions in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. He found that Anne had advanced into the hall, her hands folded upon

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her apron, her eyes contemplating him... . (Cron.) 2. She counted out the money from her bulging purse, her fingers trembling, her eyes snapping at him. (Cron.) 3. As she approached the end of the bundle (of notes) she went slower and slower, her sly black eyes twinkling... . (Cron.) 4. Mrs. Bramwell's evening began at nine o'clock, the late hour being chosen out of consideration for the medical gentlemen who might be detained at their surgeries. (Cron.) 5. They walked silently through the street, Tom very grave, Liza weeping bitterly. (S. M.) 6. She turned, losing her restraint, her eyes sparkling with honest indignation. (Cron.) 7. Denny lit a cigarette, his fingers shaking so violently he could barely hold the match. (Cron.) 8. Fleur having declared that it was "simply too wonderful to stay indoors," they all went out. (Galsw.) 9. It being a hot day, and all of us thirsty, she suggested that we should have a glass of beer. (S. M.) 10. She never was a great talker. Often when, the night being fine, we decided to walk back from the music-hall at which we had been spending the evening, she never opened her mouth. (S. M.) 11. "You know any of them?" I whispered. "Yes," he said simply, his voice trembling a little. (H. R.) 12. It was quite light. A few miners were already in the street: the first of the night shift moving out. As Andrew walked with them, spent and slow, his footsteps echoing with the others under the morning sky, he kept thinking blindly: "I've done something... ." (Cron.) 13. This important point settled, Casanova was about to proceed to others... . (R. Aid.) 14. All being settled, he went to bed and slept soundly. (S. M.) 15. The waltz in the back room being finished, three couples followed by the fiddler and the pianist and heading for the bar, caught Daylight's eyes. (J. L.) 16. This done, he seized some strips of long yellow paper about three inches wide. (Law.)

Ex. 3. Recast the following sentences so as to use adverbial clauses instead of nominative absolute participial constructions.

1. "No," said Val, setting forward her face growing dark with purpose. 2. In a moment Lewis leapt from the car, his eyes blazing with excitement. 3. His statement is that he left here at half past two yesterday afternoon, the manager having no further need for him. 4. She paused, her gaze still questioning him, her tone striving to be off-hand. 5. Ten minutes later I saw them in the water together, Chris swimming away with a grim little stroke she had, and Bill wallowing riotously around her and ahead of her, sometimes pausing and staring at her. 6. Scarcely nodding to us, he went down the walk, his dog running after him. 7. Andrew remained at the gate, his pulse racing suddenly as Alice came down the steps and walked toward him, alone. 8. It was Nancy herself who opened the door for Andrew, her face welcoming, smiling towards him. 9. "Yes," said Maggie, the worried look receding from his face. 10. He woke during the still hot nights, his hand reaching automatically to his bedside table for a cigarette. 11. The hour being early, the saloon bar into which they made their way was free from the crowds which would have interfered with a quiet chat between old friends. 12. She blushed, the hot, red colour running up her

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neck and across her face. 13. Then she saw the stained point, and she drew back, her eyes widening with horror. 14. This having been settled, Bartolomeo left them. 15. Preliminary remarks being over, I now precede to the deal.

Ex. 4. Recast the following sentences so as to use the nominative absolute participial construction.

1. When a fortnight of his notice to Mrs. Grant had expired Mike really began to worry. 2. The rain showed no sign of stopping, and at length with umbrellas and waterproofs they set out. 3. When the door bell rang, Lesley rose and left the room. 4. At last his preparations were complete — the flowers, the food, the wine upon the ice; his eyes surveyed the scene with shining intensity. 5. Now that the examination was so close at hand, a queer calmness had settled upon him. 6. His brain was inactive, almost dull. He felt that he knew nothing. 7. Now that the moment had come he found it difficult to speak. 8. After tea when all the lamps were lit, work went more briskly. 9. After Oscar had gone, Liza stood for a moment in the hall. 10. After it was settled that Joy should come down to Blackstable, Mrs. Grey had thought much how she should treat him. 11. When it was finished assuming my best company manners, 1 turned to Mrs. Driffield. 12. When Julia and Simmy had decided to try their luck in London, Jimmie Field had written to her asking her to do what she could for them. 13. When the massage was finished Evie brought Julia a cup of tea. 14. After she had gone he got to thinking the matter over.

Ex. 5. Make up sentences using the following nominative absolute participial constructions.

1. ...the weather being fine. 2. It being a cold day... . 3. The night being fine... . 4. ...his voice trembling. 5. The working day being over... . 6. ...his eyes widening. 7. ...his cheeks reddening. 8. ...her face lightening. 9. My friend having declared... . 10. ...his hand reaching for a cigarette. 11. The hour being early... . 12. His curiosity having got the better of the fear... . 13. The child weeping bitterly... . 14. ...her eyes sparkling with indignation... . 15. The door bell ringing... . 16. This finished ... .

PARTICIPLE IIEx. 1. Define the function of Participle II.1. Rosie looked round with delight at the great dark smoky house,

crowded to the ceiling with the inhabitants of South London. (S. M.) 2. Carried away by the melody, Marie went so far as to dance a step or two herself. (P. W.) 3. "Let's skate again," she said, "shall we? With crossed hands." (Bates) 4. They had gazed sadly on the pitted surface of the once smooth lawn. (A. Chr.) 5. Sam looked up, relieved. Dear Old Bates was standing in the lighted doorway. (P. W.) 6. I had been seated at the desk a long time, lost in thought. (H. R.) 7. Again there was a silence in the wooden shed, broken only by the drumming of the rain upon the tin roof. (Cron.) 8. I laughed, embarrassed, but not wholly displeased with the role thrust upon me. (A. Chr.) 9. Mr. Wrenn, startled, dropped his hat.

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(P. W.) 10. Embarrassed he didn't know what to say. (Cron.) 11. Poirot shook his head in a dissatisfied manner. (A. Chr.) 12. With a smile he looked across at Christine, seated on the opposite seat. (Cron.) 13. Surrounded by difficulties and uncertainty, he longed for Christine. (Cron.) 14. The owner was a half-caste named Horn, with a native wife surrounded by little brown children, and on the ground-floor he had a store where he sold canned goods and cottons. ;(S. M.)

Ex. 2. Point out predicative constructions with Participle II and define their structure.

1. Bart watched Chilla engulfed by his family and then saw them go, too, unchallenged. (Cus.) 2. They've got me cornered. (Cart.) 3. I had it all planned. (Vickers) 4. He distinctly heard the Boers sympathized with, the British Government blamed. (Galsw.) 5. She kept her eyes fastened upon her plate. (Cron.) 6. He kept his eyes fixed on mine till I had finished, and then he turned away. (S. M.) 7. I saw her stretched out beside in the dust, her eyes glittering, and she wrinkled her nose at me. (J. Ch.) 8. ...I even heard it suggested that he might get the Foreign Office. (S. M.) 9. But a week later, feeling himself betrayed, hysterical and in terror, Norberd betrayed his wife. (Maltz) 10. As he ate the cottage pie that was his portion he felt Blodwen's eye fastened on him... . (Cron.) 11. We'll have supper sent up to the suite. (A. Chr.) 12. About ten minutes later he heard the front door shut. (A. Chr.) 13. Perhaps she refused to have him sent for because she knew he would refuse to come. (S. M.)

Ex. 3. Translate into Russian paying attention to the function of Participle II.

1. A lady in velvet jacket was sitting there, with her eyes fixed on the ground. (A. Chr.) 2. Occupied by other thoughts I stopped thinking about Strickland and his affairs. (S. M.)3. The Driffields lived in a house painted a dull red... . (S. M.) 4. It was a fairly large Victorian mansion kept in good state of repair. (A. Chr.) 5. He liked the way she had her hair arranged, wondering if it was brillaintine that made it glisten so. (F. F.) 6. She seemed pleased at Jane's gracious-ness and complimentary sayings. (A. Chr.) 7. Of the four persons who made up the little group collected about the threshold of the "Angry Cheese", three now spoke simultaneously. (P. W.) 8. He seemed calmed and at peace. (P. W.) 9.1 took her hands in mine: she held my sprained wrist gently. (Bates) 10. These two people seem extraordinary interested in Mon Repos. (P. W.) 11. ...a puzzled look crossed his face. (H. R.) 12. ...He went to the studio at ten with his coat collar turned up and his hat pulled low over his ears. (F. F.) 13. There were several letters in the pile laid on the table. (Gr. Gr.)

Ex. 4. Recast the following sentences so as to use subordinate clauses instead of predicative constructions.

1. About an hour had passed when he heard the key softly turned, and the door opened. 2. Arrived at the edge of the pond he stood, noting another water-lily opened since yesterday. 3. Hester, suppose you were to find yourself discharged from the faculty? 4. When Dr. Frank went back he found his wife

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nearly dressed. 5. I found him absorbed in detective novels. 6. The chair creaked, and Hope felt the glass drawn away from her. 7. ...the man of the world could feel Irene's arms crushed against his own. 8. Although Harold knew the facts so well he felt himself carried away by the rising current of excitement in the air. 9. Lambert liked to hear his children praised. 10. They saw the white sand spread in the explosion. 11. With mortification Simon saw his dark sardonic face relaxed. 12. But Willy had seen her carried off by half a dozen policemen, screaming and tearing their .hair. 13. He has felt himself compelled to bring this action.

Ex. 5. Recast the following sentences so as to use predicative constructions instead of subordinate clauses.

1. I tried the handle, and found that the door was unlocked. 2. Silas chose the law, because he felt that he was morally adapted for it. 3. They considered that the plan had been lost. 4. It could be considered that she was cured. 5. It seemed that she was greatly worried. 6. It appeared that Leila was calmed and delighted. 7. It turned out that the letter had been signed and ready to be posted. 8. When we came up to the village we found that it had been burnt to the ground. 9. When I entered the room I found that she had been already dressed for the party. 10. His thoughts wandered and he found that his mind was filled with memories of the past. 11.1 heard that his name had been mentioned several times during the conversation.

Ex. 6. Translate the Russian participles in brackets by English Participle II.

1. I lay there with my eyes (закрытые). 2. She kept her eyes (устремленные) upon her plate. 3. It was a room (предназначенная) not to live in but for purposes of prestige, and it had a musty melancholy air. 4. I had that door (покрашенная) only last week. 5. Meditatively he took from his pocket a neatly (сложенная) telegram which he opened and re-read. 6. Bill wheeled round. His face was set. He spoke through (стиснутые) teeth. 7. Bob moved up and down, searching for Bette, and at last found her (спрятанной) behind a large placard. 8. Andrew stood with his head (склоненной), silent. 9. Ferry found the (скомканную) note with the phone number on it, which Grace had left. 10. Feeling the warmth of the grass beneath him, the world around him (окруженный) with movement, it did not seem that there was such a thing as illness.

Ex. 7. Read the following dialogue and point out predicative constructions with Participle II. Make up your own dialogues using predicative constructions with Participle II.

DIALOGUENora: It's Peter's birthday the day after tomorrow. I've had a new suit made for

him to wear at his party.Harry: Are we going to have a lot of his friends here? Nora: Oh, yes, didn't I tell you?

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Harry: Are you going to cook all the cakes yourself?Nora: Some of them. And the rest I shall have done by a shop. That reminds me,

I must get the carpets beaten before the party. Robert: And Dad, will you have the gramophone mended by Friday? Harry: Well, why don't you have it mended yourself, Robert? Didn't you have it

mended last time it broke? Nora: What do you want the gramophone for on Friday? Robert: We shall have to use it for the dancing. Harry: What, dancing half the night? Then I see what I shall have to do! Nora: What's that, Harry?Harry: (jokingly): I must have a bed made up for me at the club, and spend the

night there.Meet the Parkers

Ex. 8. Put general and special questions to the following statements.1. She'd had it (hair) cut very short, Eton cropped, and now she was

wearing it straight and natural, not frizzed up as she'd always worn it. (Vickers) 2. She had the slips printed, and began mailing them out, three or four at a time. (Cain) 3. If 1 could get Rima's voice recorded. (J. Ch.) 4. I've got to get her cured. (J. Ch.) 5. I was using that tramp as a money-box and luggage carrier, until I decided how to get my books and things sent over to meet me. (H. W.) 6. He ran forward and back, felt his heart clutched by a sickening fear. (Galsw). 7. Harold put his hand to her face and felt it flushed. (R. Aid.) 8. Renisenb felt her spirits lightened. (A. Chr.) 9. ...he looked up and saw7 the stars sprinkled above the plane-trees of the square. (Lind.) 10. She found herself so much disturbed by this visit that she could hardly find tongue to answer his questions. (Dr.) 11. He saw the question written in her wondering ashamed face. (Dr.) 12. And then I heard a box kicked across the floor, and the next moment Rob came into the bedroom. (Vickers) 13. Tommy heard a chair shifted. (A. Chr.)

Ex. 9. Make up sentences using the following constructions with Participle II.

1. kept her eyes fastened upon; 2. have the report typed; 3. heard it suggested; 4. found him absorbed in; 5. kept the eyes fixed on; 6. get his voice recorded; 7. heard her name mentioned; 8. had the article printed; 9. with his eyes lowered; 10. heard the key turned; 11. had her hair cut very short; 12. had the letter sent; 13. considers herself offended

Ex. 10. Make up 2 or 3 questions with each of the following constructions with Participle II. Let your fellow-students answer your questions.

1. to have one's hair cut; 2. to have one's picture taken; 3. to have one's TV repaired; 4. to have one's room papered; 5. to have one's hair waved; 6. to have one's shoes mended; 7. to have a new dress made; 8. to have one's nails done; 9. to have one's report typed; 10. to have one's mail sent; 11. to have a text tape-recorded

REVISION

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Ex. 1. State the form of the participle.1. I do not know how long we stood there, eating potatoes in the snow,

warming our hands by the open fire, talking and laughing... . (Bates) 2. ...his intonation was so unmistakably American that Sam glanced at him as he passed; and, glancing half stopped, arrested by something strangely familiar about the man's face. (P. W.) 3. Kay stalked across the hall, and, having turned the handle, found confronting her a young woman of spectacular appearance... . (P. W.) 4. She closed the door and came into the room, taking off her coat. (D. Rob.) 5. For a moment Kay stared speechlessly; then, throwing her head back, she gave out a short, sharp scream of laughter... . (P. W.) 6. With a crack of his fingers he had a waiter running for them. (Cron.) 7. In the seat immediately behind mine, leaning forward with her lips slightly parted was... Lady Edwards, better known as Jane Wilkinson. (A. Chr.) 8. The young gentleman looked at the stream discolored by the melting snow. (E. H.) 9. ...he paid his debts, sought help from no one and, never having done a stroke of work in his life, looked for a means of livelyhood. (S. M.) 10. After this they strolled back to the broke, and found things being prepared for luncheon. (S. M.) 11. Day by day the news of me crept farther and farther into the inner pages of the newspaper, being pushed back by newer and more sensational copy. (S. M.) 12. ...when Ashenden, having just stepped out of his bath, was trying to dry himself on a towel that absorbed no moisture, his door was quickly opened and a man slipped into his room. (S. M.)

Ex. 2. Define the function of the participle.1. Andrew rose and crossed the room, with a pale face and a heavily

beating heart. (Cron.) 2. Kay swung round on Mr. Wrenn, her eyes gleaming with the light that shines only in the eyes of girls who are entitled to say "I told you so!" to elderly relatives. (P. W.) 3. But she (June), having clasped her hands on his knees, rubbed her chin against him, making a sound like a purring cat. (Galsw.) 4. But now, seeing her weeping and broken before him... his heart softened. (P. W.) 5. This time Sam performed the descent of the steps in a single leap. But reaching the gate he was struck by a thought. (P. W.) 6. They stopped a passing miner, and were soon directed to Vale View. (Cron.) 7. Kay stared thoughtfully before her; and staring, was aware of Sam hurrying through the swing door. (P. W.) 8. Hokkaids listened attentively, nodding, then replied. (D. Rob.) 9. The four people upstairs, trying to make conversation, listened despite themselves to the clink of glasses and the scrape of chairs. (S. M.) 10. Fumblingly he pressed her hand, turned, clattered down the path and was on his way home with dancing thoughts, walking on air... . (Cron.) 11. ...their whispers became so loud that the Judge angrily threatened to have the court cleared if there was not immediate silence. (A. Chr.) 12. On the threshold stood a tall man with black hair neatly parted in the middle, china blue eyes with a particularly innocent expression and a large placid face. (A. Chr.) 13. The house that had seemed whirring, buzzing a moment since, was suddenly very quiet, a breath of air crept in through the open front door carrying the noise of a passing motor... .

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(F. F.) 14. It was ages since I had been out anywhere, and I had to spend all my day off duty on the day of the concert trying to make up for the neglect of my nails and hair. (M. D.) 15. The sun has set, and it was twilight, the sky was growing dark, bringing to view the twinkling stars. (S. M.) 16. She drank some water, and then taking up a broken handglass she looked at herself, saying: "I am a sight!" (S. M.)

Ex. 3. Specify the functions of the participle by inserting in the blanks appropriate conjunctions from the list below.

1. I stood nursing the wrist I had sprained ... skating. (Bates) 2. She kept inclining her head ... listening for something. (P. W.) 3. He did not look his best ... smiling. (P. W.) 4. And then suddenly ... smoking a placid after-lunch pipe, his mood changed. (P. W.) 5. He cast a swift glance over his shoulder ... debating the practicability of a dive into the traffic. (P. W.) 6. "Good evening!" she said, suddenly and sharply, and Bill Bannister shot up from the sofa ... propelled by an explosive. (P. W.) 7. He is safe ... living in the country. But he keeps dashing away from the country and losing his head. (P. W.) 8. ... saying these words he got up. (S. M.) 9. The house ... finished was fresh and gay. (S. M.) 10. Next day, ... waiting before that picture he looked at it with wonder. (Galsw.) 11.1 saw him for the first time... lunching here yesterday. (A. Chr.) 12. ...waiting for that answer, it had become Mr. Pendyce's habit to promenade between these beds. (Galsw.) 13. ... passing the bookshop I stopped to look in the window and had noticed among other new books the translation of a novel of mine. (Cron.) 14. I had longingly scanned the exterior of the department ... sitting the Marshall with Gavin. (Cron.) 15. It was a pretty mouth but Sam who had made a study of the picture, was of the opinion that it would look even prettier ... smiling. (P. W.)

____________________________while; when; as if; as though Ex. 4. Point out and, define the type of constructions with the participle in

the following sentences.1. After I had left them I walked up and down the road outside, listening

to the blackbirds whistling continuously. (Bates) 2. He (Young Jolyon) kept his eyes fixed on his father's face, putting a question now and then. (Galsw.) 3. Bramwell came slowly, his large feet pressing down the pavement magestically, ...uncut white hair sweeping, over the back of his soiled collar, eyes fixed on the book he held at arm's length. (Cron.) 4. Hurriedly rehooking her dress, she descended the stairs and found him grouping the essentials on the dining table. (F. F.) 5. "It's an idea," he said, a flicker of a smile crossing his face. (D. Rob.) 6. I watched the couples dancing around. (D. Rob.) 7. The room was in confusion — drawer of the bureau pulled out, papers lying about the floor. (A. Chr.) 8. I watched her writing: the pen rarely left the paper, running on from letter to letter, from word to word. (S. M.)

Ex. 5. Use the infinitive or participle of the verb in brackets to form

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objective predicative constructions. Give two variants where possible.1. At last Tom came. He saw her (to stand) there and went up to her. (S.

M.) 2. She felt herself (to blush) a little. (S. M.) 3. Willoughty Braddock wanted me (to do) something and now I find that I shan't be able to. (P. W.) 4. He could almost see Chilla (to slap) his side and (to call): "Hey, take a look." (Cus.) 5. It makes him even now (to write) to the reviewers of his books, thanking them for their praise. (S. M.) 6. Standing on the steps of the post office he saw Doctor Bramwell (to approach)... . (Cron.) 7. Twist walked briskly to the end of the Embankment, turned up Northumberland Avenue, and reaching his destination, found Mr. and Mrs. Molloy (to wait) for him at a table in a far comer. (P. W.) 8. But as she walked along the street she saw Tom (to come) the opposite way... . (S. M.) 9. I had to eat the cake because she came and stood over me and watched me (to do) it. (P. W.) 10. I could see her (to stand) in the doorway (to say) good-bye. (D. Rob.) 11. He stood aside to let his visitor (to pass) wondering again where it was that he had originally seen the man. (P. W.)

Ex. 6. State whether the -ing-form is the gerund, the participle or the verbal noun. Give your reasons.

1. Now... you stop crying, like a good girl, and powder your nose and all that. (P. W.) 2. Strickland was indifferent to his surroundings, and he had lived in the other's studio without thinking of altering a thing. (S. M.) 3. Because of the skating she began to be easier as she walked... . (Bates) 4. "Where is Ogilvy Street?" "Up the road, first turning to the left." (P. W.) 5. The poor woman lay quite still, refusing to speak, with her eyes intent, as though she watched for the coming of death. (S. M.) 6. And so absorbed was she in this pursuit that a knocking on the outer door did not penetrate to her consciousness. (S. M.) 7. The longing in his voice was very sad. (Cron.) 8. He discovered... one morning that an idea had come to him for making a series of water-colour drawings of London. (Galsw.) 9. There was a great deal of excited coming and going. (Cron.) 10. Then there was a rattling of plates and cups. (Cron.) 11. He was interrupted in this task by the opening of the door, and looking up, was surprised to see his niece. (P. W.) 12. I mustn't keep you standing here for another instant. (P. W.) 13. Liza was able to make her own living by working at the factory. (S. M.) 14. Mr. Braddock greatly disliked being called brother, but he made no comment. (P. W.)

Ex. 7. Recast the following sentences so as to use subordinate clauses instead of constructions with the participle.

1. There was a man hurrying down the street in front of me. 2. It was not uncommon to Andrew, walking at night along the rows, to hear the sound of a piano coming from one of the poor houses of the miners... . 3. They had to be content with a compartment packed with miners, loudly discussing the City football match. 4. Coming back... she turned on me the sudden disarming smile that was always so irresistable and so compelling, and we went in. 5. He slid silently through the back door..., and having removed his shoes, climbed the

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kitchen stairs. 6. For perhaps a minute I stood under the gas-lamp outside, listening to her... footsteps running up the avenue in the snow. 7. I woke up. The sun, streaming through the window, had hit my face. 8. "I'm afraid you'll find the place in rather a mess," he said apologetically, leading the way to the drawing-room. "I've only moved in." 9. Switching on the light in the nursery, she found Julie tossing feverishly and giving out odd little cries. 10. We had reached Piccadilly, and stopping I strecthed, out my hand to Dave. 11. Evylyn found herself blinking back at him, but she saw no humour in it. 12. Just as I got there I saw in the distance the woman called Carol coming along the cliff path. 13. Coming up to the door I found him sitting near it.

Ex. 8. Recast the following sentences so as to use constructions with the participle wherever possible.

1. After I had left them I walked up and down the road outside. 2. When I got to his house I stood outside for I don't know how long... . 3. Mr. Cook chuckled as he recalled the scene they had played. 4. Well, Miss Beets didn't want it, so she gave it to me along with other odds and ends, that had belonged to the mistress. 5. Donald turned his whole attention to the menu. When he had ordered he leaned back in his chair... . 6. He pulled a letter from his pocket — the letter he had received this morning. 7. Of course, as she has lived here practically all her life, she knows everything about this place. 8. The waiter brought us two cups of a doubtful fluid which was called coffee. 9. Miss Bentley walked home, and her dog trotted at her heels. 10. His guests left early and Mr. Benson ... lay down in a long rotten chair. 11. Charles spoke with a twinkle in his eyes as though he saw what was at the back of the doctor's simple question... . 12. But when she went to bed she could not sleep. 13. The great white pigeons that roosted in their branches were asleep, and the only sound that broke the silence was when one of them for some reason rustled its wings. 14. When dinner was finished, Dolly went up to Sam and put her hand on his shoulder. 15. She stayed still, watching with a singular calm the men who advanced towards her.

Ex. 9. Translate into Russian paying attention to constructions with the participle.

1. He had at home a considerable library of books written about China... . (S. M.) 2. He seemed to be looking into his memory for melodies heard in some long past existence. (S. M.) 3. Dr. Saunders, standing with Erik by the gramophone, saw with surprise that Erik was an exquisite dancer. (S. M.) 4. Frith, having to his satisfaction divided three birds among seven people, sat down and helped himself to boiled potatoes. (S. M.) 5. They strolled along a winding path... and all at once saw a girl coming toward them. (S. M.) 6. A fountain-pen protruded from his closely buttoned tunic. (S. M.) 7. Sometimes I've thought of an island lost in a boundless sea, where I could live in some hidden valley, among strange trees in silence. (S. M.) 8. As she dropped into an upholstered leather chair facing the big mahogony desk, Christine suddenly

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realised how very tired she was. (A. H.) 9. The hit-and-run fatality of the night had become a double tragedy, the mother of the slain child having died in the hospital during the early hours of the morning. (A. H.) 10. ...he was very energetic, and my uncle, being extremely lazy, was glad to have someone to take so much work off his shoulders. (S. M.) 11. Being accustomed to send Bill on errands, George had dispatched him to the Union Castle offices... . (A. Chr.) 12. At two o'clock that afternoon Anthony Cade, travelling under the name of Jimmy McGrath, stepped out of the boat train at Waterloo ... (A. Chr.) 13. But this morning we got a wire from him saying he would be down here at 9 p.m. tonight... . (A. Chr.) 14. I have a car waiting outside in the road. (A. Chr.) 15. Passing the Comedy Theatre I happened to look up and saw the clouds lit by the setting sun. (S. M.) 16. Having thought out all this, Anthony returned to bed and slept peacefully till morning. (A. Chr.) 17. Battle went round to the front of the house, and a few minutes later Anthony and Virginia heard the sound of a car driving away. (A. Chr.) 18. He smiled, noting the astonished expression on the faces of the others. (A. Chr.) 19. He jumped when addressed suddenly by Mr. Hiram Fish, who had made his usual noiseless entry. (A. Chr.) 20. He stood quite still for a moment peering around as though listening. (A. Chr.)

Ex. 10. Translate into English using the participle or predicative constructions with the participle.

1. Когда дети ушли на прогулку в лес, мать еще долго стояла в дверях, улыбаясь и махая рукой. 2. Мистер Пиквик, сопровождаемый своими друзьями, отправился изучать мир и людей. 3. Я еще не изучил всех материалов, связанных с этой проблемой. 4. Выглянув в окно, мистер Пиквик увидел, что день был прекрасен. Ярко светило солнце, и было слышно, как весело пели птицы в саду. 5. Эта песня напомнила ему мелодию, услышанную им в далекой юности. 6. Доктор Ватсон сидел у окна, наблюдая за проходящими мимо людьми, когда вдруг увидел хорошенькую молодую женщину, направляющуюся к их дому. 7. На столе лежала сложенная газета, которую он еще не успел просмотреть. 8. Не обращая внимания на, стоны Тома, Сид лежал с закрытыми глазами, притворяясь, что спит. 9. Положив телефонную трубку, Мэнсон заметил Энни, наблюдавшую за ним. Энни объяснила, что доктор Гриффитс всегда сам подходил к телефону, но говорил, что его нет дома.

Ex. 11. Translate into English using the required form of the participle. 1. Будучи центром театральной жизни, Лондон считается первым по

количеству профессиональных и любительских театров. 2. Так как постоянная труппа театра была сравнительно молодой, театр ставил современные пьесы, которые пользовались большой популярностью у молодежи. 3. Вчера мы видели очень интересный спектакль, отражавший важные проблемы нашей жизни. Режиссер, осуществивший постановку, нашел новые, необычные формы. Мы смотрели на сцену, не отрывая глаз. 4. Так как мой муж страдает близорукостью, мы всегда покупаем билеты в

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партер или бельэтаж, когда посещаем театр. 5. Я слышала, как они обсуждали новый фильм. Так как я была не согласна с ними, я высказала свое мнение о постановке и работе режиссера. 6.Вам доводилось видеть актрису, сыгравшую главную роль в этом фильме? 7. Развлекая гостей,хозяйка далала все возможное, чтобы они чувствовали себя как дома. 8. Когда мне предложили билеты на вечернее и утреннее представление, я не знала, что выбрать. 9. Приняв предложение моего друга посетить выставку молодых художников, я с радостью отправилась в выставочный зал. Но так как там было много посетителей, мы ушли разочарованные, не посмотрев и половины картин. 10. Мы застали их весело смеющимися над чем-то. Узнав причину их смеха, мы тоже рассмеялись. 11.Когда вы фотографировались в последний раз? 12. Слышали, как они обсуждали этот вопрос. 13. Не зная языка, на котором была написана эта книга, они не смогли воспользоваться ею. 14. Когда я вошла в комнату, я увидела двух молодых людей, горячо споривших друг с другом по какому-то вопросу. 15. Вы исправили все ошибки, указанные преподавателем? Сделав работу над ошибками, не забудьте сдать тетради. 16. Аня сказала, что студента, не сдавшего экзамен, просят зайти в деканат. 17. В то время, как ей делали операцию, она ничего не чувствовала. 18. Я только что починила свои часы, и теперь они показывают точное время. 19. Перепуганная девочка ухватилась за руку матери и заплакала. Пытаясь успокоить ее, мать дала девочке игрушку, но и это не помогло. 20. Письмо, полученное в тот день, только усилило его тревогу и беспокойство. Казалось, что выхода нет, и посоветоваться было не с кем.

Ex. 12. Read the following dialogue, and point out the participle and predicative constructions with the participle. Make up your own dialogues using the participle.

DIALOGUENora: Good afternoon, Mrs. Wood. You are looking pleased. Have you found

out who took your missing spoons?Mrs. Wood: Yes, it's really very funny, I must tell you. Of course, I've been

awfully nervous since yesterday, my husband being away and there being nobody else in the house. And then coming back from shipping this afternoon I found the back gate open and suspicious noises coming from the house!

Nora: Goodness!Mrs. Wood: Thinking that if I went for help the fellow would get away, I

decided to catch him myself.Nora: How very brave of you!Mrs. Wood: And then, looking in through the kitchen window what should I see

but — Nora: A man?

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Mrs. Wood: No — a monkey! Nora: A monkey?Mrs. Wood: Yes, a monkey, sitting on my kitchen table, and taking all my

knives and forks out of the table drawer.Nora: Wherever had it come from?Mrs. Wood: I just couldn't think at first. And then I suddenly remembered that

the house at the end of the road has just been taken over by an old sailor who has all sorts of strange pets.

Nora: I know — Mr. Benbow. So the monkey sitting on the table was his. What extraordinary creature — taking your spoons one day and coming back for your knives and forks the next! Did you manage to catch him?

Mrs. Wood: I couldn't catch him myself, but I fetched Mr. Benbow and he soon did it.

Nora: And did you discover what the monkey had done with your spoons? Mrs. Wood: Yes, we found them hidden at the end of our own garden!Nora: How very funny! With the police hunting everywhere for a criminal too.

Still, «All's well that ends well!»Meet the Parkers

GENERAL REVISIONEx. 1. Define the non-finite form of the verb and its function.1. Liza set about getting her tea. She thought it would be rather lonely

eating it alone, so pouring out a cup of tea and putting a little condensed milk into it, she cut a huge piece of bread-and-butter, and sat herself down outside on the doorstep. Another woman came downstairs, and, seeing Liza, sat down beside her and began to talk. (S. M.) 2. He had to contend with the work of his practice, he had only the long nights in which to study. Sustained by black coffee and a wet towel round his head he battled on, sitting into the early hours of the morning. When he fell into bed, exhausted, often he could not sleep and sometimes when he slept he would awake, sweating from a nightmare. (Cron.) 3. There were little knots of women talking at their open doorways, and as he passed they stopped talking to smile and give him a friendly "Good morning". Approaching Number 12 he fancied he saw" a face at the window. And it was so. They had been waiting on him. The instant he placed his foot on the newly pipeclayed doorstep, the door was swung open and the old woman, beaming unbelievably all over her wrinkled face, made him welcome to the house. (Cron.) 4. Surrounded by difficulties and uncertainty, he longed for Christine. Letters were no use; he had no talent for expressing himself on paper... . Yet she was not returning to Blaenelly until the first week in September. He turned a fretful, hungry eyes upon the calendar, counting the days that intervened. There were still twelve of them to run. He felt, with growing despondency, that they might as well be past, for all the prospect which they held for him. (Cron.)

Ex. 2. State the form of the gerund, the participle or the infinitive.1. Ashendon arrived in Naples and, having taken a room at the hotel,

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wrote its number on a sheet of paper in block letters and posted it to the Hairless Mexican. (S.M.)2. Without speaking they went along, and there was no one to be seen either in front or behind them. (S. M.) 3. The bureau clerk from the hotel identified the man as having arrived the day before and booked a room under that name. (A. Chr.) 4. It was on her tongue to tell him that she was not used to being spoken to like that. (Cron.) 5. Sally refused to allow the conversation to be diverted. (P. W.) 6. Miss Waterford was giving a tea party, and her small room was more than usually full. Everyone seemed to be talking, and I, sitting in silence, felt awkward; but I was too shy to break into any of the groups that seemed absorbed in their own affairs. Miss Waterford was a good hostess, and seeing my embarrassment came up to me. "I want you to talk to Mrs. Strickland," she said. (S. M.) 7. Though it was nearly midnight when Andrew reached Bryngower, he found Joe Morgan waiting on him, walking up and down with short steps between the closed surgery and the entrance to his house. (Cron.) 8. I remember being taken for a drive in a foreign country by a kind lady who wanted to show me round. (S. M.)

Ex. 3. State whether the -ing-form is the participle, the gerund or the verbal noun. Give your reasons.

1. Here I am, trying to pour out my soul to you, and you keep interrupting me with questions... . (P. W.) 2. "Are you making a good living?" I asked, smiling. (S. M.) 3. For a while the two women sat still, waiting for the doctor's coming and Liza lay gazing vacantly at the wall... . (S. M.) 4. As he approached his house he was conscious of the rapid beating of his heart. (Cron.) 5. Anyhow he had enough to live in what he considered was the proper style for a gentleman without trying to earn money... . (S. M.) 6. "Oh," cried Sally, seeing the advertisement of a play being acted at the neighbouring theatre. (S. M.) 7. At that moment... Freddie Ham-pton arrived, leaping from his taxi and entering the hotel with a page boy carrying his golf clubs behind him. (Cron.) 8. I say, I wonder if you mind coming to see me. (S. M.) 9. I imagined him with his little legs trying to keep up with her. Panting a little in his haste he told her how miserable he was. (S. M.) 10. Martin Wyde came down from the hotel and stood watching and listening to the music — squeakly fiddles and deep trombones — young singing voices and clapping hands. (D. Rob.) 11. It appeared that the night-porter had been roused by the ringing of the telephone from Miss King's room, but on listening could get no one to speak. (S. M.) 12. And she couldn't help being sorry for Winifred. (Galsw.)

Ex. 4. Use the infinitive or the gerund in the required form instead of the infinitive in brackets.

1. I don't want (to seem) rude or small-minded. (D. Rob.) 2. But then I heard rain begin (to fall), at first in big, floppy, countable drops, and then in a sudden running hiss. (Bates) 3. How did he expect me (to work) for him if I had nowhere (to live)? (M. D.) 4. He sat (to smoke), (to talk) to her in a quiet (to sooth) voice. (D. Rob.) 5. I want her (to know) if the worst comes to the worst

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she can count on me. (S. M.) 6. That seemed (to break) the ice between us, and everything came easy afterwards. We sat and talked for over an hour. (D. Rob.) 7. She's not allowed (to leave) the house. (A. Chr.) 8. She must be made (to understand). (A. H.) 9. While I was working, Jerry and Ray came down the street. They stopped (to watch). (S. M.)

Ex. 5. Use the gerund or the participle in the required form instead of the infinitive in brackets,

1. She left the room (to murmur) something incoherent about (to bicycle) down to the village. (S. M.) 2. She seemed to be on the point of (to discuss) whether I was a satisfactory person. (Bates) 3. As I stood (to hesitate) in the hall with all this (to pass) through my mind, Caroline's voice came again. (A. Chr.) 4. She and I were supposed (to work) together in the evening (to take) round suppers, (to tidy) the ward and (to clean) things. (M. D.) 5. "Well, dear," said Miss Marple, "it is much easier for me (to sit) here quietly than it was for you." (A. Chr.) 6. She rose and stood (to look) at him, her face quite expressionless. (F. F.) 7. (to recover) from her surprise, she soon came out again. (White) 8. She watched him through the window (to walk) alone. (White) 9. They had not very long to wait however before the door opened and Miss Packard came in (to apologise) as she did so. (A. Chr.) 10. (to talk) of Bill, is he expecting me? (P. W.) 11. While (to wait) for the door to open, he was conscious of extreme quietude, broken by a clock chiming four as if with the voice of Time itself. (Galsw.)

Ex. 6. Define the type of predicative constructions in the following sentences.

1. Tommy heard the sound of the key being turned in the lock. (A. Chr.) 2. I felt they expected me to say clever things, and I never could think of any till after the party was over. I tried to conceal my embarrassment by handing round cups of tea and rather ill-cut bread-and-butter. I wanted no one to take notice of me, so that I could observe these famous creatures at my ease and listen to the clever things they said. (S. M.) 3. We stood under a street light, reading the paper, waiting for Tom to come down from the park after taking Lydia home. (Bates) 4. I want to be read and I think I am justified in doing what I can to make my book readable. (S. M.) 5. My uncle was sitting in a chair near the window. He seemed to be staring into space, his hands clenched nervously on the edge of the chair. (D. Rob.) 6. ...and he despised himself again because his heart had given such a jolt of relief when he saw her come in. 7. He had left his wife sitting on the sofa in the drawing-room, her hands crossed in her lap, ... waiting for him to go out. (Galsw.) 8. For Tansy it was a dance that she was not likely to forget. (D. Rob.) 9. We found M. Hautet awaiting us in the hall, and we all proceeded upstairs together, Francoise marching ahead to show us the way. (A. Chr.) 10. When it was time for me to go I asked if I could see the rooms. (S. M.) 11. "And now," Mrs. Cary was saying, "I want you to go and see the lady who has the chrysanthemums." (F. F.) 12. When she opened her eyes, it was

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with a shock that she saw Nigel standing beside her. (D. Rob.) 13. She dosed, and so did not hear a man walking on bare feet along the beach. (D. Rob.) 14. ...Martin was supposed to be engaged to Christine Manners. (D. Rob.) 15. ...She isn't likely to be your secretary much longer. (D. Rob.) 16. The gate had been kept unlocked for her. I opened it and let her through. (Bates)

Ex. 7. Define the function of predicative constructions in the following sentences.

1. What a lot of people seem to have been at school with you! (P. W.) 2. My goodness, I'd give something to see that girl smile. (S. M.) 3. She felt her eyelids burning; she stamped her foot violently; her hands scurried nervously over the table as if searching for a weapon, and then she flung herself wildly at Gedney. (F. F.) 4. You don't seem to understand how... happy it makes me to see you sitting there... . (P. W.) 5. Irene turned to answer him, and Soames saw Bosinney watching her and smiling to himself. (Galsw.) 6. The sun's beams seemed to hit the white road with a directed energy. (S. M.) 7. To save embarrassment to people still living I have given the persons who play part in this story names of my own contriving... . (S. M.) 8. The bowl seemed suddenly to turn itself over... . (F. F.) 9. It dawned upon Andrew, ...that his having been in practice in this remote Welsh mining town condemned him. (Cron.) 10. Andrew swung round to see Mrs. Page sail out of the sitting-room, her face unusually pale, her black eyes sparkling with some violent emotion. (Cron.) 11. Again Bernice had to speak. "Do you want me to go home?" (F. F.)

Ex. 8. Use the gerund or the infinitive of the verb in brackets. Insert prepositions wherever necessary.

1. It gave Ashendon a queer feeling (to listen) to the doctor (to give) him these facts in Miss King's hearing. (S. M.) 2. If they intended (to break) open her peace of mind from curiosity, she was prepared (to defend). (White) 3. There is something little (to choose) between the reality of illusion and the illusion of reality. (White). 4. Bernice looked round again, she seemed unable (to get) away from Warren's eyes. (F. F.) 5. Aunt Ann didn't ask him (to explain) this strange utterance. (Galsw.) 6. As he went out (to pay) a call, which had just come in, at 3 Riskin Street, Andrew felt his heart quicken to the day. (Cron.) 7. He had noticed that people really do not want (to be bothered). (S. M.) 8. You must be blind not (to see) the kind of person he is. (Cron.) 9. It was stupid of me (to take) offence. (S. M.) 10. Above all this true Forsyte refused (to feel) himself ridiculous. (Galsw.) 11. They began (to fire) questions at Andrew. (Cron.)

Ex. 9. Complete the following using the gerund or the infinitive.1. He has made remarkable progress, we hope him... • 2. You don't try... .

3. I am going... . 4. He can't afford... . 5. I am sure that you and he will be able... . 6. I remember he used... . 7. Obviously the only way is... .8. A few days later he came... . 9. He tried to remember how... . 10. Inside, he lit the gas and began... . 11. She did not stop... . 12. She got up and looked quite prepared... . 13. He knew it... . 14. Something terrible is going... . 15. He wanted... . 16. Miss

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Marple sighed and said, "We all had... . " 17. You want me.. .Ex. 10. Insert "not" or "without" before the -ing-form, thus using the

participle or the gerund.1. I had known Roy for twenty years... learning that he always kept the

little book in which he put down his engagements. (S. M.) 2. Mrs. Stroeve sat quietly mending her stockings, ... talking. (S. M.) 3. "I'm awfully sorry," I said, ... knowing what to say. (S. M.) 4. ... pausing, she embraced Christine. (Cron.) 5. He looked at me for a moment ... speaking. (D. Rob.) 6. They can carry on an amusing and animated conversation ... giving a moment's reflection. (S. M.) 7. Forester somewhat grandly gave the waiter a note and told him to keep the change, then without a word, ... giving Fred Hardy another look, stalked, out of the bar. (S.M.)8. ... thinking what he was at, he changed slightly the position of a table. (S. M.) 9. Often ... exchanging a word they would sit for an hour. (S. M.) 10. He pressed her hand ... speaking. (S. M.) 11. He stood ... moving, watching her as she went upstairs. (P. W.) 12. We worked ... ceasing, day and night, and we seemed to make no progress. (S. M.). 13. He had enough on his mind ... wanting to relinquish his secretary. (D. Rob.)

Ex. 11. Translate into Russian paying attention to the use of the particle "to".

1. I hate getting up for a nine o'clock breakfast to eat things I have no mind to. (S. M.) 2. He did not seem to see me and the suspicion flashed across my mind that he did not want to. (S. M.) 3. "Why don't you say you're sorry you can't see them." "Oh, I couldn't do that. Edward wouldn't have liked me to." (S. M.) 4. "London's awful," he said. "One never has time to see any of the people one wants to." (S. M.) 5. Liza ... stepped forward a little to go and speak with the woman, but Mrs. Blakeston, standing still, looked so angrily at her, that she was afraid to. (S. M.) 6. Mrs. Driffield did everything she could to tempt him to have a bath every day, but nothing would induce him to. (S. M.) 7. "Would you like to see one of his manuscripts?" "I'd love to," said the duchess. (S.M.)8. "I'll give you a lesson if you like," said Driffield in his good-humoured way. "Oh, no," I said. "Why not?" asked his wife. "Mr. Driffield would like to and it'll give me a chance to rest." (S. M.) 9. "Let him go by himself, Rosie." "All right. Shall you be here tomorrow? We'are coming." "I'll try to," I answered. (S. M.) 10. You should have let Rodney speak to him last week when he wanted to. (Davis) 11. "I'll have this loundered for you." "No, please, it's quite all right." "But I want to." (Davis)

Ex. 12. Recast the following sentences so as to use subordinate clauses instead of constructions with non-finite forms of the verb.

1. ...Lydia's mother seemed to hesitate for a moment before going round the corner. 2. I've arranged for you to call tomorrow on a friend of his, an editor. 3. But Dave seems to be on intimate terms with everyone here. 4. Annie glanced quickly at Eddie, made as if to speak, then checked herself. 5. ...then he gave her a long look as though to impress on his mind the picture of her. 6. He told

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Barlow that the latter knew nothing but if he was successful in cribbing his way through the nursery games known there as examinations, the doctor prophesied for him a great and shining future. 7. "But I heard the front door ring, Emily," said my aunt. 8. Sally said nothing. She walked into her room, and Bill, standing as in a trance, heard the click in the lock. 9. Jack often felt that his. wife had great courage, which touched him, made him long to protect her. 10. The sun-baked streets seemed to give back the heat that had beaten down on them during the day. 11. ...he was told she seemed to be growing better. 12. Seeing her Bennett's expression changed to one of infinite reproach. 13. He was not the man to be caught unprepared. 14. He watched Robert pacing up and down, writing at his desk or speaking. 15. Now, with this visit to Cardiff in prospect, Reg wished her to accompany him. 16. In the fairy-tale that she told, Theodora expected the candles to be dashed to the ground when the doors opened. 17. She was said to have been unhappily married in early life. 18. We happened then to cross the street and the traffic prevented us from speaking. 19. It wouldn't be very nice for him to be alone all the time.

Ex. 13. Recast the following sentences so as to use constructions with a non-finite form of the verb instead of subordinate clauses.

1. Though he had suffered so. much from the ridicule of his friends, David... could never resist displaying his pictures. 2. I do not believe the people who tell me that they do not care a row of pins for the opinion of their fellows. 3. When we had finished I called the waiter to pay for the dinner. 4. It appeared he had not two thoughts on the matter. 5. It appeared that her admiration for the famous writer was so intense that she was prepared to cut an engagement in London. 6. He insisted that I should go with them. 7. It seemed that Jack had chosen the moment to ask me to grant him a favour. 8. He regretted that he had done this. 9. I was sure that she had read all Mike's books. 10. It seemed that he was having a good time. 11. It happened that they knew one another very well. 12. Andrew saw that Clara's eyes widened with surprise.

Ex. 14. Translate into English using the required form of the infinitive, gerund or participle.

1. Почему он не пришел, было загадкой для меня. 2. Этого человека было трудно узнать, так как он выглядел солидным и преуспевающим. 3. Вам бы лучше уладить ссору. 4. В возрасте 10 лет он уже зарабатывал себе на жизнь тем, что мыл посуду в ресторане. 5. Возражать ему не имело смысла. 6. Всегда интересно поговорить с человеком, много путешествовавшим и видевшим разные города и страны. 7. Мы сфотографировались после конференции, чтобы запомнить это важное событие. 8. Я наблюдал, как актриса гримировалась перед выходом на сцену. Теперь ее трудно было узнать. 9. Так как дети сильно шумели, он не мог сосредоточить внимание на работе. 10. Я хочу, чтобы ты развлек наших гостей, пока я накрываю на стол. 11. Известно, что на побережье Северного моря есть много удобных бухт для кораблей. 12. Кто считает

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эту поездку интересной? По-моему она едва ли стоит тех денег, которые на нее потратили. 13. Известно, что он сделал все возможное, чтобы догнать группу после болезни. 14. Я стояла у окна и смотрела на пологие холмы, видневшиеся вдали. 15. Она не смогла не помахать нам на прощание, и в ее глазах стояли слезы. 16. Это как раз хороший случай помириться с ним. 17. Он стоял на платформе, переминаясь с ноги на ногу и не зная, что еще сказать своему другу. 18. Он ушел из дома, не погасив свет и не выключив радио. 19. Так приятно видеть, как вздымаются и опускаются волны.

Ex. 15. Translate into English using the required form of the infinitive, gerund or participle.

1. Я не люблю, когда меня приглашают на прощальные обеды. Там всегда печаль смешивается с весельем. 2. Бесполезно было привозить рекомендательное письмо. Оно едва стоит бумаги, на которой написано. 3. Он отрицал, что путешествовал на лайнере два года назад, говоря, что его мучает морская болезнь. 4. Улыбка на его лице заставила нас не поверить его словам. 5. Он не мог себе позволить ехать поездом. Плата за проезд была слишком высока. 6. Я настаиваю, чтобы мы путешествовали в спальном вагоне. 7. Сойдя на берег, они совершили поездку в глубь страны на автомобиле. 8. Он хвастался, что купил билет на поезд прямого сообщения. 9. Море было бурным. Я не удивилась, что он не выходил из каюты . 10. Друзья переминались с ноги на ногу, не зная, что еще сказать. 11. Что-то помешало им вручить рекомендательное письмо. 12. Мы видели, как родители ходили по платформе, с нетерпением ожидая приезда своего сына. 13. Я возражаю против того, чтобы меня провожали. 14. Погасив свечу, она легла и постаралась заснуть. 15. Обширная равнина, простирающаяся между этими горами, занята под посевами ржи. 16. На расстоянии мили от берега мы увидели отчетливые очертания кораблей, стоящих в гавани. 17. Линия побережья Каспийского моря сравнительно ровная, изрезанная только у устья Волги. 18. Едва ли у вас раньше была возможность наслаждаться более живописными видами. 19. Экспортируя сырье и продукты сельского хозяйства, развивающиеся страны импортируют готовую продукцию.

Ex. 16. Read the following dialogue. Point out the non-finite forms of the verb. Make up your own dialogues using the non-finite forms of the verb.

DIALOGUEHarry: It's very nice to be home. Had a good day, Nora? Nora: Not very good. People kept knocking at the door all the morning. I must

have come downstrairs a dozen times to open the door.Harry: Oh. Who are they all?Nora: Oh, nobody special. Just the electric-light man to read the meter, the man

selling fruit, the postman — all the usual people. ... But Harry, I've got something awful to tell you!

Harry: What's that?

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Nora: I went to the market to. buy some meat, and I took Rex with me for a walk. And he disappeared!

Harry: What, you mean the dog disappeared while you were buying the meat?Nora: Yes. One minute I was paying for it, and the next minute I looked round

to find that he had gone. Of course we looked all round the butcher's stall, but he wasn't there. I've done nothing but worry. I went to the police station to report it; but they telephoned just before you came in to say they had no news of him.

Harry: Oh, he'll be all right. He's clever enough to come home.Nora: I'm sure he's been run over. (A knocking at the front door.) Who's that

now? Why, it's Mr. Grimble, the butcher!Grimble: Yes, Madam, I've just called to bring you this dog. I see from the

collar that he's yours.Nora: Oh, that's wonderful! Look, Harry, Mr. Grimble has come specially to

bring Rex back!Grimble: H'm. And to give you this bill for five pounds of best beef your dog ate

while he was hidden under my stall! Meet the Parkers

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