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Infant & Toddler Development Part 7: Parenting & Child Care. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Core In-Service December 8, 2008 10:00-11:30 a.m. Debbie Richardson Parenting Assistant Extension Specialist Human Development & Family Science Oklahoma State University . Introduction. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 1
Infant & Toddler DevelopmentPart 7: Parenting & Child Care
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension ServiceCore In-Service
December 8, 2008 10:00-11:30 a.m.
Debbie RichardsonParenting Assistant Extension SpecialistHuman Development & Family Science
Oklahoma State University
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson
Introduction
2
Welcome
Centra Instructions
Overview of In-service
Resource Materials
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson
In-Service Objective
3
Extension Educators will be able to identify important roles, influences, and considerations of parenting and
child care in the development of infants and toddlers (birth to 3
years).
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 4
Parenting
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 5
Emotional ExperiencesChildren’s different emotional
needs must be met at each stage of life.
Ongoing Positive Human Relationships
Children must be able to share their feelings, be understood and valued, need time, interest, love
and support.
Physical CareChildren need health & medical care, nutritious food, protection
from abuse & neglect, and nurturing and support for growth.
Parenting Pyramid
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 6
1. Image-making 2. Nurturing3. Authority4. Interpretive5. Independent6. Departure
Pregnancy Birth – 2 2 – 5 years Preschool-12 years Teenage years Child leaves home
Galinsky, 1987
Stages of Parenthood
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 7
Major Aspects Parenting Behavior
Parental Responsiveness Parental Demandingness
◦Love◦Warmth◦Nurturance
o Disciplineo Control
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 8
Indulgent – permissive, nondirective, more responsive than demanding.
Authoritarian – autocratic, highly demanding and directive but not responsive.
Authoritative – both demanding and responsive, supportive rather than punitive.
Uninvolved – unengaged, low responsiveness and low demanding.
Baumrind, 1991
Parenting Styles
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 9
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 10
Emotional bond between infant and a caregiver; mutual, reciprocal relationship.
Gradually develops - usually formed by 7 mos. Early experiences influence sense of control,
security, self-worth. Repeated daily transactions between infant
and parent lead the infant to develop expectations about caregiving. Sense whether caregiver is predictable, responsive, and available to meet needs.
Infants need safe, secure, stable caregiving.
Attachment Revisited
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 11
Infants/toddlers with close, positive, and mutually responsive bond with mother during first 2 years are better able to follow mother’s requests not to do something and control their actions at age 4 than do children without parental bond.
Such bonds include coordinated routines, mutual cooperation, harmonious communication, and sharing positive emotions and interactions.
Found the need for forceful discipline was reduced. Similar findings for father-child link, yet reasons less
clear.Kochanska, Aksan, Prisco, & Adams (2008)
Early Bonds are Beneficial
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 12
A father’s presence during first years provides tremendous benefits to their child’s development.
It is important for dads to be involved in all aspects of care including feeding, bathing, dressing, playing and other parental responsibilities.
Fathers
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 13
Fathers contribute to their child’s development in ways that are unique from mothers.
Fathers tend to interact more around physical play, while mothers use more verbal expression and teaching activities.
Fathers can also be sensitive and responsive with their infants and young children.
Fathers’ Influences
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 14
Benefits of Dad’s Involvement
Children with involved fathers tend to: be more social handle stress easier have higher cognitive
development, IQs longer attention spans be eager to learn
have more self-control be confident in their
individuality and values develop greater
empathy engage in less risky
behavior later in childhood & adolescence
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 15
Mentor child to support and encourage exploration, development & desired behaviors; guide & limit.
Monitor child’s contact with surrounding world; protection, safety.
Model behavior to provide a consistent, positive example.
Respond to child in an appropriate manner; communicate.
Prevent risky behavior & problems before they arise.
Effective Parenting
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Changes every part of parents’ lives, including their relationship to each other.
Many times, one or both parents have a hard time adjusting to all the changes.
Parents should know that their emotional health has a big impact on their child’s emotional health.
Getting help right away is best to ensure the child’s and parents’ well-being.
Having a Baby…
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 17
…to spend positive, engaging, playful time with their parents each day.
This special time allows parents to bond with children, learn what makes them smile or laugh, what kinds of noises they respond to, how they respond, what feelings they convey.
Early & consistent parent-child communication is essential to forming attachments, building better emotional, intellectual, and social development.
Also lets kids learn about their parents’ expressions, body language, voice tone.
Infants & Toddlers Need…
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 18
Family reading is related to better reading comprehension and greater school success.
Reading to child improves his/her emergent literacy – the knowledge that words printed in books have meaning, recognizing letters and sounds.
Infants & Toddlers Need…
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 19
Infants and toddlers… Pick up on changes in parents’ feelings and behavior. Have little control over their own emotions. Their
feelings are influenced by their parents’ feelings. May act more fussy, difficult to comfort, seem
uninterested when parents are upset. Infants don’t understand things & people they can’t
see still exist; short-term memory. Importance of bonds and attachments. Fears and anxieties especially with unfamiliar people
or surroundings.
Divorce & Other Stressors
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 20
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 21
Quality, quantity, and type of childcare are modestly linked to the development of children up to age 4 ½.
Children who received higher vs. lower quality child care were: ◦ Better able to think, respond, and interact with world
around them.
◦ Somewhat better reading and math skills.
NICHD, 2006
Influence of Child Care on Development
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 22
Children who spent 30 or more hours in child care each week vs. fewer hours: Showed somewhat more problem behavior
in child care & Kindergarten (but not at home.)
Had more episodes of minor illness.NICHD, 2006
Time in Child Care
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 23
Children who attended child care centers vs. children in other types of settings: Had somewhat better language and social
skills and better pre-academic skills involving letters and numbers.
Showed somewhat more problem behavior at school-entry.
NICHD, 2006
Type of Child Care
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 24
Infant Care Maternal Employment
Children with mothers working full-time in first year scored somewhat lower on cognitive development at age 3 than non-employed mothers.
However, no difference if home environment and mothers’ sensitivity rated highly and child was in above-average quality care.
Brooks-Gunn, Wen-Jui, & Waldfogel, 2002
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 25
Quality of child’s attachment to the mother does not predict quality of child’s attachment to the alternative caregiver.
A child with insecure maternal attachment may have a secure attachment relationship with other caregiver.
Positive relationships with infant child caregivers may compensate for insecure maternal attachments.
Howes, Rodning, Galluzzo, & Myers, 1988
Attachment & Child Care
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 26
Several features of environment are linked to caregiver sensitivity and responsiveness: Formal training in child development Low adult-child ratio Safe and appropriate environments
Child Care Environment Critical Elements
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 27
…are more likely than children in low quality care to: Be securely attached to caregivers. Engage in competent social interaction with adults
and peers. Self-regulate. Have higher language and cognitive scores. More standards child care met, better children do.
Howes et al., 1988; Howes & Stewart, 1987; Howes & Olenick, 1986; NICHD, 2006
Infants & Toddlers in High Quality Child Care
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 28
Parent and family features 2-3 times more strongly linked to child development than child care during preschool years.
Children did better when:◦ Parents more educated◦ Family incomes higher◦ Mothers had fewer or no symptoms of depression◦ Mothers more sensitive, responsive, attentive◦ Had well-organized routines◦ Families had books, play materials, took part in learning.
NICHD, 2006
Parent & Family Influences
and Child Care
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 29
Combination of child care and family influences best predicts the social development of the infant.
Infants & toddlers in high quality care and cared for by families low in stress, high in social support, and using developmentally appropriate child rearing are more socially competent, better adjusted.
Howes & Olenick, 1986; Howes & Stewart, 1987; Howes, 1988
Child Care + Family Environment
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 30
Overall, quality of child care is more critical than quantity of time.
Although links exist between child care features and child development, the quality of interactions between mothers and children more important for child’s development.
Evidence does not suggest that early child care per se is detrimental to child’s future social and emotional development.
Concerns for child who experiences insensitive care both at home and in child care.
Howes, 1991; NICHD, 2006
What Research on Child CareTells Us
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 31
Vignettes
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 32
Various OCES fact sheets on child care & parenting http://osufacts.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/View/Collection-370\
Just in Time Parenting , Extension age-paced newsletters and other resources http://www.parentinginfo.org
National Network for Child Care, Extension sponsored resources http://www.nncc.org
A Few Extension Resources
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 33
Questions
Discussion
In-service evaluation
Reference/Resource List & Bibliography
Final Wrap-Up
Infant-Toddler Dev 7:D.Richardson 34
Available separately and upon request.
References