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1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 0 50 100 150 200 250 Num berofClubs S porting C lubs in M ontreal,1840-1894

Inferences re N of Montr Clubs Tremendous linear gr of sport Of all of these, most lasted only a few years then died out But, the more permanent ones

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Page 1: Inferences re N of Montr Clubs Tremendous linear gr of sport Of all of these, most lasted only a few years then died out But, the more permanent ones

1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890

0

50

100

150

200

250

Number of Clubs

Sporting Clubs in Montreal, 1840-1894

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Inferences re N of Montr Clubs

• Tremendous linear gr of sport• Of all of these, most lasted only

a few years then died out• But, the more permanent ones

were some 16 clubs who played major role in org of Cdn sport

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Montreal and Power in Sport: the MAAA:

• Of the 16 permanent clubs in 6 sports, MAAA rep in 4 sports

• Founding sport was snowshoe club

• Will use snowsh to look at transformation of sport and MAAA power

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Song of the Montreal Snowshoe Song of the Montreal Snowshoe ClubClub

Pass the bottle and fill your glasses,Pass the bottle and fill your glasses,Now that each has munched his grub,Now that each has munched his grub,We’ll drink success to the pretty lasses,We’ll drink success to the pretty lasses,Whose lovers belong to the Snow Shoe Club.Whose lovers belong to the Snow Shoe Club.

Yes tonight we’ll all unite Yes tonight we’ll all unite To success to the Snow Shoe Club To success to the Snow Shoe Club

At racing, we challenge all creation,At racing, we challenge all creation,Let them be prepared for a very hard rub,Let them be prepared for a very hard rub,If among the picked men of any nation,If among the picked men of any nation,Some think they can beat the Snow Shoe ClubSome think they can beat the Snow Shoe Club

Then to-night, with all our might,Then to-night, with all our might,We’ll drink success to the Snow Shoe ClubWe’ll drink success to the Snow Shoe Club

All pretty girls take my advice,All pretty girls take my advice,On some vain fop don’t waste your lub,On some vain fop don’t waste your lub,But if you wish to hug something nice, But if you wish to hug something nice, Why marry a boy of the Snow Shoe ClubWhy marry a boy of the Snow Shoe ClubThen each night, with wild delight,Then each night, with wild delight,You’ll sing success to the Snow Shoe Club.You’ll sing success to the Snow Shoe Club.

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Montreal: Setting the Foundation for Amateur

Sport Control•Montreal Lacrosse Club•Montreal Snow Shoe Club•Montreal Bicycle Club•1881•The Montreal Amateur

Athletic Association

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Montreal Amateur Athl Assoc

• Like any power group, MAAA grew out of an idea/system that led to an assertive group w initiative > formal organization and therefore position of power

• McD’s, Bombardier, lobby groups no different [ The Tipping Point ]

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MAAA Stated Purpose

• “the promotion of physical and mental culture among, and the providing of rational amusements and recreation for, its members”

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Earliest Ideals of Amateurism ?

• Greek, “free-born” citizen• Males• Not slaves• Affluent• Romans > sport =

entertainment, not an issue

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Renaissance “Football” [Calcio, or Florentine f-bal]• “Moreover, even as every kind of man was

not admitted to the Olympic Games, but only men of standing in their native cities & kingdoms, so, in the Calcio, all kinds of rapscallions are not to be tolerated, neither artificers, servants nor low-born fellows, but honorable soldiers, gentlemen, lords and princes”

• What is the issue ?

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British Henley amateur defn:

• “One who is not, among other things, by trade or employment a mechanic, artisan or laborer”

• Who then, IS an amateur ?• What do you suppose is happening in

sport ? • Am not an issue til democratization of

sport by opportunity

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Roots of Amateurism

• Sport asSport Diversion forProfit

TraditionalAmateur concept

TraditionalPro concept

?

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Canada in early 19th Century

• Recall values of Gr Britain important• Recall the types of sports: hunting,

cricket, curling• Social first, athletic 2nd

• British garrison officers ~ soldiers arrested for habit drunk

• Horseracing and tent cities, gambling > cancel ( Halifax ) or move out of city

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Early examples of EXCLUSION

• 1835 Newark Turf Club “No black man shall be allowed to compete under any pretext whatsoever”

• Snowshoe race categories: Open, for cups, trophies; Indian races for $$, open to whites too; Green races; Races for host members

• Keraronwe and Thomas in 1873 MSSC race, T wins, thereafter “Open, (Indians barred)” – skill & inferiority

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Early examples of EXCLUSION

• 1863 Toronto Bay Rowing Regatta & William Berry

• William Berry (coloured)• Black Bob Berry• Western Canadian of African

descent• “coloureds are barred” til 1868

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1860s and sport expansion ~

• As “lower classes” got into sport, upper classes moved into exclusive sports

• At issue was winning ( vs fair play ideal ) and social class preservation and equality in sporting competition

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First ‘amateur’ defn in Canada: 1873 Montreal

Pedestrian Club

• “An amateur is one who has never competed in any open competition or for public money, or for admission money, or with professionals for a prize, public money or admission money, nor has ever, at any period of his life taught or assisted in the pursuit of Athletic exercises as a means of livelihood or is a labourer or an Indian”

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Scenario was becoming…

• Amateur as simon-pure, competes for love of sport, process of sport is everything, prize or winning a distant 2nd

• Professional as an athletic prostitute, sells his services to highest bidder, prize is everything & means to attain prize are irrelevant

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In Team sports, lacrosse

• By 1880, tremendous popularity of lacrosse

• But club managers importing good players, giving them jobs esp Indians

• So, in 1880, banned Indians since everyone knew Indians only competed for $$

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Amateurism as a concept by 1880 :

• Amateur = gentleman (cl excl)

• Amateur = gentleman, non-bl, non-Ind (class & ethnic excl)

• Amateur = gentlem, n-bl, n-Ind, non-laborer, non profit

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Tie of $$$ to amateur ideal ~ Case of Rowing

• So many problems by early 70s with shamateurs in rowing that Tor Argo Rowing Cl suspended its regatta in 1872 because of the “dissatisfaction regarding the monopoly held by professionals”

• Resumed in 1876 with categs for Ams and Pros, tho no wr distinct

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Tie of $$$ to amateur ideal ~ Case of Rowing

• Hanlan and his attitude to rowing in late 70s

• To control for hanlans, CAAO penned its am defn in 1880 [ handout ] ~ very powerful org

• Main points & Note last line• Virtually wiped out prof rowing

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MAAA, Power & formation of CAAA in 1884

• Problems in lacr (MAAA losing) and in tr and field with Caledonian circuits, fixed outcomes ~ so, Am good, pro bad said strongest Cdn sport org

• Note 1884 CAAA aim … not foster, not promote but POLICE or REGULATE

• CAAA am defn is vintage am defn – look at its implications

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80s and 90s

• Issues were always social, TIME, and payment of players

• CAAA very successful; curbed semi-pro as a middle class value; set up track and field as premier sport w nat’l chpships & all affiliated clubs to CAAA had to host at least 1 T&F comp/yr

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80s and 90s

• So, pro is a shit-disturber and all-encompassing term for inferior person, that is, not conforming to wh, m-class value

• CAAA works to solicit member clubs in all sports from Ont to Marits

• CAAA tireless in banning pros for life and if accused, you had to prove innocence

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1896 CAAU

• Note last line of 96 defn• Change to Union in 98 to tie in w

US name AAU of US• However, 1896 a pivotal year in

Canada, huge prosperity and huge immigr

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00-20 Changes

• Sifton and immigr policies > 2.5 million new Cdns

• Settlement of the west w ¼ sect with immed cash sale for crops & no forests to clear

• Wheat was everything > new railway lines

• Soft-wood forests in N Ont• Mining of gold, silver etc in Porcupine,

Kirkland Lake > hockey

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00-20 Changes

• Telephone cut down vastness of land re communication/org

• Newspapers expanded with wire services > unifying w national focus & devel of sports page

• Radios after ’20, same w planes; early devel of car

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00-20 Changes

• WW I very important for~demonstr of Br loyalties~Fr-Engl rivalry incr w conscr~stimulation of economy

• Labour unions formed; women’s suffrage beg in ’18; movie houses opened; alcohol prohib in ‘18 and flu epidemic of ’18

• Women’s skirts 14 cm off ground

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1902 Defn

• For sport, “outbreak” of Profs in lacr, tr and field, hockey and f-ball

• Huge addenda to the 02 am defn• Shows what was happening in

transition of sport to its own institution

• CAAU strong with teams, leagues, regional sp gov bodies, nat’l sp gov bodies (11 by ’00)

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Athletic War of 1907-09

• Chaos in sport devel in early 20th century

• MAAA could not succeed with semi-pros & pros, so proposed rule change in 1906 to allow ams to compete WITH &/or AGAINST pros without losing am status

• Split from CAAU to form AAF of C

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Athletic War of 1907-09

• Used same CAAU defn except W or Ag pros clause

• Upshot was Quebec clubs affiliated w AAF of C, all others w CAAU

• Came to a head in 08 Ol Games when AAF of C accused Longboat of being pro

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New AAU of C in 1909

• Result of protracted war was weakening of AAF bec IOC and CdnOC sided with CAAU

• In 1909, two sides joined forces to become AAU of C and the guardian of amateurism in Canada

• Re-entrenched amateur IDEAL

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George Goulding

• Consummate amateur whose story is microcosm of what was happening in Cdn sport

• Competed from 1904-16• Dominated race-walking (Cptn

Allardice, 1807 1000 miles in 1000 hours for 1000 guineas)

• Story from slides

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Summary re Amateurism

• Huge discriminator• Product of m-class value system• Tied to concept of prof as prostit• Trend in sport might be toward

excellence and professional in true sense of word

• Sisyphian resoln to Athl War• Reinforced by Olympic Ideal


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