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INFINERA INFINITE CAPACITY ENGINETaking Optical Transport to the Next Level
Pre-In�nera 2005 2011
10G
100G
500G
Discrete10G
Non-coherent180nm
ASIC130nm, 10 GBaud
FlexCoherent DSP40 nm, 16 GBaud
100G PIC Non-coherent
500G PIC Coherent Super-channels
HD-FECSD-FEC
Transport Bandwidth Step Functions
Exponential Bandwidth Demand
THE INSATIABLE DEMAND for bandwidth continues to drive the
need for network scale. By 2020, over 20 billion devices are ex-
pected to get connected as the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes
pervasive. Mobile video usage is forecast to multiply 13 times over
from today, while 70% of businesses are expected to be cloud-en-
abled by 2020. This exponential growth in bandwidth is compelling
operators to invest in highly scalable network technologies like
wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), in which multiple optical
carriers travel in parallel over a single fiber pair. However, in spite
of the tremendous capacity of conventional WDM, it also needs to
evolve to new levels of scale, flexibility and reliability to handle this
tremendous onslaught of data traffic.
Transport Bandwidth Step Functions
Super-channels are a recent WDM innovation in which several
optical carriers are combined to create a composite line-side signal
of the desired capacity that can be provisioned in one operational
cycle. Infinera pioneered the use of super-channels in optical trans-
port network platforms in 2005 with the introduction of the world’s
first large-scale photonic integrated circuit (PIC). This PIC trans-
formed the 10 gigabit per second (10G) transport market, which
had historically relied on discrete optical components to build
WDM systems. These discrete optics-based systems consumed
tremendous power and rack space and required more modules and
fibers, resulting in greater operational complexity. The first-genera-
tion PIC introduced a step function in network bandwidth econom-
ics by combining over 60 different functions into a fingernail-sized
pair of chips, while provisioning 100G of capacity in one operation-
al cycle. In addition to photonic functions delivered using the PIC,
transport platforms use electronic functions in the form of digital
signal processors/application-specific integrated circuits (DSP/ASIC)
to process network traffic.
The Infinera DTN platform, designed with the first-generation PIC
and DSP/ASIC, achieved impressive success by capturing 10G
market share leadership a few years after its introduction. In 2009
the second-generation PIC was introduced, dramatically improv-
ing performance to support ultra-long-haul terrestrial and subsea
applications. The next step function in transport performance was
delivered in 2011 with the introduction of the 500G PIC and the
FlexCoherent™ DSP/ASIC as key elements of the Infinera DTN-X
platform. This was the third generation of the PIC technology, with
five 100G channels, effectively delivering a 500G super-channel,
as shown in Figure 1. The FlexCoherent DSP provided coherent
detection technology for the super-channel, tremendously increas-
ing the capacity-reach performance of the DTN-X. Similar to the
Infinera DTN platform, the Infinera DTN-X platform found much
success, capturing 100G market share leadership the first quarter
after it began shipping.
I N F I N E R A I N F I N I T E C A P A C I T Y E N G I N E
Figure 1: Transport Capacity Step Functions
Introducing the Infinera Infinite Capacity Engine
The Infinera Infinite Capacity Engine (Figure 2) is the industry’s
first multi-terabit opto-electronic subsystem, delivering the next
step function in transport networking performance. The Infinera
Infinite Capacity Engine is powered by the advanced electronics in
the next-generation FlexCoherent Processor and the cutting-edge
photonics of Infinera’s fourth-generation PIC. The Infinera Infinite
Capacity Engine is the first in the industry to offer network opera-
tors the combined benefits of delivering optical super-channel ca-
pacity up to 2.4 terabits per second (2.4T) and reach up to 12,000
kilometers (km) in one of the world’s smallest optical subsystems
with very low power consumption.
The Infinera Infinite Capacity Engine is a family of engines, featur-
ing different optical subsystems customized for different network
applications across the Infinera end-to-end Intelligent Transport
Network product portfolio, spanning long-haul terrestrial, subsea,
metro and data center interconnect segments.
Cutting-edge Photonics Infinera PIC technology has clocked nearly
two billion field hours, lighting up over two million kilometers of
fiber. The new PIC technology within the Infinera Infinite Capac-
ity Engine integrates several hundred optical functions, including
tunable lasers, photodiodes, nested Mach-Zehnder modulators,
demodulators, splitters, combiners, attenuators and amplifiers. The
PIC is designed to support multiple parallel channels, is engineered
on the monolithic Indium Phosphide (InP) substrate and supports
the creation of up to 2.4T of capacity along with modulation,
multiplexing and in-chip amplification functions. This implementa-
tion leverages the same fundamental technology as in previous
PIC generations, enabling Infinera to continue to build unique
InP design, manufacturing and testing capabilities to continue to
advance the state of the art. Monolithic InP, a naturally lasing mate-
rial at certain temperatures, continues to be a superior material for
integrating active and passive optical functions for distances longer
than few kilometers while providing multi-terabit-scale performance,
as compared to other co-packaging or hybrid approaches that use
silicon photonics.
Advanced Electronics The next generation of the Infinera FlexCo-
herent Processor DSP delivers sophisticated digital signal handling,
with transmitter-based (Tx) processing and enhanced receiver-
based (Rx) capability, and industry-leading coherent performance.
The solution massively increases spectral efficiency and features
powerful soft-decision forward error correction (SD-FEC) along
with a new set of capabilities in the Infinera Advanced Coherent
Toolkit. Combined with flexible grid technology, it is now possible
to achieve up to 26.4T in the extended C-band of conventional
amplified optical fiber. The FlexCoherent chip provides a range of
modulation formats, including binary phase-shift keying (BPSK),
matrix-enhanced phase-shift keying (ME-PSK), quadrature phase-
shift keying (QPSK), 3QAM, 8QAM (quadrature amplitude modula-
tion) and 16QAM. It improves the net coding gain (NCG) to 11.9
decibels (dB). NCG is defined as the difference of signal to noise
ratio (SNR) requirement at a reference bit error rate (BER) of 10-15,
with or without FEC. NCG helps operators increase capacity-reach
performance in their networks.
The next-generation FlexCoherent chip is fabricated using the
28 nanometer (nm) complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) process and houses over 1.6 billion transistors and 230
million gates while operating at 33 gigabaud (Gbaud). It is fully
designed in-house at Infinera, leveraging the strong coherent engi-
neering and knowledge base in the company.
It’s Bigger
The Infinera Infinite Capacity Engine is the first to deliver multi-
terabit super-channels, with capacity as much as 12 times more
than conventional solutions (Figure 3). It provides up to 2.4T super-
I N F I N E R A I N F I N I T E C A P A C I T Y E N G I N E
Figure 2: Infinera Infinite Capacity Engine
channels, enabling 26.4T of single fiber capacity. It can power up to
12,000 km, and thus is able to support the longest subsea optical
cables on the planet.
Encryption Security is becoming increasingly important for opera-
tors, with many looking to encrypt network traffic. In-flight network
traffic encryption at the optical transport networking layer, Layer 1,
provides strong protection against snooping or altering, and the
Infinera Infinite Capacity Engine supports this capability at wire rate
with 100% payload throughput at multi-terabit scale, bigger than
current implementations. Infinite Capacity Engine supports ultra-
low latency while encrypting in bulk mode or per service, providing
tremendous flexibility to the network operator. The traffic is en-
crypted using the industry-leading Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES) 256-bit keys, while the keys themselves are exchanged using
the highly efficient 521-bit elliptical curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH)
mechanism. Infinite Capacity Engine also supports hitless key rota-
tion, a key requirement for many cloud-based service providers.
Internal policies and processes within providers may require key
rotation, or compliance mandates may dictate that keys are rotated
as well.
It’s Smaller
Photonic and electronic integration techniques continue to ad-
vance, resulting in the ability of the Infinera Infinite Capacity Engine
to deliver up to four times more capacity per cubic millimeter than
the previous generation of opto-electronic technology. This is a
I N F I N E R A I N F I N I T E C A P A C I T Y E N G I N E
Figure 3: Multi-terabit Super-channels
Incr
ease
d R
each
More Capacity
Infinera Infinite Capacity Engine
Up to 2.4T Super-channelUp to 26.4T/fiberBPSK, ME-PSK, QPSK, 3QAM, 8QAM, 16QAMUp to 12,000 km
Infinera500G Super-channelLong-haul
Competition200G/400GMetro
Up to 12x Bigger: Multi-terabit Super-channels
• In-�ight integrated encryption
• Bulk and per service
• Strong AES-256 bit key encryption
• Hitless key rotation
• 521-bit elliptical curve DH key exchange
• Ultra low latency
• 100% payload throughput
• Protocol-agnostic
significant increase in performance within a miniature package that
enables multi-terabit super-channels. It is also extremely power-
efficient, consuming up to 82% less power per gigabit per second
than the nearest competitor (Figure 4).
It’s Better
The Infinera Infinite Capacity Engine provides much better perfor-
mance than comparable industry opto-electronic subsystems. It
enhances the crucial capacity-reach performance factor using ad-
vanced coherent techniques and lowers total cost of ownership with
sliceable photonics and Time-based Instant Bandwidth solutions.
Advanced Coherent Toolkit Infinera’s Advanced Coherent Toolkit
(ACT), comprising comprehensive modulation and compensa-
tion techniques such as Nyquist subcarriers, SD-FEC gain sharing,
ME-PSK, high-gain SD-FEC, and flexible channel spacing, enables
the tuning of parameters for carriers and subcarriers in the super-
channel in order to maximize fiber performance. In a standard
super-channel, multiple coherent optical carriers are implemented
on a single PIC, on which each laser produces a single modulated
carrier. By using the advanced functions of the Infinera Infinite
Capacity Engine, each optical carrier can be further synthesized
into multiple quasi-Nyquist subcarriers that are closely spaced to
each other, dramatically improving tolerance against non-linear
impairments such as cross-phase modulation. The latter is further
mitigated using SD-FEC gain sharing, wherein the FEC output from
two channels can be mathematically combined so that the stronger
channel can be used to enhance the quality factor or Q-value of the
weaker channel. ME-PSK is a new modulation technique for subsea
cables with spans of greater than 9,000 km without regeneration.
ME-PSK provides the same spectral efficiency of BPSK with the
same baud rate and channel spacing. However, it uses a modula-
tion constellation with enhanced coding techniques, resulting in
increased Q-value, translating to increased reach. ACT is enabled
by the Infinera Infinite Capacity Engine and provides up to 60% bet-
I N F I N E R A I N F I N I T E C A P A C I T Y E N G I N E
Electronics Photonics
Competition Infinera
Electronics
Photonics
Comparable Subsystems for 1.2Tb/s82% lower power per subsystem
Figure 4: Subsystem Scale
Crushes Industry Benchmarks for Subsystems
ter capacity-reach performance in long-haul/subsea applications as
compared to conventional solutions (Figure 5).
Sliceable Photonics The Infinera Infinite Capacity Engine delivers
2.4T of capacity in a single module with a single fiber pair, and is
able to tune and route a 100G wavelength or N x 100G super-
channels in multiple separate directions, and each wavelength
can be fully tuned to its own flexible grid frequency as well as
each wavelength having its own coherent modulation profile. This
reduces requirements for modules in networks by up to 77 percent
while delivering tremendous flexibility, resulting in 53 percent
lower total cost of ownership and a highly flexible optical transport
network. This solution simplifies traffic aggregation while providing
100G economics at multi-terabit scale. It contrasts with competitive
solutions that are being built without PIC technology. Competitive
solutions scale using single wavelength 200G or even 400G tech-
nologies, with typical implementations requiring multiple cards. In
this approach, granularity gets progressively reduced as bandwidth
increases, resulting in more fibers, more power consumption and
more rack space (Figure 6).
Time-based Instant Bandwidth and SDN Control for New Flex-
ible Network Architectures In addition to providing superior opti-
cal capacity and performance in an extremely small package with a
very low power footprint, the Infinite Capacity Engine also enables
a new approach to optical network architectures. The Infinera
Infinite Capacity Engine enables large quantities of pre-deployed,
service-ready bandwidth that can be provisioned via software acti-
vation in 100G increments (slices) with Infinera Instant Bandwidth.
This allows providers to dramatically reduce operational rigidity and
I N F I N E R A I N F I N I T E C A P A C I T Y E N G I N E
Super-channel carriers37.5 Ghz
35 Ghz
35 Ghz
35/n GHz Subcarriers
Strong Channel
Weak Channel
Both channels now exceed Commissioning Limit
Launch Power
Q F
acto
r
ME-PSKModulation
BPSKModulation
Launch Power
Q V
alue
Nyquist Subcarriers SD-FEC Gain Sharing
ME-PSK
Infinera Advanced Coherent Toolkit (ACT)
Better Distance Capacity Performance: 40–60% in Subsea
Figure 5: Advanced Coherent Toolkit (ACT)
Figure 6: Infinera Sliceable Photonics
Capacityper Line Card
Infinera
Granular Controlper Line
Card
1T
2T
500G
400G
200G
100G
2T 1T 500G 400G 200G 100G
Fewer cards, �berLess power, space
Competition
forecasting complexity; they can closely match their end-customer
revenues by instantly deploying line-side bandwidth and services
using a few mouse clicks and without incurring truck rolls, time and
cost penalties. Infinera recently advanced the Instant Bandwidth
solution with an on-demand time-based capability. Infinera’s Time-
based Instant Bandwidth enables network operators to temporar-
ily activate line-side bandwidth in various increments depending
on the application, with deactivation at the end of a customer-
specified time period. This helps increase network bandwidth for
planned scenarios like sports events, say 200G at node B for two
months (Figure 7), and unplanned scenarios like cable cuts. Infinera
Instant Network amplifies the power of Infinera Instant Bandwidth,
the industry’s first software defined capacity (SDC) solution, and
lays the foundation for cognitive networking. SDC is made possible
by Infinera’s Infinite Capacity Engine and its unique multi-channel
PICs, which enable cost effective pre-deployment of capacity.
Thus the Infinera Infinite Capacity Engine is instrumental in
creating a latent pool of massive network bandwidth that is fully
programmable with software-defined networking (SDN) control.
The Infinera SDN solution provides lightweight open application
programming interfaces (API) for easy and rapid integration into
the operator’s framework including programmatic control of Layer
0, Layer 1 and Layer 2 bandwidth and services. With this solution,
service providers can use the Infinite Capacity Engine-powered
transport layer to deliver innovative new services and optimize the
overall network for lower capital expenditures. The solution also
helps automate operations for lower operational expenditures by
transforming to a DevOps model of agile development, service
creation and deployment.
With Infinera’s Instant Network solution, service providers can use
the Infinite Capacity Engine-powered transport layer to deliver
innovative new services to optimize the overall network for lower
capex and to automate operations for lower operational expendi-
ture by transforming to a DevOps model of agile development and
service creation and deployment.
Infinera Intelligent Transport Networks provide scalability, flexibility
and programmability from subsea to access. As networks enter the
Terabit Era, the Infinera Infinite Capacity Engine delivers a quan-
tum leap in optical transport using cutting-edge photonics and
advanced electronics, aligning with Infinera’s vision of enabling an
infinite pool of intelligent bandwidth that the next communications
infrastructure is built upon.
I N F I N E R A I N F I N I T E C A P A C I T Y E N G I N E
F
A
B
DE
Multi-terabitSuper-channel
Subsea
100G
C
100G
300G
100G
200G
500G
200G
200G
Plan
Pre-Deploy (up to 2.4T)
Activate Instant Bandwidth (1.5T)
Slice, Route, Modulate
Use Time-Based Instant Bandwidth
SDN
Figure 7: Infinite Flexibility
Infinite Flexibility: Sliceable Photonics, Time-based Instant Bandwidth
© 2017 Infinera Corporation. All rights reserved. Infinera and logos that contain Infinera are trademarks or registered trademarks of Infinera Corporation in the United States and other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Infinera specifications, offered customer services, and operating features are subject to change without notice. PB-ICE-04-2017
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