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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Inflation and cooling data from pahoehoe sheet flows on Kilauea volcano.
by
Ken Hon 1 , Jim Kauahikaua2 , and Kevin Mackay3
Open-File Report 93-342A
This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
1 USGS, MS 903, Box 25045, Federal Center, Denver, CO, 80225. 2USGS, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hawaii National Park, HI, 96718. 3Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
Table of ContentsIntroduction............................................................................................................................. 1Collection of Data...................................................................................................................1Complete Data Sets............................................................................................................... 1Partial Data Sets ....................................................................................................................2Discussion and Comparison of the Data Sets........................................................................ 3Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................^References.............................................................................................................................4Figure 1 ..................................................................................................................................5
Appendices
Appendix A Cooling data for the 17-Apr-90 flow A1-A6
Appendix B Inflation data for the 23-Jan-88, 14-Apr and 17-Apr-90 flows B1-B4
Appendix C Crack depth and temperature data from the 17-Apr-90 flow C1
Appendix D Cooling, inflation, crack depth-temperature for the 14-Mar-90 flow D1-D5
Appendix E Cooling data from a pahoehoe toe on 24-Apr-90 E1-E2
Appendix F Cooling data from two pahoehoe toes on 3-May-90 F1-F4
Inflation and cooling data from pahoehoe sheet flows on Kilauea volcano.
Introduction
Here we present both cooling and uplift data acquired during 1987-1990 from active pahoehoe sheet flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. This report provides the data that was used by Hon and others (in press) to model formation of inflated sheet flows. Our study interval represents only a small segment of the overall eruption, which began in January of 1983 and continues as of this writing. Although inflation of sheet flows is relatively easy to document qualitatively, the task of collecting quantitative information is much more complicated. The dearth of such data in the literature is directly related to the infrequency of historic tube-fed pahoehoe eruptions and the difficulty in making quantitative measurements on active lava flows.
The data sets included within this report include those from experiments that ran for days or weeks and are relatively complete as well as several partial data sets from lava flows that stagnated within a matter of minutes or a few hours after the experiment began.
The report is available in both printed (OF93-342A) and 3.5" IBM-compatible diskette (OF-93-342B) forms. The contents of both reports are identical.
Collection of Data
The largest problems we encountered involved the implantation of thermocouples into active flows and lava over running observation sites. For sheet flows, we attempted to choose sites so that either natural topographic barriers or rock walls would halt flow advance and induce inflation. These also served as heat protection while recording thermal data. Even so, we generally had to move our observation sites 3-4 times during the course of an experiment. Most of the data were collected from flows advancing through the town of Kalapana during the spring of 1990, as the abundant road network allowed easy repeated access for people and equipment.
By definition, all of our experiment sites were originally on the margin of flows. This allowed us to place thermocouples in the molten lava front and measure initial flow thickness. Potential target sites were painted on the pre-existing ground surface prior to emplacement of the flow. Flow thickness was monitored continuously by placing a painted target rock on the flow just after it covered the designated spot. With time, the lava flows continued to advance and target sites were eventually 10-30 m from the flow edge. Multiple target sites were monitored during each experiment, and all target sites record uniform uplift of the sheet flow surface not tumescence over developing tube systems.
Complete Data Sets
Our best set of thermal data was acquired from a sheet flow emplaced on 17-Apr-90. Surface temperatures were measured with a Minolta Cyclops 330 radiometer using an emissivity setting of 1. Temperatures were measured on a single spot of non-incandescent crust, approximately 5 cm in diameter. Relative precision of repeated measurements on the same spot were within 2-3°C, but absolute accuracy is unknown. Temperatures from within the crust were obtained using chromel-alumel thermocouples accurate to 1 -2°C. The thermocouples placed at 0.005, 0.02, 0.06, and 0.10 m depth were all 1/16 inch diameter, whereas the thermocouple placed at 0.20 m depth was 1/8 inch diameter. The shallow thermocouples (0.02, 0.06 m) were wrapped around a 2 m length of pipe so that the tips
extended perpendicular to the long axis of the pipe (Figure 1 A). The thermocouples were emplaced into a molten pahoehoe toe just as it formed, and the pipe was held parallel to the lava surface until the crust cooled sufficiently to hold the thermocouples in place. The 0.005 m thermocouple was implanted at a site about 10 m away from the main site; times were corrected to match the other data. The deeper thermocouples could not be emplaced until the flow inflated from its original 0.10 m thickness. These thermocouples were each inserted through a hole pierced in 0.02-m-thick, plastic crust using a rock hammer (Figure 1B). The depth placement of the thermocouples is estimated to be better than 0.002 m. The relative distances between the thermocouples remained fixed throughout the experiment. Data collection was terminated after 18 hours on the 0.005 m thermocouple due to flow stagnation at this site. All of the other cooling profiles were all disrupted after about 60 hours, when a new surface flow over ran the main thermocouple site.
Inflation data for sheet flows were easier to obtain than cooling profiles, and good curves were acquired on three separate occasions. Initial measurements were done by leveling on 23-Jan-88 (Table 1) in conjunction with mapping of the advancing lobes (Hon and others, in press). Loss of lava supply to the flow terminated this experiment after 55 hours. Later uplift data, taken on 13-Apr-90 and 17-Apr-90, were calculated from transit angles and horizontal distances measured with a steel tape. The use of the transit allowed more continuous data collection than leveling, particularly when the flows were very young and hot. Measurement errors are less than ± 0.01 m for both techniques. Both inflation and cooling data were collected from the same flow on 17-Apr-90 over a period of 113 hours, until the site was covered by another flow. The most complete set of inflation data was acquired over a 400 hour interval beginning on 13-Apr-90. In this case, the flow quit inflating at about 300 hours (12 days), which is in agreement with our observational inferences regarding stagnation of the liquid lava core and the initiation of tube formation.
Partial Data Sets
In addition to the three well constrained data sets discussed above, cooling and some inflation data were collected on 3 other occasions (13-Mar-90, 24-Apr-90, 3-May-90). The longest of these data sets was collected over an interval of less than 4 hours, whereas collection times on the other experiments varied from about 0.3-1.5 hours in duration. These partial data sets yield some interesting information about the early cooling history of pahoehoe toes, but had insufficient data to be useful in modeling sheet flow formation. All of these flows were vesiculated pahoehoe in contrast to the dense, vesicle-poor flow of 17-Apr-90.
Cooling, inflation, and crack depth data were collected from three sites within several meters of each other on 13-Mar-90. This site was about 2 km to the northwest of the site of Kalapana. Inflation and crack depth data were recorded at three sites (1,2, and 3); inflation was measured by leveling from a fixed reference point on an older flow. Cooling data were collected only at site 2; readings were taken using the Minolta Cyclops radiometer (described above) and a 1/16 inch thermocouple planted within 0.002 m of the surface of the flow. This flow inflated unevenly (final thicknesses varied from about 0.6-1 m) and inflation effectively ceased after only 1.5-2 hours due to loss of lava supply to the flow lobe. These circumstances limit the usefulness of the data collected at this site.
Limited cooling data were also collected from a vesicular pahoehoe toe on 24-Apr-90. Temperatures were measured using the radiometer on the surface and a 1/16 inch thermocouple imbedded at a depth of about 0.002 m in the crust. This toe ceased inflating almost immediately after it formed (0.3 m thick) and hence the data represent simple static cooling of this body with no further replenishment of lava.
Cooling data were collected on two separate runs on 3-May-90. On both runs data were collected using the radiometer and 1/16 inch thermocouples embedded at 0.002 m, 0.01 m, and 0.02 m in the crust. On the first run, the toe we were measuring inflated slowly over 6-7 minutes before stagnating and represents a situation similar to the 24-Apr-90 flow. The second lobe we measured inflated rapidly to 0.25 m within 2 minutes and then became inactive. This flow yielded a very consistent set of data for cooling without continued lava replenishment.
Discussion and Comparison of the Data Sets
The inflation and cooling data from the 23-Jan-88,13-Apr-90, and 17-Apr-90 lava flows have been discussed in detail and modeled by Hon and others (in press). There are, however, some significant differences between the cooling data collected on 17-Apr-90 and some of partial data sets that require discussion.
The radiometer data from all of the field experiments plot in narrow interval and display nearly identical slopes after 0.1 hour on a plot of temperature versus the log of time (see Figure 10, Hon and others, in press). Prior to 0.1 hour, the surface cooling is generally more rapid than after 0.1 hr due to the onset of exothermic crystallization within the lava crust. The transition from rapid formation of glass to partial crystallization of the flow interior appears to take place between 0.05 and 0.1 hours. However, surface radiometer data from the pahoehoe toes that ceased to inflate (24-Apr-90 and run 1 of 3-May-90) suggests that cooling was very slow prior to 0.1 hours and increased to rates comparable to those of other flows after 0.1 hours. In fact, this apparent behavior is an artifact of the very low supply rates to these toes that caused them to grow very slowly. The slow growth and stretching of the skin kept hotter material near the surface for a longer time; once the toe stopped growing the cooling profiles returned to a relatively normal pattern.
The very shallow thermocouples (0.002 m) display a range of data that may be attributed to problems with accurately locating their true depth within the crust. Slight variations of only 0.001 m (the estimated placement error) between the depth of the thermocouples could cause significant shifts in the plots of the cooling data. The lack of precise locations of the shallow thermocouples within the crust may account for the variability of this data. However, the form of the 13-Mar-90 and run 2 of 3-May-90 curves are very similar to the radiometer profiles and also appear to record the glassy/crystalline transition at about 0.1 hour. Particularly encouraging is the close correspondence between the radiometer and 0.002 m thermocouple data collected from run 2 on 3-May-90. Again, however, the 0.002 m data from the 24-Apr-90 flow do not show the rapid early cooling of the glassy outer crust and , like the radiometer data from this flow, may be attributed to the very slow growth of the pahoehoe toe.
Data from the 0.01 and 0.02 m thermocouples were only taken on 3-May-90 during both run 1 and 2. There is a very close agreement between the two data sets, although temperatures at times less than 0.1 hour from run 1 are slightly hotter (10-20 °C) than those from run 2. More importantly, the 3-May-90 0.01 and 0.02 m data shows much more rapid cooling than the equivalent data from the 17-Apr-90 flow. In fact, temperatures from 0.01 m in the 3-May-90 flow are consistently lower than those measure at a depth of 0.005 m in the 17- Apr-90 flow. We suggest that the more rapid cooling of the 3-May-90 flow is a direct result of stagnation of the flows. In contrast, the 17-Apr-90 flow was long-lived and had a continual influx of new, hot lava at the base of the crust that apparently retarded cooling of this flow. Even though the curves from the 3-May-90 flow are shifted to lower temperatures, they are still parallel to curves from the 17-Apr-90 flow. This suggests that the thermal properties of the
crust remained relatively constant and that the amount of input of heat from below was primarily responsible for differences in the observed cooling rates.
However, differences between dense, vesicle-poor and vesicular crusts may have some effect on the surface cooling profiles we measured using the radiometer. The 17-Apr-90 flow had a dense, vesicle-poor glassy skin in contrast to the vesicular glassy crust of the 3- May-90 flows. It is possible that some of the near-surface cooling in the 3-May-90 flows is attributable to radiation of heat across vesicles. This may be supported by slightly lower surface temperatures (measured by radiometer) in the 17-Apr-90 flow than the other flows, which were all more vesicular. The shifts in the position of the radiometer data are relatively small in comparison to those from the 0.01 m and 0.02 m thermocouples suggesting that radiation losses are not responsible for most of the differences in cooling rates.
The more rapid cooling of the short-lived lava flows is also seen in the crustal growth data taken on the 13-Mar-90 flow. Initially, crustal growth rates are indistinguishable from those measured from the 17-Apr-90 flow. However, the crustal growth rates for the 13-Mar-90 flow increased significantly after about 2 hours or roughly at the same time active inflation of the flow ceased. Unfortunately, there is no 0.01-0.02 m thermocouple data from this flow to directly compare with the crack depth measurements, and the data from 3-May-90 flows are not directly comparable as inflation ceased after no more than 0.2 hours.
Our observations suggest that cooling profiles differ significantly between static, non- inflating pahoehoe (such as the 3-May-90 flows) and inflating pahoehoe flows (such as the 17- Apr-90 flow) that are constantly being replenished with an influx of new, hot lava. As would be expected, static flows cool more rapidly than inflating flows. Similarly, the one-dimensional cooling models of Carslaw and Jaeger (1959) predict much more rapid cooling than we measured from inflating flows. Clearly much more work needs to be done to quantify the cooling of pahoehoe flows. However, even our limited data suggest that real pahoehoe flows are dynamic and that cooling within these flows may not be adequately modeled by simple cooling equations.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Paul Delaney, Roger Denlinger, and Dallas Jackson for many helpful discussions, and encouragement during this work. The help and assistance of a number of people on the staff of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory is also greatly appreciated, especially Christina Heliker, Asia Miklius, Tari Mattox, Lynn Simmons, and Tom Wright. Ann Davaille and Astrid Staesche also assisted with data collection while visiting HVO.
References
Carslaw, H. S., Jaeger, J. C., 1959, Conduction of heat in solids: 2nd edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford: 510 p.
Hon, K., Kauahikaua, J., Denlinger, R., and Mackay, K., in press, Emplacement and inflation of pahoehoe sheet flows-Observations and measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin.
Thermocouple leads
B.
Thermocouple connector wrapped in asbestos
3m thermocouple leads to digital display
Figure 1. Sketch of thermocouple placement within the 4/17/90 sheet flow.A) Initial emplacement of the 2-cm (0.02m)- and 6-cm (0.06m)-depth thermocouples within a
10 cm thick molten pahoehoe toe at the front of the advancing flow. The thermocouples were wrapped around and wired to the end of a 2-m-long pipe that was held horizontally until the sufficient crust formed to hold the thermocouples in place. Leads from the thermocouples were about 3 m long and were draped over a rock wall along the flow margin.
B) Emplacement of 10-cm (0.10m)- and 20-cm (0.20 m)-depth thermocouples within the sheet flow 12-13 minutes after formation. By this time the flow had inflated to about 23 cm, which was thick enough to emplace the 20 cm thermocouple. The crust at this time was 1-2 cm thick and had to be pierced with a rock hammer to insert the thermocouples. The 10-cm-depth thermocouple was 1/16" diameter and was wrapped around and wired to a rigid steel rod in order to be inserted to the proper depth. About 1 cm of the thermocouple was left protruding past the end of the rod to avoid thermal perturbations. The 20-cm-depth thermocouple was 1/8" diameter and was rigid enough to be inserted without additional support.
APPENDIX A: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-342A \Data from thermocouples implanted at various depths in the crust of the 17-Apr-90 sheet flowTime is in decimal hours from 14:48:19 Hawaiian Standard Time jDepths of the thermocouples within the crust are listed for each data setTemperatures taken after 55.69 hours do not accurately reflect normal cooling as the site was overrun by a new lava flowRadiometer measurements were made using a Minolta Cyclops 330 radiometer with an emissivity setting of 1 .
Time(hours)
0.0170.0360.0420.0530.0570.060
0.061
RadiometerTemperature(Centigrade
surface700576573550498
512
4960.064 1 4960.0650.0690.0720.0750.0780.0790.081
0.0820.0830.0860.0880.0890.092
488
488474473458456
Time(hours)
0.0170.0180.0210.0240.0250.026
0.0280.0290.0310.0320.0330.0350.0360.038
455 1 0.039454
453450454450448
0.094 1 4550.0960.0970.100
446441443
0.103J 440
0.106) 439
0.1080.1110.1130.115
440440445434
0.1181 4360.1191 4360.1220.1260.1280.1320.133
0.1360.1400.1460.151
441443
438429431430
427427
4260.1541 425
0.1570.161
422426
0.165J 422
0.040
0.0420.043
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)
Time(hours;
0.005-m-depth10171009100410011000998
997995994993992991990989988987
987986
0.044 1 9850.046 9840.047) 9830.049 1 982
0.051 9810.054 9790.0570.060
978976
0.063 1 974
0.065 1 9720.0680.0710.0740.076
0.0790.0820.085
969967965961960957954
0.088 1 9520.090 1 949
0.0930.096
0.0990.1010.1100.113
0.115
946
943941
939931
928925
0.126 916
0.0190.0210.0220.0240.025
0.0260.0280.0290.0310.0320.0330.0350.0360.0380.0390.0400.0420.043
0.0440.0460.0470.0490.0500.0510.053
0.0540.0560.057
0.0580.0600.061
0.0630.064
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.02-m-depth
111611191121111911141117111911201121112211211120112011191119111911191119111911191112111311131114111311121111111011081109110711061105
0.065 1 11050.0670.0680.069
0.071
0.0720.0740.0750.076
0.078
1104110411041104
Time(hours]
0.0190.0210.0220.0240.0250.026
0.0280.0290:0310.0320.0330.0350.0360.0380.039
0.0400.0420.043
0.0440.0460.0470.0490.0500.0510.0530.054
0.0560.057
0.0580.0600.0610.0630.064
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.06-m-depth
1135113511361135113511361135113611361136
Time(hours)
0.2060.2110.2170.222
0.2280.2330.239
0.2440.250
0.2561136! 0.261113611361135
0.2670.27210.278
11351 0.283113511361136113611361136
0.2890.294
|ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.10-m-depth
11421141113911421140113911421141113711391137113711371137113711371138
0.3001 11360.3060.311
11371142
0.317 114211361 0.32211361136113611361136113611361136113611361136
0.32811361135
0.333! 11390.339 11420.344 1 11370.350
0.3560.361
0.3670.372
11421142114111381135
0.378) 11360.383
0.065 1 1136LO-38911361139
0.067 1136| 0.394 11350.0680.0690.071
1136| 0.400 11341136| 0.406| 113411361 0.411
1103! 0.072) 11361 0.4171103110311021101
0.0740.075
11371136
0.076 i 11360.078
0.079 11001 0.0790.081 1099i 0.081
0.132 911 0.082 1098! 0.0820.1631 420 0.146 900J 0.0830.174 423 1 0.150 897 1 0.085
0.4220.428
1136113811321134
0.433 1 1131
1136J0.439i 1136113610.444 1138113610.450) 11391136 0.456 1133
109710.083 113610.461 1138
Time(hours;
1.0001.4922.8173.4504.6616.1456.7957.1617.7459.07810.1911.9115.3616.6918.1918.9320.1924.1924.8131.1934.4437.8640.5144.9448.9455.69
XXXXX)
64.8171.44
81.0389.1193.44
99.78112.8
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.20-m-depth
11421139113511291123110410931086107310441018983922900877867849807802746719690677664654637
xxxxxxxxxxxx631679690684678693752
1095 0.085 1 1136! 0.467 11320.178! 424! 0.158 890 0.086 1C95 0.086 1136i 0.472 1131
0.182 : 41410.163 888 i 0.088 109410.0881 1136.0.478 1135
A1
Time(hours
0.1860.1900.1940.2000.2070.2130.2180.2360.2430.2540.2610.2640.2710.2750.2810.2880.2920.2940.3000.3080.3130.3210.3330.3440.3510.3580.3630.3720.3820.3900.4030.4170.4280.435
RadiometerTemperature(Centigrade)
surface414418411418398404396388385380382380385378378376371368365366365366362358359369366355351362355352352351
0.443 1 3530.447! 3460.4580.4680.4780.4880.5000.5080.5190.5330.5500.5600.5710.5820.5930.6040.6140.6320.6440.6600.6740.6860.696
344343340342330336327328334327323332326323316328325313311304
Time(hours)
0.1670.1710.1750.1790.1850.1900.1960.2010.2070.2110.2150.2210.2260.2320.2380.2430.2490.2580.2650.2710.2760.2830.2880.2960.3010.3110.3170.3240.3290.3380.3510.3600.3650.3740.3820.3850.3920.4000.4070.4130.4210.4290.4380.4460.4540.4630.4710.4790.4880.4960.5040.5130.521
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)
Time(hours;
0.005-m-depth884881877875871868865861858855853850847844841838835831827825821819817813810807804802799797791788785783781778777774772770767765762759757754752750748746744
0.0890.0900.0920.0930.0940.0960.0970.0990.1000.1010.1030.1040.1060.1070.108
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.02-m-depth
109410941093109310931092109210911091108910881088108710861086
0.110! 10850.1110.1130.1140.1150.1170.1180.1190.1210.1220.1240.1250.1260.1280.1290.1310.1320.1330.1350.1360.1380.1390.1400.1420.1430.1440.1460.1470.1490.1500.1510.1530.154
10851084108510831083108210821081108010801080
Time(hours
0.0890.0900.0920.0930.0940.0960.0970.0990.1000.1010.1030.1040.1060.1070.1080.1100.1110.1130.1140.115
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.06-m-depth
113611361136113611361136113611361136113611361136113611361136
11361136113611351135
0.117) 11350.1180.1190.1210.1220.1240.125
10801 0.1261079107910791079107910781079
0.1280.1290.1310.1320.1330.1 35J0.136
1078i 0.13810781 0.139107810781077107710771076
0.1400.1420.1430.1440.1460.147
1075J 0.1491075107510741074
0.156 10730.1570.158
0.1500.1510.1530.154
113511351135113411341134113411351135113511351135113511351135113511351135113511351135113411341135113511351135
0.156! 1135
Time(hours]
0.4830.4890.4940.5000.5060.5110.5170.5220.5280.5330.5390.5440.5500.5560.5610.5720.5780.5830.5890.5940.6000.6060.6110.6170.6220.6280.6330.6390.6440.6610.6670.6720.6780.6830.6890.6940.7000.7060.7110.7170.7220.7280.7330.7390.7440.7500.7560.7610.767
1073i 0.157) 1135 0.7721072! 0.158
742 0.1601 1072! 0.160740 0.161
0.529! 737! 0.1631072 0.161
11351135
0.7780.783
11341 0.7891071 0.163! 11341 0.800
0.538 735! 0.1641 10710.546 733 0.1651 1070
0.164) 1134) 0.8060.165 1134
306! 0.554! 730i 0.167! 1070 0.167: 11340.8110.817
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.1 0-m -depth
11351135113111351134113411361136113511341135113611331133113311271125112911281130113111301127112511251125112911291125112411251124112211231123112411281125J1126112611251123112411241122112211211122J11221112211221123112111221123112311122
A2
| RadiometerTime
(hours
0.7080.7180.7290.7400.7580.7690.7820.7990.8100.8180.8310.8420.8510.8680.8820.899
Temperature(Centigrade
surface310306306305303296308296306301298306295307298292
0.9151 2900.9350.9500.9680.9830.9941.0081.0211.0291.0461.0631.0791.0881.1001.1081.121
297288283285285289281282277287276278282294292
1.1291 2881.1501.1581.175
276283284
1.183) 2771.1921 2861.2001 2791.2081.2171.2331.2501.2751.2921.3331.3671.4001.4331.450
281281278273278272267
TimeThermocouple ThermocoupleTemperature
(hours) (Centigrade)
0.5630.5710.5790.5880.6040.6210.7290.8291.1131.2921.8752.3674.0504.6285.1115.6286.8287.94510.1915.2815.3616.6917.0118.19
268!283264274
1.483! 2601.517! 2711.5501 2611.683i 2541.700 257
Time Temperature(hours) (Centigrade)
0.005-m-depth729727725723719716694675641621575544461442428414374345306260247230218206
0.1680.1690.1710.1720.1740.1750.1760.1780.1790.1810.1820.1830.1880.1890.1900.1920.1930.1940.1960.1970.1990.2000.2060.2110.2170.2220.228
0.02-m-depth106910691068106810671067106710671066106610651065106410631062106310631063106310621062106110591061105910561052
0.233 1 1054
Time(hours
0.1680.1690.1710.1720.1740.1750.1760.1780.1790.1810.1820.1830.1850.1860.1880.1890.1900.1920.1930.1940.196
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.06-m-depth
113411341134113411341134J113411341133113411341134113411341133113411341134113411331134
0.197 11340.199) 11340.200) 11330.2060.2110.2170.222
0.239! 10481 0.2280.2440.2500.256
104610441042
1133
Time(hours
0.8220.8280.8330.8390.8440.8500.8560.8610.8670.8720.8780.8830.8890.8940.9000.9060.9110.9170.9220.9330.9390.9440.9500.9560.961
11331 0.967113311331132
0.233) 11330.239) 11320.244
0.261| 1040 0.2500.2670.2720.2780.2830.2890.2940.3000.306
1038! 0.256104010341032
0.2610.2670.272
1029! 0.27810271027
0.2830.289
10231 0.2940.311 1025| 0.3000.3170.322
10181017
0.328 1 10200.333I 10180.339i 10120.3440.350
0.3060.3110.3170.3220.328
1009! 0.3331007
0.356 1 10050.3390.344
0.361 1003) 0.3500.367' 10051 0.3560.372! 999 0.361
113211321132113211321131
0.9780.9890.9941.0001.0081.0171.0251.0331.0421.0501.058
1131 1.0671131 1.075
ThermocoupleTemperature !(Centigrade)0.10-m-depth
112111221122112111201120112111231120112011221120111911191120111711181118112011171130113211251122111811171115111511181115111511141113111211121112111411121112
1131 1.0831 11121130 1.0921130| 1.10011291 1.10811291 1.1171128 1.12511281 1.3831129112811271127
1.4081.4421.4921.550
11261 1.59211261 1.65011251 1.767
0.378 1 997 0.367 1125 1.850I 0.383 995 0.372 1 1125 1.933
11121114111311121111110311001099109610921091108910811075!10691
1.742 263 0.389 993, 0.378) 1124, 2.267' 1044J I1.783! 250 i 0.394! 991 0.383 1 1124! 2.367' 1035
A3
Time(hours'
1.8171.8672.0332.1832.2672.3832.4832.7003.3834.6286.1456.7117.1117.7459.07810.1911.9115.6816.6918.1918.9320.1942.1164.8189.11
RadiometerTemperature(Centigrade)
surface251241234231231225219218212208241212200200195197170160165165168157149148145
Time(hours)
0.4000.4060.4110.4170.4220.4280.4330.4390.4440.4500.4560.4610.4670.4720.4780.4830.4890.4940.5000.5060.5110.5170.5220.5280.5330.5390.5440.5500.556
! 0.5610.572
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.02-m-depth
989987986983982979980976973973976974972969962962961
Time(hours
0.3890.3940.4000.4060.4110.4170.4220.4280.4330.4390.4440.4500.4560.4610.4670.4720.478
963 0.483961 0.489954 i 0.494957 1 0.500955955952951
0.5060.5110.5170.522
944 1 0.528948 i 0.533941 0.539937 0.544942 1 0.550932 0.556
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.06-m-depth
112411241123112311231122112111211120
Time(hours
2.4502.7333.4503.9834.4616.1456.7117.1117.745
11201 9.078111911181117111711-171117111711161115111511141115111411151115111511141113111211111111
0.578 936 0.561 11110.5830.5890.5940.600
929934932924
0.606 1 9230.6110.6170.6220.6280.6330.6390.6440.6560.6610.6670.6720.6780.6830.689
927921924917915
0.5720.5780.5830.5890.5940.6000.6060.6110.617
1110111011101110
10.1911.9115.3616.6918.1918.9320.1924.1924.8131.1934.4437.8640.5144.9448.9455.69
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.10-m-depth
10281006954918890813793780761729701669615599583574564537533502483466443417408391
xxxxx* xxxxxxxxxxxxx64.81 510i71.44| 56381.0389.11
1110111011111111011091
0.622) 1109191810.628 11081913909907
0.6330.6390.644
909 1 0.700905 0.706906 0.711902 i 0.717
11071106110611031103)11021102!
902 0.722 110210.694 i 902 1 0.728 i 11010.700 903 0.733i 11010.706 i 900 0.7390.711 902 0.7440.7171 8981 0.750
1100
568 i557
I
|
||l|!
i
1100)11001
0.722 894 ; 0.756 1099
A4
I
Time(hours]
0.7280.7330.7390.7440.7500.7560.7610.7670.7720.7780.7830.7890.8000.8060.8110.8170.8220.8280.8330.8390.8440.8500.8560.8610.8670.8720.8780.883
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.02-m-depth
894893890890887887884885881880881877875874"873
873
Time(hours)
0.7610.7670.7720.7780.7830.7890.8000.8060.81 1J0.8170.8220.8280.833
[0.8390.8440.850
870 1 0.856869! 0.861869867
0.8670.872
868 1 0.878865 0.883865! 0.889864 1 0.894862 0.900863! 0.906859 i 0.911861
0.889 1 8600.894 8590.9000.9060.9110.917
858852854850
0.9170.9220.9330.9390.9440.9500.956
0.922i 849 i 0.9610.9330.939
84910.967855
0.944 8560.9780.989
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.06-m-depth
10991098109810981097109710961096109610951095109410941094J10931109310921092109110911091109010901089108910891088108810871086108610851085108510841108310831082
0.950 850J 0.994| 10810.956 1 8500.961 8450.967
0.9780.989
1.0001.008
842! 1.017840835
1.0251.033
0.994 1 836) 1.0421.000! 8341.0081.0171.025
832
1081108010801079110781078!
1.0501 10771.058 1077
831 i 1.067| 1075833
1.033 8281.075 10741.0831 1074
1.0421 826 1.0921.050
: 1.058825 1.100
107311072
827 1.108' 1071)1 1.067 825 1.117 10701
I
I h-
1 . 1.075 821 1.125 1070;1.083: 823 1.3831 1041
; 1.092 820 1.408 1040,
A5
Time(hours'
1.1001.1081.1171.1251.3831.4081.4421.4921.5501.5921.6501.7671.8501.9332.2672.3672.4502.7333.4503.9834.4616.1456.7117.1117.7459.07810.1911.9115.36
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.02-m-depth
819813815813774772768762754751745
Time(hours]
1.4421.4921.5501.5921.6501.7671.8501.9332.2672.3672.450
732 1 2.733721 3.4507121 3.983685678672656620596576527515506494474457440404
16.691 39418.1918.9320.1924.1924.8131.1934.4437.8640.5144.94
384381376363362327305294281269
48.94 1 26255.69 i 244
j XXXXX)j XXXXXXXXXXXX
1
64.8171.44
239245
81.03) 33989.11 233
4.4616.1456.7117.1117.7459.07810.1911.9115.3616.6918.1918.9320.1924.1924.8131.1934.4437.8640.5144.9448.9455.69
xxxxx64.8171.4481.0389.1193.4499.78
93.44 i 23799.78112.8
961958
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.06-m-depth
103610301024102010131001992983950941933913855833808741724713695665644614567553537529520496492449i425404389368356333
I
I
!
XXXXXXXXXXXX !
3181323 !3181311312803J
i i
IIi
j !
i
|I :I ;
A6
APPENDIX B: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-342A
Surface heights of inflating sheet flows. Measured on flows that began on 23-Jan-88, 13-Apr-90, and 17- Apr-90.
Time is in decimal hours from the beginning of the experiment
Start times (Hawaiian Standard Time) are (-12:00 PM, 23-Jan-88), (18:25, 13-Apr-90), and (14:48:19, l7-Apr-90)
13- Apr-90
Time(hours)
0.042
0.100
0.200
0.317
0.417
0.553
0.686
0.968
1.661
2.317
3.056
3.692
4.315
4.757
5.558
5.883
7.958
10.044
11.594
12.163
15.033
15.333
15.583
15.850
16.167
16.583
17.067
17.583
18.667
19.650
19.650
19.833
20.567
21.683
22.567
24.200
26.917
32.417
Site 2
Thickness(meters)
0.120
0.250
0.290
0.310
0.300
0.470
0.550
0.710
0.920
1.030
1.150
1.220
1.260
1.300
1.410
1.410
1.570
13- Apr-90
Time(hours)
0.044
0.126
0.411
1.142
1.904
2.510
3.146
' 3.772
4.210
5.003
5.157
7.439
9.494
1 1 .038
11.592
14.467
14.750
1.690 1 15.000
1.780
1.810
1.950
1.970
1.980
15.267
15.567
16.017
16.483
17.017
1.990J 18.100
2.010
2.030
2.050
2.070
2.100
2.190
2.110
2.070
2.090
19.067
19.300
19.983
Site 3
Thickness(meters)
0.280
0.380
0.610
0.820
0.940
1.030
1.040
1.130
1.160
1.260
1.410
1.600
1.720
1.820
1.860
1.870
1.930
1.950
17- Apr-90
Time(hours)
0.024
0.029
0.039
0.049
0.054
0.061
0.067
0,072
0.092
0.100
0.113
0.124
0.129
0.136
0.144
0.150
0.154
0.163
1.950 0.171
1.970 0.178
1.9901 0.188
2.010
2.030
2.050
2.080
2.120
2.120
21.100J 2.140
21.983 2.160
0.196
0.204
Sites 1+3
Thickness(meters)
0.097
0.103
0.103
0.108
0.114
0.114
0.120
0.125
0.137
17- Apr-90
Time(hours)
0.024
0.029
0.039
0.049
0.054
0.061
. 0.067
' 0.072
0.092
0.142! 0.100
0.154
0.159
0.165
0.171
0.177
0.188
0.194
0.199
0.205
0.211
0.216
0.216
0.222
0.217 0.233
0.228 1 0.233
0.239
0.251
0.265
0.245
0.251
0.256
0.278 1 0.262
23.733 2.1601 0.288! 0.268
26.400) 2.250
42.0001 2.470
42.500 2.450
2.110 44.833
2.130J 47.000
2.130
2.250
2.410
0.296
0.308
0.322
0.335
2.390 i 0.344
0.273
0.279
0.285
0.296
0.113
0.124
0.129
0.136
0.144
0.150
0.154
0.163
0.171
0.178
Sitel
Thickness(meters)
0.097
0.103
0.103
0.108
0.114
0.114
0.120
0.125
0.137
0.142
0.154
0.159
0.165
0.171
0.177
0.188
0.194
0.199
0.205
0.211
0.1881 0.216
0.196 0.216
0.204 0.222
0.217 0.233
0.228
0.239
0.251
0.265
0.278
0.288
0.296
0.308
0.322
0.335
0.296 1 0.344
62.750 2.490 1 0.356 i 0.302 0.356
67.000 2.580| 0.369 j 0.31 3 1 0.369
2.380 70.000 2.600 0.385 i 0.324
42.583 j 2.440 85.9171 2.760' 0.400 0.330
43.083 j 2.460J 88.050 2.800 0.418; 0.336
0.385
0.233
0.245
0.251
0.256
0.262
0.268
0.273
0.279
0.285
0.296
0.296
0.302
0.313
0.324
0.400 0.330
0.418 0.336
45.4171 2.400 91.050 2.860 0.438 0.347 0.438 1 0.347
17-Apr-90
Time(hours)
20.195
41.211
66.478
89.695
113.695
Site 3
Thickness(meters)
1.431
1.851
2.139
2.416
2.469
B1
13- Apr-90
Time
(hours)
47.583
63.333
67.583
70.583
86.500
88.633
91.633
113.833
134.850
158.217
182.583
206.217
253.483
301.083
Site 2
Thickness
(meters)
2.400
2.470
2.590
2.610
2.780
2.820
2.880
3.070
3.230
3.460
3.660
3.700
3.750
3.810
13- Apr-90
Time
(hours)
113.250
134.267
157.633
182.000
205.633
252.900
300.233
324.500
373.067
397.000
;
Site3
Thickness
(meters)
3.060
3.200
3.410
3.630
3.740
3.870
3.940
3.960
3.960
3.940
17-Apr-90
Time
(hours)
0.456
0.478
0.492
0.511
0.528
0.544
0.597
0.614
0.640
0.663
0.681
0.708
0.738
0.763
0.789
0.818
0.842
0.868
0.890
0.918
0.950
1.117
1.150
1.167
1.038
1.088
1.208
1.258
1.275
1.350
1.417
1.642
1.792
1.942
2.167
2.550
3.117
! 3.450
! 3.833
i
4.050
4.811
5.378
5.628
6.011
Sites 1+3
Thickness
(meters)
0.353
0.359
0.364
0.370
0.381
0.387
0.404
0.410
0.415
0.421
0.427
0.438
17-Apr-90
Time
(hours)
0.456
0.478
0.492
0.511
0.528
0.544
0.597
0.614
0.640
0.663
0.681
0.708
0.444! J 0.738
0.455 1 0.763
0.467 i 0.789
0.478 1 0.818
0.489
0.501
0.506
0.518
0.523
0.552
0.842
0.868
0.890
0.918
0.950
1.117
0.552! 1.150
0.552
-0.557
1.167
1.038
0.557 1 1.088
0.557 1.208
Sitel
Thickness
(meters)
0.353
0.359
0.364
0.370
0.381
0.387
0.404
0.410
0.415
0.421
0.427
0.438
0.444
0.455
0.467
0.478
0.489
0.501
0.506
0.518
0.523
0.552
0.552
0.552
0.557
0.557
0.557
0.557| 1.258 0.557
0.558 1 1.275! 0.558
0.569 1 1.350
0.569
0.586
0.609
0.620
0.637
0.671
0.734
0.779
0.830
0.847
1.417
1.642
1.792
1.942
2.167
2.550
3.117
3.450
3.833
4.050
0.915 4.811
0.921 5.378
0.932 1 5.628
0.960! 6.011
20.195 1.431 6.828
0.569
0.569
0.586
0.609
0.620
0.637
0.671
0.734
0.779
0.830
0.847
0.915
0.921
0.932
0.960
1.000
41.211 1.851 7.228i 1.005
B2
17-Apr-90
Time
(hours)
66.478
89.695
113.695
SHes1+3
Thickness
(meters)
2.139
2.416
2.469
17- Apr-90
Time
(hours)
7.861
8.995
12.178
15.278
17.011
18.678
20.345
41.211
Sitel
Thickness
(meters)
1.011
1.028
1.068
1.096
1.107
1.158
1.187
1.472
B3
23-Jan-88
Time(hours)
0.880
0.970
1.530
1.580
2.030
2.080
2.470
Sites A+C+D
Thickness(meters)
0.240
0.640
0.580
0.650
0.650
0.850
0.890
2.530 1 0.860
4.830
6.170
23.550
23.580
24.420
24.430
25.030
25.070
25.570
25.600
26.080
26.170
26.530
26.570
27.130
27.150
51.170
51.230
23-Jan-88
Time(hours)
0.880
1.530
2.080
2.530
0.900)
0.920
1.290
1.230
1.250
1.300
1.300
1.310
1.320
1.320
1.350
1.330
1.370
1.340
1.380
1.360
1.420
1.550
Site A
Thickness(meters)
0.24
0.58
0.85
0.86
t
23-Jan-88
Time(hours)
0.930
1.570
2.070
2.600
4.800
6.170
23.520
24.470
25.080
25.620
26.130
26.600
Site B
Thickness(meters)
0.430
0.520
0.620
1.000
1.210
1.220
1.450
1.470
1.490
1.490
1.490
1.500
27.1801 1.510
23-Jan-88
Time(hours)
0.970
1.580
2.030
2.470
4.830
6.170
. -23.550
24.430
25.070
25.600
26.170
26.570
27.150
51.230
SiteC
Thickness(meters)
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.89
0.9
0.92
1.29
' 1.3
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.36
1.55
23-Jan-88
Time(hours)
23.580
24.420
25.030
25.570
26.080
26.530
27.130
51.170
SiteD
Thickness(meters)
1.23
1.25
1.3
1.32
1.35
1.37
1.38
1.42
j
B4
APPENDIX C: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-342ACrack depth meaurements taken on 17-Apr-90 flow, start time 14:48:19Time is in decimal hours from start jCrack depths measured near site 1 until 20. 1 1 1 hours, then measured near site 3Depth was measured on a crack system with no vertical displacementCrack temperature was recorded at bottom of crack using a chromel-alumel thermocouple
Time(hours)
Crack depth | Crack Temperature(meters)
.200! 0.01
.283
.5671.4331.8333.4506.6455.1117.945
11.911
0.02
(Centigrade)i
!0.07 10.090.1010.120.140.140.19 >9000.22!
15.6781 0.2619.19520.1 1 1
0.28
1
|
943!984
0.29 97524.195! 0.35 1 92140.695 0.4289.111
9550.65 770
99.778) 0.76, 86099.945! 0.84! 820 1 i
C1
APPENDIX D: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-342ACooling, thickness, and crack depth data for pahoehoe flow above Keone jeep trail, 3/14/90Time is in decimal hours from 12:28:25 PM on 14-Mar-90Depths of the thermocouples within the crust are listed for each data setRadiometer measurements were made using a Minolta Cyclops 330 radiometer with an emissivity setting of 1 .Crack temperature was recorded at bottom of crack using a chromel-alumel thermocouple
Cooling data from Site 2Time
(hours)
0.0170.0220.0250.0350.0290.032
0.0380.0400.0530.0560.0580.0630.0710.0750.0880.0790.082
0.0850.090
RadiometerTemperature(Centigrade)
surface733690651643634634618608592577566566547546537536532
528518
0.093 1 5170.097 5120.1 06 1 507
0.112! 4930.110) 4920.1150.1180.121
491490487
0.1241 4870.143
0.1460.132
487
Time(hours]
0.0220.0240.0250.0260.0280.029
0.0310.0320.0350.0360.0380.0390.0400.0420.0430.0440.046
0.0470.0490.050
0.0510.0530.0540.0560.0570.0580.0600.0610.063
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)
0.002-m-depth1034101910271008
974959
950942 1881860843825 1815)803790780)770 1761751
741736
73072371?l711706698 i692!687
486 1 0.064 682484
0.135 4830.1370.1400.1510.1540.1570.1600.162
0.1650.168
0.171
483482481478476476476474
468468
0.182! 468
0.174: 4670.193 4670.176 4660.179 4660.185J 465
0.0650.0670.0680.0690.0710.0720.0740.075
678!673!667 1664 1661657653649!
Thickness and crack depth data from Site 1Time
(hours)
0.0001.5602.4213.3825.419
Thickness(meters)
0.000.700.880.890.96
Time(hours)
0.0000.7721.4242.3163.4795.5375.605
Crack depth(meters)
0.000.09
0.130.210.230.220.20
Crack Temperature(Centigrade)
790884990!887687
1003
Thickness and crack depth data from Site 2Time
(hours)Thickness(meters)
0.000 1 0.000.0170.1150.2290.6621.529
2.4033.3515.383
0.200.300.370.430.49
0.570.58
0.58
Time(hours)
0.0000.3011.3741.6302.2883.439
Crack depth(meters)
0.000.030.100.120.190.18
Crack Temperature(Centigrade)
1001994
1048956
Thickness and crack depth data from Site 3Time Thickness Time
(hours)0.0001.569
(meters)0.000.50
2.429 1 0.533.393 0.54
j
0.076! 644 1
0.0780.081
0.0830.0850.0860.0880.0890.0900.092
639
635629
6256216191
(hours)0.0001.4832.3513.508
617:
615!6151
0.1871 462 1 0.093! 608
Crack depth(meters)
0.000.140.180.19
Crack Temperature(Centigrade)
930 1849!800!
!
D1
CoolintTime
(hours)
0.1990.1960.1900.226
0.204
0.2010.2070.229
0.2180.2100.2150.2210.2120.2320.2400.2350.237
0.2650.243
0.2460.2490.2680.2510.2540.2570.301
0.262
0.2600.2710.2740.2960.293
i data from Site 2Radiometer
Temperature(Centigrade)
surface461460457456
452
451448448447446446446445445443442
441441440440439439438
438J437437
436435435433
431427
0.299| 4270.3040.3100.307
0.3120.326
0.4430.3900.3990.4010.404
426423422420417
410406405405
4050.407 1 4050.4240.3760.379
0.387
405403403
403
0.410 1 403
0.382 402
0.3851 4010.4121 401
Time(hours)
0.0940.0960.0970.132
0.1350.137
0.1400.1430.1460.1490.1510.1540.157
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)
0.002-m-depth606605603569
567565
563
562559559560559557
0.160| 5550.1620.1650.168
0.1710.174
0.1760.1790.1820.1850.1870.1900.193
0.196
552550548546542540
538
537536534532529
528
0.199! 5260.2010.2040.2070.2100.2150.2650.2680.2710.2740.276
0.2790.2820.3400.3430.3460.3490.3510.3540.357
0.360
0.362
0.3650.371
0.415 401
524521518515512499498497497496
496495469468467466465
464462
463
462
463463
0.418 4010.421 . 4010.426! 401
i
II
< ' ii I
! I
D2
CoolincTime
(hours)
0.4400.4290.4320.4350.4460.4370.4510.4490.4540.4650.4680.4570.4620.4600.6530.6740.6850.6900.6760.6790.6870.6821.3121.3181.382
i data from Site 2Radiometer
Temperature(Centigrade)
surface401400398398397396396395395395395393393392373370368368367367367366332332332!
1.2541 3311.290 I 3311.2991.3011.3041.3071.310
331331331331331
1.324| 3311.2351.2401.2431.249
330330330330
1.2741 3301.2961.3151.3211.3491.3651.3711.3791.2291.2381.2461.2571.2871.3761.2261.2511.2621.2651.276
330330330330330330330329329329329329329328 1328328328328
I
Ii
i
'
D3
CoolingTime
(hours)
1.2931.3261.3291.3321.3621.3681.4351.2321.2601.2681.3541.3571.3741.3851.3991.2711.2791.2821.3351.3371.3461.3601.3871.3931.3431.3901.3961.4011.4041.4071.3401.3511.4261.4101.4601.4121.4151.4181.4241.4461.4571.4211.4371.4431.4511.454
i data from Site 2Radiometer
Temperature(Centigrade)
surface328328328328328328328327327327327327327327327326326326326326326326326326325325325325325325324324324323323322322322321321321320320320320318
1.4621 3181.440 1 3171.4492.3292.338
317
I
291291
2.346 i 2912.351 1 291
i
|
!
1
1
i
|
2.321 29oi2.326 1 290 : 12.332I 290 i i
D4
Cooling data from Site 2Time
(hours)
2.3352.3432.349
2.3182.3243.5523.526
3.5443.5633.5393.5743.5663.5583.569
RadiometerTemperature(Centigrade)
surface290290289
288288270
267267267265263261258257 I !
D5
APPENDIX E: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-342A |Cooling data for pahoehoe flow on Lokelani just below Highway, 24-Apr-90Pahoehoe toe inflated very slow during the initial 6-8 minutes, then ceased inflatingRun begins at 14:00
Time(hours)
0.0080.0130.021
0.0250.0330.0380.0420.0460.050
0.054
0.0580.0630.0670.0710.075
0.0880.0920.1000.1040.1080.1130.1170.1210.1250.1290.133
0.1380.1420.1460.154
0.1580.163
0.1750.1830.1880.250
0.2540.258
0.2630.2670.2710.2750.2790.2830.2880.292
0.2960.300
RadiometerTemperature(Centigrade)
surface712733717710
704717702674
628
622610562578566558530520518514512506497477
Time(hours
0.0040.0080.0130.0210.0250.0330.0380.0420.0460.050
0.054
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)
0.002-m-depth986954900839817785768756743
731721
0.058) 7100.063 1 7010.0670.071
0.0750.0790.083
0.088
692685677670663656
0.092! 6450.1000.104
640636
0.1081 631487J 0.113 627517477
481477477465
0.117
0.121
621
617
0.1251 6130.129 6090.133 6060.138 602
461 j 0.142J 597465
450451438
426
0.146
0.1540.1580.1630.175
425 1 0.183418J 0.188
426411422418
411406405404401401
0.304 1 401
0.1920.200
594
589587584577
571569567564
0.204 561
0.208 561
0.221 5580.229 i 5560.2330.242
554552
0.250 1 5480.254 547
0.258 546 i0.308! 394 0.263 545 1
i
|0.313| 397 0.267i 5430.3171 394! 0.271 539 i
E1
Time(hours)
0.3210.3250.3290.333
RadiometerTemperature(Centigrade)
surface390388387382
Time(hours
0.2750.2790.2830.2880.2920.2960.3000.3040.3080.3130.3170.3210.3250.3290.333
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)
0.002-m-depth538536533533532531529527526524523521518515515
E2
APPENDIX F: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-342ACooling data for pahoehoe flow on Lokelani just below Highway, 3-May-90Pahoehoe toe inflated rapidly to 0.25 m in about 2 minutes then ceased inflatingTime for run 2 is in decimal hours from 13:15 (Hawaiian Standard Time)
Cooling data from run 2
Time(hours;
0.0130.0170.0250.0420.0460.0500.0540.0580.0630.0670.0710.0750.0790.0830.0880.0920.0960.1000.1040.1080.1130.1170.1210.1250.1290.1380.1420.1460.1500.1540.1630.1710.1750.1790.1830.1880.1920.1960.2000.2040.2080.2130.2170.2210.2250.2500.2540.2580.263
RadiometerTemperature(Centigrade)
surface875782648588580572556547538535527518513513511503497498496492486487479478480470474467467465456454452451446445446446447441437
Time(hours
0.0170.0250.0330.0420.0460.0500.0540.0580.0630.067
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)
0.002-m-depth863760695638622619605594
Time(hours
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.01-m-depth
0.01 3 i 10530.0170.0250.0330.042
990973934913
0.046J 9020.0540.058
584 1 0.063568
0.071 j 5680.0750.0790.0830.0880.0920.0960.1000.1040.1080.1130.1170.1210.1250.1290.1330.1380.1420.1460.1500.1540.1630.1710.1750.1790.1830.1880.1920.1960.2000.204
432! 0.208434| 0.213432433426423421417
0.2170.2210.225
568550548544542531537534530521520
0.0670.0710.0750.0790.0830.0880.0920.0960.1000.104
879872865856852846841837833828823816812
0.108 1 8070.1130.117
511 1 0.121516518511506510
0.1250.1290.1330.1380.142
504J 0.146506499499485485491489483479482481474471468469470470
0.1500.1540.1630.1710.1750.1790.1830.1880.1920.196
800795788784780775769
Time(hours
0.0170.0250.0670.0710.0750.0790.0830.088
0.092
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.02-m-depth
110810971053104810461046104310421040
0.096) 10370.1000.1040.1080.1130.1170.121
103310251021102510221019
0.125! 10180.1290.1330.1380.1420.1460.150
1006100310051001997993
0.154) 9910.1630.1710.175
766 i 0.179761756753739732735733726719722719
0.200I 7160.204 714
0.1830.1880.1920.1960.2000.2040.2080.2130.2170.2210.2250.2290.233
980973970966963960956953950947944941938935932930927
0.208 7 10 1 0.238 1 9240.2130.217
706705
0.2420.246
0.221 701 0.2500.225
0.229 471 ! 0.229698696
0.2540.258
0.233 1 464! 0.233 694 0.2630.238 , 465 1 0.238 i 691 0.267
0.267J 416 0.242! 464i 0.242J 689 0.275
921919916914911908905902
0.271 413 0.246 465 0.246 687 0.279| 899
F1
Cooling data from run 2
Time(hours
0.2750.2790.2830.2920.3000.3080.3170.3250.3330.3420.3500.3580.3670.3750.3830.3920.4000.4670.4750.4830.4920.5000.5080.5170.5250.5330.5920.6000.6080.6250.6330.6420.6500.6670.6750.6830.9500.9580.9671.0671.1831.3331.450
RadiometerTemperature(Centigrade)
surface415416407405407402401402398401399400397395393381380377372373368371372375370368366366368342352345359351349351327327326305305305309
|
Time(hours
0.2500.2540.2580.2630.2670.2710.2750.2790.2830.2920.3000.3080.3170.3250.3330.3420.3500.3580.3670.3750.3830.3920.4000.4040.4080.4170.4250.4330.4420.4500.4580.4670.4750.4830.4920.5000.508
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)
0.002-m-depth466461460455
ThermocoupleTime
(hours]
0.2500.2540.2580.263
448 1 0.267451452454445437434424427427432433430433427426428424419414416409410413405411408408401403391394399
0.517| 4040.5250.533
403397
0.542 3980.5580.5670.5750.5920.6000.6080.617
396392392381382383379
0.625) 3840.6330.6420.6500.667
375381377371
0.675 3660.683 364
I i 0.733 360
0.2710.2750.2790.2830.2920.3000.3080.3170.3250.3330.3420.3500.3580.3670.3750.3830.3920.4000.4040.408
Temperature(Centigrade)0.01-m-depth
685683682673675673
Time(hours]
0.2830.2920.3000.3080.3170.325
672) 0.333665667662658653650
. 646644640638636633631628623620616 616
0.4171 6080.425) 6040.433 1 6020.4421 6010.450 i 6000.458 1 5980.467 1 5970.475! 5950.483 i 593
.0.492! 5910.500 1 5890.508! 5880.5171 5860.525| 5850.5331 5830.542 i 5820.5581 5800.567 5780.5751 5760.592 1 572
0.3420.3500.3580.3670.3750.3830.3920.4000.4040.4080.4170.425
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.02-m-depth
896892888884879875871867863859856852849846843840837829827
0.433 8240.442! 8210.450! 8180.4580.4670.4750.4830.4920.5000.5080.5170.525
815813811808805803801798796
0.533! 7940.542 i 7910.5580.5670.5750.5920.600
787785782778777
0.608 1 7740.6170.6250.633
773771769
0.642! 7660.6500.667
0.600! 5701 0.6750.6081 569 i 0.6830.617 5670.625 i 566
0.7330.742
0.633 564 i 0.7500.642; 563 0.7580.650! 562 1 0.7670.667 558 0.775
764761759757750748746745743741
0.675 556 0.783 7390.683 554 j 0.792 7380.733' 549i O.SOOi 737
F2
Cooling data from run 2
1 Time(hours]
0.7420.7500.7580.7670.7750.7830.792
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)
0.002-m-depth364366363362368368361
iThermocouple !
Time ! Temperature(hours)) (Centigrade)
0.7420.7500.7580.7670.7750.7830.7920.800
i 0.808
0.8170.825
0.01-m-depth548546545544543543543542541540540
0.833 i 5400.842 i . 5390.850J 5360.8580.8670.8750.8830.8920.900
533531528525524524
0.908 1 5230.91 7 j 5210.925 1 5190.9330.942
Time(hours
0.8080.8170.8250.8330.8420.8500.8580.8670.8750.8830.8920.9000.9080.9170.9250.9330.9420.9500.9580.9670.9750.9830.992
518| 1.000516
0.950 1 5160.958 1 5160.9670.9750.9830.992
516518521522
1.042 5231.0501.058
1.0421.0501.0581.0671.083
LLIOO1.1171.133
522 1.150522 1.167
1.067 1 5211.083! 518
j 1.1001 5161.1171 5151.133; 5141.1501 5121.167! 5111.183! 5121.2001 5091.217! 5091.2331 5081.2501 5061.2671 5061.283! 5021.317! 506
1.1831.2001.2171.2331.2501.2671.2831.3171.3331.3671.450
1.333! 4991.367 497 11.450 494 1
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.02-m-depth
735733732731729728726725723721719717716714713711710708706705704703703702699698698697695
L 693691689687685683682680678677675673671667665658
F3
Cooling data for pahoehoe flow on Keone Drive just above Highway 130, 3-May-90Pahoehoe toe inflated slowly for about 6-7 minutes then ceased inflatingTime for run 1 is in decimal hours from 1 1 :30 AM (Hawaiian Standard Time)
Cooling data from run 1
Time(hours)
0.0040.0080.0130.0170.0420.0460.0580.0630.0670.0830.0880.0920.0960.1000.1040.1080.113
RadiometerTemperature(Centigrade)
surface631603
586541525511510498482466462457456452460455450
Time(hours)
0.0630.0670.0710.0750.0790.0830.0880.096
0.1000.1080.1130.1170.1250.1330.1380.1420.1500.1750.183
0.192
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)
0.002-m-depth
Time(hours)
687 1 0.008680673668663660649643
635631624624622614603599
589574575571
0.204 1 5600.2131 5580.217
0.2210.229
557554553
0.233 1 5510.238 i 5470.246 1 5470.2500.2540.258
0.0250.0330.0420.0500.0540.0580.0630.0670.0710.0750.0790.0830.0880.0960.100
0.1080.1130.1170.125
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.01-m-depth
10501002980942914902892882873866860859845843835829
819812805800
0.1291 7950.1331 790
Time(hours)
0.008
0.0250.0330.0420.0500.0540.0580.0630.0670.0710.0750.0790.0830.0880.0960.1000.1080.1130.117
0.1250.1290.133
0.138 785! 0.1380.142] 778
0.1501 7670.175| 7320.183i 7270.192
543 1 0.204543 0.213538 1 0.217
0.263 1 536 0.221
721709705
0.1420.1500.1750.1830.1920.2040.213
702 1 0.217698 0.221
0.267 j 533 i 0.229) 693 1 0.229
0.271 530 1 0.233 i 6890.275 i 530 1 0.238 1 685
0.279 1 529 j 0.2460.283 i 527 1 0.250
0.2540.258
681679677675
0.263 1 673
0.267 1 6690.271 6640.275 1 662
0.2330.238
0.2460.2500.2540.258
ThermocoupleTemperature(Centigrade)0.02-m-depth
1130112111121094108110741068106510601058105410511047104610431041
103710351033102810251023101910161010
989982975968960956952947944941
937932930
929
0.263 1 9250.267 9230.271 9200.275 1 917
i 0.279 i 660 0.2790.283) 659
ii
1 !
0.283915912
1
F4