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8/14/2019 INFLATION Rate of Different Country PROJECT Report
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AN ASSIGNMENT OF ADVANCE FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT ON:
CLASS: TYBBA 6TH SEM
DIVISION: A
GROUP MEMBERS: ROLL NO.
BADI KIFAYAT . 01
BALDHA NITIN M. 02
BHATT KRUTARTH Y. 03
BHATT POOJAN 04
CHANDGADIYA RAKESH 05
CHAUDHARI VIREN A. 06
DOSHI DHAVAL 07
GANDHI NIKUNJ 08
SUBMITTED TO,
VARSHA MADAM
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GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
WHAT IS GDP?
The Gross Domestic Product or GDP is a measure of all of the services and
goods produced in a country over a specific period, classically a year. The GDP
considers the market value of goods and services to arrive at a number which is
used to judge the growth rate of the economy and the overall economic health of
the nation concerned. As an economic measure, the GDP can be a very useful
yardstick, but it has some serious flaws which have led some people to propose
the use of alternate measures of economic and social well being.
Calculating GDP
GDP (Y) is a sum of Consumption (C), Investment (I), Government Spending (G)
and Net Exports (X - M). Y = C + I + G + (X M)
C (consumption) is normally the largest GDP component, consisting of
private household expenditures in the economy.
I (investment) includes business investment in plant, equipment,
inventory, and structures, and does not include exchanges of existing
assets.
G (government spending) is the sum of government expenditures onfinal goods and services. It includes salaries of public servants, purchase
of weapons for the military, and any investment expenditure by a
government.
X (exports) represents gross exports. GDP captures the amount a
country produces, including goods and services produced for other
nations' consumption, therefore exports are added.
M (imports) represents gross imports. Imports are subtracted since
imported goods will be included in the terms G, I, orC, and must be
deducted to avoid counting foreign supply as domestic.
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India Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
India Gross Domestic Product (GDP) chart, historical data, forecast and news.
India Gross Domestic Product (GDP) expanded 7.90% over the last 4
quarters. The India Gross Domestic Product is worth 1217 billion dollars or
1.96% of the world economy, according to the World Bank. India's diverse
economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture,
handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services.
Services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for more
than half of India's output with less than one third of its labor force. The
economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in the
decade since 1997, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points.
Year Value
2008 1217.49
2007 1176.89
2006 914.89
2005 810.15
2004 700.92
2003 599.46
2002 507.19
2001 477.85
2000 460.18
1999 450.48
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Brazil Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Brazil Gross Domestic Product (GDP) chart, historical data, forecast and news.
Brazil Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contracted 1.22% over the last 4
quarters. The Brazil Gross Domestic Product is worth 1613 billion dollars or
2.60% of the world economy, according to the World Bank. Brazil is one of
the fastest growing emerging economies in the world. With large and
growing agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, Brazil
economy ranks highest among all the South American countries and it has
also acquired a strong position in global economy.
Year Value
2008 1612.54
2007 1333.27
2006 1089.06
2005 882.19
2004 663.76
2003 552.47
2002 504.22
2001 553.58
2000 644.70
1999 586.86
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China Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
China Gross Domestic Product (GDP) chart, historical data, forecast and news.
China Gross Domestic Product (GDP) expanded 10.70% over the last 4
quarters. The China Gross Domestic Product is worth 4326 billion dollars or
6.98% of the world economy, according to the World Bank. China's
economy is the second largest in the world after that of the United States.
During the past 30 years China's economy has changed from a centrally
planned system that was largely closed to international trade to a more
market-oriented that has a rapidly growing private sector. A major
component supporting China's rapid economic growth has been exports
growth.
Year Value
2008 4326.19
2007 3382.27
2006 2657.88
2005 2235.91
2004 1931.642003 1640.96
2002 1453.83
2001 1324.81
2000 1198.48
1999 1083.28
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Hong Kong Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Hong Kong Gross Domestic Product (GDP) chart, historical data, forecast and
news. Hong Kong Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contracted 2.40% over
the last 4 quarters. The Hong Kong Gross Domestic Product is worth 215
billion dollars or 0.35% of the world economy, according to the World Bank.
Hong Kong along with Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan is one of the
Four Asian Tigers. Hong Kong has a free market economy highly
dependent on international trade and finance, which has left it heavily
exposed to the global economic slowdown that began in 2008. The total
value of goods and services trade, including the sizable share of re-exports,
is equivalent to more than 400% of GDP.
Year Value
2008 215.36
2007 207.07
2006 189.93
2005 177.77
2004 165.89
2003 158.57
2002 163.78
2001 166.59
2000 169.12
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1999 163.28
Singapore Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Singapore Gross Domestic Product (GDP) chart, historical data, forecast and
news. Singapore Gross Domestic Product (GDP) expanded 3.50% over the
last 4 quarters. The Singapore Gross Domestic Product is worth 182 billion
dollars or 0.29% of the world economy, according to the World Bank.
Singapore along with Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan is one of the
Four Asian Tigers. Singapore has a highly developed and successful free-
market economy. It enjoys a per capita GDP higher than that of most
developed countries. The economy depends heavily on exports, particularly
in consumer electronics, information technology products, pharmaceuticals,
and on a growing service sector.
Year Value
2008 181.95
2007 166.95
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2006 139.18
2005 120.94
2004 109.66
2003 93.21
2002 88.33
2001 85.66
2000 92.72
1999 82.61
UNEMPOYMENT
Unemployment occurs when a person is available and willing to work but
currently without work. The prevalence of unemployment is usually measured
using the unemployment rate, which is defined as the percentage of those in the
labor force who are unemployed.Unemployment refers to the inability for willing
workers to find gainful employment. The degree of unemployment in a nation is
one indicator of the economic health of the country. Many factors can negatively
affect the unemployment rate including corporate downsizing, mergers,
implementation of automation technologies, and job outsourcing to other nations.
Some argue illegal immigration impacts the unemployment rate, though critics ofthis viewpoint counter that jobs held by illegal are generally low paying or
undesirable.
In the United States, workers pay into unemployment insurance through a
deduction or unemployment tax that comes out of every check. Benefits can then
be paid to the unemployed person for a period of time to help with bills, food and
other expenses. During this time an unemployment advisor meets with the
candidate and supplies him or her with job leads. The candidate is also expected
to make personal efforts to find work, such as checking the daily newspaper or
looking at online employment hubs.
Types of unemployment
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Frictional unemployment
Frictional unemployment occurs when a worker moves from one job to another.
While he searches for a job he is experiencing frictional unemployment.
Classical unemployment
Classical or real-wage unemployment occurs when real wages for a job are set
above the market-clearing level, causing the number of job-seekers to exceed
the number of vacancies.
Cyclical or Keynesian unemployment
Cyclical or Keynesian unemployment, also known as demand deficient
unemployment, occurs when there is not enough aggregate demand in the
economy.
Structural unemployment
Structural unemployment is caused by a mismatch between jobs offered by
employees and potential workers. This may pertain to geographical location, skill
variation, and many other factors.
Long-term unemployment
This is normally defined, for instance in European Union statistics, asunemployment lasting for longer than one year. It is an important indicator of
social exclusion.
Hidden unemployment
Hidden, or covered, unemployment is the unemployment of potential workers that
is not reflected in official unemployment statistics, due to the way the statistics
are collected.
Measurement
Though many people care about the number of unemployed, economists
typically focus on the unemployment rate. This corrects for the normal increase in
the number of people employed due to increases in population and increases in
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the labor force relative to the population. The unemployment rate is expressed as
a percentage, and is calculated as follows:
India Unemployment Rate
India unemployment rate stands at 6.80 percent of the labor force. The labour
force is defined as the number of people employed plus the number
unemployed but seeking work. The nonlabour force includes those who are
not looking for work, those who are institutionalized and those serving in the
military. India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming,
modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a
multitude of services. Services are the major source of economic growth,
accounting for more than half of India's output with less than one third of its
labor force. The economy has posted an average growth rate of more than
7% in the decade since 1997, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage
points. This page includes: India Unemployment Rate chart, historical data,
forecast and news.
Value
0
2
4
6
8
10
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000
Year
Value
Year Value
2009 6.80
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2008 7.20
2007 7.80
2006 8.90
2005 9.20
2004 9.50
2003 8.80
2002 8.34
2001 7.86
2000 7.32
Brazil Unemployment Rate
Brazil unemployment rate stands at 6.80 percent of the labor force. The labour
force is defined as the number of people employed plus the number
unemployed but seeking work. The nonlabour force includes those who are
not looking for work, those who are institutionalised and those serving in the
military. Brazil is one of the fastest growing emerging economies in the
world. With large and growing agricultural, mining, manufacturing and
service sectors, Brazil economy ranks highest among all the South
American countries and it has also acquired a strong position in global
economy. This page includes: Brazil Unemployment Rate chart, historical
data, forecast and news.
Value
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000
Year
Value
Year Value
2009 8.08
2008 7.66
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2007 9.34
2006 8.9
2005 10
2004 10.66
2003 10.61
2002 12.36
2001 11.69
2000 11.66
China Unemployment Rate
China unemployment rate stands at 4.30 percent of the labor force. The labour
force is defined as the number of people employed plus the number
unemployed but seeking work. The nonlabour force includes those who are
not looking for work, those who are institutionalised and those serving in the
military. China's economy is the second largest in the world after that of the
United States. During the past 30 years China's economy has changed
from a centrally planned system that was largely closed to international
trade to a more market-oriented that has a rapidly growing private sector. A
major component supporting China's rapid economic growth has beenexports growth. This page includes: China Unemployment Rate chart,
historical data, forecast and news.
Value
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000
Year
Value
Year Value
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2009 4.3
2008 4.05
2007 4.05
2006 4.15
2005 4.2
2004 4.25
2003 4.18
2002 3.95
2001 3.8
2000 3.9
Hong Kong Unemployment Rate
Hong Kong unemployment rate stands at 4.90 percent of the labor force. The
labour force is defined as the number of people employed plus the number
unemployed but seeking work. The nonlabour force includes those who are
not looking for work, those who are institutionalised and those serving in the
military. Hong Kong along with Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan is one
of the Four Asian Tigers. Hong Kong has a free market economy highly
dependent on international trade and finance, which has left it heavily
exposed to the global economic slowdown that began in 2008. The totalvalue of goods and services trade, including the sizable share of re-exports,
is equivalent to more than 400% of GDP. This page includes: Hong Kong
Unemployment Rate chart, historical data, forecast and news.
Value
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000
Year
Value
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Year Value
2009 5.18
2008 3.44
2007 4.11
2006 4.83
2005 5.7
2004 7.94
2003 7.94
2002 7.23
2001 4.56
2000 5.11
Singapore Unemployment Rate
Singapore unemployment rate stands at 2.10 percent of the labor force. The
labour force is defined as the number of people employed plus the number
unemployed but seeking work. The nonlabour force includes those who are
not looking for work, those who are institutionalised and those serving in the
military. Singapore along with Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan is one
of the Four Asian Tigers. Singapore has a highly developed and successful
free-market economy. It enjoys a per capita GDP higher than that of most
developed countries. The economy depends heavily on exports, particularlyin consumer electronics, information technology products, pharmaceuticals,
and on a growing service sector. This page includes: Singapore
Unemployment Rate chart, historical data, forecast and news.
Value
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000
Year
Value
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Year Value
2009 3.03
2008 2.23
2007 2.13
2006 2.65
2005 3.13
2004 3.35
2003 4
2002 3.55
2001 2.63
2000 2.63
INFLATION
MEANING
The term "inflation" usually refers to a measured rise in a broad price
index that represents the overall level of prices in goods and services in the
economy.
In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and
services in an economy over a period of time.(In practice, the term monetary
inflation is used to specifically refer to an increase in the money supply.) When
the price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services;
consequently, inflation is also erosion in the purchasing power of money a loss
of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account in the
economy. A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized
percentage change in a general price index (normally the Consumer Price Index)
over time.
The value of a dollar does not stay constant when there is inflation. The
value of a dollar is observed in terms of purchasing power, which is the real,
tangible goods that money can buy. When inflation goes up, there is a decline inthe purchasing power of money.
CALCULATION
Inflation is usually estimated by calculating the inflation rate of a price index,
usually the Consumer Price Index. The Consumer Price Index measures prices
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of a selection of goods and services purchased by a "typical consumer". The
inflation rate is the percentage rate of change of a price index over time.
INFLATION RATE= (NEW CPI OLD CPI) * 100
OLD CPI
Where, CPI stands for CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
For instance, in January 2007, the U.S. Consumer Price Index was 202.416, andin January 2008 it was 211.080. The formula for calculating the annualpercentage rate inflation in the CPI over the course of 2007 is
Controlling inflation
A variety of methods have been used in attempts to control inflation.
Monetary policy
Today the primary tool for controlling inflation is monetary policy. Most central
banks are tasked with keeping the federal funds lending rate at a low level,
normally to a target rate around 2% to 3% per annum, and within a targeted low
inflation range, somewhere from about 2% to 6% per annum. A low positive
inflation is usually targeted, as deflationary conditions are seen as dangerous for
the health of the economy.
Fixed exchange rates
Under a fixed exchange rate currency regime, a country's currency is tied in
value to another single currency or to a basket of other currencies (or sometimes
to another measure of value, such as gold). A fixed exchange rate is usually
used to stabilize the value of a currency, vis-a-vis the currency it is pegged to. It
can also be used as a means to control inflation. However, as the value of the
reference currency rises and falls, so does the currency pegged to it. This
essentially means that the inflation rate in the fixed exchange rate country is
determined by the inflation rate of the country the currency is pegged to. In
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addition, a fixed exchange rate prevents a government from using domestic
monetary policy in order to achieve macroeconomic stability.
Gold standard
The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of
exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set, fixed
quantities of gold.
The gold standard was partially abandoned via the international adoption of the
Bretton Woods System. Under this system all other major currencies were tied at
fixed rates to the dollar, which itself was tied to gold at the rate of $35 per ounce.
The Bretton Woods system broke down in 1971, causing most countries to
switch to fiat money money backed only by the laws of the country. Austrianeconomists strongly favor a return to a 100 percent gold standard.
Wage and price controls
In general wage and price controls are regarded as a temporary and exceptional
measure, only effective when coupled with policies designed to reduce the
underlying causes of inflation during the wage and price control regime, for
example, winning the war being fought. They often have perverse effects, due tothe distorted signals they send to the market. Artificially low prices often cause
rationing and shortages and discourage future investment, resulting in yet further
shortages. The usual economic analysis is that any product or service that is
under-priced is over consumed. For example, if the official price of bread is too
low, there will be too little bread at official prices, and too little investment in
bread making by the market to satisfy future needs, thereby exacerbating the
problem in the long term.
Cost-of-living allowance
The real purchasing-power of fixed payments is eroded by inflation unless they
are inflation-adjusted to keep their real values constant. In many countries,
employment contracts, pension benefits, and government entitlements (such as
social security) are tied to a cost-of-living index, typically to the consumer price
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index. A cost-of-living allowance (COLA) adjusts salaries based on changes in a
cost-of-living index. Salaries are typically adjusted annually. They may also be
tied to a cost-of-living index that varies by geographic location if the employee
moves.
India Inflation Rate
India inflation rate stands at 14.97 percent year-over-year. Inflation rate refers to
a general rise in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing
power. The most well known measures of Inflation are the CPI which
measures consumer prices, and the GDP deflator, which measures inflation
in the whole of the domestic economy. India's diverse economy
encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a
wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Services are
the major source of economic growth, accounting for more than half ofIndia's output with less than one third of its labor force. The economy has
posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in the decade since 1997,
reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points. This page includes: India
Inflation Rate chart, historical data, forecast and news.
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Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2009 10.45 9.63 8.03 8.70 8.63 9.29 11.89 11.72 11.64 11.49 13.51 14.97
2008 5.51 5.47 7.87 7.81 7.75 7.69 8.33 9.02 9.77 10.45 10.45 9.70
2007 6.72 7.56 6.72 6.67 6.61 5.69 6.45 7.26 6.40 5.51 5.51 5.51
2006 4.39 5.31 5.31 5.26 6.14 7.89 6.90 5.98 6.84 7.63 6.72 6.72
2005 4.59 3.67 3.67 4.59 3.64 2.70 3.57 3.54 3.54 3.51 5.31 5.31
2004 4.81 3.81 3.81 2.83 2.80 3.74 3.70 4.63 4.63 4.59 3.67 4.63
2003 2.97 3.96 3.96 4.95 4.90 3.88 3.85 2.86 2.86 3.81 2.83 2.86
2002 5.21 5.21 5.21 4.12 5.15 4.04 4.00 3.96 5.00 3.96 3.92 3.96
2001 3.23 3.23 2.13 2.11 2.11 4.21 4.17 5.21 4.17 4.12 5.15 5.21
2000 2.20 3.33 5.62 5.56 5.56 4.40 4.35 4.35 3.23 3.19 2.11 3.23
Brazil Inflation Rate
Brazil inflation rate stands at 4.59 percent year-over-year. Inflation rate refers to
a general rise in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing
power. The most well known measures of Inflation are the CPI which
measures consumer prices, and the GDP deflator, which measures inflation
in the whole of the domestic economy. Brazil is one of the fastest growing
emerging economies in the world. With large and growing agricultural,
mining, manufacturing and service sectors, Brazil economy ranks highest
among all the South American countries and it has also acquired a strong
position in global economy. This page includes: Brazil Inflation Rate chart,
historical data, forecast and news.
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Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2009 5.84 5.90 5.61 5.53 5.20 4.80 4.50 4.36 4.34 4.17 4.22 4.31
2008 4.56 4.61 4.73 5.04 5.58 6.06 6.37 6.17 6.25 6.41 6.39 5.90
2007 2.99 3.02 2.96 3.00 3.18 3.69 3.74 4.18 4.15 4.12 4.19 4.46
2006 5.70 5.51 5.32 4.63 4.23 4.03 3.97 3.84 3.70 3.26 3.02 3.14
2005 7.41 7.39 7.54 8.07 8.05 7.27 6.57 6.02 6.04 6.36 6.22 5.69
2004 7.71 6.69 5.98 5.26 5.15 6.06 6.81 7.18 6.70 6.86 7.24 7.60
2003 14.47 15.85 16.57 16.77 17.24 16.57 15.43 15.07 15.14 13.98 11.02 9.30
2002 7.62 7.51 7.75 7.98 7.77 7.66 7.51 7.46 7.93 8.45 10.93 12.53
2001 5.92 6.27 6.44 6.61 7.04 7.35 7.05 6.41 6.46 7.19 7.61 7.67
2000 8.85 7.86 6.92 6.77 6.47 6.51 7.06 7.86 7.77 6.65 5.99 5.97
China Inflation Rate
China inflation rate stands at 1.90 percent year-over-year. Inflation rate refers to
a general rise in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing
power. The most well known measures of Inflation are the CPI which
measures consumer prices, and the GDP deflator, which measures inflation
in the whole of the domestic economy. China's economy is the second
largest in the world after that of the United States. During the past 30 years
China's economy has changed from a centrally planned system that was
largely closed to international trade to a more market-oriented that has a
rapidly growing private sector. A major component supporting China's rapid
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economic growth has been exports growth. This page includes: China
Inflation Rate chart, historical data, forecast and news.
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2009 1.00 -1.60 -1.20 -1.50 -1.40 -1.70 -1.80 -1.20 -0.80 -0.50 0.60 1.90
2008 7.10 8.70 8.30 8.50 7.70 7.10 6.30 4.90 4.60 4.00 2.40 1.20
2007 2.20 2.70 3.30 3.00 3.40 4.40 5.60 6.50 6.20 6.50 6.90 6.50
2006 1.90 0.90 0.80 1.20 1.40 1.50 1.00 1.30 1.50 1.40 1.90 2.80
2005 1.90 3.90 2.70 1.80 1.80 1.60 1.80 1.30 0.90 1.20 1.30 1.60
2004 3.20 2.10 3.00 3.80 4.40 5.00 5.30 5.30 5.20 4.30 2.80 2.40
2003 0.40 0.20 0.90 1.00 0.70 0.30 0.50 0.90 1.10 1.80 3.00 3.20
2002 -1.00 0.00 -0.80 -1.30 -1.10 -0.80 -0.90 -0.70 -0.70 -0.80 -0.70 -0.40
2001 1.20 0.00 0.80 1.60 1.70 1.40 1.50 1.00 -0.10 0.20 -0.30 -0.30
2000 -0.20 0.70 -0.20 -0.30 0.10 0.50 0.50 0.30 0.00 0.00 1.30 1.50
Hong Kong Inflation Rate
Hong Kong inflation rate stands at 1.30 percent year-over-year. Inflation rate
refers to a general rise in prices measured against a standard level of
purchasing power. The most well known measures of Inflation are the CPI
which measures consumer prices, and the GDP deflator, which measuresinflation in the whole of the domestic economy. Hong Kong along with
Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan is one of the Four Asian Tigers. Hong
Kong has a free market economy highly dependent on international trade
and finance, which has left it heavily exposed to the global economic
slowdown that began in 2008. The total value of goods and services trade,
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including the sizable share of re-exports, is equivalent to more than 400%
of GDP. This page includes: Hong Kong Inflation Rate chart, historical data,
forecast and news.
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2009 3.10 0.80 1.20 0.60 0.00 -0.90 -1.50 -1.60 0.50 2.20 0.50 1.30
2008 3.20 6.30 4.20 5.40 5.70 6.10 6.30 4.60 3.00 1.80 3.10 2.10
2007 2.00 0.80 2.40 1.30 1.20 1.30 1.50 1.60 1.60 3.20 3.40 3.80
2006 1.90 1.60 1.60 1.90 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.50 2.10 2.00 2.20 2.30
2005 -0.50 0.80 0.80 0.50 0.80 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.60 1.30 1.20 1.30
2004 -1.50 -2.00 -2.10 -1.50 -0.90 -0.10 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.20 0.20 0.20
2003 -1.60 -2.00 -2.10 -1.80 -2.50 -3.10 -4.00 -3.80 -3.20 -2.70 -2.40 -1.90
2002 -3.50 -2.30 -2.20 -3.10 -3.10 -3.30 -3.40 -3.30 -3.70 -3.60 -3.60 -1.50
2001 -1.50 -2.40 -1.90 -1.40 -1.50 -1.10 -0.90 -1.10 -1.20 -1.20 -1.40 -3.60
2000 -5.30 -5.10 -5.00 -4.40 -4.50 -4.50 -3.20 -2.70 -2.60 -3.10 -2.30 -2.10
Singapore Inflation Rate
Singapore inflation rate stands at 0.00 percent year-over-year. Inflation rate
refers to a general rise in prices measured against a standard level of
purchasing power. The most well known measures of Inflation are the CPIwhich measures consumer prices, and the GDP deflator, which measures
inflation in the whole of the domestic economy. Singapore along with Hong
Kong, South Korea and Taiwan is one of the Four Asian Tigers. Singapore
has a highly developed and successful free-market economy. It enjoys a
per capita GDP higher than that of most developed countries. The economy
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depends heavily on exports, particularly in consumer electronics,
information technology products, pharmaceuticals, and on a growing
service sector. This page includes: Singapore Inflation Rate chart, historical
data, forecast and news.
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2009 2.90 1.90 1.60 -0.70 -0.30 -0.50 -0.50 -0.30 -0.40 -0.80 -0.20 0.00
2008 6.60 6.50 6.70 7.50 7.50 7.50 6.50 6.40 6.70 6.40 5.50 4.30
2007 0.30 0.60 0.70 0.60 1.00 1.30 2.60 2.90 2.70 3.60 4.20 4.40
2006 1.70 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.40 1.10 0.70 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.80
2005 0.40 0.00 0.40 0.40 0.00 -0.20 0.10 0.70 0.60 1.10 1.00 1.30
2004 0.70 2.00 1.00 1.50 2.40 1.90 2.00 1.80 1.90 1.90 1.80 1.30
2003 0.90 0.40 0.80 0.90 -0.10 -0.30 0.30 0.40 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.70
2002 -1.10 -0.60 -0.90 -1.10 -0.30 0.10 -0.40 -0.40 -0.40 -0.20 0.20 0.40
2001 2.00 1.30 1.80 2.00 1.90 1.20 1.30 0.70 0.50 0.20 -0.20 -0.60
2000 0.90 1.30 1.20 1.10 0.50 0.80 1.20 1.60 1.70 1.80 2.00 2.10
STOCK MARKET
A stock market is a public market (a loose network of economic
transactions not a physical facility or discrete entity) for the trading of company
stock and derivatives at an agreed price; these are securities listed on a stock
exchange as well as those only traded privately.
The size of the world stock market was estimated at about $36.6 trillion
US at the beginning of October 2008. The stocks are listed and traded on stock
exchanges which are entities of a corporation or mutual organization specialized
in the business of bringing buyers and sellers of the organizations to a listing of
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stocks and securities together. The stock market in the United States is NYSE
while in Canada; it is the Toronto Stock Exchange. Major European examples of
stock exchanges include the London Stock Exchange, Paris Bourse, and the
Deutsche Brse. Asian examples include the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the Hong
Kong Stock Exchange, and the Bombay Stock Exchange. In Latin America, there
are such exchanges as the BM&F Bovespa and the BMV.
Importance of stock market
1. Function and purpose
The stock market is one of the most important sources for companies to raise
money. This allows businesses to be publicly traded, or raise additional capital
for expansion by selling shares of ownership of the company in a public market.
The liquidity that an exchange provides affords investors the ability to quickly and
easily sell securities. This is an attractive feature of investing in stocks, compared
to other less liquid investments such as real estate.
2. Relation of the stock market to the modern financial system
A portion of the funds involved in saving and financing flows directly to thefinancial markets instead of being routed via the traditional bank lending and
deposit operations. Statistics show that in recent decades shares have made up
an increasingly large proportion of households' financial assets in many
countries. In the 1970s, in Sweden, deposit accounts and other very liquid assets
with little risk made up almost 60 percent of households' financial wealth,
compared to less than 20 percent in the 2000s. The major part of this adjustment
in financial portfolios has gone directly to shares but a good deal now takes the
form of various kinds of institutional investment for groups of individuals, e.g.,
pension funds, mutual funds, hedge funds, insurance investment of premiums,
etc. The trend towards forms of saving with a higher risk has been accentuated
by new rules for most funds and insurance, permitting a higher proportion of
shares to bonds.
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3. United States Stock Market Returns
Over a sixty-year period, for year ended 2009, on a Total Return Basis, the S&P
500 Index year-to-year grew at an average annualized rate of 9.2%; on a
compounded basis an average annualized rate of 5.6%.
4. The behavior of the stock market
From experience we know that investors may 'temporarily' move financial prices
away from their long term aggregate price 'trends'. (Positive or up trends are
referred to as bull markets; negative or down trends are referred to as bear
markets.) Over-reactions may occurso that excessive optimism (euphoria) may
drive prices unduly high or excessive pessimism may drive prices unduly low.
New theoretical and empirical arguments have since been put forward againstthe notion that financial markets are 'generally' efficient (i.e., in the sense that
stock prices in the aggregate tend to follow a Gaussian distribution).
5. Irrational behavior
Sometimes the market seems to react irrationally to economic or financial news,
even if that news is likely to have no real effect on the technical value of
securities itself. But this may be more apparent than real, since often such news
has been anticipated, and a counter reaction may occur if the news is better (or
worse) than expected. Therefore, the stock market may be swayed in either
direction by press releases, rumors, euphoria and mass panic; but generally only
briefly, as more experienced investors (especially the hedge funds) quickly rally
to take advantage of even the slightest, momentary hysteria.
6. Crashes
A stock market crash is often defined as a sharp dip in share prices of equities
listed on the stock exchanges. In parallel with various economic factors, a reason
for stock market crashes is also due to panic and investing public's loss of
confidence. Often, stock market crashes end speculative economic bubbles.
There have been a number of famous stock market crashes like the Wall Street
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Crash of 1929, the stock market crash of 19734, the Black Monday of 1987, the
Dot-com bubble of 2000, and the Stock Market Crash of 2008.
India Stock Market Chart (BSE SENSEX 30)
India Stock Market Chart (BSE SENSEX 30) historical data, forecast and news.
The combined size of stock markets around the world was estimated atabout $36.6 trillion USD at the beginning of October 2008. The New York
Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the largest stock exchange in the world by dollar
volume and has 2,764 listed securities.
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Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
20101629
0
1579
1
2009 8674 8822 8160 9902 1168
3
1426
6
1340
0
1478
5
1539
8
1589
6
1540
5
1660
1
20081673
0
1660
8
1480
9
1534
3
1627
6
1346
2
1257
6
1404
8
1259
68510 8451 8739
20071336
2
1293
8
1241
5
1245
5
1376
5
1400
3
1466
4
1398
9
1542
2
1732
9
1852
6
1908
0
2006 9238 97431050
9
1123
7
1039
98929
1000
7
1075
2
1155
1
1220
4
1303
3
1299
5
2005 6103 6530 6368 6135 6195 6656 7145 7596 7876 7686 7944 8816
2004 5594 5567 5365 5655 4505 4644 4844 5034 5199 5581 5704 6228
2003 3220 3223 3049 2924 2943 3182 3554 3742 4134 4455 4771 5132
2002 3246 3312 3459 3301 3114 3161 2988 2950 2991 2834 2948 3207
2001 3955 4070 3541 3184 3494 3319 3252 3245 2600 2755 3014 3132
2000 5447 5001 4511 3920 4325 4188 4186 4032 3594 3789 3827
Brazil Stock Market Chart (BRAZIL BOVESPA STOCK IDX)
Brazil Stock Market Chart (BRAZIL BOVESPA STOCK IDX) historical data,
forecast and news. The combined size of stock markets around the world
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was estimated at about $36.6 trillion USD at the beginning of October 2008.
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the largest stock exchange in the
world by dollar volume and has 2,764 listed securities.
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
20106507
0
6276
3
20093727
2
3818
0
3623
5
4197
6
4867
9
4949
5
4887
3
5521
8
5538
6
6016
2
6264
3
6592
5
20085370
9
5896
5
5882
7
6215
3
6901
8
6394
7
5686
9
5332
7
4590
9
2943
5
3125
1
3474
1
2007 42007
43145
41179
45597
49472
51797
52922
48016
52653
60099
59069
59828
20063350
7
3611
4
3631
2
3790
1
3579
2
3284
8
3486
6
3551
2
3479
9
3643
8
3993
0
4132
7
20052361
0
2414
9
2584
2
2444
0
2388
7
2448
4
2442
3
2629
8
2796
2
2834
4
3021
9
3248
0
20042185
1
2095
1
2076
3
1960
7
1760
4
1940
0
2088
7
2126
1
2180
9
2260
3
2321
2
2452
6
20031051
79995
1030
6
1159
1
1264
4
1297
3
1313
4
1288
8
1535
2
1657
9
1830
7
2041
4
20021250
1
1251
3
1325
5
1307
6
1200
2
1039
89217 9183 8623 8371 9703
1033
1
20011542
5
1559
4
1406
7
1369
6
1413
3
1430
8
1357
0
1275
1
1000
6
1006
2
1138
8
1291
2
20001748
9
1722
2
1479
4
1358
7
1545
0
1644
4
1629
0
1584
8
1366
5
1328
7
1343
7
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China Stock Market Chart (SHANGHAI SE COMPOSITE IX)
China Stock Market Chart (SHANGHAI SE COMPOSITE IX) historical data,forecast and news. The combined size of stock markets around the world
was estimated at about $36.6 trillion USD at the beginning of October 2008.
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the largest stock exchange in the
world by dollar volume and has 2,764 listed securities.
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2010 2987 2935
2009 1863 2012 2071 2347 2560 2721 3008 2668 2684 2894 3077 3051
2008 4383 4193 3411 3095 3365 2736 2652 2320 1896 1720 1707 1821
2007 2641 2613 2785 3253 3899 3670 3616 4301 5114 5562 4803 4836
2006 1181 1267 1245 1319 1497 1531 1613 1547 1637 1759 1851 2094
2005 1192 1189 1173 1149 1052 1014 1011 1089 1132 1081 1088 1079
2004 1517 1624 1637 1579 1518 1385 1384 1319 1260 1311 1302 1266
2003 1320 1479 1456 1487 1485 1486 1470 1416 1355 1345 1317 1433
2002 1359 1486 1503 1583 1516 1462 1652 1634 1582 1503 1371 1358
2001 2032 1907 1965 2091 2133 2163 1920 1827 1765 1521 1594 1606
2000 1595 1608 1761 1705 1895 1896 2021 1876 1903 1977 2039
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Hong Kong Stock Market Chart (HANG SENG)
Hong Kong Stock Market Chart (HANG SENG) historical data, forecast andnews. The combined size of stock markets around the world was estimated
at about $36.6 trillion USD at the beginning of October 2008. The New York
Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the largest stock exchange in the world by dollar
volume and has 2,764 listed securities.
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
20102003
3
1966
5
20091257
9
1269
9
1134
5
1352
0
1638
1
1753
8
1725
5
1972
4
1952
2
2037
5
2113
5
2094
8
20082175
8
2261
6
2108
5
2313
7
2412
7
2204
2
2117
5
2039
2
1763
2
1101
6
1229
9
1340
6
20071938
5
1965
2
1866
5
1981
0
2029
4
2050
9
2215
1
2038
7
2388
6
2697
4
2600
5
2659
7
20061494
5
1531
2
1544
5
1606
4
1569
7
1523
4
1604
4
1688
3
1694
9
1760
7
1845
4
1869
1
20051338
7
1351
5
1341
2
1335
5
1356
2
1381
5
1396
4
1483
7
1498
3
1421
6
1436
6
1487
6
20041280
1
1300
0
1242
7
1194
3
1096
8
1184
6
1193
3
1220
1
1294
2
1281
8
1309
4
1388
6
2003 9241 9116 8634 8409 8808 9577 9603 9945 1081 1154 1184 1217
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0 6 0 7
20021072
5
1041
0
1042
5
1064
3
1130
2
1035
69773 9701 9072 8859 9408 9272
20011459
0
1478
8
1258
3
1206
4
1317
4
1282
8
1204
0
1109
08934 9798
1015
9
1115
5
2000
1625
5
1635
9
1476
2
1372
3
1494
1
1612
5
1689
7
1461
3
1442
3
1398
4
1444
1
Singapore Stock Market Chart (STRAITS TIMES)
Singapore Stock Market Chart (STRAITS TIMES) historical data, forecast and
news. The combined size of stock markets around the world was estimated
at about $36.6 trillion USD at the beginning of October 2008. The New York
Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the largest stock exchange in the world by dollar
volume and has 2,764 listed securities.
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2010 2706 2684
2009 1685 1595 1457 1702 2029 2226 2260 2523 2570 2584 2622 2771
2008 2867 2868 2793 3043 3103 2948 2831 2691 2359 1600 1614 1639
2007 2892 3034 2915 3170 3335 3415 3428 3065 3309 3606 3266 3326
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2006 2290 2350 2416 2464 2338 2244 2277 2395 2448 2549 2663 2766
2005 1993 2017 2035 2017 2058 2095 2152 2218 2223 2117 2162 2233
2004 1759 1788 1760 1764 1652 1727 1785 1796 1861 1872 1902 1919
2003 1254 1232 1171 1196 1254 1355 1432 1486 1546 1605 1618 1673
2002 1639 1676 1727 1717 1669 1517 1483 1449 1312 1319 1352 1293
2001 1915 1976 1646 1567 1628 1622 1563 1573 1225 1327 1320 1489
2000 2114 2103 1983 1839 1879 2063 2070 1953 1880 1954 1941
NET EXPORT
What is EXPORT?
In economics, an export is any good or commodity, transported from one country
to another country in a legitimate fashion, typically for use in trade. Export goods
or services are provided to foreign consumers by domestic producers.
What is IMPORT?
An import is any good (e.g. a commodity) or service brought in from one country
to another country in a legitimate fashion, typically for use in trade. It is a good
that is brought in from another country for sale. Import goods or services are
provided to domestic consumers by foreign producers. An import in the receiving
country is an export to the sending country.
What Does Net Exports Mean?
The value of a country's total exports minus the value of its total imports. It is
used to calculate a country's aggregate expenditures, or GDP, in an open
economy.
In other words, net exports is the amount by which foreign spending on a home
country's goods and services exceeds the home country's spending on foreign
goods and services. For example, if foreigners buy $200 billion worth of U.S.
exports and Americans buy $150 billion worth of foreign imports in a given year,
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net exports would be positive $50 billion. Factors affecting net exports include
prosperity abroad, tariffs and exchange rates.
India Exports
India Exports chart, historical data, forecast and news. Exports amount to 22%
of Indias GDP. Gems and jewelry constitute the single largest export item,
accounting for 16 percent of exports. India is also leading exporter of textile
goods, engineering goods, chemicals, leather manufactures and services.
Indias main export partners are European Union, United States, United
Arab Emirates and China.
India Imports chart, historical data, forecast and news. India is poor in oilresources and is currently heavily dependent on coal and foreign oil imports
for its energy needs. Other imported products are: machinery, gems,
fertilizers and chemicals. Main import partners are European Union, Saudi
Arabia and United States.
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Value
-300000
-250000
-200000
-150000
-100000
-50000
0
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000
Year
Value
Year Value
2009 -278427.0
2008 -122300.0
2007 -69725.0
2006 -53096.0
2005 -43908.0
2004 -21821.0
2003 -13884.0
2002 -7484.0
2001 -6980.6
2000 -8593.9
Brazil Exports
Brazil Exports chart, historical data, forecast and news. Brazil has an export-
oriented economy, exports amount to 14% of its GDP. The main exports
are transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, autos,
automotive parts, machinery. Brazil accounts for 25% of global exports of
raw cane and refined sugar; it is the world leader in soybean exports and is
responsible for 80% of the planets orange juice. Brazils largest exports
markets are European Union, United Sates, Argentina, China and
Venezuela.
Brazil Imports chart, historical data, forecast and news. Brazil imports
machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products,
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organic chemicals. Chinas main imports partners are: Japan, European
Union, South Korea, Taiwan and ASEAN countries.
Value
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000
Year
Value
Year Value
2009 198.0
2008 297.0
2007 261.9
2006 177.5
2005 102.1
2004 32.8
2003 25.4
2002 30.32001 23.1
2000 24.2
Singapore Exports
Singapore Export is the main source of revenue for the Singapores economy.
Singapore relays on purchasing raw goods and refining them for re-export,
such as in the wafer fabrication industry and oil refining. Singapore's
principal exports are petroleum products, food/beverages, chemicals,
textile/garments, electronic components, telecommunication apparatus,
transport equipment. Its main exports partners are Malaysia, European
Union, Hong Kong and Indonesia.
Singapore Import relays on purchasing raw goods and refining them for re-
export. Singapore's principal imports are machinery and equipment, mineral
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fuels, chemicals and foodstuffs. Main import partners are Malaysia, United
States, European Union, China and Japan.
Value
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000
Year
Value
Year Value2009 34408.2
2008 26250.0
2007 50480.7
2006 52639.6
2005 39080.2
2004 28232.4
2003 35299.5
2002 15583.12001 10362.2
2000 5652.2