Influence of Heavy Metals and Radiation on

Biodiversity of Coccinellidae

SH.A TOPCHIYEVA, Z.Y. MUSAYEVA, M.A. MEHRABOVA, Institute of Radiation Problems of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences

Institute of Zoology of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences AZ1143, Baku, Azerbaijan Republic, 9, B.Vakhabzadeh str., Az 1073 Baku, Azerbaijan Republic, Pass.1128, block 504

Azerbaijan Republic mehrabova@mail.ru, shafiga.topchiyeva@mail.ru

Abstract It has been revealed the influence of heavy metals and radiation on biodiversity of coccinellids.It has been determined that the greatest concentration Fe, K and activity of U238 and K40 isotpes in the organism of coccinellids Coccinella 5 quinquepunctata and Thea 22-punctata, which is an indicator of appearance of brightness of color. Higher concentration of metals and activity of U238 and K40 isotpes has been defined in the organisms of coccinellids Coccinella 5 quinquepunctata and Thea 22-punctata are the brightest reflection of pollutants’ influence appear the given one, that can be used for features of pollution degree of particular area. Therefore, this kind of coccinellids - Coccinella 5 quinquepunctata and Thea 22-punctata can be criteria in the capacity of bioindicator of environment.

Keywords: coccinellidae, radiation, heavy metals, indicator, biodiversity

1 Introduction

Pollution of biosphere, including soil, plant and water resources by technogen emissions of the industrial plants: oil refining, oil-extracting, metallurgical, chemical, power branches of Azerbaijan promotes to saturation their by toxic substances and heavy metals (Pb, Сd, As, Co, Cr, Ni, Sn, Cu, etc.) and radionuclides. Environmental pollution by these products leads in turn to gradual pauperization of fauna and flora of the given areas of Azerbaijan Republic. Coccinellids, family of bugs – one of the big families of the Coleoptera order, has more than 5000 species, 93 of these species inhabited in Azerbaijan. Majority of coccinellids lead a predatory life, efficiently exterminating many plant pests, therefore is widely used in biological struggle against them, occupying the most variegated biotopes. The reveal of the dominant species of coccinellids and the study of their biologic distribution has great importance for finding out the roles of these species in biocenoses and possibilities of their economic use. Thereupon, study of the ecological and biological features of coccinellid fauna of particular regions, takes on important significance [1]-[4]. In the literary sources has been given the information on ecology and biology of coccinellids. However, there is lack of information about the influence of the industrial waste pollutants, including radionuclides and heavy metals, on the coccinellids.

We have studied the influence of the ecological factors (radiation, heavy metals) on biodiversity of Coccinellidae. Species, quantity, reproduction and other factors of coccinellids in particular regions of Azerbaijan and the strategy of their use in the struggle against pests have also been researched. Before [5]-[10], the influence of radiation, heavy metals and oil products on biodiversity of spiders and on biochemical composition of snake venom we have been studied with the grant support of The Scientific Technological Center of Ukraine (STCU: 1., Project № 4798 - “Biochemicals indicators of venom of Vipera lebetina obtusa (biotic and аbiotic factors)”, 2008-2010, 2. Project № 3913 – “Influence of mineral oil, heavy metals and radiation on biodiversity of spiders”, 2009-2012). On the other hand we have been studied the species diversity of Coccinellids living in Azerbaijan, their area of spreading and perspectives of their usage in the capacity of an extermination of plant pests [11]-[13]. The article is devoted to revealing of fauna, features of ecology and intraspecific fenotypic variability of Coccinellidae in various on degree pollution biotopes territory of Azerbaijan, on application of bugs as a pest control biomethod, and also revealing of kinds Coccinellidae as bioindicators of environmental contaminations. Primary aim:

� Definition of the influence of ecological factors (radiation and heavy metals) on biodiversity of bugs – coccinellids, namely revealing of the influence

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of radiation and heavy metals on biodiversity of coccinellids of Azerbaijan.

� Revealing the most sensitive species of bugs to pollution, which can be used in the capacity of bioindicators for examination of the state of the given biocenosis.

� Revealing the degree of effects of the industrial soils and anthropogenic factors on quantity and spreading of the coccinellids in Azerbaijan.

2. Material and Method of Investigation

For the research has been utilized modern devices of the Institute Radiational Problems of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences.

1. The activity of radionuclides in the samples was specified at "Canberra" γ-spectrometer

with a plenary Ge-detector.

2. Content and quantity of heavy metals in the samples has been determined by the Roentgen

florescent spectrophotometer (XRF) Innov

–X firm.

Coccinellidae, plant, soil and water samples, have been assigned by the employees of Azerbaijan National Academy of Science Zoology Institute. Determination of content and activity of the radionuclides and quantity of heavy metals in the tests specimen of coccinellids, as well as, in the tests of soil, plant and water, taken from the habitation place of the bugs under study, has been conducted in the Institute of Radiation Problems NANA. The activity of radionuclides in the samples was specified at "Canberra" γ-spectrometer with a plenary Ge-

detector. The weight of the Coccinellids were measured at an electron microscope.

For measurement of sample activities they fulfilled following operations: 1) weighed Petri dishes; 2) weighed Petri dishes with samples; 3) found

out the weights of the enumerable sample on a difference of weights; 4) placed chemical dishes with samples in the device gamma – spectrometer “Canberra”, closed the cover with lead protection and measured the radiation activities of sample.

Fig.2 Roentgen florescent spectrophotometer (XRF) Content and quantity of heavy metals in the samples of coccinellids, plants, water tests, as well as in soil tests taken from the habitation place of the bugs under study, has been determined by the roentgen florescent spectrophotometer method (XRF) – Innov –X firm.

3.EXPERĐMENT It was determined the activity of radionuclides (40K, 226Ra, 232Th, 137Cs, 235U, 238U) in the Coccinellidae, soil, plant and water samples taken from the Ganja-Qazakh region of the Azerbaijan Republic. In Table 1 is given the results of analysis of natural radionuclides in Coccinellidae, taken from the investigated regions.

Fig.1 „Canberra“ γ-spectrometers with HP Ge detector

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TABLE I

RADIATION ACTIVITY OF ELEMENTS IN SAMPLES OF COCCINELLIDS COLLECTED

IN THE GANJA-GAZAKH REGION OF AZERBAIJAN REPUIBLIC

Element Value

coccinellids

1

coccinellids

2

coccinellids

3

coccinellids

4

coccinellids

5

coccinellids

6

Cs-137 mBk/g MDA=0.315 MDA=0.416

0.47 +-

0.16 MDA=0.45 1.7 +- 0.6

0.49 +-

0.14

Ra-226 mBk/g 2.40 +- 0.85 5.31 +- 0.89

1.40 +-

1.27

3.45 +-

0.88 MDA=1.65

4.42 +-

0.65

Th-232 mBk/g 1.78 +- 0.09 4.65 +- 0.25

1.03 +-

0.45

2.05 +-

0.22 MDA=2.8

2.70 +-

0.54

K-40 mBk/g 25.8 +- 1.5 35.7 +- 4.6 10.8 +- 1.7 15.8 +- 1.8 65.0 +- 4.8 54.8 +- 8.1

U -235 mBk/g 6.08 10.1 2.7 3.01 MDA=2.8 17.18

U -238 mBk/g 122.2 203.0 54.3 60.5 MDA=56.3 345.3

In Fig.3-Fig.8 are given spectra of radionuclids in samples of Coccinellidae collected in the Ganja-Gazakh region of Azerbaijan Repuiblic

Fig.3 Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

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Fig.7

Fig.8 Only natural radioactive elements were revealed in the investigated samples. These radionuclides are - Ra226, U235, U238, Th232, Cs137 and K40 isotopes. The specific activity of Ra226 radionuclide is calculated by 352 KeV gamma lines of Pb214 isotope, which is its decay product after 10 days’ keeping the sample in hermetic conditions. Ra226 radionuclide has 186 KэV gamma lines. Because of the presence of U235

radionuclide in environmental objects and the coincidence of 185.7 KeV gamma lines of this isotope with 186 KeV gamma lines of Ra226 radionuclide (or formation of a spectral disturbance), we don’t determine Ra226 radionuclide by the gamma line using a direct method. K40 isotope was determined by 1461 KeV photopeaks. In Fig.9 and Fig.10 the spectra of radionuclides in the plant and water samples were presented. As you see from the spectra, the activity of Pb212 element in the composition of the investigated plant and water is insignificant.

Fig.9 The spectra of radionuclides in the water sample

Fig.10 The spectra of radionuclide in the plant sample

а)

b)

Fig.11 The spectra of radionuclides in the soil samples

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TABLE 2

RADĐONUCLĐDE ACTĐVĐTY ĐN THE COMPOSĐTĐON OF THE PURE SOĐL AND

CONTAMĐNATED SOĐL SAMPLES AS WELL AS PLANT AND WATER SAMPLES TAKEN FROM

THE FĐELD OF STUDY Local contamination areas were revealed. The topsoil (0-5cm) is more contaminated by natural radionuclides. A considerable К40 isotope activity was revealed in the soil samples (Fig.11), on the base of which it can be assumed that the presence of

radioactive elements in the Coccinellidae is connected with their presence in soil which is the habitation area of these insects (Table 1 and Table 2).

The next goal of the study – is to reveal the impact of heavy metals on biodiversity of Coccinellidae. The content of heavy metals in the Coccinellidae, soil and plant samples taken in Ganja-Gazakh region have been measured by X Omega Roentgen Fluorescence Spectrometer. It is defined the content of elements and their consentration in

Coccinellidae, soil and plant samples taken in Ganja-Gazakh region (Table 3). 10 of 35 species of coccinellids are perspective ones and play an important role in the regulation of quantity of depredators – phytophages. For Ganja-Gazakh region have been determined 6 species of coccinellids. In the research result have been revealed species of bugs, more sensible to pollution. It has been revealed the influence of ecological factors on biodiversity of bugs of Ganja-Gazakh region of Azerbaijan. It has been revealed and determined species of bugs, which will be able to be used in the capacity of bioindicators for studying the state of the observable biocenoses. It has been determined the concentration of heavy metals in samples of bugs, collected in different biotopes of Ganja-Gazakh region, as well as in plant and soil tests of their habitation. It has been predicted and revealed a spice of coccinellids (Thea 22-punctata, Coccinella 5 quinquepunctata ), which are more expressed and specific and can be applied as bioindicator during studying and revealing degree of pollution of observable biocenosis. As it has been determined that concentration of heavy metals in coccinellids Thea 22-punctata (Propylaea guaturdecimpunctata) and Coccinella 5 quinquepunctata Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn is considerable. It has been found out the considerable activity of isotope K40 in these samples, that is related with the contact of animals with soil. Activity of isotopes Th232 and U235 in samples was minimal, though activity of isotope U238 was significant MDA=56.3 mBk/g. Local polluted areas have been revealed. More polluted one by natural radionuclides is topsoil (0-5 sm).

TABLE 3

THE CONTENT OF ELEMENTS AND THEIR CONSENTRATION IN COCCĐNELLĐDAE, SOIL AND PLANT SAMPLES

Sample Number

Value S Cl K Ca Cr Mn Fe Zn Rb Sr Zr Mo Pb

№1 mg/kg 114 234 1513 956 301 1833 4756 856 213 653 1415 1569 165 №2 mg/kg 257 382 1716 1245 214 1431 3458 856 235 623 1356 2134 145 №3 mg/kg 312 342 3865 967 411 1532 1768 783 245 603 1539 1654 97 №4 mg/kg 490 898 5566 1867 343 1406 6210 912 170 712 1221 1079 85 №5 mg/kg 83 263 1646 1206 145 1413 4050 734 194 792 1282 1475 145 №6 mg/kg 175 395 3931 1090 257 1452 4593 758 268 641 1590 1955 108

It has been revealed that radiation background of the area influences the biodiversity of coccinellids and the pollution degree of observable habitation places of coccinellids influences not only the elementary composition of insects, but also the changeability of their color and pattern. Đt has been defined, that depending on the pollution degree of observable areas of bugs, their color and pattern change.

4. RESULTS

• It has been revealed the influence of heavy

metals and radiation on biodiversity of coccinellids.

Sample

Soil 1 (pure soil) Soil 2

Plant

Water

Radionuclide Вi212 К40

Pb212

Pb212

Radiation activity, Вk

3.47844

0.0782774

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• It has been determined that the greatest concentration Fe, K and activity of U238 and K40 isotpes in the organism of coccinellids Coccinella 5 quinquepunctata and Thea 22-punctata, which is an indicator of appearance of brightness of color.

• Higher concentration of metals and activity of U238 and K40 isotpes has been defined in the organisms of coccinellids Coccinella 5 quinquepunctata and Thea 22-punctata are the brightest reflection of pollutants’ influence appear the given one, that can be used for features of pollution degree of particular area. Therefore, this kind of coccinellids - Coccinella 5 quinquepunctata and Thea 22-punctata can be criteria in the capacity of bioindicator of environment.

1) 2) 3)

4) 5)

6)

7)

Fig.12 1) Oenopia luncea, 2) Adalia bipunctata 3) Chilokorus bipustulatus 4) Propylaea guaturdecimpunctata 5) Coccinella septempunctata 6) Coccinella 5 quinquepunctata 7) Thea 22-punctata

REFERENCES

[1] P.I.Dyadchenko, Trans. AS of Ukr., Kyiv, 1954, 152 pp.

[2] P.I.Marikovskiy, Insects are protected. Moskow, 1978, pp..20-21.

[3] Agarwaka Basant K. “Trop.Pest.Manag.”, 1984, 34, №1, pp.1-14.

[4] Butler G. D. Jr.”Entomophaga”, 1982, 27, №3, 349-352

[5] Sh.A.Topchiyeva, М.А.Меhrabova, H.A.Abiyev, J.A.Nagiyev, N.I.Huseynov, N.H.Hasanov. J. «Alternative energy and ecology », 2010, №6, pp.138- 144, http://isjaee.hydrogen.ru/?pid=1829

[6] Sh. A. Topchiyeva, М.А.Меhrabova, N. H. Hasanov, WWSSEEAASS–– UURROOPPMMEENNTT––EEUURROOSSIIAAMM IInntteerrnn.. CCoonnffeerreenncceess,, Vouliagmeni, Athens, Greece December29-31,2010,pp.82-84, http://www.wseas.us/conferences/2010/vouliagmeni/VouliagmeniProgram.doc

[7] Sh.A.Topchiyeva, M.A.Mehrabova, J.A.Naghiyev, N.I.Huseynov, N.H.Hasanov, Int. Conf. «Perspectives of peaceful use of nuclear energy» 2010, Baku, Azerbaijan, pp.124-125

[8] Sh.А. Topchiyeva, М.А.Меhrabova, D.R. Аbbasova, N.I. Huseynov, N.H.Hasanov, Conferance on Radiation and environment, Baku, 2010, pp.62

[9] Sh.A.Topchiyeva, М.А.Меhrabova, H.A.Abiyev, J.A.Nagiyev, N.I.Huseynov, N.H.Hasanov, J.“Kamal”, 2010, pp.36-43

[10] Sh.A.Topchiyeva, М.А.Меhrabova, H.A.Abiyev, J.A.Nagiyev, Definition of radioactive elements in the snake venom composition. Int. Conf. «Perspectives of peaceful use of nuclear energy» 2009, Baku, Azərbaijan, pp.25

[11] Z.Y. Musayeva, The lady bird beetles(Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of Ganja-Gazakh region.

Proceedings of the Azerbaijan society of zoologists, Baku,2008, v.I, pp.332-340

[12] Z.Y. Musayeva, Kh.A.Nabiyeva, The opportunity of using coccinellids (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) as control agents of agricultural pests. Proceedings of the Azerbaijan society of zoologists, Baku,2010, v.II, pp.366-371.

[13] Z.Y. Musayeva, Bioecological peculiaties of Stethorus punctillum Weise, 1891 (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). Proceedings of the Azerbaijan society of zoologists, Baku, 2010, v.II, pp.371-374.

Name: Shafiga Anivarovna Topchiyeva; Place and date of birth: 01.04.1951, Georgia Education: Primary school №159 (1958-1968), Georgia Azerbaijan State Medical Institute (1968-1975), Azerbaijan Candidate of pharmaceutical sciences (1988), Moscow, Doctor of biological sciences, prof. (2004),

Azerbaijan

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Scientific activity: Pharmacologist, pharmacist. Experience in study of pharmacokinetic and biotransformation of drugs, study of pharmacological activity and toxicity of drugs and their metabolites, clinical studies, optimization and individualization of drug therapy. Studies of drugs labelled by radioactive and stable isotopes. HPLC, TLC, GC and other analytical methods. Bioequivalence of drugs. Sh.Topchiyeva became a Member of the: ICSAM-2007, International Conference on Structural Analisis of Advanced Materials in Greece (September 2-6, 2006), V Euroasian Conference on Nuclear Science and Đts Application Turkey in (2008), International Conference on Structural Analysis of Advanced Materials in France (2009), Polymer Networks Group20th Conference in Germany (2010), Senior Member of the WWSSEEAASS –– EEuurrooppmmeenntt -- EEuurraassiiaann IInntteerrnn.. CCoonnffeerreenncceess iinn Greece (2010) Career/Employment:

1. Head of the group “Toxin” of the Institute of Zoology (1975-2011) 2. Chief Technology Commercialization Officer, member of the Transfer Technology Centre of the ANAS from 2007 up today Honours, Awards, Fellowships, Membership of Professional Societies: 1. NATO SCIENCE PROGRAMME Cooperative Science and Technology Sub-Program CCOOLLLLAABBOORRAATTIIVVEE LLIINNKKAAGGEE GGRRAANNTT,, Partner-country Project Coordinator (2002-2003) “Environmental factors and chemical composition of venom of Viper”; 2. The president Azerbaijan association of pharmaceutics (2004)

3. Practical Business Training & Agricultural Workshop (US Civilian Research and Development Foundation-Azerbaijan National Science Foundation) Baku, 6-7 June 2005. 4. Workshop on “Intellectual Property Rights and Science: Building and Business on your Ideas” Baku 27-28 September 2005. (Science and Technology Center in Ukraine) 5. Workshop on "Intellectual Property Rights and Science: Building and Business on your Ideas" Baku 27-28 September 2005. (Science and Technology Center in Ukraine), 6. Certificate of Achievement has completed the Training of Trainers Workshop on Life Skiff Based Education, Baku, Azerbaijan, 31 August- September, 2006. 7. Certificate of participation, successfully completed, Grant Solicitation and Proposal Development Workshop, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, February 2007, Baku, Azerbaijan. 8. A Workshop series for technology entrepreneurs CERTIFIKATE “From Idea to Market” STEP Workshop, Kharkov, Ukraine on September 29- 30, 2008. 9. Member of Biochemical Society (Baku) 10. Education Society (Baku) Consultant and participant of the projects:

1. Coordinator of project – Proposal Development Grant for the "Biotechnological Way of Reception and Cultivation of Non-polluting Venom of Vipera lebetina obtusa” USA (2006)

2. Consultant of project “Az B1 -3119 – BA – 08, “Gysy Moth Natural Enemies and Host Plant Association in Azerbaijan ” (a proposal to the BGP Fondation), Azerbaijan – U.S. BGP II, 2008-2009.

3. Consultant of project, Grant Letter. STCU, Project Number 4523, “Bioecology and Natural Enemies of Sone Lepidopterons (Gypsy Moth and Lackey Moth) Outbrean in Azerbaijan. 2008-2009.

4. STCU 4798 - “Biochemical indicators of venom of Vipera lebetina obtuse (biotic and аbiotic factors” (2008-2010)

5. STCU 3913 – “Influence of mineral oil, heavy metals and radiation on biodiversity of spiders”, (2009-2012)

6. Sh.A. Topchiyeva R.T. Gandilov, Sh.E. Gocayev Education based on vital abilities,Educational book for teachers, Baku, 2006, 607pp.

7. Sh.A.Topchiyeva is the member of press assembly of journal “ Azerbaijan Pharmaceptical and Pharmacotherapy” since 2007

8. She is member of Scientific Seminar of Zoology Institute of NASA and D.01.051 Dissertasion Assembly which carry out activity getting Ph.D and Science Doctor degree at Fiziology Institute of NASA

9. She was member of work group which is created to realize “Strengthen reactions against “ project(UNICEF and Global Fund of UNO)

10. Sh.A.Topchiyeva the chairman on protection of degree of the bachelor at State Attestation Comission at Medical University of Azerbaijan, pharmaceutical faculty

11. The member of Comission of Attestasion and Accredation for Medical University of Azerbaijan (Ministry of Education).

Publications: Number of papers in refereed journals: 156 Number of communications to scientific meetings: 50 Number of books: 2 Number of patents: 6 Language Skills: Azeri, Russian, English, Turkish

Name: Mehrabova Matanat Ahmad ; Place and date of birth: Baku, Azerbaijan, 28.04.1964; Education: primary school №159 (1971-1981), Azerbaijan Baku State University (1981-1986), Azerbaijan post graduate student (1988-1991), Azerbaijan Ph.D in physics-mathematics (1992), Azerbaijan Scientific activity: Physics of solid state,

theoretical study of physical effects in solid states, semiconductors, radiation physics, radioecology, biophysics and so on. M.Mehrabova became a Member of the: V Euroasian Conference on Nuclear Science and Đts Application Turkey in (2008), International Conference on Structural Analysis of Advanced Materials in France (2009), Polymer Networks Group20th Conference in Germany (2010), Senior Member of the WWSSEEAASS –– EEuurrooppmmeenntt -- EEuurraassiiaann IInntteerrnn.. CCoonnffeerreenncceess iinn Greece (2010) Career/Employment:

1. Head of the International Projects and Information Department in the Institute of Radiation Problems of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, from 2008 up today 2. Chief Technology Commercialization Officer, member of the Transfer Technology Centre of the ANAS from 2007 up today Honours, Awards, Fellowships, Membership of Professional Societies: 1. International Diploma №085 of “YOUNG SCIENTISTS OF XXI CENTURE”, Winner of the International Project of “YOUNG SCIENTISTS OF AZERBAIJAN”, 2004 2. Scientific Technology Centre of Ukraine– «Technological Management: commercialization of R & D results in scientific research institutes», 2007 3. Azerbaijan Bank Training Centre – « Technology Transfer Management», 2007, December 4. Civilian Research Development Foundation –“FROM IDEA TO MARKET” A workshop series for technology entrepreneurs, 2008 5. Civilian Research Development Foundation, Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Program, STEP Venture Forum, 2008 6. Participation in the V Eurasian Conference “Nuclear Science and its Application”, Turkey, Ankara, 2008, October 7. Participation in the International Conference of Structural Analysis and Advance Materials, France, Tarbes, 2009, September 8. GRBS SERTIFICATE, Intermediate level of English language, 2009, July 9. SRDF STEP Technology Entrepreneurship Program (Workshop), Baku, Azerbaijan, 2010, July 1-2 10. Specialization course on “Information and innovation: the international experience and modern approach” ANAS, Scientific Innovation Center, 2010, December 15-17 Consultant and participant of the projects: 1. STCU 4798 - “Biochemical indicators of venom of Vipera lebetina obtuse (biotic and аbiotic factors” (2008-2010) 2. SRDF Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Program, STEP Venture Forum (2009), Preparation of Aggressive-Resistant Polymer Elastic Materials for Oil and Mechanical Engineering Industries 3. STCU 3913 – “Influence of mineral oil, heavy metals and radiation on biodiversity of spiders”, (2009-2012) Publications: Number of papers in refereed journals: 70 Number of communications to scientific meetings: 43 Language Skills: Azeri, Russian, English, Turkish

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