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HEFAT2014 10th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
14 – 16 July 2014 Orlando, Florida
INFLUENCES OF INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA ON THE FLUID DYNAMICS AND MASS TRANSFER OF SINGLE DROPLETS IN MICELLAR LIQUID/LIQUID SYSTEMS
Paul, N.* and Kraume, M. *Author for correspondence
Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13407 Berlin,
Germany, E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT To improve reaction rates and separation processes of
catalysed reactions smart solvent systems can be applied. One example for smart solvent systems are micellar liquid/liquid systems. Here, amphiphilic molecules (surfactants) are used as additives. Due to their structure these molecules will adsorb at interfaces where they influence the occurring transport processes which have a huge impact on the yield and selectivity of chemical reactions. To gain a better fundamental understanding of the occurring transport processes this work focuses on transport processes in micellar liquid/liquid systems. The results of this work show that other interfacial phenomena than “just” adsorption processes have to be taken into consideration for the description of the observed transport processes. Otherwise, the mass transport will be over estimated.
NOMENCLATURE c [mol/L] Concentration C [-] Drag coefficient C [-] Counter flow cell d [m] Diameter T [K] Temperature t [s] Time R [-] Rising test cell v [m/s] Velocity Mo [-] Morton number Pe [-] Peclet number Re [-] Reynolds number Sc [-] Schmidt number Sh [-] Sherwood number We [-] Weber number Special characters [-] Volume fraction [m/s] Mass transfer coefficient [N/m] Interfacial tension [Pas] Viscosity
* [-] Viscosity ratio [kg/m3] Density Subscripts CMC Critical micelle concentration c Continuous phase D Dispersed phase SDS Sodium dodecyl sulfate TX-100 Triton X-100
INTRODUCTION
Micellar liquid/liquid systems are examples for smart solvent systems, which can be applied to increase the reaction rates of multiphase systems and are able to improve the separation process [1-2]. Furthermore, these systems fulfil many principles of the “Green Chemistry” e.g. high and selective yields and using water as a solvent [3]. Nevertheless, more than one fluid phase occurs in these systems; hence transport processes cannot be neglected to understand the reaction mechanisms, completely [4]. Due to the presence of surfactants in micellar systems the complexity increases. Surfactants adsorb at the liquid/liquid interfaces where these molecules influence the occurring transport processes [5-6]. To quantify and to gain a fundamental understanding of the influences exerted by surfactants on the transport processes single droplets are observed in this work. With the simplification complex swarm effects have not to be taken into consideration.
The fluid dynamics of single droplets is a useful tool to quantify the interface’s characteristics which can be further used to predict mass transfer rates. Therefore, the fundamental understanding of the fluid dynamics in micellar systems is of great interest to understand the occurring transport processes. The surfactant molecules adsorb at the interface, where these molecules decrease its mobility [7-8]. At a certain surfactant concentration the droplets behave like rigid spheres. This
1959
surfasurfadroplof aprigidreducaque[9]. Asysteresul[10] the drigidand ta humassof threspolimitresposchem
F
surfa A
the msurfaNevesurfaconcobsersurfabecoFor tin csurfa
actant concentactants. Wegelets rising in a
pproximately 1d spheres. Whced the veloci
eous phase to Although, the ems, the interflts agree well and can be ref
different test sd spheres shearthe inner circu
uge impact ons transfer resishe surfactant monsible for a rting cases canonsible for thematically show
Figure 1 Masactant concentr
As schematicamass transferactant concentertheless, mosactant conceentration CMrved in mic
actant concentmes more cothese systems consideration actant molecul
tration dependener and Pasan aqueous SD10-3 mmol/L thhereas, a SDity of tetrachlothe velocity oSDS concentr
facial coveragwith the calc
ferred to the dsystems [11]. Ar stress is not
ulations disappn the mass trastance which amolecules the reduction of thn be defined; be reduction of wn in Figure 1
ss transfer coration (schem
ally shown in r coefficient tration. This wst authors carrientrations (bC). In this wocellar liquid/trations. At thomplex, especa change of thbesides the
les [12].
ds on the regaschedag [5] DS solution. Fhe toluene dro
DS concentratormethane droof particles wiration differs w
ge is approximculated resultsdifferent adsorAs soon as drtransported a
pear. The inneansport. Besidarises from thchange of the
he mass transfboth cases anthe mass trans
1.
oefficient as atically).
Figure 1 anddecreases witwas observed ied out their ebelow the ork the transpo/liquid, respe
hese concentracially for nonhe phase behav
adsorption
arded systemsobserved tol
For concentraoplets behavedion of 1 mm
oplets settling iith rigid interfwidely in both
mately 50%. Ts by Cuenot erption behavioroplets behaveacross the interr circulations des the additi
he adsorption le fluid dynamifer. Therefore,
nd the mechansfer coefficien
a function of
d explained abth an increasby many auth
experiments atcritical mi
ort processes ectively at
ations the situan-ionic surfactvior must be tprocesses of
s and luene ations d like mol/L in an faces h test These et al.
our in e like rface have ional layer ics is , two
nisms nt are
f the
above se of hors. t low icelle were high ation tants. taken f the
EX
tradiexarofsuglyandrPSdehigPrdytraadreaphph(4(Pquph
Ficostosofucomo
heapsathedrflose
XPERIMENTFor the det
ansfer at singlfferent test ce
xplained by We shown in Fig
f a 1000 mmurrounded by ycerine. This j
nd further ensroplet which SD/2-module evice (5a) cangh-speed camro Plus® 5.1 ynamics of sinansfer a glasdjustable in italized. At the
hase is kept; thhase is pumpea). In this w
PADA) was uuantification ohotometer (Spe
igure 2: Expeolumn with acorage disperse
olenoid deviceunnel, (9a) thontrol, (2b) glodules, (5b) g
The test cell
eight. To obsepplied. The basame. There is e droplet. But
roplet rises in ow within thelectable time.
a)
1a
2a
3a
4a
a)
1a
2a
3a
4a
TAL SETUP termination ofle droplets in ells were appl
Wegener et al gure 2. Figure
m high glass a jacket madjacket offers t
sures a good is produced (4a, syringe p
n be tracked mera. The drop
by Media Cngle droplets. ss funnel (8as height; henneck of this fhat droplets a
ed out of the twork an azo dused as transfof the mass ecord 210, Jen
erimental setucrylic glass jaced phase, (4a)e, (6a) nozzlermostat; b)lass cone, (3b
gear pump, (6b
l shown in Figerve longer cosic idea of thealso a syringe
t after the dropa cone. The g
e cone; hence
4a
5a
6a
7a
8a
9a
4a
5a
6a
7a
8a
9a
f the fluid dynmicellar liquilied. Basically[13] and by P
e 2a gives the column (dc=
de of acrylic gthe ability to toptical accessat a nozzle
pump) and looby a Photonf
plet’s path is aybernetics to For the determ
a) is used. Tnce different cfunnel a small are able to coatest cell by andye Pyridin-2ferred compo
transfer wasna Analytik).
ups a) rising cket, (2a) high) Hamilton® Ple, (7a) illum) counter flowb) nozzle, (4bb) storage disp
gure 2a has itsontact times a e test cell showe pump (4b) fplet’s release ogear pump (5bthe droplet ca
b
3a
5b
b
3a
5b
namics and thid/liquid systey, the test celPaul et al. [11schematic flow75 mm), w
glass and filletemper the setsibility. There(6a) by a Haosened by a sfocus® MV-7analyzed with
determine thmination of thThe glass funcontact times amount of dialesce. The dinother syringe
2-azo-dimethyonent. Therefos carried out
test cell: (1ah speed camePSD/2 modulemination, (8aw cell: (1b) b) Hamilton® persed phase.
s limitation dusecond test c
wn in Figure 2for the producof the nozzle (b) produces a an be kept for
b)
1b
2b
3b
4b
4bb)
1b
2b
3b
4b
4b
he mass ms two ls were ]. Both w sheet
which is ed with tup (9a) efore, a amilton olenoid
752-160 Image-
he fluid he mass nnel is can be spersed spersed e pump laniline
ore, the t by a
a) glass ra, (3a) es, (5a)
a) glass heating PSD/3
ue to its cell was 2b is the ction of (3b) the counter r a free
6b
6b
6b
6b
1960
InoctansurfaTritomice100 0
REST
the tusefupresefromcorretime prediin ththe dtwo l
Fthe d
T
be derise v
d
wherambicharamovadrag [16] the contigivenSDS 1-oct
n this work wnol was applactants were uon X-100 was elle concentrat0.2 mmol/L [1
SULTS: FLUIThe fluid dyntest cell showul tool to dence of surfac
m these resultselation for the
in a column iction of drop e work of We
drop rise veloclimiting cases
Figure 3 Dropdroplet diamete
The velocity oerived from thvelocity is giv
cd
p
dt
dv
re represenient fluid by tacterizes the able interfacecoefficients bwere applied droplet traveinuous phase.n as a functioconcentration
tanol droplets
water was usedlied as the dused. SDS wapplied as a n
tion for SDS i1].
IDDYNAMICnamics of sing
wn in Figure 2determine the ctants the intes and can be e prediction etc. A large o rise velocitie
egener et al. [1city shown in described in F
p rise velocityer for various
of a droplet frhe force balanven by:
dD
c
Cg4
3
nts the volumthe droplet. Cinterface. Fo
e and rigid intby Feng and Mto Eq. 1. Afte
els with a c The drop risn of droplet d
ns. In the pure rising in wat
d as the contindispersed phas
was used a ionnon-ionic surfais 8.2 mmol/L
S gle droplets w2a. The drop
interfacial crfacial coveraused to chooof mass transoverview of ces or mass tran14]. The expeFigure 3 are c
Figure 1.
y at steady staSDS concentr
freely rising innce [14]. The i
p
p
c
c
d
v2
me fraction oCD is the drag or the two limterface) the coMichaelides [er the acceleraconstant velose at steady sdiameter in Fi system the drter is describe
nuous phase anse. Two diffenic surfactant
factant. The cri and for Trito
was determinerise velocity
characteristicsage can be derse the appropsfer rates, co
correlations fonsfer rates is gerimental resulcompared with
ate as a functiorations.
n a continuousinstantaneous
(1)
of the accelercoefficient, w
miting cases orrelations fo15] and by Mation of the droocity throughstate conditionigure 3 for varrop rise velocied well with E
nd 1-ferent t and itical
on X-
ed by is a
s. In rived priate ntact
or the given lts of h the
on of
s can drop
)
rated which
(free r the
Martin oplet the ns is rious ity of Eq. 1
anMdrshreThnothitendr
vespto FivedeinhrisintMdrexexdrsusyco
the
sta10deadremmrecmmthe
nd the correlMichaelides [1roplets. For drhape is lost asults and the horsen et al. [on-spherical dis setup had nsion of 8.1 mroplets.
With an inelocity decrepherical shape
the lower inigure 3. For SDelocity hardlyeformation. SDhibition of thse velocity is terface. This
Martin [16]. Froplet diametexplained by xceeding an inroplets behavurfactants the ystems a chanonsideration [1
Figure 4 De droplet diam
Figure 4 giv
ate for 1-octan00 solutions. Tescribed in Figdsorption behasults look simmol/L there wcognized. Exmol/L the rigie droplets b
ation for the15]. This coroplets that arand the devicalculated va
17] can be usdroplets [14]. T
a diameter omN/m [11] it w
ncrease of Sases. Furtherat lower drop
nterfacial tenDS concentraty changed. DS concentra
he mobility ofdecreased to tis well desc
urthermore, ters. The changadsorption pnterfacial covve like rigid
situation benge of the ph18].
Drop rise velocmeter for vario
ves the resultsnol droplets riThe pure systegure 3. Althouavior in the
milar. Below Trwas hardly anyxceeding Tritoidity of the liq
behaved like
e drag coeffiorrelation is re larger thanations betweealues increaseed to calculatThe largest dr
of 4.5 mm. Dwas not possib
SDS concentrrmore, the p diameters w
nsion. Both etions of 0.01 m
Neither chations of 0.1 f the droplet’sthe value of a
cribed by the the droplets dge in the droprocesses at
verage of appd spheres [ecomes more hase behavior
city at steady ous Triton X-1
s of the drop rising in variouem (without suugh, both surfa
regarded testriton X-100 coy change in thon X-100 coquid/liquid int
rigid sphere
icient by Fenvalid for sp
n 3 mm the spen the exper
e. The correlate the rise veloroplet produceue to the intble to observe
ration the drodroplets lose
which can be rffects are shommol/L the dr
hanged the mmol/L lead
s interface. Tha particle with
drag coefficdeformed at
p rise velocity the interface
proximately 5011]. For no
complex. Inmust be tak
state as a func00 concentrati
rise velocity atus aqueous Trurfactants) is actants have dt system [11oncentrations he drop rise voncentrations terface increases. This resu
ng and pherical pherical imental
ation by ocity of ed with erfacial e larger
op rise e their referred own in rop rise droplet
d to an he drop
h a rigid cient of smaller can be
e. With 0% the
on-ionic n these
ken into
ction of ions.
t steady riton X-already
different ], both of 0.01
velocity of 0.1
sed and ult was
1961
unexcompcoeff5 for
FnumbX-10
N
drag spherFurthHarpfour.
C
wheronsetcalcuReynThis tensiof Trthe indeforpresevalueis prdeviaand droplTritounexchanX-10mmointerinfluproce
xpected due topare both suficient is givenr surfactant con
Figure 5 Drber for 1-octan00 solutions w
Next to the excoefficient
rical gas bubhermore, the pper [19] the c Therefore, th
48
Re4
MoCD
re Mo is the Mt of the defoulated onset onolds number
behavior is ion. As shownriton X-100 onfluence of SDrm at lower Rence of Tritone of the droplredicted well ations can bethe predictedlets have slig
on X-100 thxpected. By apnge of the drop00 at the interfol/L. For Tritfacial coverag
uence observedess. The chan
o the differenurfactants obsn as a functionncentration 1
rag coefficiennol droplets ri
with similar con
xperimental reof rigid sph
bbles by Braupoint of deforritical Weber
he drag coeffic
Morton numbormation is dof the deformrs with increa
referred to tn in the work on the interfacDS. Therefore
Reynolds numbn X-100 (samelet deformatio by Eq. 2.
e observed bed value. In tghtly higher dhan in presepplying the resp rise velocityface was not eton X.100 coge of less thand cannot be e
nge of the pha
nt adsorption served in thin of Reynoldsmmol/L.
nt as a functising in aqueouncentrations.
esults the limeres by Mar
uer [19] are grmation is sho
number is gicient can be ca
ber. In the pudescribed wel
mation is shiftasing surfactathe decrease of Paul et al.
cial tension ise, the 1-octanobers in presene concentratio
on influenced bFor Triton X
etween the exthe spherical drag coefficiennce of SDSsults gained byy caused by adexpected at a oncentrations n 1% was calexplained by ase behavior m
behavior [11]s work the
s number in Fi
tion of Reynus SDS and T
miting cases fortin [16] andgiven in Figurown. Accordiniven at a valualculated by:
(2)
ure test systemll by Eq. 2. ted towards loant concentraof the interf[11] the influ
s not as distinol droplets sta
nce of SDS thaon). The calcuby 1 mmol/LX-100 the laxperimental re
regime 1-octnts in presencS. This resuly Paul et al. [dsorption of Tconcentrationof 1 mmol/L
culated, hencesimple adsorp
must be taken
]. To drag
igure
nolds
Triton
or the d for re 5. ng to ue of
)
m the The
ower ation. facial uence nct as art to an in lated SDS
argest esults tanol ce of lt is 11] a
Triton n of 1 L an e the ption
n into
commhigfrointTr[1ocmiobbeco[1ocshusTrmorepdrrenefoex
[1intmideTrneincdefotheexdeliqprneeffint
prapsponsuprby
exthecoratSDveTr
onsideration. Amol/L the CMgh enough thaom. Nevertheterface is notriton X-100 co2] a phase
ctanol/Triton icroemulsions
bserved in thehavior were oncentration th2] was shown
ccur at lower chown by applysed to determiriton X-100 codulus was presents the f
roplet. With spectively a
eeded to deforrce needed t
xplained by theSimilar r
1]. In this wterface was dicroscopy tec
eform a waterriton X-100 ceeded for thecrease of th
ecreased and llowed. For Te interfacial t
xceeded. The eform the droquid/liquid inroportionality eeded to defoffect was also rterface.
The dropredict the intepproximately pheres. This isnly processesurfactant the sredictable. Sphy the given cor
Besides xtraction colume interfacial c
orrelation shoutes, for instanDS concentratelocity to the riton X-100. T
At Triton X-1MC is exceedat microemulseless, the cot known and oncentration i
diagram foX-100 is
s or even liqhe bulk phase
observed fhan in this won that at the inconcentrationsying the osciline the interfaconcentration
observed [1force which stan increase decrease of
rm a droplet to deform a e change of thresults were owork the forcdetermined bychnique. A smr/1-octanol intconcentration.
e deformationhe SDS conc
the force nTriton X-100 tension remaisame was o
oplet’s interfacnterface becam
between the orm the liquidreferred to a c
p rise velocityerfacial covera50% dropletss valid as lons which musituation becoherical 1-octanrrelations in thfor the calcu
mn the fluid dcharacteristicsuld be used fonce. In the retion of 0.1 mvalues of a r
Therefore, the
100 concentraded. But this sion phases inoncentration compared to is high. In the
or the ternarshown. Th
quid crystallies. These chfor much hiork. But in thenterface, phases than in the bllating drop mcial rheology.an increase
12]. The vistets up aginst of the surfathe interfaciashould decreadroplet was
he phase behavobtained in thece needed to y a colloidal mall silica pterface in depe. In presence
n behaved as centration theneeded to dethe situation
ined constant observed for tce. With exceme blurry aninterfacial te
d/liquid was nchange of the p
y of single droage. At an ints and bubble
ng as adsorptist be observmes more conol droplets che literature. ulation of thedynamics can bs which is usefor the predictegarded syste
mmol/L is neerigid sphere, e mass transfe
ation higher thconcentration
n the bulk are at the liquidthe bulk pha
e work of Paury system whe formatioine condition
hanges of thegher Triton e work of Paues of microembulk phase. Th
method which . With an incrof the visco
sco-elastic mthe deformati
actant concenal tension thease. In this wincreased, w
vior at the intee work of Pau
deform a drprobe atomi
particle was uendence of SDe of SDS the
expected. We interfacial eform the inwas differentuntil the CM
the force neeeeding the CMnd further a
ension and thnot recognizephase behavio
oplets can be terfacial covees behave likon processes ved. For nomplex and isan be well de
e contact timebe used to deteful to decidetion of mass tm water/1-oc
eded to decrethe same is t
fer coefficient
han 0.1 n is not
able to d/liquid ases the ul et al. water/1-ons of ns were e phase
X-100 ul et al.
mulsions his was can be
rease of o-elastic modulus ion of a ntration, e force
work the which is erface. ul et al. roplet’s c force used to DS and e force
With an tension
nterface t. Here,
MC was eded to MC the a direct he force d. This
or at the
used to rage of
ke rigid are the
on-ionic not as
escribed
e in an termine
e which transfer
ctanol a ase the true for should
1962
decre0.1 m
REST
cells contacontaconcobserwhiccoefftransdispeFigurdropldetersurfaare s
Fwatebetwcases
T
in Fiwerehigh obsercalcu[21]:
c
weretime-systecorre
S
ease until surfmmol/L are set
SULTS: MASThe mass transhown in Fig
act times and tact times. Lerning the rved in variou
ch was used aficient of appsfer direction wersed phase. Fre 2 failed. Wlets in the furmine the realactant Triton Xhown in Figur
Figure 6 Comer/1-octanol fween experimes mobile interf
The experimeigure 6 were e predicted by
partition coefrved. The tulated by appl:
dPADA tc , 1)(
The limitine calculated by-dependent prem (mobile ielation of Clift
2c PefSh
factant (SDS ot up.
SS TRANSFEnsfer at single gure 2. The risithe counter floLike in thefluid dynamus aqueous soas the transferproximately was chosen fr
For SDS the mWith an increasunnels was hil contact timeX-100 the coare 6.
mparison of tfor various ental and calcface [21] and r
ntal results focompared wi
y correlations fficient of PADtime-dependenlying the corre
c
SFo
23exp
ng cases mobiy using differogress of the Pnterface) was
ft et al. [21]:
2/1c
or Triton X-10
ER droplets is obing test cell (Row cell (C) is e experiment
mics 1-octanoolutions. The rred compone60 [12]. Therom the contin
measurement tese of SDS the indered. It wae. In presencealescence did n
the mass transTriton X-10
culated resultrigid interface
or 2 mm 1-octaith the calculafrom the liter
DA an externant PADA celation develo
PADc cK
K
Sh **
ile interface arent SherwoodPADA concens calculated b
00) concentra
bserved in bothR) is used for sapplied for lo
tal investigaol droplets
azo dye (PAent had a parterefore, the mnuous phase toechnique showcoalescence oas not possibe of the non-inot fail the re
sfer in the sy00 concentras for the lim
e [21,22].
anol droplets gated results wrature. Due to
al problem muoncentration
oped by Clift e
cDA, (3)
and rigid interd correlations.ntration in the by the Sherw
(4)
ations
h test short
onger ations were
ADA) tition mass o the wn in of the le to ionic
esults
ystem ations miting
given which o the ust be
was et al.
)
rface The pure
wood
)
whinnfuvaspShan
thepocothaextimorreRethewaunofwammredexcotraobcaMdeliqexcoredrigredthecacoag[1AsliqFito theditheoccopr
vathe
here f is a coner circulation
unction of Reyalue of f apprpheres the inherwood numbnd Calderbank
84.0Shc
The exponeeory. By app
ossible to calconcentration foat is transport
xperimentally mes; hence thrigin of the dsults and the eferring to thee mass transfeas observed innexpected. Ref single dropleas expected mol/L. Exceeduction of th
xperimental reoncentration oansfer. Althoubserved (see Falculated prog
Marangoni conesorption proquid/liquid intxpected to oncentrations oduced and cangid sphere. Foduction of these concentrat
alculated progoncentrations gglomerate at 1]. This layers described abquid/liquid intigure 5). Furth
characterize e result that a stinctive chane CMC. In
ctanol/Triton onsideration. redicted.
Figure 7 giarious Triton Xe phase beha
orrection factons into considynolds numberroaches a vau
nner circulatiober can be des
k [22]:
5.033.0Re Sc
ents were deplying the Shculate the instfor both limitited during the
by interpolathe instantaneodiagram. For t
calculated vae fluid dynamfer is decreasen this work, buegarding the rets (Figure 4) up to a Tri
eding this suhe mass transsults show dif
of 0.1 mmol/Lugh, the drop rFigure 4) the mgress for a rnvection whicocesses of Tterface. Therefbe further of 1 mmol/L tn be well desor surfactant e mass transftions the mass
gress for a riabove 0.1 the interface
r creates an above the formterface was obhermore, specthe liquid/liquchange of ph
nge of the inten ternary syX-100 these Otherwise, t
ves the dynaX-100 concenavior on the
or which takederation. Therer. For large Rule of one [1ons disappearscribed by a co
erived from erwood correltantaneous proing cases. Thdroplet formating the mas
ous progress dthe pure systealues agree w
mic and the phed in presenceut the amount results gained a reduction oton X-100 c
urfactant concsfer rate wasfferent behavi
L lead to a rerise velocity o
mass transfer rrigid sphere. ch is exertedTriton X-100 fore, the mass decreased.
the mass transcribed with thconcentration
fer was even s transfer rateigid interface
mmol/L miand form a
dditional masmation of the mbserved by thecific experimeuid interface [
hase behavior ierfacial propeystems consphenomena
he mass tran
mic mass trantrations to undmass transfer
es the impactefore, this fac
Reynolds numb14]. Regardinr. In this caorrelation by L
the boundarylations to Eq.ogress of the
he amount of ation was detess transfer fodoes not startem the exper
well with eachhysicochemicae of surfactant
of the reductifrom fluid dy
of mass transfconcentration centration a s not expecteor. Triton X-1
eduction of thof a rigid spherate is higher t
This is refed by adsorptio molecules transfer rate w
For Triton nsfer rate was he limiting cans of 10 mmomore distinct
e was even bele. For Triton celles form microemulsio
ss transfer resimicroemulsione fluid dynamients were carr[11-12], both is responsible
erties with excsisting of wmust be takensfer will b
ansfer coefficiderline the imr. The mass t
t of the ctor is a bers the ng rigid ase the Lochiel
(4)
y layer . 3 it is PADA PADA
ermined or short t in the rimental h other. al effect ts. This ion was ynamics fer rates
of 0.1 further
ed. The 100 at a he mass ere was than the rred to on and at the
was not X-100 further
ase of a ol/L the tive. At low the X-100 which
on layer istance. n at the ics (see ried out lead to for the ceeding water/1-en into
be over
ient for mpact of
transfer
1963
coeffconcof thmmois hiwerehighetransliqui
FTritomobi
CON
liquicorreionicliquiworkof apartisituabehathe ftransternavery ratesthe tr[4] aworkmiceinterEspephas(e.g. ACK
T“Intecoord
ficient is redentration. Thehe dynamic mol/L or 1 mmoligher than thee referred to Mer surfactant sfer results frd/liquid interf
Figure 7 Dynon X -100 conile interface [2
NCLUSION In this w
d/liquid havelations and mc surfactant d/liquid interf
k match with approximately cles with rig
ation is more avior must be formation of sport processeary systems w
interesting sms and fast separansport proceand are strongk. For the fellar liquid/lifacial pheno
ecially, the inte behavior shmeasurement
KNOWLEDGThis work is
egrated Chemidinated by th
duced with aere is hardly amass transfer l/L. Furthermoe calculated v
Marangoni effeconcentration
rom the chanface.
namic mass tncentrations co21] and rigid i
work the tranve been obmechanisms g
SDS only face occur anthe expectatio
50% the 1gid interfaces. complex. In ttaken into comicroemulsio
es cannot bewater/organic pmart solvent aration can beesses have higly influenced
fundamental uquid it is
omena as wterfacial phenoould be charat of the Brewst
GEMENT part of the
ical Processeshe Technische
an increase any difference
resistance inore, the mass tvalues for rigects. The addin than 1 mmnge of phase
transfer coeffompared with interface [21,2
nsport proceserved and given in the adsorption p
nd the resultsons. For an in-octanol drop For non-ionthese ternary onsideration. Won layers at e described sphase/ non-ionsystems, beca
e achieved in tgh influences o
by surfactantunderstandingnecessary to
well as tranomena exertedacterized moreter angle).
Collaborative in Liquid Mue Universität
of Triton Xe between progn presence oftransfer coeffigid spheres witional reductio
mol/L of the me behavior at
ficient for varthe limiting c
22].
esses in miccompared
literature. Forprocesses at s observed innterfacial coveplets behave
nic surfactantssystems the pWithout regarthe interface
satisfactorily. nic surfactantause high reacthese systems.on the reactionts as shown ing of reactiono understand nsport proced by the change detailed in fu
e Research Ceultiphase Syste
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upport by theratefully ackno
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