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Informa(onandEduca(onalDecisions
SandraMcNally(researcher;CentreforEconomicPerformance,LondonSchool
ofEconomicsSarahWestco@(HeadofPupil
Progressioninapar(cipa(ngschool:QueenElizabeth’sBoysSchool)
Mo(va(on• Es(matedreturnstostayingonineduca(onareextremelyhigh.However,in2009,17%of18yearoldswerenotineduca(on,employmentortraining.35%of18yearoldsnotinanyformofeduca(onortraining.
• Gapsbygender,socialclass,schooltype…• Why?Towhatextentdoesinforma(onplayarole?
• Informa(on,AdviceandGuidancethoughttobevery‘patchy’inEnglishschools.
Researchques(ons• Doschoolstudents(15yearolds)knoweconomicallyrelevantfactsabouteduca(onandthelabourmarket?
• Will15‐yearoldspaya@en(ontoan‘informa(oncampaign’?Towhatextentwoulditinfluencetheirplansforthefuture?
• Doesitaltertheirbehaviour?(getthemtalkingtoothers–andtowhom)
• Doesitinfluencegender/socio‐economicgapsonanydimension?
Relatedliterature• Expandingliteratureabouteffectsofprovidinginforma(ontostudents(e.g.Jensen,QJEforthcoming;andbroaderliteratureabouteffectsofinforma(oncampaigns–e.g.Has(ngsetal.2007;DufloandSaez2003;Dufloetal.2006)
• Wageexpecta(onsofstudents(e.g.Manski,1993;Be@s,1996;Brunelloetal.2004)
• Differencesineduca(onandthegenderwagegap(e.g.BrownandCorcoran,1997;MachinandPuhani,2003)
Stepsinvolved:
• Designinterven(on:Website;accompanyingclassmaterials;shortvideoand1pageleafletdescribingmainpoints
• Designques(onnaire:First(pre‐interven(on)ques(onnaireandsecondques(onnairetobecompletedroughly8‐12weekslater.
• Writetoschoolstoaskthemtopar(cipate(allschoolsinLondon).Allschoolsofferedreportprofilingtheirstudentsagainstotherschools(annoymousbasis)andresourcematerialsatsomestage.
• Matchpar(cipa(ngschoolsbasedon(a)schooltype;(b)performance.Thenpairupsimilarschools.Randomlyassigninterven(ontooneschoolwithineachpair.
Characteris(csofinvitedschools
InContext:QueenElizabeth’sSchool
• 1200students‐NorthLondon.
• Singlesex–male
• 11‐18academy
• EthnicSocio‐economic
• Medicine/Economics/Law
WhyPar(cipate?
1. Trainingschoolstatus ‐In‐houseMastersProgram
2. Ac(onresearchprojects ‐influenceschooldevelopment
3. Careerseduca(onprovisionisvariable4. Pupilsneedsvary
Benefits:• Informourcareerseduca(onprovision:
1. WhatdostudentsperceiveasthevalueofaUniversityeduca(on?
2. Whydotheychooseapar(culardegreecourse?
3. Howcanwesupporttheminthese
decisions?
Prac(calIssues
• Timetable!
• Availabilityofstudents
• Honestyofstudents
• Ethicalconcerns–usesofresearchdata
• Randomisa(onconsidera(ons
ClassMaterials
• Webformat–studentfriendly• Personalised–studentsinves(gateintheirown(me
• Studentslistentoan‘outsideauthority’
what’s4me?ClassMaterial
Introduc)on
• DecidingwhatyouwanttodoanerYear11isveryimportantforyourfuture,soitsagoodideatostartthinkingaboutitnow• Todaywearegoingtotalkaboutthedifferentop(onsavailabletoyou,andhowyoucandecidewhat’sthebestoneforyou
Whatsortsofthingsma3erforyourfuture?
• Whetherornotyoustayineduca(onaneryear11• Howlongyoustayineduca(onfor• Ifyougointohighereduca(on:
— Whatsubjectyouchoosetostudy— Whichuniversitytogoto
Thesedecisionswillaffectwhetheryougetajobandhowmuchyouearn!Wewillgothrougheachinturn
76%whostayedineduca(onun(lage18/19havejobs
84%whowenttohighereduca(onhavejobs
Stayingonma3ers…forwhetheryougetajobWomenwholeEfull‐)meeduca)onatdifferentages
Youaremorelikelytogetajobifyoustayonineduca)on!
63%wholenschoolat16levelshavejobs
91%whostayedineduca(onun(l18/19havejobs
95%whowenttohighereduca(onhavejobs
Stayingonma3ers…forwhetheryougetajobMenwholeEfull‐)meeduca)onatdifferentages
Youaremorelikelytogetajobifyoustayonineduca)on!
87%wholenschoolat16levelshavejobs
Stayingonma3ers…forhowmuchyouearnWomenwholeEfull‐)meeduca)onatdifferentages
75%whodidA’levelshavejobs
85%whowenttouniversityhavejobs
75%whodidA’levelshavejobsThosewholen
at16earnabout£17,000
Thosewhostayineduca(onun(lage18/19earn£22,000
Thosewhowenttohighereduca(onearnabout£32,000
Youarelikelytoearnmoreonaverageifyoustayineduca)on!
Stayingonma3ers…forhowmuchyouearnMenwholeEfull‐)meeduca)onatdifferentages
75%whodidA’levelshavejobs
85%whowenttouniversityhavejobs
75%whodidA’levelshavejobsThosewho
leaveat16earnabout£22,000
Thosewhostayineduca(onun(lage18/19earn£27,000
Thosewhogotohighereduca(onearnabout£38,000
Youarelikelytoearnmoreonaverageifyoustayonatschool!
Willwereallyearntheaverage?MaybeI’masuperstar!
No.Itdependsonlotsofotherthings!‐Whatsortofjobyougetandhowgoodyouareatit.‐ Thestateoftheeconomywhenweareolder.‐ Wealsohavetothinkaboutlifestylechoices.Whatifwehavechildren?!
Averagewagesjustgivearoughguide.Usefulinforma)onbutnotacrystalball!
Stayingonma3ers…andtherewillbehelpavailableifyoudecidetogotouniversity
• Bythe(meyouareattheagewhereyoucangotouniversity,thecostswillbequitedifferentfromtoday• In2012,tui)onfeeswillbeabout£7,500peryear• Someuniversi(esmaychargeless,andsomemaychargemore,butfeeswillneverbehigherthan£9,000peryear• Thismaysoundlikealotofmoney–butyoudon’thavetopaythisun(laneryouhavelenuniversityandgotajob!— Youcanborrowthemoneyfromthestudentloanscompany— Andyouonlypayback9%ofyourearningsover£21,000— Soifyoudon’thaveajobyoudon’tpayanything— Andifyouwereearning£25,000ayear,you’donlypayback£7aweek!
Butisits)llworthgoingtouniversity?Ifmyfeesare£7,500peryearandItakeoutamaintenanceloantoo,Icouldbeinover£30,000ofdebtbytheend!!!
Ofcourseitis!Forexample,atage30,amanwholeEschoolat18willearnonaverage£27,000,butamanwithadegreewillbeearning£38,000onaverage.That’s£11,000more(onaverage)justinthatyear.Over)methisaddsup!3yearsofdebt<lotsofyearsearningmoremoneybecauseofhighereduca)on
Forthisweneedtogetinformationon'areacostadjustments'atlocalauthoritylevel‐theindicesthatareusedtoweighttheschoolexpenditurestocompensateforpaydifferentials(orspecifically,thatpartofareacostadjustmentthatrelatestothelabourcostcomponent).
Thesubjectyoustudyatunima3ers…forhowmuchyouearn(onaverage)
Averageyearlyearningsformenaged30
Butremember.Moneyisn’teverything…!
Someonedoingartmayearnabout£30,000
Someonedoingbusinessstudiesmayearnabout£43,000
Thesubjectyoustudyatunima3ers…forthejobyouwanttodo!Itsimportanttofindoutwhatsubjectyoushouldstudy…
Gotowww.whats4me.co.uktofindoutwhatsubjectyouneed.Oremailwhats4me@lse.ac.uk
Iwanttobeavet!
WherecanIfindoutmore?OntheWhats4mewebsite!
Howtoaccessthe
website…………………..
Howtomeasurewhetherinterven(onhadanyeffect?
• Websiteanaly(cs
• Feedbackfromschools;combinedwithownassessment
• Differencesbetweentreatmentandcontrolschoolsinextentof‘informa(on,adviceandguidance’givenbetweenfirstandsecondques(onnaire.Studentsareaskedques(onsonhowonentheytalktoteachersaboutfutureplansforstudying;usefulnessofthisinforma(on;anduseofInternet.
Whataretheoutcomes?a)Factual:‘Doyouthinkthatapersonhasabe@erorworsechanceofgetngajobifhe/shestaysineduca(onupto…comparedtoleavingschoolanerYear11’(i.e.compulsoryschool‐leaving)
‘IfIgetauniversitydegree,Iwillearnaboutthesamenoma@erwhatsubjectIstudy’
‘IfIgetauniversitydegree,Iwillearnthesamenoma@erwhatuniversityIgoto’
Whatdoyouthinkistheyearlycostofsendingapersontouniversity?(justintermsoftui(onfees)
Whendoyouthinkmostpeoplepaytheiruniversityfees?
Whataretheoutcomes?b)Possiblefutureincome:ImagineyoulenschoolanerYear11andtrytofindajob.Thinkingaboutthekindsofjobyoumightbeofferedandwhatyoumightexpect
‘Whatisyourbestguessofwhatyouwouldearnperyearatage30?’
‘Whatdoyouthinkthetypical30‐yearoldearnsifhe/shelenfull‐(meeduca(onanerYear11’
(similarques(onforotherlevelsofeduca(on)
Whataretheoutcomes?c):Futureinten)ons:• Plansanerage16(endofcompulsoryeduca(on):full‐(meeduca(on;workingfull‐(me;work‐basedtrainingetc.
• Likelihoodofeverapplyingtouniversity• Likelihoodofstudyingpar(cularsubjects(i)anerage16;(ii)inhighereduca(on.
• Rankingofsubjects(intermsofpreference)andexpecta(onofaverageyearlyearningsforsomeoneofage30
ConclusionThemainoutputofthisprojectistofindoutabouttheeffec(venessofaverysimple(andinexpensive)informa(oncampaignonstudents’knowledge,attudesandfutureinten(ons.
Hopetoinformcareersprogrammesofallpar(cipa(ngschoolthroughprovisionoffeedbackandresources;produceresearchoutputthatispolicyrelevantandacademicallyinteres(ng