INGGRIS BAB1

A. Present Tense (Time)a. Simple Present Tense (Time Simple) Example:(+) Niken Reads book everyday(-) Niken does not Read book everyday(?) Read book Niken does everyday ?He does Yes / No He does not (does)For I, We, You, They = doHe, She, It = DoesExample sentence:(+) She is a new people here.(+) He plays football every morning(-) She is not a new people here.(-) He does not playing football every morning.(?) Is she a new people here?

(?) How

playing football every morning? b. Present Continuous Tense (Running Time Now) (+) S + Be + V1 + ing + O / C (+) They are now playing badmintoon(-) S + Be + not + V1 + ing + O / C (-) They are not playing now badmintoon(?) Be + S + V1 + ing + O / C (?) Badmintoon palaying} Are They Now?They are yes / no They are notFor I = amThey, we, you = areHe, She, It = IsExample in the sentence:(+) He is playing badminton now(-) He is not playing badminton now.

(?) Is he playing badminton now.

c. Present Perfect (Perfect Time Now)Example:(+) You have eaten mine.(-) She has not been to Rome(?) Have you finished?

d. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Running Time Perfect Present) Example:(+) She has been going to Malang since evening.(+) We have been riding a horse for three days(-) She has not been going to Malang since evening.(-) We have not been riding a horse for three days.(?) Has she been going to Malaysia?(?) Have been riding a horse He for three days?

2. Past Tense (Past Time)a. Simple Past Tense (Simple Past Time)Example:(+) We were at school yesterday(-) We were not at school yesterday(?) We were at school yesterday?For I, He, She, It = WasThey, we, you = wereExample:(+) I saw a good film last night(+) He Came here last month(-) I saw not a good film last night(-) He CAME not last month(?) I Saw a good film last night

(?) He Came here last month

b. Past Continuous Tense (Past Running Time) Example:(+) He was watching television all afternoon last week(+) They were talking about sports when I met him(-) He Was not watching television all afternoon last week(-) They Were not talking about sports when I met him(?) Was He watching television all afternoon last week(?) They Were talking about sports when I met him

c. Past Perfect Tense (Past Perfect Time)Example:(+) When my brother arrived, I had painted my bike cycle(+) The ship had left before I arrived(-) When my brother arrived, I hadn't painted my bike cycle(-) The ship left before I arrived hadn't(?) Had I cycle my bike, when my brother arrived?(?) Had the ship left before I arrived?

d. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Past Perfect Running Time)Example:(+) They had been living there for two weeks(+) When They washed my Drees, your father had been playing badminton(-) They hadn't been living there for two weeks(-) When They washed my

dress, your father hadn't been playing badminton(?) Had They been living there for two weeks?(?) When They washed my dress, your father had been playing badminton?

3. Future Tense (Will Come)a. Simple Future Tense (Time Will Come Simplified)Example:(+) I will visit to Yogyakarta tomorrow.(+) Girl friend he will met by seven o'clock(?) Will he go to America next month?(+) President shall at Nederland the day after tomorrow.(-) President shall not at Nederland the day after tomorrow.(?) Shall President at Nederland the day after tomorrow?

b. Future Continuous Tense (Running Time to Come)Example:(+) I will be writing a comic.(+) I will be studying tomorrow night.(-) I will not writing a comic.(-) I will not be studying tomorrow night.(?) Will I be writing a comic?(?) Will I be studying tomorrow night?

c. Future Perfect Tense (Perfect Time to Come)Example:(+) Iwill havefinishedby 10am.(+) You will have forgotten me by then.(-) She will not have gone to school.(-) We will not have left.

(?) Will you have arrived?(?) Will they have receivedit?

d. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Perfect Running Time to Come)Example:(+) I will have been reading a news paper.(+) He will have been listening music.(-) I will have not been reading a news paper.(-) He will have not a music listening.(?) Will I have been riding a news paper?(?) Will He have a music listening?

4. Future Past Tense (Will Come In Time Past)a. Future Past Tense (Time Will Come In Time Past)Example:(+) He would come if you invited him.(+) They would buy a home the previous day.(-) He would not come if invited him.(-) They would not buy a home the previous day.(?) Would He come if invited him?(?) Would They buy a home the previous day?

b. Future Past Continuous Tense (Time Will Happen At a time when Old Medium)Example:(+) I should be swimming at this time the Following day.(+) I shall be sliping at 10 o'clock tomorrow.(-) I should not be swimming at this time the Following day.

(-) I shalln't be sleeping at 10 o'clock tomorrow.(?) Shall I be swimming at this time the Following day?(?) Shall I be sleeping at10 o'clock tomorrow?

c. Past Perfect Future Tense (Time Will It End In Past Time)Example:(+) He would have graduated if he had studies hard.(+) Niken will have studied moth by the end of this week.(-) He would not have gone if he had met his darling(-) Niken will have not studied month by the end of this week(?) Would He have gone if he had met his darling?(?) Will Niken have studied month by the end of this week?

d. Future Past Perfect Continuous Tense(Time Is Already Are

Underway In Past Time)Example:Rianawati would have been speaking English for two years(+) Mrs. Niken Yuanita would have been walking here for seventeen years(+) Anita would have been speaking English for two years(-) Mrs. Niken Yuanita would not have been walking here for seventeen year(-) Anita would not have been speaking English for two years(?) Would Mrs. Niken Yuanita have been walking here for seventeen years?(?) Would have been speaking English Anita for two years?

TENSES 1. Simple Preset Tense

Use

This tense used to explain of fact, habit, and event which happen now.

Formula

(+)= S+V1(es/s)+O

(-)= S+Do/does+Not+V1+O

(?)= Do/does+S+V1+O

Example Tense Positive sentence:

We agrees with the speaker’s opinion

Negative sentence:

We does not agrees with the speaker’s opinion

Interrogative sentence:

Do we agree with the speaker’s opinion?

2. Present Continuous Tense

Use

This tense used to talk about the action that running out or planning in the future.

Formula

(+)= S+is/am/are+V.ing+O

(-)= S+is/am/are+not+V1+O

(?)= is/am/are+S+V1+O


John and James are running now

Negative sentence:

John and James are not running now


Are John and James running now?

3. Present Perfect Tense

Use

This tense use to give expression to something activity or situation that already begins in the last time and finish has been done in the past time or see continues until now.

Formula

(+) S+have/has+V3+O

(-) S+have/has+not+V3+O

(?) Have/has+S+V3+O


I have lived in Pedan for 3 months

Negative sentence:

I have not lived in Pedan for 3 months


Have I lived in Pedan for 3 months?

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Use

This tense uses to talk about action that already finish in the past time or the action already begin and still continue until now.

Formula

(+) S+have/has+been+V.ing+O

(-) S+have/has+not+been+V.ing

(?) Have/has+S+been+V.ing+O


He have been going to Indrayanti beach for my holiday since 2010

Negative sentence:

He have not been going to Indrayanti beach for my holiday since 2010


Have he been going to Indrayanti Beach for my holiday since 2010

5. Simple Past Tense

Use

This tense used to explain event that happen in the past time.

Formula

(+) S+V2+O

(-) S+did+not+V2+O

(?) Did+S+V2+O


He went to the party last night

Negative sentence:

He did not go to the party last night


Did he go to the party last night?

6. Past Continuous Tense

Use

This tense used to say what were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the past.

Formula

(+) S+was/were+V.ing+O

(-) S+was/were+not+V.ing+O

(?) Was/were+S+V.ing+O


He was playing football yesterday

Negative sentence:

He was not playing football yesterday


Was he playing football yesterday?

7. Past Perfect Tense

Use

The past perfect tense expresses action in the past before another action in the past.

Formula

(+) S+had+V3+O

(-) S+had+not+V3+O

(?) Had+S+V3+O


The train had left before I arrived

Negative sentence:

The train had not left before I arrived


Had the train left before I arrived?

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Use

The past perfect continuous tense is like the past perfect tense, but it expresses longer actions in the past before another action in the past.

Formula

(+) S+had+been+V.ing+O

(-) S+had+not+been+V.ing+O

(?) Had+S+been+V.ing+O

Example Tense Positive tense

She had been cooking a vegetable when he come

Negative sentence:

She had not been cooking a vegetable when he come


Had she been cooking a vegetable when he come?

9. Simple Future Tense

Use

This tense used to explain a certain actions that happen in the future.

Formula

(+) S+Will+V1

(-) S+Will+not+V1

(?) Will+S+V1?


President will at Nederland the day after tomorrow

Negative tense

President will not at Nederland the day after tomorrow

Interrogative

Will President at Nederland he day after tomorrow?

10. Future Continuous Tense

Use

This tense used to expressing action that will happen in a certain time in the future.

Formula

(+) S+Will+be+V.ing

(-) S+Will+not+be+V.ing

(?) Will+S+be+V.ing


I will be writing a comic

Negative tense

I will not be writing a comic

Interrogative

Will I be writing a comic?

11. Future Perfect Tense

Use

This tense is used when we talk about the past in the future.

Formula

(+) S+Will+Have+V3

(-) S+Will+not+Have+V3

(?) Will+S+Have+V3


At this time next month, they will have finished my English course

Negative tense

At this time next month, they will not have finished my English course

Interrogative

Will this time they have finished my English course?

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Use

The Future perfect continuous tense used to talk about a long action before some point future.

Formula

(+) S+Will+Have+been+V.ing

(-) S+Will+not+Have+been+V.ing

(?) Will+S+Have+been+V.ing


Oka will have been drawing the sketch

Negative tense

Oka will not have been drawing the sketch

Interrogative

Will Oka have been drawing the sketch

13. Past Future Tense

Use

This tense is used to express the events that will be done, but in the past, not the present.

Formula

(+) S+Would+V1

(-) S+would+not+ V1

(?) Would+S+V1


I would go to the campus

Negative tense

I would not go to the campus

Interrogative

Would I go to the campus?

14. Past Future Continuous Tense

Use

Past future continuous tense tell an action would be in progress in the past.

Formula

(+) S+Was/were+Going to be+V.ing

(-) S+Was/were+not+Going to be+V.ing

(?) Was/were+S+Going to be+V.ing


She was going to be cooking this morning

Negative tense

She was not going to be cooking this morning

Interrogative

Was she going to be cooking this morning?

15. Past Future Perfect Tense

Use

This tense is restates the action stated in future perfect tense but with different time dimension, it is in past time whilst the future perfect is in future time (not happen yet).

Formula

(+) S+Would+Have+V3

(-) S+would+not+Have+V3

(?) Would+S+Have+V3


I would have drunk the milk last night

Negative tense

I would not have drunk the milk last night

Interrogative

Would you have drunk the milk last night?

16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Use

Past future continuous tense emphasizes on the course and the duration of the action. Past future perfect continuous tense

is used to tell an action which would have been happening until the certain time in the past.

Formula

(+) S+would+Have been+V.ing

(-) S+would+not Have been+V.ing

(?) Would+S+Have been+V.ing?


Triad would have been working for 6 years when he get fired

Negative tense

Triad would not have been working for 6 years when he get fired

Interrogative

Would Triad have been working for 6 years when he get fired?

Modal VerbsModal and Modal Phrases (Semi-Modals)A modal is a type of auxiliary (helping) verb that is used to express: ability, possibility, permission or obligation. Modal phrases (or semi-modals) are used to express the same things as modals, but are a combination of auxiliary verbs and the preposition to. The modals and semi-modals in English are:

1. Can/could/be able to2. May/might3. Shall/should4. Must/have to5. Will/would

Can, Could, Be Able ToCan, could and be able to are used to express a variety of ideas in English:

Ability/Lack of Ability

Present and Future:

can/can’t + base form of the verb

1. Tom can write poetry very well.2. I can help you with that next week.3. Lisa can’t speak French.

am / is / are / will be + able to + base form of the verbam not/ isn’t / aren’t/ won’t be + able to + base form of the verb

1. Mike is able to solve complicated math equations2. The support team will be able to help you in about ten minutes.3. I won’t be able to visit you next summer.

Past:

could / couldn’t + base form of the verb

1. When I was a child I could climb trees.

was / were + able to + base form of the verbwasn’t / weren’t + able to + base form of the verbhasn’t / haven’t + been able to + base form of the verb

1. I wasn’t able to visit her in the hospital.2. He hasn’t been able to get in touch with the client yet.

Note: Can and could do not take an infinitive (to verb) and do not take the future auxiliary will.

Incorrect: I can to help you this afternoon. Correct: I can help you this afternoon. Correct: I will (I’ll) be able to help you this afternoon.

Possibility / Impossibility

can / can’t + base form of the verb

1. You can catch that train at 10:43.2. He can’t see you right now. He’s in surgery.

could + base form of the verb

1. I could fly via Amsterdam if I leave the day before.

Ask Permission / Give Permission

Can + Subject + base form of the verb (informal)

1. Can you lend me ten dollars?

Can + base form of the verb (informal)

1. You can borrow my car.

Could + subject + base form of the verb (polite)

1. Could I have your number?2. Could I talk to your supervisor please?

Make a suggestion – To make a suggestion use:

Could + base form of the verb (informal)

1. You could take the tour of the castle tomorrow.

Exercises: Can, Could, Be able toFill in the correct form of can, could or be able to as in the examples.

1. Ben could not help his little brother with his homework yesterday.2. Can I call you later tonight?

1. _______ Tony run long distances when he was a boy?2. ______ you please call a tow truck for me? My car broke down. (polite)3. The students _______ to buy their textbooks today. The bookstore is all out of them.4. ______ you teach me how to fix my computer? You’re so good at it.5. ______ you ______ reach the customer if you call him at 4:00 his time?

Answers:

1. Could2. Could3. aren’t able4. Can5. Will/be able to

May, MightFormal Permission / Formal Prohibition

may / may not + base form of the verb

1. You may start your exam now.2. You may not wear sandals to work.

Polite Request

May + subject + base form of the verb

1. May I help you?

Possibility / Negative Possibility

may/ might + base form of the verb

1. We may go out dinner tonight. Do you want to join us?2. Our company might get the order if the client agrees to the price.

may not / might not + base form of the verb

1. Adam and Sue may not buy that house. It’s very expensive.2. They might not buy a house at all.

To Make a Suggestion (when there is no better alternative)

may as well / might as well + base form of the verb

1. You may as well come inside. John will be home soon.2. We might as well take Friday off. There’s no work to be done anyway.

Polite Suggestion

might + base form of the verb

1. You might like to try the salmon fillet. It’s our special today.

Exercises: May / MightFill in the correct form of may or might as in the example.

1. May I sit here?

1. They ______ finish the project on time. The main engineer is ill.2. You _____ want to stop by the museum gift shop on your way out.3. _____ I have your autograph?4. He _______ visit the Louvre. He’s in Paris anyway.5. You ______ park your car here. It’s reserved for guests of the hotel only.

Answers:

1. might not2. might3. May4. may as well5. may not

Shall, Should, Ought toTo Offer of Assistance or Polite Suggestion (When you are quite sure of a positive answer)

Shall + subject + base form of the verb

1. Shall we go for a walk?

Note: Shall is only used with I or we. It is used instead of will only in formal English.

To Offer of Assistance or Polite Suggestion (When you are not sure of a positive answer)

Should + subject + base form of the verb

1. Should I call a doctor?

A Prediction or Expectation that Something Will Happen

should/shouldn’t + base form of the verb

1. The proposal should be finished on time.2. I shouldn’t be late. The train usually arrives on time.

To Give Advice

should / ought to + base form of the verb

1. You should check that document before you send it out.2. You ought to have your car serviced before the winter.

To Give Advice (about something you think wrong or unacceptable)

shouldn’t + base form of the verb

1. James shouldn’t teach him words like those.

Exercises: Should, Shouldn’t, Ought ToFill in should, shouldn’t or ought in the following sentences as in the example.

1. He shouldn’t encourage such bad behavior.

1. You _____ get your teeth cleaned at least once a year.2. The house ______ be ready to move into by next month. It’s almost finished.3. Ron ________ to improve his attitude. If he doesn’t, he might get fired.4. ________ I get your jacket? It’s cold in here.5. You ________ put your feet on the table. It’s not polite.

Answers:

1. should2. should3. ought4. shall5. shouldn’t

Must, Have to, Need to, Don’t have to, Needn’t

Necessity or Requirement

Present and Future:

must / have to / need to + base form of the verb

1. You must have a passport to cross the border.2. Elisabeth has to apply for her visa by March 10th.3. I need to drop by his room to pick up a book.

Past:

had to / needed to + base form of the verb

1. I had to work late last night.2. I needed to drink a few cups of coffee in order to stay awake.

Note: have to and need to are often used in the same context, but many times, need to is used to express something that is less urgent, something in which you have a choice.

Almost 100% Certain

must + base form of the verb

1. Thomas has lived in Paris for years. His French must be very good.

To Persuade

must / have to + base form of the verb

1. You must try this wine. It’s excellent.2. You have to visit us while you’re in town.

Prohibited or Forbidden

must not / mustn’t + base form of the verb

1. You must not drive over the speed limit.2. You mustn’t leave medicines where children can get to them.

Lack of Necessity

don’t /doesn’t /didn’t + have to + base form of the verb

1. You don’t have to park the car. The hotel valet will do it for you.2. Tim doesn’t have to go to school today. It’s a holiday.3. You didn’t have to shout. Everyone could hear you.

needn’t + base form of the verb

1. You needn’t worry about me. I’ll be fine.

Exercises: Must, Have to, Need to, Don’t Have to, Needn’tFill in the blanks with one of these modals:must, must not, have to, has to, don’t have to, doesn’t have to, needn’t as in the examples.There may be more than one correct answer.

1. Shira doesn’t have to drive to the airport. She’s going by taxi.2. You must speak politely to the customers.

1. You ______ tell Anna about the party tomorrow night. It’s a surprise! (must not, need to, doesn’t have to)

2. Tina _______ register for her classes on Monday, otherwise she won’t get a place in them. (doesn’t have to, mustn’t, has to)

3. You ________ send that fax. I’ve already sent it. (must, will have to, don’t have to)4. A dog ______ get special training in order to be a guide dog. (must, need to, don’t

have to)5. Jeremy _______ get up early tomorrow. His class was cancelled. (mustn’t, doesn’t

have to, don’t need to)

Answers:

1. must not2. has to3. don’t have to4. must5. doesn’t have to

Modals: Will / Would

will / won’t + base form of the verb

1. John will pick you up at 7:00am.2. Beth won’t be happy with the results of the exam.

Polite Request or Statement

Will / Would + base form of the verb

1. Will you please take the trash out?2. Would you mind if I sat here?3. I’d (I would) like to sign up for your workshop.

Habitual Past Action

Would/Wouldn’t + base form of the verb

1. When I was a child, I would spend hours playing with my train set.2. Peter wouldn’t eat broccoli when he was a kid. He loves it now.

Exercises: will, wouldFill in the blanks with one of the following words: will, won’t, would, wouldn’t.

1. Will you please help me lift this box?

1. I ______ like to order the onion soup please.2. The manager _______ be pleased to hear that a customer slipped on the wet floor.3. _______ it be okay if I slept here tonight?4. When Igor lived in Russia, he ________ call his mother as often as he does now.5. I can assure you sir, the order ______ be shipped out tonight.

Answers:

1. would2. won’t3. would4. wouldn’t5. will

Exercises – All ModalsFill in the blanks with the correct form of the following modals:can, could, be able to, may, might, shall, should, must, have to, don’t have to, need to- You may have to make the modals negative according to the context of the sentence.- There may be more than one possibility.

1. He has to take his car to be serviced. The brakes are squeaking.2. Would you please save me a seat at the dinner event.

1. If you are sick, you ________ go to work. You’ll infect everyone there.2. Drivers _______ stop at red lights.3. You _______ finish the proposal today. You can finish it tomorrow.4. She ______ hear much better with her new hearing aids.5. ______ I order us a bottle of wine?6. Sam ______ pick his daughter up from school. She’s taking the bus home.7. You _____________ smoke here. It’s a smoke-free building.8. You ________ eat so many sweets. They are bad for you.9. _________ you mind walking a little faster? We’re going to be late.10. I’m sorry. I _______ help you. I don’t know how to do it.

Answers:

1. shouldn’t

2. must3. don’t have to4. can5. shall6. needn’t7. mustn’t8. shouldn’t9. would10. can’t

TENSES AND AUXILARY

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INGGRIS BAB1