Innovation, Industry, and NIST - sim-metrologia.org.br Olthoff (NIST... · Innovation, Industry, and NIST ... 591 services 591 services in eight ... 2 mm o Mechanical or thermal shock

Innovation, Industry, Innovation, Industry, Innovation, Industry, Innovation, Industry,

and NISTand NISTand NISTand NIST

Dr. James K. Olthoff, DirectorDr. James K. Olthoff, Director

Physical Measurement Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Metrology for Innovation Symposium

16 November 2016

Outline

•NIST and today’s world of metrology

• NIST – Industry interactions

• Innovative metrology• Innovative metrology

• Future Challenges

2

NIST: Innovation and Competiveness

Penny Penny Penny Penny PritzkerPritzkerPritzkerPritzker

Secretary of Commerce

National Oceanic and

Atmospheric

Administration

International Trade

Administration

National Institute of Standards

& Technology

Under Secretary of Commerce for

Standards and Technology

Economics and

Statistics

Administration

…Patent and

Trademark Office

Dr. Willie May

NIST Director

NIST’s mission is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial

competitiveness by advancing

measurement science, standards, and technology

in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.

Scientific and

Engineering

Research

Manufacturing

Extension

Partnership

Centers

NIST: Who we are and what we do

Program in

Performance

Excellence

Advanced

Manufacturing

National Program

Office

Research at NIST has

garnered five Nobel

Prizes since 1997

• The development and maintenance of standards provides the first and primary reason for NIST’s

existence. This standards work must keep abreast with the expansion of the frontiers of science.

• Our deep and broad research expertise and competencies support expanding standard needs as well

as technological innovation

An ever broadening mission

• Our non-regulatory status enables our important role as a convener to facilitate collaborations

between industry and government

Nanomanufacturing: New

measurement tools for advanced

materials manufacturing

Advanced Communications:

Testbeds, quality control, interoperability for

next-generation communications

Cybersecurity:

Improved response to

cyber threats

20161901Support for the

Industrial Revolution Advanced Communications

Advanced Manufacturing

Advanced Materials

Interoperability of fire hose screw threads

Evolution of the NIST role

Biosciences

Cyber-physical Systems

Quantum Science

Cybersecurity

Forensic Science

Disaster Resilience

Light bulb standards

Standards for Iron and Steel

Work to reduce railway

accidents

“When you can measure what you are speaking about, you

MetrologyThe science of measurement; a system of measures

“When you can measure what you are speaking about, you

know something about it. But when you cannot measure

it, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind.

It may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have

scarcely advanced to the stage of science.”

William Thomson, Lord Kelvin

PML: Core MissionThe System of Physical Measurements in the U.S.

PML seeks to ensure that the US measurement system is…

• Scientifically based• Scientifically based

• Internationally accepted

• Realized in practice

• Disseminated for routine uses

• Disseminated fornew and novel uses

• Maintained and improved

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SI dissemination methodologies in practice

9

Send us an artifact;

We’ll measure it and return it.

Example shown here: Gauge

blocks and other artifacts used as

dimensional metrology standards.

Other examples: masses, resistors

and other electrical devices.

Send us an instrument;

We’ll calibrate it and return it.

Example shown here: Proving ring

for force metrology.

Other examples: thermometers,

pressure gauges, photodiodes

(e.g., for optical power).

Don’t send us anything;

Buy one, and we’ll ship it to you.

Example shown here: Ocean

Shellfish Radionuclide Standard

(SRM 4358). Other examples:

certain lamps and photodiodes for

photometry and radiometry.

Don’t send us anything; We’ll

observe something together.

Example shown here: GPS satellite

constellation (atomic clocks on

orbit). Satellite common-view

used to transfer precision time

and frequency standards.

NIST calibration services 591 services 591 services 591 services 591 services in eight metrology areasin eight metrology areasin eight metrology areasin eight metrology areas

Dimensional Electromagnetic Environmental Ionizing RadiationLength Voltage Ozone Measurements Radioactivity

Angular Resistance Mercury Measurements Sources & Dosimetry

Diameter and Roundness Power and Energy (Neutron, x ray, gamma

Complex Dimensional EM Field Strength ray, and electron)Complex Dimensional EM Field Strength ray, and electron)

Surface Texture Precision Ratios High Dose Applications

Mechanical Optical Radiation Thermodynamic Time and FrequencyMass Photometry Thermometry Time Dissemination

Force Optical Properties of Mtls Pressure and Vacuum Frequency Measurement

Volume and Density Color and Appearance Humidity Oscillator Characterization

Fluid Flow Spectroradiometry Radiance Temperature Noise Measurement

Acoustics and Vibration Laser Power and Energy Thermal Resistance GPS Receiver Analysis

10

Representative selection

Catalog online at: http://www.nist.gov/calibrations/

Redefinition: The “New” SIFOR THE KILOGRAM

• Artefact based

• Only accessible at one location

• Only accessible at certain times

(3 x in 100 years)

• Only at one nominal value.

Redefinition: The “New” SIFOR THE KILOGRAM

• Artefact based

• Only accessible at one location

• Only accessible at certain times

(3 x in 100 years)

• Only at one nominal value.

• Definition is based on fixed h

• Scalable

• Realization can be performed at any time,

anywhere

Redefinition: The “new” SI

• Quantum SI

– Quantum phenomena

– Fundamental and atomic constants

• Tying metrology to fundamental

• kelvin

– Boltzmann constant

• kilogram

– Planck constant• Tying metrology to fundamental

properties of nature

– Removing artifacts as defining the SI

– Planck constant

• ampere

– Elementary electric charge

• mole

– Avogadro constant

Techniques for Small Masses and Forces• Optomechanical system can balance

mechanical force with photon pressure

force

• Integrated interferometer and

calibrated light source

Fabry-Perot

Interferometer

(for displacement)

Superluminescent diode

(for photon momentum force)

Flexure Stage

(for mass and restoring force)

calibrated light source

• Optical power standards provide

low uncertainty for small force

measurements

– Scales down to the single photon level

– Femtonewton resolution

• Calibration of atomic force microscopy

14

500 um

See: J. Melcher, et al., “A self-calibrating

optomechanical force sensor with femtonewton

resolution,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 233109 (2014);

http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4903801

Outline

• NIST and today’s world of metrology

•NIST – Industry interactions



15

An example: Laser Welding

• Laser welding is an enabling technology - but

no measurement standards

• Goal: Calibrated laser power measurement

during a laser weld

• New radiation pressure technique

measures the very small force of light as it reflects

from a mirror

– Force is proportional to laser power

– Laser beam not absorbed, also used for the weld

– Force measured with commercial scale

ScaleAluminum

housing

Sensing mirror

Progress towards a calibrated laser weld

17

B. Simonds, P. Williams, J. Sowards, J. Hadler

Laser welding: A cooperative effort

Partners provide:

• Samples

– Welds for structural analysis

– Weld processing materials for chemical

analysis

• Beta testing of metrology tools

– Power meters, beam profiles, in-situ

spectroscopy

• Graduate students

• Tech transfer

Another example: Laser trackers

• Used by aerospace industry for large

scale dimensional metrology

• Capable of measuring large-scale

dimensions (up to approximately 120

http://www.faro.com/en-us/solutions/industries/aerospace

dimensions (up to approximately 120

meters in length) with 60 µm precision

• Example application: measurement of

airplane subassemblies at different

supply chain partner sites

• No standards or calibration protocols

Laser trackers: Partnering with industry

Field calibrations

• Develop testing equipment and artifacts

• Adequate artifacts nonexistent

• Worked with industry and commercial partners to develop calibration artifactsdevelop calibration artifacts

Documentary standards

• Develop test methods and error correction analysis

• Develop geometric and optical error propagation models

• Provide technical support to standards writing organizations

• Two major standards published

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Last example: Quantitative imagingPositron Emission Tomography (PET)

Industry Need

• 2 million PET procedures in U.S. annually

• Primary method for monitoring cancer treatment

• Lack of absolute and precise results for comparison

NIST Solution

• Create a S.I.-traceable long-lived (Ge-68) PET phantom

• Commercial NIST-traceable phantoms now shipped by

scanner manufacturers

• Recommended by professional societies and funding

agencies

Outline





22

Quantum-based voltage standards

• DC Volt

– Programmable Josephson

Volt Standard

– Quantized voltages: ±10 V– Quantized voltages: ±10 V

• AC Volt

– Programmable Josephson

Arbitrary Waveform

Synthesizer

– Quantum accuracy up to

1 MHz

23

Josephson voltage systems

24

“Next generation” JVS system

• “Off-the-shelf” instrumentation

• Electronic cyrocooler• Electronic cyrocooler

– No liquid He

– More user friendly

– Fully automated

• Identical performance

25

Cryocooler

Quantum Hall standards

26

GaAs Quantum Hall Resistance• Basis for the Ohm

• Runs at 12.9 kΩ

• Difficult to scale

• Specialized equipment and training

Graphene Quantum Hall Resistance• Runs at 12.9 kΩ

• Runs at higher temperatures

• More easily scalable

• Possible future basis for the Ohm

The ampere by counting e• Make devices to shuttle one electron at a

time at a high frequency using physics of

Coulomb blockade (i.e., charge pump).

island

Electrons shuttling through a Coulomb

blockade device made at NIST

Modulate this gate fast

• Need lots of electrons to make a measureable current, so need many parallel pumps, like concept above

• An historic problem is that traditional metal gated pumps aren’t as stable as we would like

• NIST is developing an all silicon approach to solve this problem

Pressure standard: Mercury manometer

• 400 year old manometer

technology

• 230 kg of mercury• 230 kg of mercury

• Extensive instrumentation

• Slow

• Very expensive

28

Jay Hendricks at the 3 meter Ultrasonic Mercury

Interferometer Manometer

Photonic pressure standard

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Jay Hendricks at the 3 meter Ultrasonic Mercury

Interferometer Manometer

Photonic pressure standard• Compact, portable, quantum-based

primary barometric pressure standard based

on the refractive index of nitrogen

• Range of 0.1 mPa to 360 kPa (3 ½ atm)

– Eight decades of pressure measurement in one – Eight decades of pressure measurement in one

instrument, replaces multiple commercial gauge

technologies

• Motivates elimination of mercury-based

pressure standards (manometers)

– Resolution of 0.1 mPa, 35x more sensitive

– 100x as fast

– 1000x lower pressure range

– Accuracy of 10 ppm

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Fixed Length Optical Cavity (FLOC) gauge

measures pressure from optical phase shift

between lower channel (high vacuum) and

upper channel (gas filled)

Outline



• Innovative metrology

•Future Challenges

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Measurements are used everywhere . . .

Goal: NIST-quality measurements and physical standards

available directly where the customer/user needs them.

A vision: Intelligent embedded sensors

• Embed sensors during the manufacturing process

– Temperature and strain monitoring during fabrication

– Improved manufacturing reliability– Improved manufacturing reliability

– Reduced development costs

• Integrated sensor network

– Monitor thermal and pressure cycling during use

– Improved safety and long-term reliability

Emerging technologies

enable disruptive change

• Micro- and Nano-fabrication

– Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)

– Nanoelectronic

– Microfluidics– Microfluidics

– Integrated photonics (solid state lasers)

• Superconducting systems

• Quantum-based standards and phenomena

– Fundamental atomic and molecular properties

– New material properties

– Ultracold systems

34

NIST Prototype (2004)

Commercialized (2011)

Emerging technologies

enable disruptive change

• Micro- and Nano-fabrication

– Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)

– Nanoelectronic

– Microfluidics

A 21st century toolkit can enable

the development of a new

generation of artifacts and – Microfluidics

– Integrated photonics (solid state lasers)

• Superconducting systems

• Quantum-based standards and phenomena

– Fundamental atomic and molecular properties

– New material properties

– Ultracold systems

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generation of artifacts and

instruments with capabilities

that far exceed those

traditionally used for traceability

In some cases, they might rival

the capabilities of NMI!

Embedded standards

Develop SI-traceable measurements and physical standards that are:

• Deployable in a factory, lab, device, system, home, anywhere...

• Usable:. Small size (usually), low power consumption, rugged,

easily integrated and operated

• Flexible: Provide a range of SI-traceable measurements and standards

(often quantum-based) relevant to the customer’s needs / applications

– One, few, or many measurements from a single small form package

• Manufacturable:

– Potential for production costs commensurate with the applications

– Low cost for broad deployment; or

– Acceptable cost for high-value applications

36

Photonic temperature standard

Legacy technology: Electrical temperature sensors

o Standard in industrial settingso σ ≲ 10 mK @ (-196 ℃ to 500 ℃)

o Hysteresis o Mechanical or thermal shock resets calibration2 mm

37

100 µm

Photonic thermometer (Thermodynamic Metrology Group, PML, NIST)

2 µm

Standard platinum resistance thermometer Industrial Pt PRT

Replacement technology: Photonic crystal cavity sensorso Micro/nano-scale sizeo Can be embedded

o Low cost and weighto Immune to electromagnetic

interference

o Negligible hysteresiso Fast response timeo Can tolerate harsh conditions

o CMOS technology compatible

New photonic sensorsSi3N4 nanobeam optomechanical crystal

m

BTk

B

A

ωh=

2

A

B correlation

• Extremely stable, precise compact optical temperature sensors

on a chip

• Comparable in performance to state-of-the-art transfer

standards

• Working toward quantum standards

New approach to E-field measurements• Electromagnetically induced transparency

of alkali atoms in Rydberg states– Stark splitting

– Amplitude measurement becomesa frequency measurement

– Self calibrating– Self calibrating

• Very weak E-fields, < 1 mV/m, to strong fields

• Broadband: 1 GHz to 500 GHz (maybe 1 THz)

• Less perturbative than conventional probe

• Potentially small and compact probes– At end of optical fibers

– Small cells to have reduced uncertainties

39

(a)

Vapor Cell (Rb atoms)

L

(b)

RF Source Coupling (blue light)

Detector

Probe (red light)

Chip-scale atomic magnetometers

• Derived from Chip-Scale Atomic Clock research

– Similar technology

– Optimized to be sensitiveto small magnetic fields

• May replace some SQUIDs

– Femtotesla sensitivity

– Operates at room temperature

• Application areas include:

– Magnetoencephalography

– Fetal magnetocardiography

40

See: Phys. Med. Biol. 60, 4797–4811 (2015)

doi:10.1088/0031-9155/60/12/4797

Chip-scale optical atomic clock

• Miniaturization of frequency comb allows design of chip-scale optical atomic clocks

• Applications in communication, • Applications in communication, navigation, and spectroscopy

• Technical path forward for 1000 times better performance on all sensors derived from microwave CSAC design (magnetometers, gyroscopes, gravimeters, etc.)

41

See: Optica 1 (1), 10-14 (2014)

http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.1.000010

Microcomb optical clock with Rb atoms. A pump laser excites

a chip-based microresonator (see micrograph at right) to

create a 33 GHz spacing comb. Two lines of the comb 108

modes apart are stabilized to Rb transitions. The output is the

33 GHz microcomb line spacing, with stability better than the

rubidium transitions by a factor of 108.

Another possibility: Dosimetry on a chip

Industry Need

• Phase out Co-60

• Low-energy e-beam processing

• Personalized medicine

NIST Solution

• e-gray – absolute dose with electrons

• Chip-scale photonic sensors

Potential Impacts in manufacturing, trade,

medicine, biology, security

Shape-shifting sensor of

conditions deep within the body• NIST and National Institutes of Health (NIH) have devised

and demonstrated a new, micrometer-scale probe for high-

resolution chemical sensing deep within living organisms

• Novel devices, called geometrically encoded magnetic

sensors (GEMs), are microengineered metal-gel sandwiches

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sensors (GEMs), are microengineered metal-gel sandwiches

about 5 to 10 times smaller than a single red blood cell

• Magnetic, MRI biosensors can be used deeper in body than

optical, infrared techniques

• See: G. Zabow, S.J. Dodd and A.P. Koretsky, “Shape-changing

magnetic assemblies as high-sensitivity NMR-readable

nanoprobes,” Nature, Online March 16, 2015.

https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14294

Example sensor for local pH.

Hydrogel between two magnetic disks

shrinks with decreasing pH, changing

resonance frequency of the device.

Locations are mapped using magnetic

resonance imaging (MRI).

Credit: Sean Kelley / NIST

Possible Implications

44


• For NIST

– Focus shifts from developing best measurements we can do at NIST to best measurements we can do away from NIST

• For industry and users of metrology

– How will we obtain traceability?

– How will new sensor technology impact products?from NIST

– Technology transfer

• For NMIs

– What is the future of calibrations?

– What about mutual recognition?

– Measurement expertise still essential

– Training

impact products?

– How will the common use of quantum standards impact accreditation?

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• For NIST






• For NMIs




– Training

impact products?


46


• For NIST






• For NMIs




– Training

impact products?


47


• For NIST






• For NMIs




– Training

impact products?


• For metrologists

– Exciting times

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Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!

Any questions?Any questions?Any questions?Any questions?

[email protected]@[email protected]@nist.gov

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Documents

Innovation, Industry, and NIST - sim-metrologia.org.br Olthoff (NIST... · Innovation, Industry, and NIST ... 591 services 591 services in eight ... 2 mm o Mechanical or thermal shock