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Innovations in Sustainability PPP
W & C F iWomen & Cocoa Farming:“Bridging The Gap”g g p
What happened?
• M.D.G.3 • V.I.P.
M I P• M.I.P.• M.O.M..O. .
Women Play Key Role:
• Finance & bankability y• Family, Water & Health
F d S i & N i i• Food Security & Nutrition• Educationduca o• Rural Development
Gender equality produces a double dividend:dividend:
It benefits both women and children
UN SourcesUN ‐ Sources
A mother’s education is strongly linked to her children’s health and educationto her childrens health and education prospects.
UN SourcesUN ‐ Sources
Women perform 66 % of the world’s work, produce 50% of the food, but onlywork, produce 50% of the food, but only manage 10% of the income and only
1% f th town 1% of the property……
UN SourcesUN ‐ Sources
Cocoa specific findings:Cocoa specific findings:
Wives of cocoa farmers are regularly involved in 12 of the 19 key stages ininvolved in 12 of the 19 key stages in cocoa production
BMGF gender case study in CDIBMGF gender case study in CDI
Lead role in tending the young cocoa treestrees
Lead role in performing post-harvest activitiesactivities
BMGF gender case study in CDIBMGF gender case study in CDI
Yet in general men take over control of production and income when cash cropsproduction and income when cash crops enter higher-value export market
BMGF gender case study in CDIBMGF gender case study in CDI
G tti t k f l Getting to know female cocoa farmerscocoa farmersAnna Laven, senior advisor sustainable economic developmentNoortje Verhart senior advisor social development and gender Noortje Verhart, senior advisor social development and gender equity
S t i bilit i th tSustainability in the cocoa sector
• Serious commitment towards sustainable cocoa• Serious commitment towards sustainable cocoa
• Direct linkages with cocoa farmers
• Providing package of services towards large numbers of g p g g
cocoa farmers: GAP, business training, inputs and credit
• Goals are related to increased productivity levels and higher
income (prosperity)
• Other objectives: sustainable livelihood, food security, better
i i ( ll b i )nutrition (well-being)
Amsterdam, The Netherlands www.kit.nl
Gender breakdown of ownership and labor f pin West- Africa cocoa farming households
Men
Women
By farm ownership
By cocoa farming
labor
By food crop labor
Amsterdam, The Netherlands www.kit.nl
Source: CLP survey; Empowering Women and Fighting Poverty: Cocoa and Land Rights in West Africa: International Food and Policy Research Institute; Dalberg analysis
What does this result in?
• Limited access to land
What does this result in?
• Limited access to markets
• Limited access to training and inputs
• Limited access to credit facilities• Limited access to credit facilities
• Limited access to cooperative membership and decision-
making bodiesg
Amsterdam, The Netherlands www.kit.nl
Circle of exclusionCircle of exclusion
• Current interventions aimed at sustainability in the cocoa sector do not always address this problem of unequal sector do not always address this problem of unequal access.
• Risk: Majority of women who are significantly involved in • Risk: Majority of women who are significantly involved in cocoa farming are not reached out in current sustainability programs and initiatives
• Is this efficient? • Is it fair?• Is it sustainable? Is it sustainable?
Amsterdam, The Netherlands www.kit.nl
i hHow to improve outreach to women?
1. Acknowledge and 1. Acknowledge and understand differences between men and women
2. Acknowledge and understand differences understand differences among women
3. Understand different challenges these women are facing
4 Adapt interventions 4. Adapt interventions
Amsterdam, The Netherlands www.kit.nl
F l f i W t Af iFemale cocoa farmers in West Africa
Ama is the head of the householdAma is the head of the household, living on her farm with three children to take care of. She hires labour, makes the farm decisions and receives direct
Ama
the farm decisions and receives direct income from cocoa
Nora lives on a family cocoa farm. Three years ago she asked her husband for a piece of landago she asked her husband for a piece of land, and now she farms a small plot of cocoa herself, next to working with her husband.
Nora
Rosa lives on a family cocoa farm. She works on the family farm five days a week from 08.00 am to 03.00 pm. Next to cocoa she farms other crops.
R
03.00 pm. Next to cocoa she farms other crops. Her husband makes the decisions on the farm and when cocoa is sold, she only gets some money if her husband is willing to give her a small part of
Rosag g p
the revenue
Destiny is a young woman of 16 years old. She grew up on a cocoa farm. She helps her parents on the farm and does chores around the house. She went to secondary school and she is dreaming of a white-collar job. Destiny
Adapt interventions & learning• Farmers come first! Make sure you know them!y
• Gender equality and gender equity
• Address knowledge gaps
• Enhance learning
Amsterdam, The Netherlands www.kit.nl
L i iLearning questions• How does gender equality and equity affect productivity and
quality of cocoa production? How does this contribute to a quality of cocoa production? How does this contribute to a healthy cocoa farm and to rural development?
• What are opportunity costs for women to become more • What are opportunity costs for women to become more involved in cocoa? And what are the opportunity costs of not involving them?
• What are innovations and (best) practices? How can we promote and upscale them?
• What kind of service delivery model works both for men and for women?
• How do female cocoa farmers define empowerment?
Th C V l Ch i iThe Cocoa Value Chain in Honduras: a closer look on
gender at the production linkgender at the production link
Presented by Iván Rodríguez
At 22nd PARTNERSHIP MEETING & ROUNDTABLE SESSIONS
Presented by Iván Rodríguez
At 22nd PARTNERSHIP MEETING & ROUNDTABLE SESSIONSAt 22nd PARTNERSHIP MEETING & ROUNDTABLE SESSIONS
• Zurich, October 25th 2012
At 22nd PARTNERSHIP MEETING & ROUNDTABLE SESSIONS
• Zurich, October 25th 2012
Overview
Swisscontact’s work in Honduran Agricultural SectorSwisscontact s work in Honduran Agricultural Sector
General context: Honduran Gender Inequality
Gender in the Cocoa Value Chain ‐ Participation by sex ‐ Access to Factors influencing Productivity
(disaggregated by sex)‐ Example of interventions to overcome gender constraints
Challenges
Swisscontact’s work in the Honduran Agricultural Sector
The Pymerural Program (2008‐2014?):
SDC Founded + IADB + EC
Honduras + Nicaragua CHF 14.4 Mio
12 V l Ch i f th i C (CVC)12 Value Chains, one of them is Cocoa (CVC)
Interventions in Cocoa VC (2009‐ to date) = CHF 392,000
– Nationwide: strategic coordination for CVC development, supporting Ministry of Agriculture to work with NGOs and Private Sector
– Geographically concentrated projects: productivity improvements, postharvest, value‐added, access to finance, business and organizational management
General Context: Gender Inequality Index Across Cocoa Producer and Importer Countries
BelgiumFrance
GermanySwitzerlandNetherlands In Honduras:
Gender Inequality Index 0.511 (105/146 countries)W 51 5 % f t t l l ti (49 8 % i l )
ChinaUnited Kingdom
CanadaItaly
JapanBelgium Women = 51.5 % of total population (49.8 % in rural )
18% of parliamentary seats32% vs 37% of men, have reached secondary education40% vs 80% of men, participation in labor market
MexicoVenezuela …Philippines
PeruUnited States
Malaysia 11.3 % in agricultural labor sectorLand tenure is 27.6 %
IndonesiaColombiaDominican …
EcuadorBrazil
Mexico
0.511
CameroonGhana
Tanzania …Uganda
HondurasNicaragua
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700
Côte d'IvoireCameroon
3,500
Cocoa Value Chain in Honduras, participation by sex, source: Pymerural –Swisscontact
Nurseries Production Collection Fermentation Selection + qualitycontrol Export
2,910 3,000
38
20
25
30
35
40 14%6’700
2 000
2,500
rson
s
13
03 4
04 4
0
5
0
5
10
15
20
Collection + Classification Exporter Interediaries Chocolate
86%
1,594
1,500
2,000
Num
ber of Per Fermentingp
(Producer Association)
Production
449
815 1,000
N
449
232 179 281
186
‐
500
Nurseries employees Producer Associations Membership
Production Production Employees
Value Chain Function
Production
Access to Factors and their influence on Productivity (disaggregated by sex)Increase AccessEnhance effectiveness
450Increase Access and Affordability
Enhance effectiveness and outreach
237
388
212 220263
200
250
300
350
400
ivity (Kg/Ha)
100%
28115%
208 Kg/Ha
150 150125
0
50
100
150
200
No Yes No YesProd
ucti
58%
67% 69%70%
80%
90%No Yes No Yes
Organic Fertilizers? Hire Labor?
52%58%
51%45%
40%
50%
60%
Cocoa
1’59485%
250 Kg/Ha
11% 12%10% 12%10%
20%
30%
Cocoa Producers
Womenaccess
0%
0%
Organized? Technical Assistance?
Access to Credit Organic Fertilizers?
Hire Labor?
access to land
Cash flow dependency on Cocoa and Productivity, Honduras 2011
400
250
300
350
Kg/H
a)
100
150
200
250
oductivity (K
0
50
100
<30% 30% 50% ±100%
Pro
<30% 30% 50% ±100%Cash flow dependency on Cocoa
Example of intervention to overcome gender constraints… Access to Land & Access to Credit
Access to Land and access to Credit
Water Management
Donor
gInstitutions
(PES)
Financial Provider
Assigning Municipal Land in Deforested watersheds
Trust Fund Managed by Financial Services
Municipality International buyer
Privileging access for single mothers
Services Provider
Working capitalPrivileging access for Women
Hire Labor Organic Fertilizers
Honduran Cocoa Value Chain… Key Challenges in the production link
• Effectiveness of Technical Assistance
• Quick access to assets to increase productivityQuick access to assets to increase productivity in a profitable way to support lower prices
• Cash flow dependency on cocoa productivity• Cash flow dependency on cocoa, productivity gaps and diversification
B i M d l C lid i i h b• Business Model Consolidation with buyers
• Design interventions to reduce gender gaps (at farm and household level) … multidisciplinary approach
! TinKi Pali !! TinKi Pali !