Inside Java - The Java Programming Language - An Introduction

8/8/2019 Inside Java - The Java Programming Language - An Introduction

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Inside Java :

The Java Programming Language

By David Reilly

Inside Java offers a glimpse behind the Java platform, and related technologies. In this month's column, I'll

show you an overview of the Java programming language.

Java - an island of Indonesia, a type of coffee, and a programming language. Three very different meaningseach in varying degrees of importance. Most programmers, though, are interested in the Java programming

language. In just a few short years (since late 1995), Java has taken the software community by storm. Itsphenomenal success has made Java the fastest growing programming language ever. There's plenty of hype

about Java, and what it can do. Many programmers, and end-users, are confused about exactly what it is,

and what Java offers.

Java is a revolutionary language

The properties that make Java so attractive are present in other programming languages. Many languagesare ideally suited for certain types of applications, even more so than Java. But Java brings all theseproperties together, in one language. This is a revolutionary jump forward for the software industry.

Let's look at some of the properties in more detail: -

object-oriented

portable

multi-threaded

automatic garbage collection

secure

network and "Internet" aware simplicity and ease-of-use

Object-oriented

Many older languages, like C and Pascal, wereprocedurallanguages. Procedures (also called functions)

were blocks of code that were part of a module or application. Procedures passed parameters (primitive datatypes like integers, characters, strings, and floating point numbers). Code was treated separately to data. You

had to pass around data structures, and procedures could easily modify their contents. This was a source of

problems, as parts of a program could have unforeseen effects in other parts. Tracking down whichprocedure was at fault wasted a great deal of time and effort, particularly with large programs.

In some procedural language, you could even obtain the memory location of a data structure. Armed with

this location, you could read and write to the data at a later time, or accidentally overwrite the contents.

Java is an object-orientedlanguage. An object-oriented language deals with objects. Objects contain both

data (member variables) and code (methods). Each object belongs to a particularclass, which is a blueprintdescribing the member variables and methods an object offers. In Java, almost every variable is an object of

some type or another - even strings. Object-oriented programming requires a different way of thinking, but

is a better way to design software than procedural programming.

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There are many popular object-oriented languages available today. Some like Smalltalk and Java are

designed from the beginning to be object-oriented. Others, like C++, are partially object-oriented, and

partially procedural. In C++, you can still overwrite the contents of data structures and objects, causing theapplication to crash. Thankfully, Java prohibits direct access to memory contents, leading to a more robust

system.

Portable

Most programming languages are designed for a specific operating system and processor architecture. Whensource code (the instructions that make up a program) are compiled, it is converted to machine code which

can be executed only on one type of machine. This process produces native code, which is extremely fast.

Another type of language is one that is interpreted. Interpreted code is read by a software application (the

interpreter), which performs the specified actions. Interpreted code often doesn't need to be compiled - it istranslated as it is run. For this reason, interpreted code is quite slow, but often portable across different

operating systems and processor architectures.

Java takes the best of both techniques. Java code is compiled into a platform-neutral machine code, which is

called Java bytecode. A special type of interpreter, known as a Java Virtual Machine (JVM), reads thebytecode, and processes it. Figure One shows a disassembly of a small Java application. The bytecode,

indicated by the arrow, is represented in text form here, but when compiled it is represented as bytes to

conserve space.

Figure One - Bytecode disassembly for "HelloWorld"

The approach Java takes offers some big advantages over other interpreted languages. Firstly, the source

code is protected from view and modification - only the bytecode needs to be made available to users.

Secondly, security mechanisms can scan bytecode for signs of modification or harmful code, complimentingthe other security mechanisms of Java. Most of all though, it means that Java code can be compiled once,

and run on any machine and operating system combination that supports a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

Java can run on Unix, Windows, Macintosh, and even the Palm Pilot. Java can even run inside a web

browser, or a web server. Being portable means that the application only has to be written once - and canthen execute on a wider range of machines. This saves a lot of time, and money.

Multi-threaded

If you've ever written complex applications in C, or PERL, you'll probably have come across the concept of

multiple processes before. An application can split itself into separate copies, which run concurrently. Eachcopy replicates code and data, resulting in increased memory consumption. Getting the copies to talk

together can be complex, and frustrating. Creating each process involves a call to the operating system,

which consumes extra CPU time as well.

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A better model is to use multiple threads of execution, referred to as threads for short. Threads can share

data and code, making it easier to share data between thread instances. They also use less memory and CPU

overhead. Some languages, like C++, have support for threads, but they are complex to use. Java hassupport for multiple threads of execution built right into the language. Threads require a different way of

thinking, but can be understood very quickly. Thread support in Java is very simple to use, and the use of

threads in applications and applets is quite commonplace.

Automatic garbage collection

No, we're not talking about taking out the trash (though a computer that could literally do that would be kind

of neat). The term garbage collection refers to the reclamation of unused memory space. When applications

create objects, the JVM allocates memory space for their storage. When the object is no longer needed (no

reference to the object exists), the memory space can be reclaimed for later use.

Languages like C++ force programmers to allocate and deallocate memory for data and objects manually.

This adds extra complexity, but also causes another problem - memory leaks. When programmers forget to

deallocate memory, the amount of free memory available is decreased. Programs that frequently create and

destroy objects may eventually find that there is no memory left. In Java, the programmer is free from such

worries, as the JVM will perform automatic garbage collection of objects.

Secure

Security is a big issue with Java. Since Java applets are downloaded remotely, and executed in a browser,

security is of great concern. We wouldn't want applets reading our personal documents, deleting files, orcausing mischief. At the API level, there are strong security restrictions on file and network access for

applets, as well as support for digital signatures to verify the integrity of downloaded code. At the bytecode

level, checks are made for obvious hacks, such as stack manipulation or invalid bytecode. The strongsecurity mechanisms in Java help to protect against inadvertent or intentional security violations, but it is

important to remember that no system is perfect. The weakest link in the chain is the Java Virtual Machine

on which it is run - a JVM with known security weaknesses can be prone to attack. It is also worth notingthat while there have been a few identified weaknesses in JVMs, they are rare, and usually fixed quickly.

Network and "Internet" aware

Java was designed to be "Internet" aware, and to support network programming. The Java API provides

extensive network support, from sockets and IP addresses, to URLs and HTTP. It's extremely easy to write

network applications in Java, and the code is completely portable between platforms. In languages likeC/C++, the networking code must be re-written for different operating systems, and is usually more

complex. The networking support of Java saves a lot of time, and effort.

Java also includes support for more exotic network programming, such as remote-method invocation (RMI),CORBA and Jini. These distributed systems technologies make Java an attractive choice for largedistributed systems.

Simplicity and ease-of-use

Java draws its roots from the C++ language. C++ is widely used, and very popular. Yet it is regarded as a

complex language, with features like multiple-inheritance, templates and pointers that are counter-productive. Java, on the other hand, is closer to a "pure" object-oriented language. Access to memory

pointers is removed, and object-references are used instead. Support for multiple-inheritance has been

removed, which lends itself to clearer and simpler class designs. The I/O and network library is very easy to

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use, and the Java API provides developers with lots of time-saving code (such as networking and data-

structures). After using Java for awhile, most developers are reluctant to return to other languages, because

of the simplicity and elegance of Java.

Summary

Java provides developers with many advantages. While most of these are present in other languages, Java

combines all of these together into one language. The rapid growth of Java has been nothing short ofphenomenal, and shows no signs (yet!) of slowing down. In next month's column, I'll talk more about the

heart of Java - the Java Virtual Machine.

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Inside Java - The Java Programming Language - An Introduction