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Reconsidering structures in production dynamics: methodological insights from World Agriculture Watch and preliminary elements on Indonesia Authors: Hubert George, JeanFrançois Bélières, MarieAude Even , PierreMarie Bosc, Alice Baudoin. WAW Executive Secretariat, Rome – Montpellier ; SupAgro Montpellier JOURNEE FILIERE PALMIER A HUILE Montpellier, 9 juillet 2012 SPOP ANR 20122015

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Page 1: insights from World Agriculture and preliminary elements ... · Creditprovider for the SmH. Bank to individuals Micro‐creditsystems Bank in partnershipwiththe company and government

Reconsidering structures in production dynamics:

methodological insights from World Agriculture Watch and preliminary elements on Indonesia

Authors:Hubert George, Jean‐François Bélières, Marie‐Aude Even , Pierre‐Marie Bosc, Alice Baudoin. WAW Executive Secretariat, Rome – Montpellier  ; SupAgro Montpellier

JOURNEE FILIERE PALMIER A HUILEMontpellier, 9 juillet 2012

SPOP ANR2012‐2015

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Outline

• The “Why?”: structural change in agriculture 

• Overview Methodological Approach: 4 steps

• What to observe? – Holdings 

– Territory

• Linking with SPOP project– Preliminary elements on typology

– Territorial perspective

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Statistical data indicating that larger farms form an increasing share of the total area of agricultural holdings in France. Similar analyses are possible at sub national scales.

World Census of Agriculture

3WAW First Stakeholders Workshop ‐ FAO ‐

23 to 25 April 2012

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A World Without Agriculture?

From: Timmer, 2009

AGRICULTURAL GDP Share 

AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT Share

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Agrimonde, 2009. Note de synthèse

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Working document  6

Agricultural Transformation

El Oued, ALGERIA

Traditional ‘Ghout’ system•Small, 0.5ha basins, dug to GWL•Low maintenance, •Adapted to desertification•Family production – subsistence•Preserves agro‐biodiversity

‘Modern’ practice•Irrigation•Large fields•Commercial oriented production

Implications?•Incomes

•Water availability•Customary rights & management

•etc

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Why?

• “Production Structures” matters!

• Variable impact according to the type ofstructure and the way they operate

• No systematic international effort to monitorthe phenomenon– The structures and how they evolve– An integrated assessment of their performances

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Overview of the Methodological Framework

FAO 

April 2012

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Why palm oil?

• High differentiation in holding types from large plantation with hired labor to smallholders with diversified assets

• Controversies on the impacts of large scale plantations – Environmental issues – Socio economic impacts on rural development

• Controversies on the type of relations between small holders and large scale plantations

• Connection between global challenges and local situations

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WAW Diagnostic studies at national level

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What to observe?

• Holdings and territories

• Why holdings? – Where decision making takes place: modify the combination of production factors

• Challenge: core set of indicators that could allow international comparison and wider set of indicators to fit with local needs

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The sustainable rural livelihoods framework adapted

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Indicators of Assets: Holding

Should allow international comparisons

HumanSex; Age; Household size; Level/type of education; Labour type (family; permanent employees; temporary)

SocialLand tenure (e.g. legal, informal, rented, ..); Legal status (Household vs. non household –e.g. corporation, cooperative, government); Financial remittances; Level of self consumption; Access to commons; Membership of rural producers associations

NaturalTotal area of holding and by land use types; Presence of forest and other wooded land

FinancialNumber of animals by livestock type; Types of temporary/ permanent  cropsPresence of aquaculture; Other economic production activities (e.g. fishing, collection of forest products,..);Main purpose of production (home consumption or for sale); Access to credit

PhysicalPresence of irrigation; Debt ratio (for commercial enterprises); Agricultural equipment

13

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Business scheme

Bank loans individually granted

Use of Middlemen and money lendersSome cooperatives often mixed with middlemen

Middlemen sell to the oil palm refinery

PIR‐trans

Cooperative of SmH

Bank loans to  cooperative

Cooperatives sell to  company’s mill

SmH can give the management of their plot to the company

KKPA

Buy the FFB from SmH with cash lent by 

money lenders

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Share owned by the farmer within the NES scheme

0‐100 • Entirely private plantation

20‐80

No debts in Bungo district

• A: SmH owns 20% of the palm oil revenue and 20% of the land they gave to the NES

• B: SmH owns 20% of the palm oil revenue and the company is entitled with 100% of the land and 80% of the revenue

30‐70• Farmers entitled with 30% of both revenues and land + consolation fee for the 70% land they gave up

40‐60 • Farmers entitled with 40% of both revenue and land at the price of more debts. 

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Credit provider for the SmHMicro‐credit systemsBank to individuals Bank in partnership with the 

company and government

Management of the plasmaTo the SmH after plantation’smaturation (PIR‐trans scheme) through the SmH cooperative In the hands of the company the 

whole time (KKPA scheme)

Population targetedLocals Trans‐migrants Locals then transmigrants Transmigrants then locals

Share to SmH0% 20% ‐no debt 30%‐debt 40%‐high debt

ownerprivate government

Financial assets

Land assets

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Level of involvment of locals in the decision making process

Through cooperatives Through external organization Through local officials and village heads none

Source of FFB

SmH from their NES scheme Middlemen related to a SmHcooperative Independant middlemen Independent SmH

Labour on the Plasma

SmH on their own plot Hired labour through the cooperative

SmH who participates in the NES wherever labour is required

Only competent workers hiredby the company

Importance of the SmH cooperative

No cooperative (PIR or SmH have no implication with the plot they sold)

Price negociation, garantee for bank loans, revenue distribution betweenSmH

Human asset

Social asset

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0

5

10

15natural

social

humanphysical

financial

SmH NES

SmH NES+indep

SmH independant

Preliminary typology of smallholders

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• Why territories? – Holdings’ decisions affect land use patterns, impact natural resources and environment

– Need to define categories and assess their representativeness

• A need to frame a coherent and comparable system of indicators to assess performances going beyond sole productivity

What to observe?

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Indicators of Assets: TerritoryHuman‐Population with  access to drinking water;   Percentage of rural children under five who are underweight ; Rural infant mortality rate

Social‐Food consumption per capita ; Population density and growth; age profile‐Proportion of the Agricultural population living above the poverty line‐Agricultural and non agricultural employment ; employment profileNatural‐Land cover and use ; Agrarian structure (size of plots, forest, etc.)‐Forest cover and deforestation rate; Protected areas ; Water availability and potential for irrigation; Rate of fragmentation (agriculture, forestry, pasture)

Physical‐Access to market centers (distance , time);  Access to health centers‐Density of road network; Area equipped for irrigation ; 

Financial‐Share of agricultural to total production  (GDP territorial)‐Average interest rate by loan type; Price variability for main products‐Characterization: agricultural value chain and markets 20

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Preliminary characterization of the territory 

• Physical: Farmers included on a NES scheme should have better access to school, health care and water through companies 'investment in infrastructure

• Social: Transmigration (government regulation) and Spontaneous migration => increases population density, diversity. Work on the plasma

• Human: Depending on impact on livelyhoods. Better infrastructure supposedly next to NES scheme => better access to water and health care.

• Natural: Plots fragmented in NES scheme. Deforestation (independent clearing for cultivation, company’s clearing for timber or palm oil or illegal logging). Independent and agro forests: + diversity, sustainability and food security

• Financial: Agriculture main part of income, some areas shared with mining and timber companies. High indebtedness and interest rate not clearly determined for farmers. High variability of prices. 

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•National•International•local 0

4

8H

S

NP

F

Agricultural holdings

Outcomes

Drivers and pressures

Assets

Household or business strategies

Cumulative effects

Influence of outcomes

Type 1

Type 2

Type 3

Territory

Trends and  context

Influence on strategies of agricultural holdings by•Institutions

•Organizations•Social relations

•population•policies•technology•markets•access to natural resources•natural disasters•…

•Economic•Social•Environmental

Activities based on•Natural resources•Other

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Context and trends:

Increasing demand (biofuel, cooking oil, replacement for trans‐fat)

High yields and high prices

New international pressure for more sustainable production and forest protection: RSPO certification

Decentralization program

Structure and activities: Conversion of smallholders  to Palm Oil:

• NES schemes and Trans‐migration program

• Clearing of new areas under Government regulation

• District and village heads  allow or not the installation of the company through technical permit

• Foreign Investment increases in OPP 

Strategies:• Smallholders: intensification in palm oil• Intermediaries : sell fruits at better prices and of a lesser quality to get a margin

• Manipulation on land ownership and forest status

• Organization in cooperatives• ¨RSPO” certification for firms for better « image » and new buyers

Outcomes and performance: 

• Very few improvements on livelihoods

• Lot of farmers dispossessed from their land  and with harder access to the forest resources

• Loss of biodiversity and increased greenhouse gas emissions

• RSPO’s certification difficult to implement and control

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H

S

NP

F

H

S

NP

F

?

Types of holdings

Capital assets at Territorial level

Future projections•Models•Expert Opinion

Retrospective analyses•Agricultural census (time series)•WAW data collection•Expert opinion

‐ 20 years Present ‐ 2012 + 20 yearsTime

‐ 20 years Present ‐ 2012 + 20 years

Assessing trends: Territory

Comparison of capital assets at two selected points in time (labelled ‘before’ and ‘after’) during a continuous process of agricultural transformation

Changes in assets

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Identify different Types of holdings based on distinguishing criteria •Labor; Size, etc.

Characterize each Type of  holding based on 5 capitals•H‐human; S‐Social; N‐Natural; P‐Physical; F‐Financial

Take into consideration Types and Outcomes in policy formulation and planning•Status and trends

WAW Assessment

Livestock

Crops

Forests

Other

Generally increasing •Market integration; Size of holding

Need for robust typology allowing international comparisons

Generally increasing •Diversity•Self consumption

H

S

NP

F

Different livelihood strategies by each Type lead to different outcomes on•Food security•Environmental sustainability•…

CapitalAssets Outcomes

Sectors2

4

1

3

Livelihoodstrategies

Family labor only

Family + Hired laborHired labor only

Type 2

Type 4

Type 5

Type 1

Type 3

A variety of information requested by stakeholders to support decision making processes

•Changing importance of typologies•Disappearance and/or appearance of new typologies may occur

Undertake similar analyses as above for each Type of holding

Changing relative importance of different Types of holdings at Territorial level

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1990 2012 2030

Type 5

Type 4

Type 3

Type 2

Type 1

Current Situation•Uneven progress towards rural development goals•Partly driven by poorly targeted policies and planning

25

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Territory•Consider major farming systems within a policy‐relevant administrative unit•Flexible stakeholder selection of size of administrative unit, considering local issues and efforts for data collection and analysis 

UpscalingUse selected ‘benchmark’ holdings (±statistically representative) to generalize results to the full area of  territory

Summary information ‐on  different types of holdings within the territory

Generalization: Holding to territory

+    agricultural holding

+

++

+

++

+

+

++

+

+

++

+

++

+

+Pastoral

Agro‐pastoral

Type 1

Type 2

Type 3

+

++ ++

+Territory

26

+

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Next steps• Conceptual  and methodological level

– Stabilize our set of indicators on structure / strategies performance assessment

– Harmonize the set of indicators at holding level but also at territorial level and how to link both levels (ie for environment and NR management)? 

– How to conceptualize the “corporation” or enterprise pole of the continuum?  Can the SRL framework be adapted to “corporation” or “non family” holdings? 

• Operational dimension – Apply this framework when possible: SPOP in Indonesia– Short term: use of existing data sets to illustrate structural 

change. What could be possible with palm oil systems? Where?– With IFAD and FAO: a global program, in which a call for 

papers…to better document the global picture – Experimental prototypes of national observation centers (3 in 

project: Viet‐Nam Colombia and Madagascar)

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Thank you for your attention!