Institute of Spaceand Atmospheric Studies

2001

Institute of Space and

Atmospheric Studies

Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan116 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada

Phone: (306) 966-6401 Facsimile: (306) 966-6428Electronic mail: isas@dansas.usask.ca

Web site: http://www.usask.ca/physics/isas

Annual Report

2001

3

Table of Contents

ISAS Facilities

Part A - Highlights of 1997-2001Years of Administrative ChangeCanadian Research ChairsCanadian Space Agency (CSA)ProgramsThe Natural Science and EngineeringResearch Council (NSERC)Outreach: Technology TransferOutreach: Media and GeneralFunding, Staff and Programs

Department of Physics andEngineering Physics Faculty MembersISAS StaffISAS Graduate Students

Part B - Future

Observatory FacilitiesField SitesComputing FacilitiesOptical and Electronic Laboratory FacilitiesParticle Calibration FacilityElectronics and Mechanical Stores Facility

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141415161616

Chair’s Report

Members of the Institute667

Advisory Committee 5

Research Programs

Atmospheric DynamicsMagnetosphere/Ionosphere InteractionsIonospheric PhysicsAeronomy Research

A.H. MansonG.J. Sofko

A.V. Koustov, G.C. HusseyE.J. Llewellyn, D.A. Degenstein

Appendices PublicationsPresentations (Talks, Papers, Posters)Visitors to ISASGraduate Student ThesesAttendance at Meetings or Other VisitsServices and DistinctionsVision Statement

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47495353545557

University of SaskatchewanGovernmentIndustry

ISAS 2001

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5

Peter MacKinnon Michael Atkinson

Mark Evered Michael Corcoran

Gary Kachanoski/ Tom Wishart Dick Neal/ Ken Coates

Keith TaylorFranco Berruti/ R. Billinton

Akira Hirose/ Rob Pywell

Alan Manson

Advisory Committee

GovernmentPresident, Communications Research CentreVice President, Radio Science Branch,Industry Canada, OttawaHead, Geomagnetic LaboratoryGeological Survey of Canada, OttawaChief of Experimental Studies, MeteorologicalService of Canada, Environment Canada,Downsview, ONDirector, Science Program DevelopmentSpace and Atmospheric Sciences,Space Science Program,Canadian Space Agency, OttawaDirector General, Defence Research EstablishmentOttawa (DREO), National Defence, OttawaPresident and CEO, Saskatchewan ResearchCouncil, Saskatoon

IndustryDirector, Corporate Planning and CommunicationsSED Systems - a division of Calian Ltd., SaskatoonPresident, Scientific Instrumentation Ltd., SaskatoonPresident; Kipp & Zonen Inc., SaskatoonPresident, PAKWA Engineering Ltd, Saskatoon

Gerry TurcotteWilliam Sawchuk

Richard Coles

David Wardle

David Kendall

Prakash Bhartia

Dan McFadyen

Don Epp

Larry CooperBen Dieterink

Dennis Johnson

PresidentVice President (Academic)Associate V-P (Academic) designateVice President (Research)Dean, College of Graduate StudiesActing Deans, College of Arts and ScienceAssociate Dean, College of Arts and ScienceDean, College of EngineeringHead, Department of Physics and EngineeringPhysicsChair, Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies

University of Saskatchewan

ISAS 2001

Members of the Institute

Department of Physics and Engineering Physics

Faculty Members

ISAS ExecutiveG.R. Davis

D.A. Degenstein

G.C. Hussey

A.V. Koustov

E.J. Llewellyn

G.J. Sofko

B.Sc. (McMaster), M.Sc. (Toronto), D.Phil. (Oxon.)ProfessorB.Sc., B.E., Ph.D. (Saskatchewan)Assistant ProfessorB.E., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Saskatchewan), P. Eng.,Associate ProfessorM.Sc. (Leningrad State), Ph.D. (Moscow Instituteof Earth Physics), P. Eng., Associate ProfessorB.Sc., Ph.D. (Exeter), D.Sc. (Saskatchewan)F.R.S.C., P.Eng., ProfessorB.A.Sc. (British Columbia), Ph.D. (Saskatchewan)P.Eng., Professor

B.Sc., Ph.D. (Canterbury, N.Z.), ProfessorA.H. MansonISAS Chair

Adjunct Professors

B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Saskatchewan)B.A.Sc., M.A.Sc., Ph.D. (British Columbia)

R.L. GattingerD.R. McDiarmid

Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies Staff

Professional Research Associates

D.A. André

N.D. LloydC.E. Meek

M. Watanabe

B.Sc. (Erlangen-Nurnberg), Ph.D. (Georg-August,Germany), P.Eng.B.Sc. (Hons.), Ph.D. (London)B.A. (Queen’s), M.Sc., Ph.D. (Saskatchewan)B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Japan)

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Research Assistants

T.R. FultonW.R. McMurray

J.K. Taylor

B.E. (Saskatchewan)B.Sc., B.Ed. (Manitoba), Data Assistant/ArchivistB.E., M.Sc. (Saskatchewan)

H. Olivier M.Eng.(Electrical) (South Africa)

Research Engineer

ISAS SecretaryB.Sc. (Hons.) (Saskatchewan), ISAS TechnicianISAS Assistant

D.M. JaroslawskyW.L. Marshall

S.F. Pfeil

Technical and Support Staff

Graduate StudentsPost-Doctoral Fellows (Supervisor)

S. Petelina (Llewellyn)

M.Sc. Students (Supervisor)

A. Bourassa (Llewellyn)

T. Chshyolkova (Manson)

B. Hesman (Davis)

P. Loewen (Llewellyn)

T. Wiensz (Llewellyn)

B. Wilcox (Llewellyn)

Odin IR operation

Influences of Airglow upon the dynamics of the MLTregion

Ground-based Planetary Spectroscopy - James ClerkMaxwell Telescope (JCMT) project

Odin IR Remote Validation

Odin IR Modelling

Odin Ground-based Validation

7ISAS 2001

Odin Aerosol Studies

Summer Students (Supervisor)

K. Lamont (Llewellyn)T. Lengyel (Llewellyn)

P. Marttala, (Hussey) T. Roschuk (Llewellyn)C. Roth (Llewellyn) C. Foley (Llewellyn)

Ionospheric conductance effects in high-latitudephenomenaPlasma processes in the high-latitude ionosphere asseen by coherent radarsStudies of F-region echoes and field-aligned currentsusing SuperDARNInfluences of planetary waves upon the dynamics ofthe MLT regionTheoretical and experimental studies of E-region plasmawavesSuperDARN-derived plasma convection: Comparisonwith other measurements and application to field-aligned current studies

Ph.D. Students (Supervisor)

L. Benkevitch (Koustov)

D.W. Danskin (Koustov)

J. Liang (Sofko)

Y. Luo (Manson)

R. Makarevitch (Koustov)

L. Xu (Koustov)

Chair’s Report

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The two themes of the Terrestrial “Atmo-spheric Environment” (0-100 km) and the Terrestrial“Space Environment” (ionosphere, thermosphere,magnetosphere) are the focus of research within theInstitute of Space and Atmospheric Studies (ISAS).The work has prospered, due to the energetic lead-ership of our seven Professors, who also act as theExecutive and as Principle Investigators (PIs) for themain programs of ISAS. The research activities arebased upon a strong and diverse set of observationalsystems, including ground-based radars and opticalsystems; and optical systems on aircraft, rockets andspace vehicles. The analysis of the data from thesesystems leads to complementary theoretical andmodelling activities, and strong national and globalcollaborations.

A hightlight of this year was the meeting of theAdvisory Committee in November (22nd). There wasa very full attendance of Scientists and SeniorAdministrators from Government Agencies andDepartments, local Industry Presidents and Directors,and University of Saskatchewan Senior Admin-istrators. Their presence, interest and support forour Institute and its Programs are greatly appreciated.Their support for recruitment of Professors for theapproaching retirement of three senior Professorswas much appreciated. At the next meeting it isproposed that we have presentations from membersof the Committee informing ISAS Staff of potentialopportunities that exist for collaboration andinteractions. The report below is the four year (1997-2001) Report made to the Advisory Committee.General readers and supporters will find thedevelopments over these years to be of great interest.

PART A. Highlights of 1997-2001

These have been years of enormous changewith regard to persons in leadership roles in the‘Department of Physics and Engineering Physics’(PEP) and the University. Prof. Rob Pywell wasActing-Head (1997-8), Prof. Akira Hirose was Head(1998-2001), and Dr. Pywell is now Head (2001-04).As a Research Unit in PEP, ISAS flourishes only whenthe Department is being well-operated and the Headis appropriately aware of ISAS activities and needs.As Chair I have spent considerable time working withthe Heads; in particular assisting with PEP financesand serving on the ‘Management Committee’ from1997-2000.

The senior administrators in our University, whoalso serve on the Advisory Committee, have changedcompletely since the 1997 year. Thus in the years2000-2001 efforts were required to ensure that theimportance of ISAS in the Canadian Space Sciencearea was well known to our senior colleagues. They

have all been very generous with their time, interestand support in a variety of ways. Most crucial for ushas been the Office of the Dean (College of Arts andScience). After Dean David Atkinson left, we had aseries of Acting-Deans (Professors ClaudeThompson, Tom Wishart, Dick Neal), before the arrivalof the present Dean, Ken Coates, in January 2001.Shortly after that and in response to the restructuringof the College into Divisions (Natural Sciences, SocialSciences, Fine Arts/Humanities) the Associate Dean(Science Faculty) was appointed (Prof. Keith Taylor).

Both of our Deans have visited ISAS andhave listened to our Science Presentations. The new‘Divisions’ in the College mean that the Sciences willhave more independence and responsibility. We havewaited since 1998 for a ‘permanent’ Dean and thisnew structure, and we look forward to continuing towork with both of these gentlemen and our colleaguesin the other Science Departments.

Years of Administrative Change

9ISAS 2001

Canadian Research Chairs

Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Programs

One of my goals following the 1997 AdvisoryCommittee Meeting was the acquisition of a ResearchChair. Fortunately, an initiative of the FederalGovernment in 2000 provided the necessary focusand opportunity for this: “21st Century Chairs forResearch Excellence”, which became the “CanadianResearch Chairs” Program. We (ISAS) advertisedglobally throughout 2000, to alert prospectivecandidates to the expected opportunities. TheExecutive met in June 2000, a sub-committee broughtforward recommendations to a September meeting,and our top two candidates were invited to ISAS/PEPin the Autumn. There were 20 candidates, many ofexcellent quality, but the two chosen for finalconsideration were truly outstanding and representedthe areas of Space and Atmospheric Environments.The University had been working in parallel, andprovided the “Strategic Research Plan for the CRCProgram” on August 31st,2000. This included six‘thrusts’, including “Environmental Sciences”, whichcontained a “focus” on “Conservation and ClimateChange”.

The University chose to put major emphasisfor the first year’s (2000) CRC Program “decisionpoints” upon in-house candidates, and thenominations from the University in the Autumn weretherefore submitted without a ISAS candidate. Theyear 2001 was filled with considerable activity: the“Theme Committees” became active in January, andDean Ernie Barber (Agriculture) became Chair of the“Environmental Sciences” Committee. Weestablished very strong and important linkagesbetween the Research Proposal of the Candidatechosen by ISAS/PEP and Departments in Arts andScience, and in Agriculture. The forms were submittedto the CRC (Ottawa) in mid September. The positionwas offered to the candidate in December 2001, andwe will reveal his name once the negotiations withthe University are completed for his appointment in2002 (Summer). Especial thanks are due (in orderof calender-time) to Prof. Dick Neal, Deans ErnieBarber, Tom Wishart, Keith Taylor and Ken Coates,and to Julia Taylor (Director of Research Services)and her staff.

The last four Annual Reports (1997-2000)testify to the highly important role of the ‘SpaceScience Program’ (SSP) of the CSA in the programs,funding and science developments in ISAS. Weshould not repeat all of that activity, but providehighlights. I have been close to these matters, as Ihad been a member of the Advisory Committee(STRAC: Solar Terrestrial Relations) since 1991, andwas appointed for a further 4 year term in 2001 to thenew SAEAC Committee (Space and AtmosphericEnvironments Advisory Committee). This newCommittee contains two sub-committees on each ofthe two ‘Environments’. The following is a briefsummary of CSA activities and developments (mostacronyms are defined, but satellite names arediscussed in the specific reports from the Professorswhich follow my report):

1997 - Preparations by the CSA-SSP staff andCanadian scientific community for the Long TermSpace Plan (LTSP-3)- “Space Weather” Workshop (Nov. ISAS)- ISAS involvement with Odin-OSIRIS, MOPITT,WINDII satellites and CANOPUS (ground-based)grows- Growth of new CSA programs “Concept Studies”,“Small Payloads Program”

1998 - Community and STRAC activity in support ofthe preparation of the LTSP-3 Document- ‘Atmospheric Environment’ workshop (AtmosphericEnvironment Service and CSA sponsors)- Odin and MOPITT CSA contracts support science,technology and infrastructure within ISAS- CSA linkages with SuperDARN radars andCANOPUS increase

The Natural Science and Engineering Research Council

(NSERC)

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- SAEAC has its first meetings- Funding crisis begins in summer due to “SpaceStation” over-expenditures (NASA), over-runs on“Radar Sat” (CSA), and the ACE-CSA satelliteprogram (SCI SAT)- Some elements of the SSP program are threatenedfor the short term, money not available for someapproved (but not contracted) activities within SAEACand JSSA.

The events of the last few months of 2001were quite serious for the entire Canadian communitywhich has worked with CSA programs. Although thefunding scenario is expected to improve during 2002,these events were quite demoralizing for manyCanadian scientists. Within ISAS, the support for Odinand MOPITT are secure for 2002 and the linkageswith SuperDARN (Sofko/ Koustov/ Hussey) areexpected to continue.

The awards from NSERC are the foundationof our Research Programs, and our professors havedone very well in acquiring a variety of grants. NSERChave developed a number of different categories ofawards, and these have been well-used in supportingour larger programmes: Collaborative SpecialProjects, Strategic Projects, Collaborative ResearchOpportunities, Major Installation, Major FacilitiesAccess. Dr. George Sofko has been the mostsuccessful in this regard, with the largest NSERCaward on campus in 1999. These vehicles have beenmost suitable for SuperDARN.

The NSERC budget for Individual/Group‘Research Grants’ has not grown adequately in recentyears, although the number of applicants continuesto increase. Awards have diminished in general,nation-wide. We have also suffered to a degree here.The addition of ‘CRC’ Chairs to the applicant-groupwill place further pressures upon this essential budget.The Government appears to have been unresponsiveto many overtures in this regard.

The CSA and NSERC have worked very welltogether (linked with SAEAC activity) over the last twoyears in developing a strategy that will provide majorCSA Projects with a much stronger likelihood ofobtaining Awards. That will allow the ‘science’ areasof approved Projects to be well supported.

Finally, the ISAS professors continue to provide‘User Fees’ for the support of ISAS services from theirNSERC Research Grants, in lieu of the now obsoleteInfrastructure Grants. These funds are specificallyrequested with our applications for ‘Research Grants’.These ‘User Fees’ are additional to the ongoingbudget from the College of Arts and Science. ThisUniversity of Saskatchewan seed-money isinvaluable, and now includes some revenues fromISAS contract-overheads. The College budgetencourages NSERC to provide these ‘user fees’, andthen allows for ISAS administrative services whichcannot be funded from any other NSERC-CSA-MSCsource. The ISAS Infrastructure budget is close to$80,000, while total revenues to ISAS Pls range from$1.5 to 2 M each year ( $1.8M 2001/2).

1999 - Acceptance of LTSP-3 by Government: ‘A-base budget’ for 10 years at $300M p.a.; SSP budgetincreased from 7-14%.- Planning of SSP programs proceed- ISAS -CSA programs flourish; NSERC grantssupport that science; modest but valuable CSAfinancial support for SuperDARN

2000 - Continued planning of ‘Space and AtmosphericEnvironment’ programs/projects within the new SSP(1999)- Parallel activity for the area of “PlanetaryAtmospheres” proceeds, associated with the “SpaceAstronomy” Program (JSSA: Joint Sub Committeeon Space Astronomy, as Advisory Committee)- New (Planetary) Astronomy Projects: SPIRE-FIRST(ESA-CSA) and MUSE (CSA)

2001 - Launch of Odin in February successful. Prof.Llewellyn (OSIRIS PI) leads successful team andacquires first data in June

11ISAS 2001

Outreach: Technology Transfer

Outreach: Media and General

ISAS is well positioned in this regard. Wehave an effective and regularly upgraded web site(http://www.usask.ca/physics/isas/) which is linkedwith the CSA’s web site (http://www.space.gc.ca). Weare listed in SOURCES (for Editors, Reporters,Researchers), which has a hardcopy book, and alsoa web site. ISAS also has a specific entry in theCanadian Technology Network (CTN), which issponsored by the NRC and Industry Canada, andprovides Canadian business with links to technology(http://ctn.nrc.ca/).

Posters and other ISAS materials areregularly posted to all Canadian Physics andEngineering Physics Departments and to 3rd and 4th

year students to encourage more graduate studentsto join our community. Materials developed by MarciaMain (ISAS Secretary) and the Chair during 1998/1999, and redesigned by our new Secretary, DebbieJaroslawsky (May 2000), during 2000/01 are used.Copies of these are also readily available uponrequest.

These new materials are also used by thePhysics students and/or PEP Professors who attendCUPC (Canadian Undergraduate PhysicsConference) events, for their Graduate Studiespromotional event. Graduate students interested inworking in ISAS can complete degrees in the

disciplines in Physics, Engineering Physics orEnvironmental Engineering.

The University has been placing moreemphasis upon Research and its promotion throughadvertising and special events. For example therewere two major Research activities on campus duringthe year 2000 at which ISAS participated: theResearch Committee of Council organized “BuildingResearch Success at the University ofSaskatchewan” in January, where we had a largeposter: and “Experience US” in February, whenstudents, teachers and parents from around theprovince attended. Our professors continue to writearticles for, and to be interviewed by, staff from thelocal newspaper, the Star-Phoenix, and to havearticles in the University’s Campus News. The localTV stations have worked with us during major eventseg. Odin launch in 2001.

Finally, a video-conferencing systemoperated during 2000/01 from the ISAS ConferenceRoom. The MOPITT team (Jim Drummond,University of Toronto, PI) has provided this systemsince regular team meetings are considered essential,and ISAS is providing operating costs. The systemis available for ISAS and PEP staff. The potential forthis system is very considerable and it can also be apowerful outreach mechanism.

by the Chair (1997-2001). Both students and industrialpartners enjoyed and benefited from this activity. SILare also involved with the development of the CADIradar (Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde:Professor John MacDougall, UWO). One of hissystems is now operating at the ISAS Park Site. AnIndustrial NSERC Scholarship between SCI-TEC(now Kipp & Zonen) and the University ofSaskatchewan involved Dr. Llewellyn and the Odinproject. We must note that Professor Ted Llewellyninteracts powerfully with several companies in Ontarioassociated with Odin: Routes, NORTEL.

The support and promotion of our Researchthrough the Office of Research Services, has beenvaluable. The Vice President (Research) has mostrecently been Dr. Michael Corcoran; the Director ofResearch Services is Julia Taylor; and theCommunications Officer Kathryn Warden. They havebeen helpful with regard to the promotion of ISASprograms. Two Saskatoon companies, SIL (with LarryCooper, President) and Kipp and Zonen Inc. (untilrecently with Jeff Johnston, Research Scientist) haveworked with us over recent years. SIL has providedfine research projects for the EP425 course onEngineering-Physics Systems, which was convened

Funding, Staff and Programs

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The research programs supported by ISASare very diverse. This means that funds from bothNSERC and the CSA have been sought and secured.The programs of ISAS have therefore been able toflourish despite some difficult years earlier in this lastdecade. The economic recovery of Canada duringthe 1990s has already had significant effects uponthe CSA and NSERC, and we have felt the results ofthis already. However, the economic downturn of2001 will affect the next 3 years at least. As noted inthe ‘NSERC’ section, our total incomes have rangedfrom $1.5-2M over the last 5 years ($1.8M 2001/2).

The research and core staff have compriseda total of approximately 30 persons during the lastfew years. Our numbers have grown recently to 35due to strong CSA programs and SuperDARN. Thereare (2001 average) 7 PIs (Professors), 2 AdjunctProfessors, 6 Post Doctoral Fellows/ResearchAssociates, 4 Engineers/Research Assistants, 3 Staff-persons (Technician, Assistant-stores and finances,Secretary) and 12 graduate students.

The ISAS staff form an effective andproductive group, with strong national and globalcollaborations due to the diversity of our programs.Graduate students, Research Scientists andEngineers learn the skills of developing state-of-the-art experimental systems, of analysing data usingsophisticated software and powerful computingsystems, and of preparing research reports andpapers. The International research environment forour Professor-PIs is extremely competitive, as theyare also committed university professors, with normalteaching and administrative duties; our competitorsin the United States and Europe are often full-timeresearchers.

We have 7 Professors, 5 of whom areProfessional Engineers (Drs. Llewellyn, Sofko,Koustov, Hussey and Degenstein), with a desirableblend of youth and experience. Dr. Degenstein joinedus in 1999, having filled Dr. Ken Paulson’s position(Geophysics). Those five form a strong leadershipunit for the Engineering Physics program in theDepartment. Our active Adjunct Professors are a veryvaluable resource: Drs. Dick Gattinger (Odin, TedLlewellyn); and Don McDiarmid (SuperDARN, GeorgeSofko).

The seven PIs provide a well balancedcoverage of the entire Solar Terrestrial Physics (STP)-Atmospheres area. No other Canadian “group” hassuch breadth. In the “Atmospheric Environment”, westudy the chemistry and aeronomy of the loweratmosphere (troposphere 0-20 km); the chemistry,thermal structure, and dynamics of the middleatmosphere (30-100 km); the coupling betweendynamical processes, atmospheric waves, andthermal and chemical ‘structures’; and thecompositihave all been very generous with their time,intereston and structure of planetary atmospheres(Professors Llewellyn, Manson, Davis andDegenstein). These topics relate to “Global ClimateChange”, and include the effects of solar variabilityand of changing concentrations of Ozone and Green-House Gases (GHG) upon the AtmosphericEnvironment. In the “Space Environment”, we studythe plasma instabilities of the E-and F-regions of theionosphere; the convection patterns of the ionosphere/thermosphere as they respond to the disturbed sunand magnetosphere; the response of themagnetosphere and geospace-plasma to solaractivity; the drifts of meteor trails in the D- and E-regions; and the effects of atmospheric waves uponthe thermosphere (Professors Hussey, Koustov andSofko). These topics relate to “Space Weather”,“Space Climate” themes, their effects upon spacevehicles and energy-distribution systems on planetEarth, and have as a goal the development of aprediction capability. The coupling between the“Space” and “Atmospheric” Environments is alsostudied by Drs. Hussey, Sofko and Manson. Thisrelates to the notion of “Solar Weather”, where thesignal of solar variability is directly found intropospheric weather and climate, and includes theimpact of atmospheric dynamics upon auroral activity.

Within Canada’s “Space Science” community,the two major themes are also the “SpaceEnvironment” and Atmospheric Environment”, soISAS contributes fully to the national agenda. Wehave two representatives on the CSA’s “SAEAC”Advisory Committee. The principle influences uponour PIs during the last few years and into the nearfuture have been detailed in recent Annual Reports.MOPITT, ISO and FIRST satellites, plus the JamesClerk Maxwell telescope for Gary Davis; the Odin-OSIRIS satellite and MOPITT for Ted Llewellyn and

13ISAS 2001

Doug Degenstein; WINDII-UARS, Odin and TIMEDsatellite missions, MF and Meteor Radars, along withSCOSTEP and CEDAR international studies andprojects for Alan Manson; and SuperDARN,

Given our Programs, and present Staff andProfessors, we look forward to continued excellenceand leadership in the areas of Solar TerrestrialPhysics, Atmospheric Science and Planetary Scienceduring the first decade of the century. Our combinationof these Terrestrial-Planetary interests will also bestrengthened nationally in this time interval. It is aninternational trend.

The addition of a CRC Chair in ‘ClimateChange’ or ‘Space Weather’ will be an exciting andenabling event, which will provide great additionalstrength to our scientific impact, and influence uponcampus science, and National and International‘Space Science’.

The approaching specific challenge to us involvesthe retirement at ‘67 years’ of Drs. Llewellyn and Sofkoin 5 years (July 2006) , and of myself in 7 years (July2008). We must find replacements of internationalquality, to ensure that ISAS continues as the mostcomprehensive and largest “Space-Atmospheric”Science Institute in Canada. It is also essential that1-2 of these three persons be Engineering Physicsspecialists (Professional Engineers) as that programin our Department now depends upon our Professors.This is a significant challenge, and will require planningand imagination. The addition of a CRC Chair willenhance our chances of developing a larger pool ofcandidates. (A note added in Press involves ProfessorGary Davis: he has accepted the position of Directorof the JCMT (Hawaii- 5 years) as of 2002 and hasbeen unable to contribute to this report.) Alan Manson,ISAS Chair.

PART B. Future

CANOPUS, CADI and related magnetosphericsatellite missions for George Sofko, Sasha Koustovand Glenn Hussey.

ISAS Facilities

The majority of the optical and radar systemssupporting the programs of the Institute are at thefield sites described below. There are a number ofadditional systems which have been developed orpurchased with Institute funds, or are operated forcolleagues by ISAS staff. These include the following:

Three-component Magnetometer and ULF

SystemThe Three-component Magnetometer and ULF

system resumed operations in June 2001, after beingdamaged in the Park Site fire in 1999. The Universityof Tokyo operates the Magnetometer and ULFSystem.

T.V. All-Sky CameraThis has the following features: 2 filters and

shutter to allow observations of specific wavelengths;PC control for automatic field use; a photo-sensor forcomputer failure. This all-sky camera was returnedto ISAS and is awaiting deployment to another fieldsite.

Observatory Facilities

Meridian Scanning Photometer (multi-

wavelength) MSPFive single-channel photometers are

incorporated into this (Iwan Goza for Dr. McEwen,during 1992/93). It is PC (IBM-compatible personalcomputer) controlled. This MSP has been located atboth La Ronge and Rabbit Lake, for Dr. McEwen’sCNSR/STEP research; it is now at Rabbit Lake (sincethe Spring of 1995).

Spectral Airglow Temperature Imager

(SATI-2)In December 2000 a SATI-2 Imager began

operating in the penthouse observatory on the roof ofthe Physics Building. The SATI-2 Imager was movedfrom the Physics Building to Park Site in July 2001.The equipment is on loan from the Institute for Spaceand Terrestrial Science York University. Theinstrument measures perturbations of the rotationaltemperatures and vertical column emission rate ofthe O2 Atmospheric nightglow layer at 94 km and theOH Meinel layer at 86 km.

Rabbit Lake (58°20' N, 103°70' W)This site was extensively used from 1985-1990

as part of the HILAT and VIKING satellite activities. Anew trailer, obtained with CNSR funds, was locatedat Rabbit Lake during 1992 with a TV all-sky camera.The system was upgraded to a digital recordingcapability in the Fall of 1993, and operated until Springof 1996 with visible, red and green filters. The CADIphase-coherent ionosonde system from the Universityof Western Ontario was removed from the RabbitLake site in 2001, and it is now operating at Park Site.A magnetometer operated by the University of Tokyois still operating at Rabbit Lake.

Park Site (52°12' N, 107°7' W)The field site near Asquith continues to be used

by the Atmospheric Dynamics Group with their largeMF (2.2 MHz) radar system. This has extensivetransmitting and receiving antenna systems for

Field Sites

14

spaced antenna and interferometry studies of themesosphere and lower thermosphere (60-110 km).Turbulent scatter and meteor trails are used to providewinds, atmospheric waves and turbulence data as wellas ionospheric data from D-, E- and F-regions. Thisinternationally recognized system is fully automatedand requires only occasional maintenance; this isnormally provided by weekly visits. Data are madeavailable to collaborators in International (e.g. STEP,MLTCS) and National (e.g. CNSR) programs.

In 2001 two new experiments were installed atPark Site. A CADI phase-coherent ionosoundesystem from the University of Western Ontario wasinstalled in the spring of 2001 using the Delta antennaat Park Site. The SATI-2 Imager from York University,was moved to Park Site from the Physics building inJuly 2001, to solve the light contamination problemthat was prevalent while running in a urbanenvironment.

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Computing Facilities

ISAS 2001

Rankin Inlet (62°48' N, 92°10' W)The field site is the former SAPPHIRE North

transmitter site that was decommissioned in 1997.The University of Calgary now uses the site for theirNORSTAR All-Sky Spectral Imager. The NORSTARImager was installed in the summer of 2000. Futureplan for this site is the installation of a CADI phase-co-herent ionosounde during the summer of 2002.

The 160-acre site is leased from a local farmer,Mr. Charles Chappell, on a long term rentalagreement. On July 13, 1999, a fire caused bylightning destoyed two of the three bays of the mainreceiver building. The other wing, the MF Radar wing,suffered extensive smoke and water damage. Thetwo fires damaged wings were demolished and theother wing was cleaned and restored. The MF Radartransmitter and receiver systems both had to undergoextensive cleaning before being returned to the field.A new building was completed in April 2000. It wasattached to the existing MF Radar Wing. The newbuilding has a 600 sq. ft. cold storage area and a 600sq. ft. working area. The new working area alsocontains the optical dome.

Bakker’s Farm (52°15' N, 106°27' W)In May 1997, SAPPHIRE operations were

terminated at the Bakker Farm site. The associatedSAPPHIRE transmitter sites at La Crete, Alberta andGilliam, Manitoba were decommissioned inSeptember 1997. The 6- and 2-meter antennasystems have been left standing to be used on acampaign basis. The building, complete with opticaldome, remains ready to be used with either the radaror optical experiments.

Kernen Farm (52°9' N, 106°32' W)The Kernen Farm is the site of the Saskatoon

SuperDARN system. The site is comprised of twoantenna arrays:1. The main array: 16 log-periodic antennas mountedon 15 meter towers. Each connected to a 600Wpulsed transmitter.2. The vertical interferometer array: 4 log-periodicantennas mounted on 15 meter towers connected toan independent receiver to allow angle of arrivalcalculation.

Prince George (53°59' N, 122°35' W)A new SuperDARN radar was built in 1999 on

a site 15 km east of Prince George, British Columbia.The radar system is identical to the SuperDARN radaroperating in Saskatoon. The radar has two antennaarrays: a main transmitting array and a verticalinterferometer array. The radar point 5° west of northand is paired with a U.S. run radar on Kodiak Island,Alaska.

An Institute with such extensive observationalsystems, and data analysis programs, requiresconsiderable computing facilities. A wide range ofcomputer systems is available to ISAS scientists andgraduate students.

Recent changes to the computing facilities atISAS include an upgrade of the ISAS node ofCANOPUS (Canadian Space Agency) by theinstallation of an Alphaserver 1000/233 MHz(managed by D. André and M. McKibben), and theacquisition for the SuperDARN analysis of an HP9000/715 (managed by D. André).

The recent additions of computer equipmentcomplement the present systems available. TheUniversity provides a wide variety of services, throughits Computing Services department, at quitereasonable costs; the system is primarily VAX/VMSbased. Also, there is an IBM RS6000/340 workstationwhich was supervised by Dr. N. Lloyd. The Physicsand Engineering Physics Department provides a LANmanager-based file server for PC-based programsand data storage.

The scientists, engineers, graduate studentsand core staff all have PC 486/586/686 systems whichare connected by Ethernet to the major computers:University network, CANOPUS microVAX andALPHA, IBM RS6000/340, and HP 9000/715. Manyof the PC’s are running Windows for Workgroupssoftware which enables the sharing of printers anddisk space amongst PC users. Some of the PC’s arerunning LINUX, a unix type operating system for PC’s.Electronic-mail (e-mail) services are provided by eachof the major computer systems. These include theSPAN e-mail access, provided by CANOPUSmicroVAX and ALPHA, to the majority of the CanadianSolar Terrestrial Physics Community who are involvedwith CANOPUS. The 8 mm tape copying facilityenable the production of SuperDARN data tapes fordistribution to national and international colleagues.

Optical And Electronic Laboratory Facilities

Particle Calibration Facility

Electronics and Mechanical

Stores Facility

The Optical Laboratory is under the directionof Bill Marshall and continues to provide generalsupport for the research programs within the Institute.There are optical calibration standards for visible, UVand IR (200-900 nm). Low brightness sources (LBS)in the UV and IR were developed during the CNSRfor medical research (ozone) and stratosphericmeasurements. In particular, calibrated detectorswere obtained for the UV-A and B regions, and therewas testing of sources and detectors over the 200 to400 nm range.

The Electronic Laboratory has network andspectrum analyzers, signal generators and testequipment to allow development of state of the artVHF/HF/MF radars. Marshall also maintains thiselectronic test equipment and develops new systems/sub-systems for the optical and radar facilities of ISAS.Marshall is supported by ISAS funds (50%), NSERCfunds from the MF radar group and the HF/VHF radargroup.

Projects of particular note include the following:• SuperDARN system support• Park Site MF radar system maintenance and

development, and• General support for the electronic/mechanical

needs of 32-35 ISAS personnel• SATI-2 system management• CADI system management

The basis of this facility is the Canadian SpaceAgency electron calibration system (1-400 eV), witha cryogenically pumped vacuum chamber and cleanroom which was developed for FREJA-CPA, but hasalso been used for various rocket systems. Thisfacility is within the Optics Lab. It will allow calibrationsfor electron energies of up to 25 keV, which are ofvalue for satellite and rocket systems sampling auroralelectron populations.

16

Comprehensive electronic and mechanicalStores were maintained and administered by ShirleyPfeil (Dept. Assistant) for ISAS researchersthroughout the year 2001. Shirley is supported 100%from ISAS funds and her hours remain at .80 FTE.

Shirley handles all of the ISAS accountingand provides in-house monthly and annual budgetsummaries for all ISAS accounts, which areadministered by herself and the ISAS Chair.

Materials and components are provided atcost and this has been of significant practicalassistance in research programs. Turn-over of partsand purchase of equipment, and other relatedexpenses in the year 2001 were in excess of 335,000dollars in activity.

Finally, most of the Institute’s observationalsystems have the capability of real-time analysis ofdata by dedicated PC systems, which has minimizedthe need for major main-frame computers or evenwork stations. The MF radar at Saskatoon(Atmospheric Dynamics Section, Dr. Manson), theVHF radar transmitter/receiver system known as

SAPPHIRE, the SuperDARN MF radar at the KernenFarm, and the Rabbit Lake/Rankin Inlet All-skyCamera, are each computer controlled and generateprocessed data. These are then ready for detailedanalysis. In addition, the engineers within ISAScontinue to demonstrate leadership by the use oftransputer technology.

17

Research Programs

Atmospheric Dynamics

Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Interactions

Ionospheric Physics

Aeronomy Research

ISAS 2001

19

Atmospheric Dynamics

A.H. Manson

Team MembersResearch Associate: Dr. C.E. MeekResearch Assistant: R.A. McMurrayTechnician: B. MarshallGraduate Students: Y. Luo, T. Chshyolkova

Introduction

The Atmospheric Dynamics Group continuesto have strong linkages with ISAS, Canadian, andInternational programs. The region studied, the up-per Middle Atmosphere or Mesosphere Lower Ther-mosphere (MLT, 60-150 km), is strongly affected bynot only solar and auroral disturbances but alsoweather-related tropospheric/stratospheric distur-bances from below. National and International pro-grams such as CEDAR (Coupling, Energetics, andDynamics of Atmospheric Regions - U.S. sponsored),and SCOSTEP (Scientific Committee on Solar Ter-restrial Physics) with its new programs (below), dem-onstrate the importance of the MLT region and therelevance of the ISAS work.

The basis for our MLT research is theSaskatoon medium frequency radar (MFR, 2.2 MHz),operating in spaced antenna and interferometrymodes at the Park Observatory. It provides profilesof the horizontal and vertical wind, and of atmosphericwaves, in real time and continuously. The samplingrate for profiles is 5 minutes, with 3 km samples from60/75 - 100/110 km (day/night). This main radarfacility was refurbished in 1997, using funds from anNSERC equipment grant. The system is now readyfor another decade of operation. The second of ourMF radars has been located at Platteville 40°N (theBoulder Aeronomy Research site) since December1999. Our colleagues, Drs. Susan Avery and DeniseThorsen (University of Colorado) have an NSF grantto support the operation of the system. We now have18 months of excellent data. The new radar hasenabled us to create a new network: CUJO, Canada-U.S.-Japan Opportunity. The five MFRs form a uniquemiddle-latitude network with a 7000 km longitudinal

ISAS 2001

sector, and a 12-14° latitudinal variation at twolongitudes: London (43°N, 81°W), Platteville (40°N,105°W), Saskatoon (52°N, 107°W), Wakkanai (45°N,141°W) and Yamagawa (31°N, 131°W). Severalpapers are now being written based upon CUJO. Thethird MF radar at Tromsø (70°N) involves threeUniversities: the University of Saskatchewan, theUniversity of Tromsø (Auroral Observatory) and theUniversity of Nagoya. Data may be seen at this web-site: http://atmos.phys.uit.no. Our principle colleaguefrom Tromsø is Dr. Chris Hall. He has effectivelymonitored the operation of the MFR, and led theresearch for several innovative studies. This is nowpart of a longitudinal Arctic radar/ optical network andproject called DATAR: “Dynamics and Temperaturesfrom the Arctic MLT Region”. It is associated withPSMOS (see below), chaired by Scott Palo (Boulder)and co-chaired by Yuri Portnyagin and Alan Manson,and comprising 8 radars: Resolute Bay, Dixon,Esrange, Andenes, Tromsø, Poker Flat, Svalbard andPoint Barrow. In particular the radars near Tromsø(Andenes, Esrange) are named the “ScandanavianTriangle”. The spacings range from 150-260 km andallow unique spatial-temporal studies. The membersof the ISAS group are Drs. Alan Manson and ChrisMeek, principle scientists; Yi Luo, Ph.D. graduatestudent and research assistant who is studyingplanetary waves in the middle atmosphere; TatyanaChshyolkova, M.Sc. graduate student, who is studyingdynamic influences on the airglow, using the SATI-imager on loan from our colleague Dr. GordonShepherd (York University); and Ron McMurray andBill Marshall, research assistant (archiving; dataanalysis) and technician respectively.

International Programs

The SCOSTEP programs, (1998-2002), havebeen very active in 2001. The first of these is S-RAMP (STEP Results, Applications and ModellingPhase). It has two major themes, which are to com-plete studies based upon observations during STEP(1990-1997) and to select observing intervals for newcampaigns. These “space weather” campaigns em-phasize coupling in the solar-terrestrial system fromthe Sun, through the magnetosphere, and down intothe middle atmosphere and troposphere (AlanManson is on the Steering Committee). Two of theProjects below use data acquired during STEP. Someof these results were prepared for the SCOSTEP-CEDAR Workshop/Symposium at Longmont, Colo-rado, USA in June 2001.

There has also been vigorous activity withinthe other middle-high latitude SCOSTEP program inthe post-STEP era (1998-2002): Planetary Scale Me-sopause Observing System (PSMOS - Gordon Shep-herd and Maura Hagan (NCAR - Boulder) PIs). TheISAS MFR systems are playing strong roles in thisprogram. As well as the DATAR project having itsbeginnings at Longmont, a new campaign GATDATwas initiated by Juergen Scheer and Alan Manson(co-chairs of the ‘Airglow-Dynamics-Transitions’project of PSMOS). “Global Airglow Transition De-tection and Tracking” is providing a focus for theacquistion of airglow and dynamical data and the studyof regional and global transitions in airglow emissionsand their relationship with dynamical processes. Thework of Tatyana is an important Canadian contribu-tion to GATDAT, and will be discussed in the 2002Annual Report.

1. Gravity Waves (GWs)

Understanding and knowledge of the interac-tions between GWs and the other types of MLT wavesis of particular importance as we attempt to under-stand the general causes of wave-variability, the re-lated effects upon energy and momentum balance inthe MLT, and chemical-constituent variabilities andcoupling.

However, our philosophical agreement aboutthe inevitability of propagating GWs being affectedby tides and Planetary Waves (PWs), leading to themodulation of wind variances associated with GWsat those periods, is stronger than the actual observa-tional evidence. We now show the Abstract for oursecond major paper on this topic, which is undergo-ing final review by the editor of JASTP:

Scientific Projects

We will present brief summaries and figuresfrom the major studies of 2001. The phenomenadescribed will begin with Gravity Waves and thenproceed to longer time and spatial scales. The formatchosen is to provide Abstracts from the papers, whichare accepted, or published in major journals, andsurround those with additional comments.

20

21ISAS 2001

Modulation of Gravity Waves by Planetary Waves (2 and 16 d): Observations

with the North American-Pacific MLT-MFR Radar Network

A.H. Manson a,, C.E. Meek a, Y. Luo a, W.K Hocking b, J. MacDougall b,

D. Riggin c, D.C. Fritts c, R.A. Vincent d

aInstitute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan, 116 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK,

S7N 5E2, CanadabDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, CanadacColorado Research Associates, Boulders, U.S.A.dDepartment of Physics and Mathematical Physics, University of Adelaide, Australia

Abstract

In an earlier study based upon MFR (Medium Frequency Radar) data from Saskatoon, (52°N) the vari-

ability of time-sequences of gravity wave (GW) variances was linked to tidal (12, 24 h) and planetary

wave (2 d) oscillations of the wind. Fifty days of data were chosen from each of winter, spring and

autumn seasons for this most comprehensive assessment of wave interactions. While modulations of

the GW variances were observed, the results indicated considerable intermittency in the strength and

direction of waves from the GW sources.

Here we extend the study to other sites in the MLT-MFR (mesosphere, lower-thermosphere) network,

and focus upon the PWs (planetary waves) and their modulating influences upon the GW variances. The

PW events include the 2 d waves as seen at Saskatoon, London, Hawaii and Christmas Island during the

summer of 1994; and 16 d wave activity evidenced at Saskatoon and London throughout 1994, and also

during 12 and 7 years of observations, respectively. The modulations of the sequences of GW variances

(10-100/150 min, 2-6 h periods) are significant, and the phase-differences between the PW (2 d ,16 d)

oscillations in the time-sequences of the winds and of the GW variances allow the propagation direc-

tions for the GW fluxes to be inferred. These are eastward in summer months and westward in winter

at MLT (60-90km) altitudes.

We include in Figure 1 profiles of the oscillations due to 16 d PWs which were found in the winds andin the GW variances during summer and winter months at London: phase differences of 0/180 degrees inwinter/summer are due to westward/eastward propagating GWs.

Figure 1. Selected monthly profiles of the 16 d oscillations in the zonal winds (the PW) and in the sequences ofvariances for the GW band (SD filter, 10-150 min) at London; 48-day sequences are used centred on the middle day ofthe month. Harmonic fitting is used to provide phases (asterisks); the Lomb-Scargle analysis is used for the amplitudes(diamonds) and significances (dashed, which must be multiplied by 5 or 33 to give %); and the 48-day mean winds orSD values are shown (solid lines). Cross-spectra are shown also: here amplitudes and significances of the productsfrom the harmonic fitting are shown, as are the phase-differences (crosses).

22

23ISAS 2001

2. Tidal Oscillations (0-70N/S)

Tides are particularly important in the lowerand middle atmospheres. Their forcing depends uponglobal ozone and water vapour distributions, while theirpropagation, dissipation and development of smallerscale structure depends upon global mean winds,temperatures and GW-related turbulence. In the MLTregion (60-150 km) these waves usually dominant theamplitude variability of the wind field, and theyaccelerate the mean winds, create turbulence, andmodify the distributions of trace-gas constituents.

Observations and modelling are essential to quantifythese effects. We have used MF radars from 2-70Nto demonstrate the latitudinal effects (Annual Report,2000), and have now established the new CUJO net-work to assess the longitudinal effects. Here, how-ever, we give the Abstract for a paper which usedobservations from the UARS-HRDI satellite systemto demonstrate the very substantial variations in tidalamplitudes and phases with longitude at 96 km. Itwill appear in Annales Geophysicae (2002). This isthe first time such results have been shown:

Global Distributions of Diurnal and Semi-Diurnal Tides:

Observations from HRDI-UARS of the MLT Region

A.H. Manson *(1), Y. Luo, C. Meek (1)

(1) Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan, SK

Abstract

HRDI (High Resolution Doppler Interferometer-UARS) winds data have been analyzed in 4° - latitude

by 10° - longitude cells at 96 km to obtain global contour maps of solar-tidal amplitudes and phases, and

also mean winds. The solstices June-July (1993), December-January (1993 - 1994), and one equinox

(September-October, 1994) are shown.

The 24-h Diurnal tide maximizes near 20-25° latitude, has significant seasonal changes with equinoctial

maxima, and very clear longitudinal variability. Maxima are very clear over the oceans. In contrast the

12-h Semi-diurnal tides maximize near 40-55° latitude, have very strong seasonal changes with winter

maxima, and more modest longitudinal changes. The similarities with MLT (mesosphere-lower

thermosphere) radar observations (90 km) and the GSWM (Global Scale Wave Model) are very satisfactory.

The mean winds are consistent with expectations and show clear poleward flow from summer to winter

hemispheres in the solstices.

We show in Figure 2 the contoured plots of global 24-h tidal amplitudes from HRDI. The variations oftidal amplitudes between the oceans and continents is extraordinary. The modelled values from the 2-dimen-sional GSWM-2000 are also plotted; the agreement with observations is encouraging.

Figure 2. Contoured plots of 24-h tidal amplitudes for December 1993-January 1994 from HRDI. The longitu-dinal averages are to the right (solid line), as are the GSWM-2000 values (dotted).

24

25ISAS 2001

The 16-day planetary waves: multi-MF radar observations from the arctic to

equator and comparisons with the HRDI measurements and the GSWM

modeling results

Y. Luo1, A. H. Manson1, C. E. Meek1, C. K. Meyer2, M. D. Burrage3,*, D. C. Fritts2, C. M. Hall4, W. K.

Hocking5, J. MacDougall5, D. M. Riggin2, R. A. Vincent6

1 Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Canada2 Colorado Research Associates, Boulder, USA3 Space Physics Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA4 Tromsø Geophysical Observatory, University of Tromsø, Norway5 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, Canada6 Department of Physics and Mathematical Physics, University of Adelaide, Australia

* Mark Burrage tragically died October 10, 1999, and we dedicate this paper to his memory.

Abstract. The mesospheric and lower thermospheric (MLT) winds (60-100 km) obtained by multiple

MF radars, located from the arctic to equator at Tromsø (70°N, 19°E), Saskatoon (52°N, 107°W), Lon-

don (43°N, 81°W), Hawaii (21°N, 157°W) and Christmas Is. (2°N, 157°W), respectively, are used to

study the planetary-scale 16-day waves. Based on the simultaneous observations (1993/94), the variabilities

of the wave amplitudes, periods and phases are derived. At mid- and high-latitude locations the 16-day

waves are usually pervasive in the winter-centred seasons (October through March) with the amplitude

gradually decreasing with height. From the subtropical location to the equator the summer wave activi-

ties become strong at some particular altitudes where the inter-hemisphere wave ducts allow leakage of

the wave from the other hemispheric winter. The observational results are in good agreement with the

theoretical conclusion that, for slowly westward-traveling waves like the 16-day wave, vertical propaga-

tion is permitted only in an eastward background flow of moderate speed which is present in the winter

hemisphere. The wave period also varies with height and time in a range of about 12-24 days. The wave

latitudinal differences and the vertical structures are compared with the Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM)

for the winter situation. Although their amplitude variations and profiles have a similar tendency, the

discrepancies are considerable, e.g. the maximum zonal amplitude occurs around 40°N for radar but

30°N for the model. The phase differences between sites due to the latitudinal effect are basically con-

sistent with the model prediction of equatorward phase-propagation. The global 16-day waves at 95 km

from the HRDI wind measurements during 1992 through 1995 are also displayed. Again, the wave is a

winter dominant phenomenon with strong amplitudes around the 40-60° latitude-band in both hemi-

spheres.

3. Planetary Waves PW: 16-d

After the tides, the 16-d PW is the most con-sistently significant dynamical feature in the MLT.These waves also modify the dynamical, thermal andchemical structure of the region.

The Abstract which now follows is from the third sub-stantial paper ( Annales Geophysicae 20, 691-709,2002.) led by Dr. Yi Luo, who completed his Ph.Dearly in 2002:

Figure 3. The filtered winds appropriate to the 16-PWs at five locations during 1993-1994, and at two layers of 70-76and 91-97 km. The filter is an FIR type with the kernal length of 64 days. The solid lines are for the zonal winds, andthe dashed for the the meridional winds. The envelop-like curves are at the 95% confidence levels for the filtered wavein the zonal winds (levels for the meridional ones are not shown).

26

27ISAS 2001

Conclusion

Many projects are now underway as this re-port is being written. Emphasis is upon the CUJO,DATAR and GATDAT projects which were describedin the Introduction, as well as collaborations with theOdin-OSIRIS and TIMED satellite systems.

We show in Figure 3 the 16-d oscillations fromthe equator to the arctic. It is evident that bursts of16-d PW energy occur at different times during thetwo years.

G.J. Sofko, P.I.

Team Members of (Super Dual Auroral Radar Network)

Magnetosphere/Ionosphere

Interactions

28

The magnetospheric physics program iscentered within the SuperDARN group. The year2001 was a transitional year as far as scientificpersonnel were concerned. Research AssociateChao-Song Huang had left for the MIT Millstone HillRadar Lab in October 2000. He was replaced inOctober, 2001, by Dr. Masakazu Watanabe, who hadspent some five years with the SuperDARN group atNIPR (National Institute for Polar Research) in Japan.Another addition to the science team came throughthe award in the spring of 2001 of an NSERCPostdoctoral Fellowship to Dr. Kathryn McWilliams,who had originally obtained her M.Sc. at the U. of S.in 1997 doing field-aligned current studies usingSuperDARN. She completed her Ph.D. at theUniversity of Leicester, and remained there until theend of 2001, beginning her PDF work at Saskatoonin January, 2002. Thus, for the first 10 months of theyear, the scientific team was small, and the scientificoutput was reduced somewhat, but by the end of theyear, two new researchers with considerableSuperDARN experience had been added to thegroup.

In May, 2001, our long-time SuperDARNengineer Mike McKibben, who had been soinstrumental in the construction of the Saskatoon,Kapuskasing and Stokkseyri radars in 1992/93, andof the Prince George and Kodiak radars in 1999/2000,left for a job in industry. Fortunately, South African

Introduction - SuperDARN Personnel and Operations during 2001

engineer Hercules Olivier was available; he had spentsome 16 months running the SHARE radar at SANAEin the difficult Antarctic conditions, and was a welcomeaddition to the Saskatoon team in July, 2001.

In the fall of 2001, a new application to NSERCfor MFA funding for the years 2002/03, 2003/04 and2004/05 was made, and this was successful, with thenew funding begiinning in April, 2002. In addition, anew two-year contract from the CSA (Canadian SpaceAgency) was awarded, beginning in August, 2001. Asa result of these NSERC and CSA awards, theoperational program of the Canadian SuperDARNteam was funded, so that a backlog of systemmaintenance tasks and improvements which hadbeen delayed were initiated. In particular, theSaskatoon radar had been running for 8 years by mid-2001; a full-scale maintenance and upgradingprogram was implemented by Mr. Olivier.

The SuperDARN Data Copy and DistributionCenter at Saskatoon system was converted fromExabyte tape to CD format in late 2000, and the workof automating the new system continued into 2001.After Mr. McKibben left, Dr. Andre assumed theleadership role for this facility and made severalsoftware improvements which allowed the system tobe used with much less human intervention. In 2001,some 11,000 CDs were distributed to the SuperDARNcommunity.

Faculty: Drs. G. Sofko, A.V. Koustov, G. HusseyResearch Associates: Drs. D. André, M. WatanabePost Doctoral Fellow: Dr. K. McWilliamsHead Engineer: H. OlivierTechnician: B. MarshallGraduate Students: J. Liang, L. Xu, D. Danskin

L. Benkevitch, R. Makarevitch

SuperDARN

29ISAS 2001

Scientific Programs

1. Long-Period Oscillations of the

Magnetospheric-ionospheric System during

Northward IMF

In a 2000 paper (Huang, Chao-song, G. J.Sofko, A. V. Kustov, J. W. MacDougall, D. A. Andre,W. J. Hughes, and V. O. Papitashvili, Quasi-periodicionospheric disturbances with a 40-min period duringprolonged northward interplanetary magnetic field,Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1795-1798, 2000), it wasfound that magnetometers at high latitudes or 74 -80° MLAT detected 40-minute oscillations during Bz+IMF conditions, and that these oscillations periodswere also seen by the SuperDARN radars in gravitywaves at lower latitudes. The gravity waves wouldhave resulted from the auroral zone electrojet andaccompanying Joule heating activity (see, forexample, the folowing papers: Chao-song Huang,Dieter A. Andre, and George J. Sofko, Observationsof solar wind directly driven auroral electrojets andgravity waves, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 23,347-23,356,1998; Sofko, G. J. and Chao-song Huang,SuperDARN observations of medium-scale gravitywave pairs generated by Joule heating in the auroralzone. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 485-488, 2000). Nosolar wind periods of comparable value could befound, so that it appeared as if the magnetosphericoscillations were mainly driven by internal processes.

The above studies were extended with the2001 publication: Huang, Chao-song, G. J. Sofko, A.V. Koustov, J. W. MacDougall, R. A. Greenwald, J. MRuohoniemi, J. C. Foster, J. P. Villain, M. Lester, J.Watermann, V. O. Papitashvili, and W. J. Hughes,Long-period magnetospheric-ionospheric perturb-ations during northward interplanetary magnetic field,J. Geophys. Res., 106, 13,091-13,103, 2001. In thispaper, a 29-h interval of Bz+ IMF conditions on Nov.10, 1998, was studied. The SuperDARN convectionpattern in the postmidnight to dawn sector showed aroughly 54-minute periodicity in which acounterclockwise northern hemisphere convectioncell formed near 02 MLT, then the convectionvelocities grew for about 30 minutes, after which thecell moved eastward for about 20 minutes at about1.4 km s-1 until its center was at about 06 MLT. Thena new cell developed at 02 MLT. This convectioncell behaviour was repeated about 7 times. Groundmagnetometer and GOES-8 satellite data

2. NORSTAR-SuperDARN Program for

Joint Optical and Convection Pattern Studies

In 2000, a collaboration between the U of CNORSTAR group and the U of S SuperDARN groupbegan, in which a NORSTAR all-sky imager wasinstalled in the fall at the U of S site that had previouslybeen used for the SAPPHIRE radar transmitter atRankin Inlet. The site is ideal for the Saskatoon-Kapuskasing SuperDARN pair, because theboresights of the radars intersect near Rankin Inlet,and furthermore the CANOPUS north-south Manitobaline of magnetometers passes through the Rankin Inletsite. In a visit to Saskatoon in early November, 2001,Dr. Eric Donovan, the NORSTAR P-I, met with Dr.Sofko and his graduate student Jun Liang to begin astudy of a small substorm event from Oct. 9, 2000,during IMF conditions that were predominantly Bz+(northward) and By+. The combined SuperDARN andoptical observations are very good, as shown in Figure1 below. This event was unusual in that a short growthphase of about 20 minutes was followed by a smallbreakup and dipolarization (GOES-8) in the morningsector. The convection activity was principally a singlecounterclockwise cell in the morning sector, somewhatakin to the morning convection cells seen in the long-period oscillation events referred to above. Theconvection cell moved eastward and then droppeddramatically equatorward just before the expansivephase of the substorm began. The final configurationof the convection and optical intensity patternsrevealed that the field-aligned-current system was that

showed similar oscillations, showing that themagnetospheric and ionospheric variations werecorrelated and had a common source. One possibilesource mechanism is magnetotail reconnection burstswhich drive compressional magnetosonic wavesradially inward, where they are reflected at a “leakyboundary” at about X = - 10 R

E, after which they travel

back to the distant magnetotail. The total journey isabout 51 minutes for an outer boundary of the closedtail at about X = -75 R

E, so a standing wave of that

period could be set up in the tail cavity.

30

of a typical substorm current wedge at the substormonset, with the downward FAC (associated with thecounterclockwise vortex at the center of theconvection cell) located magnetically eastward of theupward FAC in the optically active region to the west.The causes of the eastward and then equatorwardmotion of the convection cell, both of which led to theSCW, are under investigation. At the same time asthe eastward convection cell motion occurred, theoptical activity showed three intensifications that were

closely correlated with three Pi2 bursts detected bythe CANOPUS magnetometers. Two major opticalintensifications occurred, one at the time of the initialexpansive phase breakup, and one about 10 minuteslater, indicating that this might have been a 2-stagebreakup, as had been suggested by Erickson et al.(2000) as the result of CRRES satellite measurementsat NGO (near gesynchronous orbit). The overall eventis being studied in detail by Mr. Jun Liang, as a majorpart of his Ph.D. thesis work.

Figure 1. Plot of joint SuperDARN convection vectors and optical aurora during an initial brightening of the 630.0 nmoptical aurora (in the southwest of the field-of-view) which is related to a substorm event. The dark dots are CANOPUSmangetometers. The dark dot in the optical activation region is the Rabbit Lake magnetometer, and the arrow is theequivalent convection deduced from the magnetometer components.

31

Ionospheric Physics

A.V. Koustov

Formation of Small-Scale Irregularities in the Auroral Ionosphere

Joint HF/VHF radar measurements are usefulfor understanding the physics of irregularity formationin the auroral E region since wave properties areexpected to depend on the irregularity scale (radarfrequency). In this project we used nearlysimultaneous data from the SuperDARN HF radars(~12 MHz) and the Communications ResearchLaboratory VHF radar (50 MHz) at the Syowa Antarcticstation in a wide range of aspect and flow angles.Several features have been identified and exploredin details, for example the relationship between theDoppler velocity (which is related to the ionosphericelectric field) and power of backscattered signal.

Figure 1 shows power-velocity scatter plots forvarious azimuths of observations at 12 (left) and 50MHz (right). For each azimuth we considered nearlysimultaneous data obtained for all slant ranges. Solid(open) circles correspond to those measurements forwhich the 12-MHz velocity magnitude was smaller(larger) than 360 m/s and we called the correspondingechoes the low-velocity (high-velocity) echoes.

For 12-MHz echoes (Figure 1, left) one can seethat low-velocity and high-velocity echoes exhibitdifferent power-velocity relationships. For the low-velocity echoes there is an increase of power withvelocity. This effect is seen more clearly at azimuthsof 98.7°, 163.7°, and 183.7° (azimuth of ~134°corresponds to observations perpendicular to the Lshells). The high-velocity echoes do not show obvioustrends, though one can see that most points at largervelocities have less power, especially for an azimuthof 98.7° data. We can state that there is at least asaturation in the power increase. One can also clearlysee a tendency for the high-velocity echo cloud to be“split’’ from the low-velocity cloud. The difference(horizontal distance) between two clouds appears tobe increasing with azimuth of observation for the first

3 panels (this feature was studied in more detail in aseparate project). Unlike 12-MHz echoes, 50-MHzechoes (Figure 1, right) exhibit a monotonic increaseof power with velocity at all azimuths.

We explain the saturation of the power increasewith velocity at 12 MHz by stronger refraction at HFand radio wave focusing on the upper part of theelectrojet layer where the intensity of irregularities isdecreased because of unfavorable conditions for theinstability development.

2. Theoretical Considerations

(R. A. Makarevitch, Ph.D. Student (Supervisors -

A. V. Koustov and A.I. Smolyakov))

In the past, to understand the final stage of theelectrojet (Farley-Buneman and gradient-drift) plasmainstability various nonlinear effects were considered.In most of these theories the dominating idea wasthat energy is transferred from large- to small-scalestructures (direct cascade). In the paper by Smolyakovet al. (2001), a new theory of the Farley-Bunemaninstability was proposed. It was shown that in a systemof Farley-Buneman modes the energy can flow fromsmall-scale to large-scale structures (inversecascade). This occurs due to a secondary instabilityof the background plasma turbulence. Such instabilitydoes not have a threshold, contrary to the primaryFarley-Buneman instability that requires the electrondrift to exceed the ion-acoustic speed of the medium.Since the secondary instability is easy to excite, theprocesses should be very important in the nonlinearstage. Possibility of inverse energy cascade issupported by some experimental data and bynumerical simulations performed by the CornellUniversity researchers.

1. Experimental Observations

(R. A. Makarevitch, Ph.D. Student (Supervisor - A. V. Koustov))

ISAS 2001

32

Figure 1. Power versus velocity for (left) 12- and (right) 50- MHz echoes at several azimiuths. From Makarevitch etal. (2001)

33

Figure 2. The occurrence rate of HF echoes for a number of the SuperDARN radars, showing in general an anticorrelationbetween the midnight conductivity (solid line) and the echo occurrence rate at midnight (the mean echo occurrence ratebetween 23 and 01 MLT), shown by squares.

Occurrence of F-region Echoes: Effect of Ionospheric Conductance

(L. V. Benkevitch, Ph.D. Student (Supervisor - A. V. Koustov) together with G.J. Sofko, and D. Andre)

Figure 2 shows that there is a significantseasonal effect in echo occurrence and it is verydifferent for various radar locations. The most notableeffect is low echo occurrence during summer monthsat Hankasalmi (Finland) and enhanced echooccurrence at Saskatoon. One of the tested hypoth-

esis is the conductance effect in the area of meas-urements and in the conjugate ionosphere. Figure 2illustrates that generally there is an anticorrelation be-tween the echo occurrence and conductance. Sucha relationship might originate from several processesthat are under further investigation.

ISAS 2001

in both northern and southern hemispheres and atmagnetic latitudes of 70-72o were studied for variousseasons, Figure 2.

The work has been carried out on assessment thereasons for the appearance of F-region echoes in themidnight sector. Echo detection by various radars

34

Figure 3. Echo power versus electron density at the height of 250 km (a) for the daytime observations at 12.4 MHz(316 points) and (b) for the nighttime observations at 10.0 MHz (168 points). Dotted lines roughly encompass themaximum power observed for each electron density at 250 km.

In this project joint observations of the HFCUTLASS SuperDARN Finland radar and incoherentscatter radar EISCAT are used to assess factorscontrolling the onset of F-region echoes over a 4-daylong period. It was illustrated that for the event underconsideration, the D-region absorption was not themajor factor affecting the echo appearance. Theelectron density distribution and the radar frequencyselection were much more significant factors. Theelectron density magnitude affects the echooccurrence in two different ways. For small F-regiondensities, a minimum value of 1·1011 m-3 is required

Occurrence of F-region Echoes: Assessment of Other Factors

(D. W. Danskin, Ph.D. Student (Supervisor - A. V. Koustov))

to have sufficient radio wave refraction so that theorthogonality (with the magnetic field lines) conditionis met. For densities greater than 4·1011 m-3, radiowave strong “over-refraction” leads to the ionosphericecho disappearance. These effects are clearly seenin Figure 3. Relationship between the backscatterpower and the electric field magnitude was alsoinvestigated. No obvious relationship was foundcontrary to the expectation that the gradient-driftplasma instability would lead to stronger irregularityintensity/echo power for larger electric fields.

35

Mid-latitude Research

G.C. Hussey

My investigations of the E-region for 2001 was a balance between mid- and high-latitude studies.

Ionospheric Physics (contd)

ISAS 2001

A comparison of Farley-Buneman plasmawaves observed simultaneously at two radarfrequencies to those predicted by linear kinetic theorywas investigated. The radars were CW (continuouswave) systems observing the same scattering volumeand they operated at 50 and 144 MHz whichcorresponds to coherent scattering from plasmairregularities of 3 and 1 meters, respectively.

Coherent backscatter Doppler measurements,made simultaneously at 144 MHz and 50 MHz froma common volume in the mid-latitude E regionionosphere, were analysed in order to study the phasevelocity ratio of type 1 plasma irregularities at 1 mand 3 m wavelengths. In the analysis, high-resolutionDoppler spectrograms were used to identify the type1 events and then to estimate the mean and spectralpeak velocities from averaged power Doppler spectra.The simultaneous spectrogram signatures of type 1echoes suggested a somewhat higher threshold forinstability excitation at 144 MHz than at 50 MHz.Statistically, the measured 144 MHz to 50 MHz velocityratios attain values above unity, mostly in the rangefrom 1.05 to 1.14 with an overall average of 1.10.This 10% difference in the type 1 velocities at 144MHz and 50 MHz was attributed to kinetic effects atshort plasma wavelengths. For comparison, a linearkinetic model of the Farley-Buneman instability, whichincludes also a destabilising plasma density gradient,was used to provide numerical estimates of type 1phase velocities. It was found that the theoreticalpredictions for gradient-free Farley-Buneman wavesagreed well with the observations, under thesuppositions that the strongest type 1 echoes comefrom E region altitudes where conditions for instabilityare optimal and that type 1 waves have their phasevelocities limited at threshold values equal to theplasma ion acoustic speed. The present study hasconfirmed the accuracy of the kinetic theory of theFarley-Buneman instability, which strengthens itsvalidity and suitability for meter-scale E regionirregularity studies.

This analysis is presented in the publication:C. Haldoupis, K. Schlegel, G. C. Hussey, and J. A.Koehler, Observation of kinetic effects at meter scalesfor Farley-Buneman plasma waves, J. Geophys. Res.,in press, 2002. Below is presented Figure 3 from thepaper, reproduced here as Figure 1.

High-latitude Research

Motivated by the large EISCAT data base,which covers over 15 years of common programmeoperation, and previous statistical work with EISCATdata (e.g., C. Haldoupis, K. Schlegel, and G. Hussey,Auroral E-region electron density gradients measuredwith EISCAT, Ann. Geophysicae, 18,1172—1181,2000), a detailed statistical analysis of electron andion EISCAT temperature measurements is currentlybeing undertaken. This study is specifically concernedwith the statistical dependence of heating events withother ambient parameters such as the electric fieldand electron density. Initial results showed previouslyreported dependences such as the electrontemperature being directly correlated with the ambientelectric field and inversely related to the electrondensity. However, these correlations are found to alsobe dependent upon altitude. Part of the motivationfor this study was a further search for the so called“Schlegel effect” (K. Schlegel, Reduced effectiverecombination coefficient in the disturbed polar E-region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 44, 183—185, 1982);that is, the heated electron gas leads to increases inelectron density through a reduction in therecombination rate, but there appears to be no clearevidence for or against this effect. However, thestatistics have identified some new characteristicsunder quiet conditions, e.g., Te increases with Ne andthis becomes more pronounced with altitude. Thisproject is still in its early stages and further analysisand interpretations of the statistics are currentlyunderway and physical interpretations of the findingsare now being considered.

36

Figure 1. A typical example of a Doppler power spectrum pair of type 1 echoes detected simultaneously at 50 and 144MHz. As seen, at 144 MHz (dash line) the type 1 spectrum is shifted by about 30 m/s (~10%) in relation to that at 50MHz (solid line). At 50 MHz the spectrum is a mixture of type 1 and type 2 echoes but not at 144 MHz.(Figure 3 from Haldoupis et al., 2002).

37

Aeronomy Research

E.J. Llewellyn, D.A. Degenstein

Research Engineer: C. FoleyGraduate Students:

Research Associate:Adjunct Professor: Dr. R.L. Gattinger

Dr. N.D. Lloyd

A. BourassaP. LoewenB. Wilcox

Post-Doctoral Fellow: Dr. S. Petelina

Team Members

of the InfraRed Group (IRG)

Odin Project funded through PWGSC/CSA ContractsOdin project funded through PWGSC/CSA ContractsOdin project funded through NSERC GrantsOdin Project funded through PWGSC/CSA Contracts

This report describes the research progress that has been made by the InfraRed Group (IRG) of theInstitute during the last year.

Summer Students: K. LamontT. Lengyel

T. RoschukC. Roth

ISAS 2001

The major focus of the group continues to bethe Odin/OSIRIS instrument and following thesuccessful launch of the Odin satellite on February20, 2001, from Svobodny in eastern Russia we arenow extensively involved in the data analysis. Theentire Odin spacecraft was shipped to Russia earlyin the new year and the Odin Science and Launchteams, including Dr. Llewellyn, arrived at Svobodnyone week later. For the next six weeks the satellitewas carefully checked and prepared for launch.Finally the satellite was installed on the Start-1 rocketand the team witnessed a picture perfect launch atsunset on February 20. Although the instrumentswere not switched-on immediately it was apparentwithin twenty minutes of the launch that the desiredorbit had in fact been achieved and that the satellitehad stabilized its attitude. This was a major milestoneas it meant that the threat from direct solar illuminationon OSIRIS was minimal. In order to allow thespacecraft to outgas fully the instrument switch-on

was delayed until March 17, thus the OSIRIS teamhad to wait almost one more month before it couldlearn if the instrument had really survived the launchand could indeed make measurements of scatteredsunlight in the limb. This switch-on was supported byDr. Lloyd who was in Esrange, Sweden, to providethe Canadian OSIRIS team with the first images fromorbit. Even without extensive analysis it was apparentthat these images indicated that OSIRIS was meetingits design goals. The measured limb spectrum andthe pre-flight modeled spectra are shown in Figures1a and 1b, it is readily apparent that the flight spectrumis very similar to that expected.

These observations also showed that thewavelength calibration (pixel-to-wavelength map) wasessentially unchanged from the calibration made atCalgary during calibration in January 1998. Thepointing of the entire Odin spacecraft was confirmedwith observations of Jupiter; the quality of the S/W

38

Figure 1b. The first limb radiance spectrum measured with OSIRIS on the Odin satellite.

developed by the Team was demonstrated in that Dr.Lloyd was able to identify the Jupiter spectrum withina few moments of receiving the downlinked data. InMay Drs. Degenstein and Lloyd returned to Esrangefor the commissioning of the Odin Aeronomy missionand obtained the first tomographic images from theinfrared imager (Figure 2). Dr. Degenstein was ableto make a tomographic analysis and this revealed that

the oxygen infrared atmospheric band emission isquite structured in the evening twilight and that theMeinel OH nightglow exhibits brightness variationsthat are associated with atmospheric dynamics. Thetomographic analysis also revealed that the inverted-U structures seen in the limb images (Figure 3) aresignatures of local enhancements in the volumeemission.

Figure 1a. Pre-flight modeled limb radiance spectrum.

39ISAS 2001

These tomographic analyses represent a majoradvance in the study of the terrestrial atmosphere asthey have yielded horizontal and vertical resolutionsthat are much better than are used in present

atmospheric models. It is also worth noting that theanalysis approach is at the forefront of internationalendeavours in this area of study. This work is a majorcomponent of Mr. Adam Bourassa’s thesis research.

Figure 2. A series of limb images of the oxygen infrared atmospheric airglow and the corresponding tomographicinversion.

40

Figure 3. Inverted U structures observed with the OSIRIS imager.

Figure 4. Comparison of the retrieved OSIRIS ozone profile with that measured by an ozone sonde at the samelocation.

41

Figure 5. Ozone profiles retrieved from the OSIRIS optical spectrograph measurements.

ISAS 2001

Following the aeronomy commissioning theOdin satellite was handed over to the astronomersfor astronomy commissioning and so it was notpossible to make further atmospheric measurementsuntil July. At that time the first stratosphericobservations were attempted and compared with theozone profiles obtained from geo-co-located sondes.An example of the first results is shown in Figure 4and a satellite pass from the equator to the pole isshown in Figure 5; the analysis technique used forthese data was developed by Dr. Christian vonSavigny, a member of the Odin/OSIRIS team at YorkUniversity. The quality of the OSIRIS results is obviousalthough they do contain some surprises. Theapparent elevation of the ozone contour at 30 degreesnorth is coincident with the Himalayas and suggeststhat full account of the surface topography must beincluded in the models. Unfortunately at the end ofAugust the satellite lost the ability to point and so nofurther aeronomy results were obtained until Octoberwhen the Antarctic ozone hole was contracting.However, despite this unfavorable situation the ozone

hole was observed and the total column maps fromthe OSIRIS instrument and the TOMS satellite areshown in Figure 6. It is readily apparent that OSIRISis producing the same results as TOMS but also offersa new value added product as it is able to provideozone height profiles throughout the ozone hole region(Figure 7). A second approach to the problem ofozone and aerosol retrieval has been developed byDr. Gattinger who has modeled the limb radiance andwe are planning to use both this analysis approachand the one developed by Dr. von Savigny to producea Level-2 ozone product.

The calibration quartz-halogen lamp spectrathat indicated the presence of obvious structure inthe full slit images, see Figure 8, and the need tomonitor the slit contamination initiated a modificationin the data collection. The gap in the collected spectra(Figure 1) corresponds to the position of the ordersorter and the corresponding data is replaced with 8complete columns of data from arbitrary wavelengthsin the spectrum. These slits images have been

42

monitored on a regular basis since the beginning ofthe mission and presently indicate that the slitcontamination is stable.

Dr. Petelina has taken an active part in the Odineffort and has concentrated on the detection ofaerosols, primarily PMC’s, with OSIRIS. Before thelaunch of Odin we had anticipated that it would bepossible to use the IRI tomographic procedure toidentify regions of enhanced Rayleigh scattering andthen to analyze the optical spectrograph data in orderto determine the properties of the scatterers. Thisproved not to be the case as the clouds werecompletely identifiable with from the mesosphericscattered light spectrum. Our present results suggestthat the particles are in the 70 nm range.

Mr. Brad Wilcox has started to use the OSIRISDM in a ground-based OSIRIS validation programand has already developed a scattering model thatidentifies the various contributors to the observed skyspectrum. The ground based measurement set-uphas required the development of a fibre optic/collimator mirror system that delivers sky-light to theDM version of OSIRIS that is housed in the ISAS cleanroom. As with the flight version of OSIRIS the

instrument is operated remotely over the Universityremote access network. A second validation effort isbeing undertakne by Mr. Paul Loewen who is buildinga new version of the TOI photometer that was usedby Llewellyn and Evans for some of their pioneeringstudies of the oxygen infrared atmospheric bandairglow. It is planned to install this photometer at anarctic station in the first part of 2003 and collect sky-data as the sun rises at the end of the arctic night.

Dr. Nick Lloyd, who has responsibility for theflight software and flight operations, is a very importantmember of the Odin/OSIRIS mission team. Thevarious procedures and display software that he hasdeveloped enable the team to determine the overallstatus of the OSIRIS instrument and review the Level-0 data as soon as it is received. The quality of thiseffort is demonstrated by the fact that the OSIRISobservations of Jupiter were used in almost real timeto inform the Swedish Space Corporation personnelthat successful pointing had been achieved. Othervaluable members of the OSIRIS team are Mr. T.Roschuk, Mr. C. Roth and Mr. T. Lengyel, our summerstudents during 2000, who were major contributorsto the Odin/OSIRIS success in 2001.

UV/VIS DU and TOMS DUNov.06-07/01

Figure 6. A comparison of the TOMS and OSIRIS Total Ozone maps.

43ISAS 2001

Figure 7. The advance offered by OSIRIS as it also obtains the ozone height profile as well as the total ozonecolumn.

Figure 8. The full slit image showing the striations in the observed spectra.

44

45

Publications

Presentations (Talks, Papers, Posters)

Visitors to ISAS

Graduate Student Theses

Attendance at Meetings or Other Visits

Services and Distinctions

Vision Statement

Appendices

ISAS 2001

47

Publications

ISAS 2001

Haldoupis, C., G.C. Hussey, A. Bourdillon, and J. Delloue. Azimuth-Time-Intensity striations of quasiperiodicradar echoes from the midlatitude E region ionosphere, Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 1933-1936, 2001.

Huang, Chao-Song, G. J. Sofko, A. V. Koustov, J. W. MacDougall, R. A. Greenwald, J. M Ruohoniemi, J. C.Foster, J. P. Villain, M. Lester, J. Watermann, V. O. Papitashvili, and W. J. Hughes, Long-period magnetospheric-ionospheric perturbations during northward interplanetary magnetic field, Accepted for publication in J.Geophys. Res., 106, 13,091-13,103, 2001.

Huuskonen, A., T. Nygren, and L. Jalonen, “The effect of electric field-induced vertical convection on theprecipitation E-layer”, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 927—935, 2001.

Jacobi, Ch., M. Lange, D. Kürschner, A.H. Manson, and C.E. Meek, “A Long-Term Comparison of SaskatoonMF Radar and Collm LF D1 Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere Wind Measurements”, Phys. Chem. Earth(C), 26, No. 6, 419-424, 2001.

Khabibrakhmanov, I.K., D.A. Degenstein and E.J. Llewellyn, “Mesospheric Ozone: Determination from orbitwith the OSIRIS instrument on Odin”, Can. J. Phys., In press December 2001.

Koustov, A.V., K. Igarashi, D. Andre, K. Ohtaka, N. Sato, H. Yamagishi, and A. Yukimatu, “Observations of50-MHz and 12-MHz auroral coherent echoes at the Antarctic Syowa station”, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12,875-12,887, 2001.

Llewellyn, E.J., “The Odin Aeronomy Mission – an Editorial”, Can. J. Phys., In press December 2001.

Luo, Y., A.H. Manson, C.E. Meek, K. Igarashi, and Ch. Jacobi, “Extra long period (20-40 day) oscillations inthe mesospheric and lower thermospheric winds: observations in Canada, Europe and Japan, andconsiderations of possible solar influences”, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 63, 835-852, 2001.

MacDougall, J.W., D.A. Andre, G.J. Sofko, C.-S. Huang and A.V. Kustov, “Travelling ionospheric disturbanceproperties deduced from Super Dual Auroral Radar measurements”, Annales Geophysicae, 18, 12, 1550-1559, 2001.

Makarevitch, R.A., T. Ogawa, K. Igarashi, A.V. Koustov, N. Sato, K. Ohtaka, H. Yamagishi, and A. Yukimatu,“On the power-velocity relationship for 12- and 50-MHz auroral coherent echoes”, J. Geophys. Res., 106,15,455-15,469, 2001.

48

McDade, I.C., K. Strong, C.S. Haley, J. Stegman, D.P. Murtagh, and E.J. Llewellyn, “A Method forRecovering Stratospheric Minor Species Densities from the Odin OSIRIS Scattered SunlightMeasurements”, Can. J. Phys., In press December 2001.

McLinden, C.A., J.C. McConnell, K. Strong, I.C. McDade, R.L. Gattinger, R. King, B.H. Solheim, W.F.J.Evans, D.A. Degenstein and E.J. Llewellyn, “The impact of the OSIRIS grating efficiency on radianceand trace-gas retrievals”, Can. J. Phys., In press December 2001.

Meek, C. and A. Manson, “MF radar spaced antenna experiment: wind variance vs. record length”,Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 63, 181-191, 2001.

Merzlyokov, E.G., Yu.I. Portnyagin, C. Jacobi, N.J. Mitchell, H.G. Muller, A.H. Manson, A.N. Fachrutdinova,W. Singer, and P. Hoffmann, “On the longitudinal structure of the transient day-to-day variation of thesemidiurnal tide in the mid-latitude lower thermosphere – I. Winter season”, Annales Geophysicae, 19,545-562, 2001.

Murtagh, D., U. Frisk, F. Merino, M. Ridal, A. Jonsson, J. Stegman, G. Witt, P. Eriksson, C. Jiménez, G.Megie, J. de la Nöe, P. Ricaud, P. Baron, J. R. Pardo, A. Hauchcorne, E.J. Llewellyn, D.A. Degenstein,R.L. Gattinger, N.D. Lloyd, W.F.J. Evans, I.C. McDade, C.S. Haley, C. Sioris, C. von Savigny, B.H.Solheim, J.C. McConnell, K. Strong, E. H. Richardson, G.W. Leppelmeier, E. Kyrölä, H. Auvinen, and L.Oikarinen, “An overview of the Odin Atmospheric Mission”, Can. J. Phys., In press December 2001.

Nishitani, N., T. Ogawa, N. Sato, H. Yamagishi, M. Pinnock, J.-P. Villain, G. Sofko, and O. Troshichev, “Astudy of the afternoon convection cell’s response to an IMF southward turning” J. Geophys. Res., Inpress.

Sioris, C.E., W.F.J. Evans, R.L. Gattinger, I.C. McDade, D.A. Degenstein and E.J. Llewellyn, “Ring effectmeasurements from ground-based viewing geometry with the OSIRIS DM”, Can. J. Phys., In pressDecember 2001.

Smolyakov, A.I., A.V. Koustov, and R.A. Makarevitch, “Secondary instabilities in the dynamics of theFarley-Buneman fluctuations”, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 15,511-15,518, 2001.

Strong, K., B.M. Joseph, R. Dosanjh, I.C. McDade, C.A. McLinden, J.C. McConnell, J. Stegman, D.P.Murtagh and E.J. Llewellyn, “Retrieval of Vertical Concentration Profiles from OSIRIS UV-Visible LimbSpectra”, Can. J. Phys., In press December 2001.

Uspensky, M.V., A.V. Koustov, P. Eglitis, A. Huuskonen, S.E. Milan, T. Pulkkinen, and R. Pirjola, “CUTLASSHF radar observations of high-velocity E-region echoes”, Ann. Geophys., 19, 411-424, 2001.

Xu, L., A.V. Koustov, J. Thayer and M. McCready, “SuperDARN convection and Sondrestrom plasmadrift”, Ann. Geophys., 19, 749-759, 2001.

49

Presentations(Talks, Papers, Posters)

Andre, D., G. J. Sofko, and A. V. Koustov. Aspect Angle Dependence of HF Backscatter From the E-region.Abstracts of DASP Meeting, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Feb 23-24, 2001.

Andre, D., G. J. Sofko, and A. V. Koustov. Aspect Angle Dependence of HF Backscatter From the E-region.Abstracts of SuperDARN Annual Meeting, Venice, Italy, May 21-25, 2001.

Benkevitch, L.V., A.V. Koustov, G. J. Sofko, W.B. Lyatsky, and A.M. Hamza. Preferential Periods for theSubstorm Onsets Inferred From the AE and AO Magnetic Indices. Abstracts of DASP Meeting, Saskatoon,Saskatchewan, Feb 23-24, 2001.

Benkevitch, L.V., A.V. Koustov, W.B. Lyatsky, G.J. Sofko, and A.M. Hamza. Substorm onset indices, SpaceEnvironment Workshop, Banff, Alberta, November 8-10, 2001.

Danskin, D.W., A.V. Koustov, S. Nozawa, T. Ogawa, and N. Nishitani. HF Echo Occurrence and Parametersof F-Region Plasma. Abstracts of DASP Meeting, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Feb 23-24, 2001.

Danskin, D.W., A.V. Koustov, T. Ogawa, S. Nozawa, and N. Nishitani. On the factors controlling the power ofF-region coherent echoes, Abstracts of 10th International EISCAT Workshop, July 23-27, 2001, Tokyo, Japan,p. 17, 2001.

Danskin, D.W., A.V. Koustov, T. Ogawa, S. Nozawa, and N. Nishitani, On the consistency of plasma convec-tion derived from SuperDARN HF observations and EISCAT, Abstracts of 10th International EISCAT Work-shop, July 23-27, 2001, Tokyo, Japan, p. 58, 2001.

Danskin, D.W., A.V. Koustov, T. Ogawa, N. Nishitani, and S. Nozawa, Are SuperDARN convection mapscompatible with EISCAT electric field measurements, Space Environment Workshop, Banff, Alberta, November8-10, 2001.

Davis, G.R., S.B. Calcutt, J.R. Drummond, D.A. Naylor, A.J. Penny and S. Seager. MUSE: Searching forbiomarkers in a life-bearing planet. Annual Meeting of the American Astronomical Society Division of PlanetarySciences, New Orleans, November 2001. Abstract: Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society (In press).

Degenstein, D.A., W.F.J.Evans, R. L. Gattinger, C. Haley, E.J. Llewellyn, N.D. Lloyd, J.C. McConnell,I.C.McDade, D.P. Murtagh, B.H.Solheim, J. Stegman and K. Strong. “An Initial View of the Detection ofAtmospheric Structures with the IR Imager on the Odin Satellite. AGU Spring Meeting, Boston, MA, May,2001.

Degenstein, D.A., E.J. Llewellyn and N.D. Lloyd, “The potential for incorrect interpretation of atmosphericimages as seen with OSIRIS”, 28th European Meeting on Atmospheric Studies by Optical Methods, Oulu,Finland, August, 2001.

Degenstein, D.A., N.D. Lloyd, E.J. Llewellyn, A.E. Bourassa, I.C. McDade, and The Odin Team, OSIRIS onOdin: First Observational Results from the IR Imager System, SA22A-0707 EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un.,San Francisco, CA, December, 2001.

ISAS 2001

50

Drummond, J.R., V.J. Hipkin, B.M. Quine, K.F. Strong, B.T. Tolton, J.J. Caldwell, J.C. McConnell, B.Rivard, B. Jones and G.R. Davis, 2001. A combined atmospheric and geological mission to Mars. AnnualMeeting of the American Astronomical Society Division of Planetary Sciences, New Orleans, November2001. Abstract: Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society (In press).

Evans, W.F.J., L. Chardon and E.J. Llewellyn. Investigations of PMCs with WINDII and OSIRIS Obser-vations, LPMR Meeting, Asilomar, CA, October, 2001.

Evans, W.F.J., C. Sioris, S. Petelina, E.J. Llewellyn, L.R. Chardon, and The Odin Team. The ValidationInter-comparison of Polar Mesospheric Clouds from OSIRIS with WINDII, SA4B-0740 EOS Trans. Amer.Geophys. Un., San Francisco, CA, December, 2001.

Haldoupis, C., G.C. Hussey, A. Bourdillon, and J. Delloue. “More quasi-periodic radar echoes from themid-latitude E-region: Azimuth-Time-Intensity straiations“, 2001 DASP Winter Workshop, Saskatoon,Saskatchewan, February 22-24, 2001.

Haley, C.S., I.C. McDade, G. Infante, C. von Savigny, E. Griffioen, C.A. McLinden, C.E. Sioris, K. Strong,J. Stegman, and E.J. Llewellyn. Application of Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) toUV-Visible Limb Spectra, 8th Scientific Assembly of IAMAS, Innsbruck, July 1-8, 2001.

Haley, C.S., Llewellyn, E.J., Degenstein, D., Evans, W.F.J., Gattinger, R.L., Lloyd, N., McConnell, J.C.,McDade, I.C., Solheim, B., and Strong, K. OSIRIS - The Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed ImagingSystem on Odin, 8th Scientific Assembly of IAMAS, Innsbruck, July, 2001.

Haley, C.S., C.E. Sioris, C. von Savigny, I.C. McDade, E. Griffioen, C.A. McLinden, E.J. Llewellyn, andThe Odin Team. Retrieval of Stratospheric O

3 and NO

2 Density Profiles From a DOAS Analysis of UV-

Visible Limb Scatter Measured by OSIRIS, A42A-0097 EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., San Francisco,CA, December, 2001.

Koustov, A.V., R.A. Makarevitch, D. Andre, T. Ogawa, K. Igarashi, K. Ohtaka, N. Sato, H. Yamagishi, andA. Yukimatu. Refraction Contribution to the Power-Velocity Relationship at 12 MHz. Abstracts of DASPMeeting, Saskatoon, Feb 23-24, 2001.

Koustov, A. V., R. A. Makarevitch, K. Igarashi, K. Ohtaka, T. Ogawa, N. Nishitani, N. Sato, H. Yamagishi,and A. Yukimatu. Recent contributions to E-region irregularity studies from 50- and 12-MHz radarmeasurements at the Antarctic Syowa station. Abstracts of the 25th Symposium on coordinatedobservations of the ionosphere and the magnetosphere in the polar regions, July 30-31, 2001, NationalInstitute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan, p. 15.

Koustov, A.V., Danskin, D., M.V. Uspensky, T. Ogawa, and N. Nishitani, Range profiles of 140-MHz E-region and 12-MHz F-region coherent echoes. Abstracts of the 25th Symposium on coordinatedobservations of the ionosphere and the magnetosphere in the polar regions, July 30-31, 2001, NationalInstitute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan, p. 24.

Koustov, A. V., R. A. Makarevitch, T. Ogawa, N. Nishitani, K. Igarashi, K. Ohtaka, N. Sato, H. Yamagishi,and A. Yukimatu. Characteristics of 12- and 3-m E-region irregularities as observed at Syowa, Antarctica.Abstracts of 2001 Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference, August 1-4, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan, p.349.

51

Kyrölä, E., L. Oikarinen, H. Auvinen, G. W. Leppelmeier, A. Hauchecorne, J. Burrows, D.Murtagh, J. Stegman,G. Witt, E.J. Llewellyn, D.A. Degenstein, R.L. Gattinger I. McDade, B. Solheim, W. Evans, K. Strong, E.Hilsenrath, and R. McPeters. Intercomparison of limb radiance models and satellite measurements, Pre-Launch Workshop on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of Envisat (ACVE), ESTEC, Noordwijk, TheNetherlands May 6-8, 2001.

Llewellyn, E.J., D.A. Degenstein, N.D. Lloyd, R.L. Gattinger, S. Petelina, I.C. McDade, C. Haley, B.H. Solheim,C. von Savigny, C. Sioris, W.F.J. Evans, K. Strong, D.P. Murtagh, and J. Stegman. First Results from theOSIRIS Instrument on-board Odin, Proceedings of the 28AM on Optical Studies of the Upper Atmosphere,Oulu, Finland – August 2001.

Llewellyn, E.J., D.A. Degenstein, W.F.J. Evans, R.L. Gattinger, N.D. Lloyd and I.C. McDade. The Detectionof Atmospheric Structures with the IR Imager on the Odin Satellite, LPMR Meeting, Asilomar, CA, October,2001.

Llewellyn, E.J., D.A. Degenstein, R.L. Gattinger, N.D. Lloyd, W.F.J. Evans, I.C. McDade, C.S. Haley, C.E.Sioris, C. von Savigny and D.P. Murtagh. The measurement of the troposphere and stratosphere from lowearth orbiting satellites, Advances in Environmental Engineering Workshop, Utsonomiya University, Japan,November, 2001.

Llewellyn, E.J., R.L. Gattinger, D.A. Degenstein, N.D. Lloyd, I.C. McDade, J. Stegman, and The Odin Team.OSIRIS on Odin: An Overview of OSIRIS - the Optical Spectrograph and IR Imager System, SA22A-0706EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., San Francisco, CA, December, 2001.

Llewellyn, E.J., D.A. Degenstein, N.D. Lloyd, R.L. Gattinger, S. Petelina, I.C. McDade, C. Haley, B.H. Solheim,C. von Savigny, C. Sioris, W.F.J. Evans, K. Strong, D.P. Murtagh, and J. Stegman, “First Results from theOSIRIS Instrument on-board Odin”, Proceedings of the 28AM on Optical Studies of the Upper Atmosphere,Oulu, Finland, December, 2001.

Makarevitch, R.A., A.V. Koustov, D. Andre, T. Ogawa, K. Igarashi, K. Ohtaka, N. Sato, H. Yamagishi, and A.Yukimatu. E-Region Echo Occurrence at 12 and 50 MHz According to Observations at Syowa Station.Abstracts of DASP Meeting, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Feb 23-24, 2001.

Makarevitch, R.A., T. Ogawa, K. Igarashi, A.V. Koustov, N. Sato, K. Ohtaka, H. Yamagishi, and A. Yukimatu.HF/VHF E-region Echoes: Power and Velocity Aspects. Abstracts of SuperDARN Annual Meeting, Venice,May 21-25, 2001.

Makarevitch, R. A., A. V. Koustov, G. Sofko, D. Andre, and T. Ogawa. Multi-frequency measurements of HFDoppler velocity in the auroral E region, paper presented to Space Environment Workshop, Banff, November8-10, 2001.

Manson, A.H. et al. “Seasonal Variations of the Solar Tides in the MLT: MF Radar Observations and Models(GSWM, CMAM). A Space Science Odyssey 2001 CEDAR Workshop - SCOSTEP - 10th Quadrennial STPSymposium, Longmont, Colorado, USA, June 17-22, 2001.

Marchaudon, A., J.-C. Cerisier, R.A. Greenwald and G.J. Sofko. Convection Flow bursts and associatedcurrents in the vicinity of the dayside cusp. SuperDARN International Workshop, Venice, Italy, May 21 - 25,2001.

ISAS 2001

Murtagh, D.P., E.J. Llewellyn, E. Kyrola, G. Megie, U. Frisk, and The Odin Team. The Odin AtmosphericMission, A42A-005 EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., San Francisco, CA, December, 2001.

Penny, A.J., G.R. Davis, S.B. Calcutt, J.R. Drummond, D.A. Naylor and S. Seager. MUSE: Looking for life onEarth. Proceedings of First European Workshop on Exo/Astrobiology, Frascati, 389–391, May 2001.

Petelina, S.V., E.J. Llewellyn, N.D. Lloyd, C.Sioris, W.F. Evans, and The Odin Team. Polar MesosphericClouds Observed by the Optical Spectrograph on Odin in July-August, 2000, SA4B-0744 EOS Trans. Amer.Geophys. Un., San Francisco, CA, December, 2001.

Rae, L.J., F.R. Fenrich, G.J. Sofko, J.A. Fedder and S.P. Slinker. A Comparison of SuperDARN cuspobservations with a Global MHD mode. SuperDARN International Workshop, Venice, Italy, May 21 - 25,2001.

Savigny, C. von, I.C. McDade, E. Griffioen, C.S. Haley, C.A. McLinden, C.E. Sioris, E.J. Llewellyn, and TheOdin Team. Ozone Profiles Retrieved From Odin/OSIRIS Obervations of Limb-Radiance Spectra, A42A-0085 EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., San Francisco, CA, December, 2001.

Sioris, C.E., C. von Savigny, R.L. Gattinger, J.C. McConnell, I.C. McDade, E. Griffioen, E.J. Llewellyn, andThe Odin Team. Attitude Determination for Limb-scanning Satellites: The “KNEE” at 305 nm, A32B-0056EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., San Francisco, CA, December, 2001.

Sofko, G.J., D. Andre, L. Benkevitch, S. Koustov, and M. Huber. SuperDARN – Status, Convection and EchoStatistics. Abstracts of DASP Meeting, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Feb 23-24, 2001.

Sofko, G.J., A.V. Koustov, D. Andre, L. Benkevitch, and M. Huber. Suppression of HF Radar Aurora byPhotoconductivity. Abstracts of SuperDARN International Workshop, Venice, Italy, May 21-25, 2001.

Xu, L., A.V. Koustov, V.O. Papitashvili, F. J. Rich. Ionospheric Convection Inferred From SuperDARN:Comparison with DMSP. Abstracts of DASP Meeting, Saskatoon, Feb 23-24, 2001.

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Dr. David Naylor University of Lethbridge January 19 - 21Dr. Glenn Orton Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, USA January 19 - 21Dr. Martin Burgdorf European Space Agency, Madrid, Spain January 19 - 21Dr. Sunil Sidher Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Qxon, UK January 19 - 21Dr. Gerry Atkinson University of British Columbia February 26Dr. Young-In Won Polar Sciences Lab. Seoul, Korea June 10 - 13Dr. YoungMin Cho Polar Sciences Lab. Seoul, Korea June 10 - 13Dr. Martin Connors Athabaska University AB June 14 - 15Dr. Namboothiri & Kishore CRL Scientists, Tokyo, Japan June 22 - 27Dr. E.H. Richardson EHR Associates, Victoria, B.C. June 25 - 29Dr. K. Smith Routes AstroEngineering Ltd., Ottawa June 25 - 29Dr. R.L. Gattinger U of S Adjunct, Ottawa June 25 - 29Dr. J. Stegman MISU, Stockholm, Sweden June 25 - 29Dr. I.C. McDade York University, Toronto June 25 - 29Dr. C.S. Haley York University, Toronto June 25 - 29Dr. C. Sioris Harvard Smithsonian Astrophysical Obsrv., Boston June 25 - 29Dr. B.H. Solheim York University, Toronto June 25 - 29Dr. V. Wehrle CSA, Ottawa June 25 - 29Dr. C. von Savigny York University, Toronto June 25 - 29Dr. Lisa Oikarinen FMI, Finland June 25 - 29Dr. H. Auvinen FMI, Finland June 25 - 29Dr. E. Kyrola FMI, Finland June 25 - 29Dr. E. Griffioen York University, Toronto June 25 - 29Dr. W. Evans Trent University, Peterborough June 25 - 29Dr. G. Witt MISU, Stockholm June 25 - 29Dr. F. Merino MISU, Stockholm June 25 - 29Dr. Christos Haldoupis University of Crete, Iraklion, Greece Sept. 5 to Feb. 1

Visitors to ISAS

ISAS 2001

Graduate Student

ThesesYi Luo, Ph.D. Student - Thesis: Influences of Planetary Waves upon the Dynamics of the Mesosphere

and Lower Thermosphere. Graduated May 2002.

Attendance at Meetings

E.J. Llewellyn Sweden and Russia January 5 - Mar. 15G.R. Davis Cambridge, ON re: Com. Development February 15 - 22N. Lloyd Sweden, Odin March 22 - 27E.J. Llewellyn Ottawa, ON and Stockholm, Sweden April 13 - May 6D.A. Degenstein and N. Lloyd Sweden re: Odin/OSIRIS May 7 - 21A.V. Koustov Italy May 20 - 28G.R. Davis Ontario re: Canadian Astronomical Society Annual Conf. May 26 - 29G.J. Sofko and A.H. Manson Ottawa re: CSA Meeting May 31 - June 3A.V. Koustov Sabbatical leave June 4 - November 1G.R. Davis and B.E. Hesman Hawaii, the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope June 14 - 28G.C. Hussey Germany June 15 - 29A.H. Manson and T.Chshyolkova Colorado re: CEDAR/ SCOSTEP Conference June 16 - 24G.R. Davis Cardiff, UK July 2 - 8G.R. Davis Cambridge, ON July 12 - 21G.J. Sofko Calgary, AB July 19 - 20G.J. Sofko Edmonton, AB July 24 - 25E.J. Llewellyn Oulu, Finland re: Optical meeting Odin August 16 - 25E.J. Llewellyn Stockholm, Sweden re: Odin Aeronomy meeting September 1 - 8H. Olivier Prince George September 6 - 7D.A. Degenstein and N. Lloyd Toronto September 26 - 29E.J. Llewellyn Monterey, CA, meeting re: Odin Aeronomy October 9 - 13G.R. Davis Toronto, ON October 11 - 14E.J. Llewellyn Washington re: NASA Instr. Selection Committee mtg October 15 - 19G.R. Davis Royal Obs. Edinburgh November 2 - 9E.J. Llewellyn Ottawa, ON November 4 - 5A.H. Manson Calgary, AB re: CSA SAEAC meeting November 12 - 13E.J. Llewellyn Tokyo, Japan November 17 - 22E.J. Llewellyn San Francisco, CA December 10 - 15D.A. Degenstein Toronto, ON and San Francisco, CA December 5 - 15G.R. Davis Hawaii December 12 - 27

or Other Visits

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G.R. Davis- Co-investigator, ISO Long Wavelength Spectrometerproject; Leader, LWS Solar System Team- Co-investigator, Herschel Spectrometric andPhotometric Imaging Receiver project-Member of FIRST/Planck Steering Committee- PI, Measurements of the Unresolved Spectrum ofthe Earth Concept Study

G.C. Hussey-Member of CANOPUS Team

A.V. Koustov-Member of CANOPUS Team-Member of SuperDARN Team-DASP Chair

D.A. Degenstein- Participant, Optical Aeronomy and AtmosphericScience experiment (OSIRIS) on the Swedish Odinsatellite

Services and Distinctions

A.H. Manson- Member of Steering Committee for Post-STEPInternational Programs; S-RAMP (STEP-Results,Applications, and Modelling Phase) (1997-2002)- Chair of COSPAR Sub-Commission C2, MiddleAtmosphere and Lower Ionosphere (1994-1998,1998-2002)- Member of STRAC (Solar Terrestrial RelationsAdvisory Committee) of the Canadian Space Agency(1992-2001 [Chair; 1994/95] )- Member of LTCS (Lower Thermosphere CouplingStudy), international project of CEDAR-Editorial Advisory Board member, “Journal ofAtmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics” (1994-present)-Chair, Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies,University of Saskatchewan (1991-1997; 1997-2000)

G.J. Sofko- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) Group Achievement Award for ground basedinvestigation by Team/SuperDARN, “in recognition ofthe highly successful exploration of geospace by theGlobal Geospace Science Program”- Member of CANOPUS Team- Member of SuperDARN Executive Committee- Principal Investigator, DSS/CSA contract for SystemManagement at the Saskatoon CANOPUS node- Principal Investigator, NSERC CSP “The Canadiancomponent of SuperDARN, Phase II”

E.J. Llewellyn- Principal Investigator, Optical Aeronomy andAtmospheric Science experiment (OSIRIS) on theSwedish Odin satellite- Principal Investigator, satellite experiment: OGLOWII on STS-52 Mission- Co-investigator, satellite experiments: OGLOW(STS-17/41G); PHOTONS (STS-19); WINDII(UARS); ACE (Canadian SciSat); AEPI (EOM-1/1)renamed ATLAS; WAMDII; VIKING-UV Imager- Co-investigator, rocket experiment: GEMINI- Chairman, Time Allocation Committee for WINDII/UARS- Member of CAP/NSERC Committee for Review ofPhysics in Canada-Chairman, NASA Selection Panel for LCAS

ISAS 2001

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the Atmospheric and Geospace Environments of the Planet Earth: the Dynamicsand Chemistry of the Middle Atmosphere and Troposphere; the Magnetosphere,Thermosphere and Ionosphere with the imbedded Aurora Borealis. Expand thesestudies to the other Planets where possible and relevant.

a comprehensive suite of observational systems including ground-based, rocketand satellite; and support the development of comprehensive Space andAtmospheric Models consistent with observations. Strive to achieve levels ofexcellence in research consistent with the highest international standards in SolarTerrestrial Physics.

the investigations and observations to important societal issues such as theUnderstanding of Atmospheric Processes and Global Climate Change, andGeospace Weather Prediction.

balanced and complementary links with Agencies and Councils involved inAtmospheric and Space Research – CSA, AES, NSERC – and with high-technology industries, especially those in Saskatchewan.

a balanced working and educational ENVIRONMENT for graduate students,scientists and engineers, including involvement with local industries, and withthe wider life of the University of Saskatchewan – teaching and outreach.

collaborations within the Institute to maximize opportunities for comprehensive,complementary studies of the Atmosphere and Geospace.

to the community of Solar Terrestrial Physicists, and to the international communityengaged in Solar Terrestrial Physics.

the Saskatoon and Saskatchewan communities, including especially studentsand the media, with information and opportunities to share in the Solar TerrestrialPhysics activity in the Institute; recognizing that these contribute to the economichealth, quality of life and knowledge-base of the nation.

ESTABLISH

PROVIDE

RELATE

PROVIDE

CONTRIBUTE

University of Saskatchewan

Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies

Vision for the 21st Century

ENCOURAGE

DEVELOP

INVESTIGATE

The Odin satellite that was launched on February 20, 2001, from eastern Siberia includes theCanadian-built optical instrument (OSIRIS). The first results from this instrument show thatit is operating well above its design performance and that it is possible to generate new mappinginformation that can enhance our understanding of atmospheric processes.OSIRIS makes observations of the Earth’s limb that relate to processes that are important forpolar ozone depletion as well as other chemical and thermal processes in the middle atmosphere.The research in aeronomy and atmospheric science will, in concert with other internationalpartners, address problems that are immediately relevant to anthropogenic effects in the Earth’satmosphere. Specifically, to what extent can the observed Antarctic ozone depletion also occurin the Arctic region, and can the potential magnitude of global warming be determined byobservations in the middle atmosphere?

Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies

The 2001 ISAS Annual Report cover focuses on the Infrared and Aeronomy Group (IRG). TheIRG is an atmospheric research group under the direction of Dr. E.J. Llewellyn within theInstitute of Space and Atmospheric Studies (ISAS) at the University of Saskatchewan. ISAS isone of three “research units” in the Department of Physics and Engineering Physics.

Odin is a Swedish-led joint astronomy/aeronomy mission with participation from Canada,Finland and France. The Canadian aeronomy contribution to Odin is the OSIRIS instrument acombined optical spectrograph and infrared imager: this a major project of the “Space ScienceProgram” of the Canadian Space Agency.

Institute of Space and

Atmospheric Studies

Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan116 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada

Phone: (306) 966-6401 Facsimile: (306) 966-6428Electronic mail: isas@dansas.usask.ca

Web site: http://www.usask.ca/physics/isas

Annual Report

2001

3

Table of Contents

ISAS Facilities

Part A - Highlights of 1997-2001Years of Administrative ChangeCanadian Research ChairsCanadian Space Agency (CSA)ProgramsThe Natural Science and EngineeringResearch Council (NSERC)Outreach: Technology TransferOutreach: Media and GeneralFunding, Staff and Programs

Department of Physics andEngineering Physics Faculty MembersISAS StaffISAS Graduate Students

Part B - Future

Observatory FacilitiesField SitesComputing FacilitiesOptical and Electronic Laboratory FacilitiesParticle Calibration FacilityElectronics and Mechanical Stores Facility

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11111213

141415161616

Chair’s Report

Members of the Institute667

Advisory Committee 5

Research Programs

Atmospheric DynamicsMagnetosphere/Ionosphere InteractionsIonospheric PhysicsAeronomy Research

A.H. MansonG.J. Sofko

A.V. Koustov, G.C. HusseyE.J. Llewellyn, D.A. Degenstein

Appendices PublicationsPresentations (Talks, Papers, Posters)Visitors to ISASGraduate Student ThesesAttendance at Meetings or Other VisitsServices and DistinctionsVision Statement

19283137

47495353545557

University of SaskatchewanGovernmentIndustry

ISAS 2001

4

5

Peter MacKinnon Michael Atkinson

Mark Evered Michael Corcoran

Gary Kachanoski/ Tom Wishart Dick Neal/ Ken Coates

Keith TaylorFranco Berruti/ R. Billinton

Akira Hirose/ Rob Pywell

Alan Manson

Advisory Committee

GovernmentPresident, Communications Research CentreVice President, Radio Science Branch,Industry Canada, OttawaHead, Geomagnetic LaboratoryGeological Survey of Canada, OttawaChief of Experimental Studies, MeteorologicalService of Canada, Environment Canada,Downsview, ONDirector, Science Program DevelopmentSpace and Atmospheric Sciences,Space Science Program,Canadian Space Agency, OttawaDirector General, Defence Research EstablishmentOttawa (DREO), National Defence, OttawaPresident and CEO, Saskatchewan ResearchCouncil, Saskatoon

IndustryDirector, Corporate Planning and CommunicationsSED Systems - a division of Calian Ltd., SaskatoonPresident, Scientific Instrumentation Ltd., SaskatoonPresident; Kipp & Zonen Inc., SaskatoonPresident, PAKWA Engineering Ltd, Saskatoon

Gerry TurcotteWilliam Sawchuk

Richard Coles

David Wardle

David Kendall

Prakash Bhartia

Dan McFadyen

Don Epp

Larry CooperBen Dieterink

Dennis Johnson

PresidentVice President (Academic)Associate V-P (Academic) designateVice President (Research)Dean, College of Graduate StudiesActing Deans, College of Arts and ScienceAssociate Dean, College of Arts and ScienceDean, College of EngineeringHead, Department of Physics and EngineeringPhysicsChair, Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies

University of Saskatchewan

ISAS 2001

Members of the Institute

Department of Physics and Engineering Physics

Faculty Members

ISAS ExecutiveG.R. Davis

D.A. Degenstein

G.C. Hussey

A.V. Koustov

E.J. Llewellyn

G.J. Sofko

B.Sc. (McMaster), M.Sc. (Toronto), D.Phil. (Oxon.)ProfessorB.Sc., B.E., Ph.D. (Saskatchewan)Assistant ProfessorB.E., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Saskatchewan), P. Eng.,Associate ProfessorM.Sc. (Leningrad State), Ph.D. (Moscow Instituteof Earth Physics), P. Eng., Associate ProfessorB.Sc., Ph.D. (Exeter), D.Sc. (Saskatchewan)F.R.S.C., P.Eng., ProfessorB.A.Sc. (British Columbia), Ph.D. (Saskatchewan)P.Eng., Professor

B.Sc., Ph.D. (Canterbury, N.Z.), ProfessorA.H. MansonISAS Chair

Adjunct Professors

B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Saskatchewan)B.A.Sc., M.A.Sc., Ph.D. (British Columbia)

R.L. GattingerD.R. McDiarmid

Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies Staff

Professional Research Associates

D.A. André

N.D. LloydC.E. Meek

M. Watanabe

B.Sc. (Erlangen-Nurnberg), Ph.D. (Georg-August,Germany), P.Eng.B.Sc. (Hons.), Ph.D. (London)B.A. (Queen’s), M.Sc., Ph.D. (Saskatchewan)B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Japan)

6

Research Assistants

T.R. FultonW.R. McMurray

J.K. Taylor

B.E. (Saskatchewan)B.Sc., B.Ed. (Manitoba), Data Assistant/ArchivistB.E., M.Sc. (Saskatchewan)

H. Olivier M.Eng.(Electrical) (South Africa)

Research Engineer

ISAS SecretaryB.Sc. (Hons.) (Saskatchewan), ISAS TechnicianISAS Assistant

D.M. JaroslawskyW.L. Marshall

S.F. Pfeil

Technical and Support Staff

Graduate StudentsPost-Doctoral Fellows (Supervisor)

S. Petelina (Llewellyn)

M.Sc. Students (Supervisor)

A. Bourassa (Llewellyn)

T. Chshyolkova (Manson)

B. Hesman (Davis)

P. Loewen (Llewellyn)

T. Wiensz (Llewellyn)

B. Wilcox (Llewellyn)

Odin IR operation

Influences of Airglow upon the dynamics of the MLTregion

Ground-based Planetary Spectroscopy - James ClerkMaxwell Telescope (JCMT) project

Odin IR Remote Validation

Odin IR Modelling

Odin Ground-based Validation

7ISAS 2001

Odin Aerosol Studies

Summer Students (Supervisor)

K. Lamont (Llewellyn)T. Lengyel (Llewellyn)

P. Marttala, (Hussey) T. Roschuk (Llewellyn)C. Roth (Llewellyn) C. Foley (Llewellyn)

Ionospheric conductance effects in high-latitudephenomenaPlasma processes in the high-latitude ionosphere asseen by coherent radarsStudies of F-region echoes and field-aligned currentsusing SuperDARNInfluences of planetary waves upon the dynamics ofthe MLT regionTheoretical and experimental studies of E-region plasmawavesSuperDARN-derived plasma convection: Comparisonwith other measurements and application to field-aligned current studies

Ph.D. Students (Supervisor)

L. Benkevitch (Koustov)

D.W. Danskin (Koustov)

J. Liang (Sofko)

Y. Luo (Manson)

R. Makarevitch (Koustov)

L. Xu (Koustov)

Chair’s Report

8

The two themes of the Terrestrial “Atmo-spheric Environment” (0-100 km) and the Terrestrial“Space Environment” (ionosphere, thermosphere,magnetosphere) are the focus of research within theInstitute of Space and Atmospheric Studies (ISAS).The work has prospered, due to the energetic lead-ership of our seven Professors, who also act as theExecutive and as Principle Investigators (PIs) for themain programs of ISAS. The research activities arebased upon a strong and diverse set of observationalsystems, including ground-based radars and opticalsystems; and optical systems on aircraft, rockets andspace vehicles. The analysis of the data from thesesystems leads to complementary theoretical andmodelling activities, and strong national and globalcollaborations.

A hightlight of this year was the meeting of theAdvisory Committee in November (22nd). There wasa very full attendance of Scientists and SeniorAdministrators from Government Agencies andDepartments, local Industry Presidents and Directors,and University of Saskatchewan Senior Admin-istrators. Their presence, interest and support forour Institute and its Programs are greatly appreciated.Their support for recruitment of Professors for theapproaching retirement of three senior Professorswas much appreciated. At the next meeting it isproposed that we have presentations from membersof the Committee informing ISAS Staff of potentialopportunities that exist for collaboration andinteractions. The report below is the four year (1997-2001) Report made to the Advisory Committee.General readers and supporters will find thedevelopments over these years to be of great interest.

PART A. Highlights of 1997-2001

These have been years of enormous changewith regard to persons in leadership roles in the‘Department of Physics and Engineering Physics’(PEP) and the University. Prof. Rob Pywell wasActing-Head (1997-8), Prof. Akira Hirose was Head(1998-2001), and Dr. Pywell is now Head (2001-04).As a Research Unit in PEP, ISAS flourishes only whenthe Department is being well-operated and the Headis appropriately aware of ISAS activities and needs.As Chair I have spent considerable time working withthe Heads; in particular assisting with PEP financesand serving on the ‘Management Committee’ from1997-2000.

The senior administrators in our University, whoalso serve on the Advisory Committee, have changedcompletely since the 1997 year. Thus in the years2000-2001 efforts were required to ensure that theimportance of ISAS in the Canadian Space Sciencearea was well known to our senior colleagues. They

have all been very generous with their time, interestand support in a variety of ways. Most crucial for ushas been the Office of the Dean (College of Arts andScience). After Dean David Atkinson left, we had aseries of Acting-Deans (Professors ClaudeThompson, Tom Wishart, Dick Neal), before the arrivalof the present Dean, Ken Coates, in January 2001.Shortly after that and in response to the restructuringof the College into Divisions (Natural Sciences, SocialSciences, Fine Arts/Humanities) the Associate Dean(Science Faculty) was appointed (Prof. Keith Taylor).

Both of our Deans have visited ISAS andhave listened to our Science Presentations. The new‘Divisions’ in the College mean that the Sciences willhave more independence and responsibility. We havewaited since 1998 for a ‘permanent’ Dean and thisnew structure, and we look forward to continuing towork with both of these gentlemen and our colleaguesin the other Science Departments.

Years of Administrative Change

9ISAS 2001

Canadian Research Chairs

Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Programs

One of my goals following the 1997 AdvisoryCommittee Meeting was the acquisition of a ResearchChair. Fortunately, an initiative of the FederalGovernment in 2000 provided the necessary focusand opportunity for this: “21st Century Chairs forResearch Excellence”, which became the “CanadianResearch Chairs” Program. We (ISAS) advertisedglobally throughout 2000, to alert prospectivecandidates to the expected opportunities. TheExecutive met in June 2000, a sub-committee broughtforward recommendations to a September meeting,and our top two candidates were invited to ISAS/PEPin the Autumn. There were 20 candidates, many ofexcellent quality, but the two chosen for finalconsideration were truly outstanding and representedthe areas of Space and Atmospheric Environments.The University had been working in parallel, andprovided the “Strategic Research Plan for the CRCProgram” on August 31st,2000. This included six‘thrusts’, including “Environmental Sciences”, whichcontained a “focus” on “Conservation and ClimateChange”.

The University chose to put major emphasisfor the first year’s (2000) CRC Program “decisionpoints” upon in-house candidates, and thenominations from the University in the Autumn weretherefore submitted without a ISAS candidate. Theyear 2001 was filled with considerable activity: the“Theme Committees” became active in January, andDean Ernie Barber (Agriculture) became Chair of the“Environmental Sciences” Committee. Weestablished very strong and important linkagesbetween the Research Proposal of the Candidatechosen by ISAS/PEP and Departments in Arts andScience, and in Agriculture. The forms were submittedto the CRC (Ottawa) in mid September. The positionwas offered to the candidate in December 2001, andwe will reveal his name once the negotiations withthe University are completed for his appointment in2002 (Summer). Especial thanks are due (in orderof calender-time) to Prof. Dick Neal, Deans ErnieBarber, Tom Wishart, Keith Taylor and Ken Coates,and to Julia Taylor (Director of Research Services)and her staff.

The last four Annual Reports (1997-2000)testify to the highly important role of the ‘SpaceScience Program’ (SSP) of the CSA in the programs,funding and science developments in ISAS. Weshould not repeat all of that activity, but providehighlights. I have been close to these matters, as Ihad been a member of the Advisory Committee(STRAC: Solar Terrestrial Relations) since 1991, andwas appointed for a further 4 year term in 2001 to thenew SAEAC Committee (Space and AtmosphericEnvironments Advisory Committee). This newCommittee contains two sub-committees on each ofthe two ‘Environments’. The following is a briefsummary of CSA activities and developments (mostacronyms are defined, but satellite names arediscussed in the specific reports from the Professorswhich follow my report):

1997 - Preparations by the CSA-SSP staff andCanadian scientific community for the Long TermSpace Plan (LTSP-3)- “Space Weather” Workshop (Nov. ISAS)- ISAS involvement with Odin-OSIRIS, MOPITT,WINDII satellites and CANOPUS (ground-based)grows- Growth of new CSA programs “Concept Studies”,“Small Payloads Program”

1998 - Community and STRAC activity in support ofthe preparation of the LTSP-3 Document- ‘Atmospheric Environment’ workshop (AtmosphericEnvironment Service and CSA sponsors)- Odin and MOPITT CSA contracts support science,technology and infrastructure within ISAS- CSA linkages with SuperDARN radars andCANOPUS increase

The Natural Science and Engineering Research Council

(NSERC)

10

- SAEAC has its first meetings- Funding crisis begins in summer due to “SpaceStation” over-expenditures (NASA), over-runs on“Radar Sat” (CSA), and the ACE-CSA satelliteprogram (SCI SAT)- Some elements of the SSP program are threatenedfor the short term, money not available for someapproved (but not contracted) activities within SAEACand JSSA.

The events of the last few months of 2001were quite serious for the entire Canadian communitywhich has worked with CSA programs. Although thefunding scenario is expected to improve during 2002,these events were quite demoralizing for manyCanadian scientists. Within ISAS, the support for Odinand MOPITT are secure for 2002 and the linkageswith SuperDARN (Sofko/ Koustov/ Hussey) areexpected to continue.

The awards from NSERC are the foundationof our Research Programs, and our professors havedone very well in acquiring a variety of grants. NSERChave developed a number of different categories ofawards, and these have been well-used in supportingour larger programmes: Collaborative SpecialProjects, Strategic Projects, Collaborative ResearchOpportunities, Major Installation, Major FacilitiesAccess. Dr. George Sofko has been the mostsuccessful in this regard, with the largest NSERCaward on campus in 1999. These vehicles have beenmost suitable for SuperDARN.

The NSERC budget for Individual/Group‘Research Grants’ has not grown adequately in recentyears, although the number of applicants continuesto increase. Awards have diminished in general,nation-wide. We have also suffered to a degree here.The addition of ‘CRC’ Chairs to the applicant-groupwill place further pressures upon this essential budget.The Government appears to have been unresponsiveto many overtures in this regard.

The CSA and NSERC have worked very welltogether (linked with SAEAC activity) over the last twoyears in developing a strategy that will provide majorCSA Projects with a much stronger likelihood ofobtaining Awards. That will allow the ‘science’ areasof approved Projects to be well supported.

Finally, the ISAS professors continue to provide‘User Fees’ for the support of ISAS services from theirNSERC Research Grants, in lieu of the now obsoleteInfrastructure Grants. These funds are specificallyrequested with our applications for ‘Research Grants’.These ‘User Fees’ are additional to the ongoingbudget from the College of Arts and Science. ThisUniversity of Saskatchewan seed-money isinvaluable, and now includes some revenues fromISAS contract-overheads. The College budgetencourages NSERC to provide these ‘user fees’, andthen allows for ISAS administrative services whichcannot be funded from any other NSERC-CSA-MSCsource. The ISAS Infrastructure budget is close to$80,000, while total revenues to ISAS Pls range from$1.5 to 2 M each year ( $1.8M 2001/2).

1999 - Acceptance of LTSP-3 by Government: ‘A-base budget’ for 10 years at $300M p.a.; SSP budgetincreased from 7-14%.- Planning of SSP programs proceed- ISAS -CSA programs flourish; NSERC grantssupport that science; modest but valuable CSAfinancial support for SuperDARN

2000 - Continued planning of ‘Space and AtmosphericEnvironment’ programs/projects within the new SSP(1999)- Parallel activity for the area of “PlanetaryAtmospheres” proceeds, associated with the “SpaceAstronomy” Program (JSSA: Joint Sub Committeeon Space Astronomy, as Advisory Committee)- New (Planetary) Astronomy Projects: SPIRE-FIRST(ESA-CSA) and MUSE (CSA)

2001 - Launch of Odin in February successful. Prof.Llewellyn (OSIRIS PI) leads successful team andacquires first data in June

11ISAS 2001

Outreach: Technology Transfer

Outreach: Media and General

ISAS is well positioned in this regard. Wehave an effective and regularly upgraded web site(http://www.usask.ca/physics/isas/) which is linkedwith the CSA’s web site (http://www.space.gc.ca). Weare listed in SOURCES (for Editors, Reporters,Researchers), which has a hardcopy book, and alsoa web site. ISAS also has a specific entry in theCanadian Technology Network (CTN), which issponsored by the NRC and Industry Canada, andprovides Canadian business with links to technology(http://ctn.nrc.ca/).

Posters and other ISAS materials areregularly posted to all Canadian Physics andEngineering Physics Departments and to 3rd and 4th

year students to encourage more graduate studentsto join our community. Materials developed by MarciaMain (ISAS Secretary) and the Chair during 1998/1999, and redesigned by our new Secretary, DebbieJaroslawsky (May 2000), during 2000/01 are used.Copies of these are also readily available uponrequest.

These new materials are also used by thePhysics students and/or PEP Professors who attendCUPC (Canadian Undergraduate PhysicsConference) events, for their Graduate Studiespromotional event. Graduate students interested inworking in ISAS can complete degrees in the

disciplines in Physics, Engineering Physics orEnvironmental Engineering.

The University has been placing moreemphasis upon Research and its promotion throughadvertising and special events. For example therewere two major Research activities on campus duringthe year 2000 at which ISAS participated: theResearch Committee of Council organized “BuildingResearch Success at the University ofSaskatchewan” in January, where we had a largeposter: and “Experience US” in February, whenstudents, teachers and parents from around theprovince attended. Our professors continue to writearticles for, and to be interviewed by, staff from thelocal newspaper, the Star-Phoenix, and to havearticles in the University’s Campus News. The localTV stations have worked with us during major eventseg. Odin launch in 2001.

Finally, a video-conferencing systemoperated during 2000/01 from the ISAS ConferenceRoom. The MOPITT team (Jim Drummond,University of Toronto, PI) has provided this systemsince regular team meetings are considered essential,and ISAS is providing operating costs. The systemis available for ISAS and PEP staff. The potential forthis system is very considerable and it can also be apowerful outreach mechanism.

by the Chair (1997-2001). Both students and industrialpartners enjoyed and benefited from this activity. SILare also involved with the development of the CADIradar (Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde:Professor John MacDougall, UWO). One of hissystems is now operating at the ISAS Park Site. AnIndustrial NSERC Scholarship between SCI-TEC(now Kipp & Zonen) and the University ofSaskatchewan involved Dr. Llewellyn and the Odinproject. We must note that Professor Ted Llewellyninteracts powerfully with several companies in Ontarioassociated with Odin: Routes, NORTEL.

The support and promotion of our Researchthrough the Office of Research Services, has beenvaluable. The Vice President (Research) has mostrecently been Dr. Michael Corcoran; the Director ofResearch Services is Julia Taylor; and theCommunications Officer Kathryn Warden. They havebeen helpful with regard to the promotion of ISASprograms. Two Saskatoon companies, SIL (with LarryCooper, President) and Kipp and Zonen Inc. (untilrecently with Jeff Johnston, Research Scientist) haveworked with us over recent years. SIL has providedfine research projects for the EP425 course onEngineering-Physics Systems, which was convened

Funding, Staff and Programs

12

The research programs supported by ISASare very diverse. This means that funds from bothNSERC and the CSA have been sought and secured.The programs of ISAS have therefore been able toflourish despite some difficult years earlier in this lastdecade. The economic recovery of Canada duringthe 1990s has already had significant effects uponthe CSA and NSERC, and we have felt the results ofthis already. However, the economic downturn of2001 will affect the next 3 years at least. As noted inthe ‘NSERC’ section, our total incomes have rangedfrom $1.5-2M over the last 5 years ($1.8M 2001/2).

The research and core staff have compriseda total of approximately 30 persons during the lastfew years. Our numbers have grown recently to 35due to strong CSA programs and SuperDARN. Thereare (2001 average) 7 PIs (Professors), 2 AdjunctProfessors, 6 Post Doctoral Fellows/ResearchAssociates, 4 Engineers/Research Assistants, 3 Staff-persons (Technician, Assistant-stores and finances,Secretary) and 12 graduate students.

The ISAS staff form an effective andproductive group, with strong national and globalcollaborations due to the diversity of our programs.Graduate students, Research Scientists andEngineers learn the skills of developing state-of-the-art experimental systems, of analysing data usingsophisticated software and powerful computingsystems, and of preparing research reports andpapers. The International research environment forour Professor-PIs is extremely competitive, as theyare also committed university professors, with normalteaching and administrative duties; our competitorsin the United States and Europe are often full-timeresearchers.

We have 7 Professors, 5 of whom areProfessional Engineers (Drs. Llewellyn, Sofko,Koustov, Hussey and Degenstein), with a desirableblend of youth and experience. Dr. Degenstein joinedus in 1999, having filled Dr. Ken Paulson’s position(Geophysics). Those five form a strong leadershipunit for the Engineering Physics program in theDepartment. Our active Adjunct Professors are a veryvaluable resource: Drs. Dick Gattinger (Odin, TedLlewellyn); and Don McDiarmid (SuperDARN, GeorgeSofko).

The seven PIs provide a well balancedcoverage of the entire Solar Terrestrial Physics (STP)-Atmospheres area. No other Canadian “group” hassuch breadth. In the “Atmospheric Environment”, westudy the chemistry and aeronomy of the loweratmosphere (troposphere 0-20 km); the chemistry,thermal structure, and dynamics of the middleatmosphere (30-100 km); the coupling betweendynamical processes, atmospheric waves, andthermal and chemical ‘structures’; and thecompositihave all been very generous with their time,intereston and structure of planetary atmospheres(Professors Llewellyn, Manson, Davis andDegenstein). These topics relate to “Global ClimateChange”, and include the effects of solar variabilityand of changing concentrations of Ozone and Green-House Gases (GHG) upon the AtmosphericEnvironment. In the “Space Environment”, we studythe plasma instabilities of the E-and F-regions of theionosphere; the convection patterns of the ionosphere/thermosphere as they respond to the disturbed sunand magnetosphere; the response of themagnetosphere and geospace-plasma to solaractivity; the drifts of meteor trails in the D- and E-regions; and the effects of atmospheric waves uponthe thermosphere (Professors Hussey, Koustov andSofko). These topics relate to “Space Weather”,“Space Climate” themes, their effects upon spacevehicles and energy-distribution systems on planetEarth, and have as a goal the development of aprediction capability. The coupling between the“Space” and “Atmospheric” Environments is alsostudied by Drs. Hussey, Sofko and Manson. Thisrelates to the notion of “Solar Weather”, where thesignal of solar variability is directly found intropospheric weather and climate, and includes theimpact of atmospheric dynamics upon auroral activity.

Within Canada’s “Space Science” community,the two major themes are also the “SpaceEnvironment” and Atmospheric Environment”, soISAS contributes fully to the national agenda. Wehave two representatives on the CSA’s “SAEAC”Advisory Committee. The principle influences uponour PIs during the last few years and into the nearfuture have been detailed in recent Annual Reports.MOPITT, ISO and FIRST satellites, plus the JamesClerk Maxwell telescope for Gary Davis; the Odin-OSIRIS satellite and MOPITT for Ted Llewellyn and

13ISAS 2001

Doug Degenstein; WINDII-UARS, Odin and TIMEDsatellite missions, MF and Meteor Radars, along withSCOSTEP and CEDAR international studies andprojects for Alan Manson; and SuperDARN,

Given our Programs, and present Staff andProfessors, we look forward to continued excellenceand leadership in the areas of Solar TerrestrialPhysics, Atmospheric Science and Planetary Scienceduring the first decade of the century. Our combinationof these Terrestrial-Planetary interests will also bestrengthened nationally in this time interval. It is aninternational trend.

The addition of a CRC Chair in ‘ClimateChange’ or ‘Space Weather’ will be an exciting andenabling event, which will provide great additionalstrength to our scientific impact, and influence uponcampus science, and National and International‘Space Science’.

The approaching specific challenge to us involvesthe retirement at ‘67 years’ of Drs. Llewellyn and Sofkoin 5 years (July 2006) , and of myself in 7 years (July2008). We must find replacements of internationalquality, to ensure that ISAS continues as the mostcomprehensive and largest “Space-Atmospheric”Science Institute in Canada. It is also essential that1-2 of these three persons be Engineering Physicsspecialists (Professional Engineers) as that programin our Department now depends upon our Professors.This is a significant challenge, and will require planningand imagination. The addition of a CRC Chair willenhance our chances of developing a larger pool ofcandidates. (A note added in Press involves ProfessorGary Davis: he has accepted the position of Directorof the JCMT (Hawaii- 5 years) as of 2002 and hasbeen unable to contribute to this report.) Alan Manson,ISAS Chair.

PART B. Future

CANOPUS, CADI and related magnetosphericsatellite missions for George Sofko, Sasha Koustovand Glenn Hussey.

ISAS Facilities

The majority of the optical and radar systemssupporting the programs of the Institute are at thefield sites described below. There are a number ofadditional systems which have been developed orpurchased with Institute funds, or are operated forcolleagues by ISAS staff. These include the following:

Three-component Magnetometer and ULF

SystemThe Three-component Magnetometer and ULF

system resumed operations in June 2001, after beingdamaged in the Park Site fire in 1999. The Universityof Tokyo operates the Magnetometer and ULFSystem.

T.V. All-Sky CameraThis has the following features: 2 filters and

shutter to allow observations of specific wavelengths;PC control for automatic field use; a photo-sensor forcomputer failure. This all-sky camera was returnedto ISAS and is awaiting deployment to another fieldsite.

Observatory Facilities

Meridian Scanning Photometer (multi-

wavelength) MSPFive single-channel photometers are

incorporated into this (Iwan Goza for Dr. McEwen,during 1992/93). It is PC (IBM-compatible personalcomputer) controlled. This MSP has been located atboth La Ronge and Rabbit Lake, for Dr. McEwen’sCNSR/STEP research; it is now at Rabbit Lake (sincethe Spring of 1995).

Spectral Airglow Temperature Imager

(SATI-2)In December 2000 a SATI-2 Imager began

operating in the penthouse observatory on the roof ofthe Physics Building. The SATI-2 Imager was movedfrom the Physics Building to Park Site in July 2001.The equipment is on loan from the Institute for Spaceand Terrestrial Science York University. Theinstrument measures perturbations of the rotationaltemperatures and vertical column emission rate ofthe O2 Atmospheric nightglow layer at 94 km and theOH Meinel layer at 86 km.

Rabbit Lake (58°20' N, 103°70' W)This site was extensively used from 1985-1990

as part of the HILAT and VIKING satellite activities. Anew trailer, obtained with CNSR funds, was locatedat Rabbit Lake during 1992 with a TV all-sky camera.The system was upgraded to a digital recordingcapability in the Fall of 1993, and operated until Springof 1996 with visible, red and green filters. The CADIphase-coherent ionosonde system from the Universityof Western Ontario was removed from the RabbitLake site in 2001, and it is now operating at Park Site.A magnetometer operated by the University of Tokyois still operating at Rabbit Lake.

Park Site (52°12' N, 107°7' W)The field site near Asquith continues to be used

by the Atmospheric Dynamics Group with their largeMF (2.2 MHz) radar system. This has extensivetransmitting and receiving antenna systems for

Field Sites

14

spaced antenna and interferometry studies of themesosphere and lower thermosphere (60-110 km).Turbulent scatter and meteor trails are used to providewinds, atmospheric waves and turbulence data as wellas ionospheric data from D-, E- and F-regions. Thisinternationally recognized system is fully automatedand requires only occasional maintenance; this isnormally provided by weekly visits. Data are madeavailable to collaborators in International (e.g. STEP,MLTCS) and National (e.g. CNSR) programs.

In 2001 two new experiments were installed atPark Site. A CADI phase-coherent ionosoundesystem from the University of Western Ontario wasinstalled in the spring of 2001 using the Delta antennaat Park Site. The SATI-2 Imager from York University,was moved to Park Site from the Physics building inJuly 2001, to solve the light contamination problemthat was prevalent while running in a urbanenvironment.

15

Computing Facilities

ISAS 2001

Rankin Inlet (62°48' N, 92°10' W)The field site is the former SAPPHIRE North

transmitter site that was decommissioned in 1997.The University of Calgary now uses the site for theirNORSTAR All-Sky Spectral Imager. The NORSTARImager was installed in the summer of 2000. Futureplan for this site is the installation of a CADI phase-co-herent ionosounde during the summer of 2002.

The 160-acre site is leased from a local farmer,Mr. Charles Chappell, on a long term rentalagreement. On July 13, 1999, a fire caused bylightning destoyed two of the three bays of the mainreceiver building. The other wing, the MF Radar wing,suffered extensive smoke and water damage. Thetwo fires damaged wings were demolished and theother wing was cleaned and restored. The MF Radartransmitter and receiver systems both had to undergoextensive cleaning before being returned to the field.A new building was completed in April 2000. It wasattached to the existing MF Radar Wing. The newbuilding has a 600 sq. ft. cold storage area and a 600sq. ft. working area. The new working area alsocontains the optical dome.

Bakker’s Farm (52°15' N, 106°27' W)In May 1997, SAPPHIRE operations were

terminated at the Bakker Farm site. The associatedSAPPHIRE transmitter sites at La Crete, Alberta andGilliam, Manitoba were decommissioned inSeptember 1997. The 6- and 2-meter antennasystems have been left standing to be used on acampaign basis. The building, complete with opticaldome, remains ready to be used with either the radaror optical experiments.

Kernen Farm (52°9' N, 106°32' W)The Kernen Farm is the site of the Saskatoon

SuperDARN system. The site is comprised of twoantenna arrays:1. The main array: 16 log-periodic antennas mountedon 15 meter towers. Each connected to a 600Wpulsed transmitter.2. The vertical interferometer array: 4 log-periodicantennas mounted on 15 meter towers connected toan independent receiver to allow angle of arrivalcalculation.

Prince George (53°59' N, 122°35' W)A new SuperDARN radar was built in 1999 on

a site 15 km east of Prince George, British Columbia.The radar system is identical to the SuperDARN radaroperating in Saskatoon. The radar has two antennaarrays: a main transmitting array and a verticalinterferometer array. The radar point 5° west of northand is paired with a U.S. run radar on Kodiak Island,Alaska.

An Institute with such extensive observationalsystems, and data analysis programs, requiresconsiderable computing facilities. A wide range ofcomputer systems is available to ISAS scientists andgraduate students.

Recent changes to the computing facilities atISAS include an upgrade of the ISAS node ofCANOPUS (Canadian Space Agency) by theinstallation of an Alphaserver 1000/233 MHz(managed by D. André and M. McKibben), and theacquisition for the SuperDARN analysis of an HP9000/715 (managed by D. André).

The recent additions of computer equipmentcomplement the present systems available. TheUniversity provides a wide variety of services, throughits Computing Services department, at quitereasonable costs; the system is primarily VAX/VMSbased. Also, there is an IBM RS6000/340 workstationwhich was supervised by Dr. N. Lloyd. The Physicsand Engineering Physics Department provides a LANmanager-based file server for PC-based programsand data storage.

The scientists, engineers, graduate studentsand core staff all have PC 486/586/686 systems whichare connected by Ethernet to the major computers:University network, CANOPUS microVAX andALPHA, IBM RS6000/340, and HP 9000/715. Manyof the PC’s are running Windows for Workgroupssoftware which enables the sharing of printers anddisk space amongst PC users. Some of the PC’s arerunning LINUX, a unix type operating system for PC’s.Electronic-mail (e-mail) services are provided by eachof the major computer systems. These include theSPAN e-mail access, provided by CANOPUSmicroVAX and ALPHA, to the majority of the CanadianSolar Terrestrial Physics Community who are involvedwith CANOPUS. The 8 mm tape copying facilityenable the production of SuperDARN data tapes fordistribution to national and international colleagues.

Optical And Electronic Laboratory Facilities

Particle Calibration Facility

Electronics and Mechanical

Stores Facility

The Optical Laboratory is under the directionof Bill Marshall and continues to provide generalsupport for the research programs within the Institute.There are optical calibration standards for visible, UVand IR (200-900 nm). Low brightness sources (LBS)in the UV and IR were developed during the CNSRfor medical research (ozone) and stratosphericmeasurements. In particular, calibrated detectorswere obtained for the UV-A and B regions, and therewas testing of sources and detectors over the 200 to400 nm range.

The Electronic Laboratory has network andspectrum analyzers, signal generators and testequipment to allow development of state of the artVHF/HF/MF radars. Marshall also maintains thiselectronic test equipment and develops new systems/sub-systems for the optical and radar facilities of ISAS.Marshall is supported by ISAS funds (50%), NSERCfunds from the MF radar group and the HF/VHF radargroup.

Projects of particular note include the following:• SuperDARN system support• Park Site MF radar system maintenance and

development, and• General support for the electronic/mechanical

needs of 32-35 ISAS personnel• SATI-2 system management• CADI system management

The basis of this facility is the Canadian SpaceAgency electron calibration system (1-400 eV), witha cryogenically pumped vacuum chamber and cleanroom which was developed for FREJA-CPA, but hasalso been used for various rocket systems. Thisfacility is within the Optics Lab. It will allow calibrationsfor electron energies of up to 25 keV, which are ofvalue for satellite and rocket systems sampling auroralelectron populations.

16

Comprehensive electronic and mechanicalStores were maintained and administered by ShirleyPfeil (Dept. Assistant) for ISAS researchersthroughout the year 2001. Shirley is supported 100%from ISAS funds and her hours remain at .80 FTE.

Shirley handles all of the ISAS accountingand provides in-house monthly and annual budgetsummaries for all ISAS accounts, which areadministered by herself and the ISAS Chair.

Materials and components are provided atcost and this has been of significant practicalassistance in research programs. Turn-over of partsand purchase of equipment, and other relatedexpenses in the year 2001 were in excess of 335,000dollars in activity.

Finally, most of the Institute’s observationalsystems have the capability of real-time analysis ofdata by dedicated PC systems, which has minimizedthe need for major main-frame computers or evenwork stations. The MF radar at Saskatoon(Atmospheric Dynamics Section, Dr. Manson), theVHF radar transmitter/receiver system known as

SAPPHIRE, the SuperDARN MF radar at the KernenFarm, and the Rabbit Lake/Rankin Inlet All-skyCamera, are each computer controlled and generateprocessed data. These are then ready for detailedanalysis. In addition, the engineers within ISAScontinue to demonstrate leadership by the use oftransputer technology.

17

Research Programs

Atmospheric Dynamics

Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Interactions

Ionospheric Physics

Aeronomy Research

ISAS 2001

19

Atmospheric Dynamics

A.H. Manson

Team MembersResearch Associate: Dr. C.E. MeekResearch Assistant: R.A. McMurrayTechnician: B. MarshallGraduate Students: Y. Luo, T. Chshyolkova

Introduction

The Atmospheric Dynamics Group continuesto have strong linkages with ISAS, Canadian, andInternational programs. The region studied, the up-per Middle Atmosphere or Mesosphere Lower Ther-mosphere (MLT, 60-150 km), is strongly affected bynot only solar and auroral disturbances but alsoweather-related tropospheric/stratospheric distur-bances from below. National and International pro-grams such as CEDAR (Coupling, Energetics, andDynamics of Atmospheric Regions - U.S. sponsored),and SCOSTEP (Scientific Committee on Solar Ter-restrial Physics) with its new programs (below), dem-onstrate the importance of the MLT region and therelevance of the ISAS work.

The basis for our MLT research is theSaskatoon medium frequency radar (MFR, 2.2 MHz),operating in spaced antenna and interferometrymodes at the Park Observatory. It provides profilesof the horizontal and vertical wind, and of atmosphericwaves, in real time and continuously. The samplingrate for profiles is 5 minutes, with 3 km samples from60/75 - 100/110 km (day/night). This main radarfacility was refurbished in 1997, using funds from anNSERC equipment grant. The system is now readyfor another decade of operation. The second of ourMF radars has been located at Platteville 40°N (theBoulder Aeronomy Research site) since December1999. Our colleagues, Drs. Susan Avery and DeniseThorsen (University of Colorado) have an NSF grantto support the operation of the system. We now have18 months of excellent data. The new radar hasenabled us to create a new network: CUJO, Canada-U.S.-Japan Opportunity. The five MFRs form a uniquemiddle-latitude network with a 7000 km longitudinal

ISAS 2001

sector, and a 12-14° latitudinal variation at twolongitudes: London (43°N, 81°W), Platteville (40°N,105°W), Saskatoon (52°N, 107°W), Wakkanai (45°N,141°W) and Yamagawa (31°N, 131°W). Severalpapers are now being written based upon CUJO. Thethird MF radar at Tromsø (70°N) involves threeUniversities: the University of Saskatchewan, theUniversity of Tromsø (Auroral Observatory) and theUniversity of Nagoya. Data may be seen at this web-site: http://atmos.phys.uit.no. Our principle colleaguefrom Tromsø is Dr. Chris Hall. He has effectivelymonitored the operation of the MFR, and led theresearch for several innovative studies. This is nowpart of a longitudinal Arctic radar/ optical network andproject called DATAR: “Dynamics and Temperaturesfrom the Arctic MLT Region”. It is associated withPSMOS (see below), chaired by Scott Palo (Boulder)and co-chaired by Yuri Portnyagin and Alan Manson,and comprising 8 radars: Resolute Bay, Dixon,Esrange, Andenes, Tromsø, Poker Flat, Svalbard andPoint Barrow. In particular the radars near Tromsø(Andenes, Esrange) are named the “ScandanavianTriangle”. The spacings range from 150-260 km andallow unique spatial-temporal studies. The membersof the ISAS group are Drs. Alan Manson and ChrisMeek, principle scientists; Yi Luo, Ph.D. graduatestudent and research assistant who is studyingplanetary waves in the middle atmosphere; TatyanaChshyolkova, M.Sc. graduate student, who is studyingdynamic influences on the airglow, using the SATI-imager on loan from our colleague Dr. GordonShepherd (York University); and Ron McMurray andBill Marshall, research assistant (archiving; dataanalysis) and technician respectively.

International Programs

The SCOSTEP programs, (1998-2002), havebeen very active in 2001. The first of these is S-RAMP (STEP Results, Applications and ModellingPhase). It has two major themes, which are to com-plete studies based upon observations during STEP(1990-1997) and to select observing intervals for newcampaigns. These “space weather” campaigns em-phasize coupling in the solar-terrestrial system fromthe Sun, through the magnetosphere, and down intothe middle atmosphere and troposphere (AlanManson is on the Steering Committee). Two of theProjects below use data acquired during STEP. Someof these results were prepared for the SCOSTEP-CEDAR Workshop/Symposium at Longmont, Colo-rado, USA in June 2001.

There has also been vigorous activity withinthe other middle-high latitude SCOSTEP program inthe post-STEP era (1998-2002): Planetary Scale Me-sopause Observing System (PSMOS - Gordon Shep-herd and Maura Hagan (NCAR - Boulder) PIs). TheISAS MFR systems are playing strong roles in thisprogram. As well as the DATAR project having itsbeginnings at Longmont, a new campaign GATDATwas initiated by Juergen Scheer and Alan Manson(co-chairs of the ‘Airglow-Dynamics-Transitions’project of PSMOS). “Global Airglow Transition De-tection and Tracking” is providing a focus for theacquistion of airglow and dynamical data and the studyof regional and global transitions in airglow emissionsand their relationship with dynamical processes. Thework of Tatyana is an important Canadian contribu-tion to GATDAT, and will be discussed in the 2002Annual Report.

1. Gravity Waves (GWs)

Understanding and knowledge of the interac-tions between GWs and the other types of MLT wavesis of particular importance as we attempt to under-stand the general causes of wave-variability, the re-lated effects upon energy and momentum balance inthe MLT, and chemical-constituent variabilities andcoupling.

However, our philosophical agreement aboutthe inevitability of propagating GWs being affectedby tides and Planetary Waves (PWs), leading to themodulation of wind variances associated with GWsat those periods, is stronger than the actual observa-tional evidence. We now show the Abstract for oursecond major paper on this topic, which is undergo-ing final review by the editor of JASTP:

Scientific Projects

We will present brief summaries and figuresfrom the major studies of 2001. The phenomenadescribed will begin with Gravity Waves and thenproceed to longer time and spatial scales. The formatchosen is to provide Abstracts from the papers, whichare accepted, or published in major journals, andsurround those with additional comments.

20

21ISAS 2001

Modulation of Gravity Waves by Planetary Waves (2 and 16 d): Observations

with the North American-Pacific MLT-MFR Radar Network

A.H. Manson a,, C.E. Meek a, Y. Luo a, W.K Hocking b, J. MacDougall b,

D. Riggin c, D.C. Fritts c, R.A. Vincent d

aInstitute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan, 116 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK,

S7N 5E2, CanadabDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, CanadacColorado Research Associates, Boulders, U.S.A.dDepartment of Physics and Mathematical Physics, University of Adelaide, Australia

Abstract

In an earlier study based upon MFR (Medium Frequency Radar) data from Saskatoon, (52°N) the vari-

ability of time-sequences of gravity wave (GW) variances was linked to tidal (12, 24 h) and planetary

wave (2 d) oscillations of the wind. Fifty days of data were chosen from each of winter, spring and

autumn seasons for this most comprehensive assessment of wave interactions. While modulations of

the GW variances were observed, the results indicated considerable intermittency in the strength and

direction of waves from the GW sources.

Here we extend the study to other sites in the MLT-MFR (mesosphere, lower-thermosphere) network,

and focus upon the PWs (planetary waves) and their modulating influences upon the GW variances. The

PW events include the 2 d waves as seen at Saskatoon, London, Hawaii and Christmas Island during the

summer of 1994; and 16 d wave activity evidenced at Saskatoon and London throughout 1994, and also

during 12 and 7 years of observations, respectively. The modulations of the sequences of GW variances

(10-100/150 min, 2-6 h periods) are significant, and the phase-differences between the PW (2 d ,16 d)

oscillations in the time-sequences of the winds and of the GW variances allow the propagation direc-

tions for the GW fluxes to be inferred. These are eastward in summer months and westward in winter

at MLT (60-90km) altitudes.

We include in Figure 1 profiles of the oscillations due to 16 d PWs which were found in the winds andin the GW variances during summer and winter months at London: phase differences of 0/180 degrees inwinter/summer are due to westward/eastward propagating GWs.

Figure 1. Selected monthly profiles of the 16 d oscillations in the zonal winds (the PW) and in the sequences ofvariances for the GW band (SD filter, 10-150 min) at London; 48-day sequences are used centred on the middle day ofthe month. Harmonic fitting is used to provide phases (asterisks); the Lomb-Scargle analysis is used for the amplitudes(diamonds) and significances (dashed, which must be multiplied by 5 or 33 to give %); and the 48-day mean winds orSD values are shown (solid lines). Cross-spectra are shown also: here amplitudes and significances of the productsfrom the harmonic fitting are shown, as are the phase-differences (crosses).

22

23ISAS 2001

2. Tidal Oscillations (0-70N/S)

Tides are particularly important in the lowerand middle atmospheres. Their forcing depends uponglobal ozone and water vapour distributions, while theirpropagation, dissipation and development of smallerscale structure depends upon global mean winds,temperatures and GW-related turbulence. In the MLTregion (60-150 km) these waves usually dominant theamplitude variability of the wind field, and theyaccelerate the mean winds, create turbulence, andmodify the distributions of trace-gas constituents.

Observations and modelling are essential to quantifythese effects. We have used MF radars from 2-70Nto demonstrate the latitudinal effects (Annual Report,2000), and have now established the new CUJO net-work to assess the longitudinal effects. Here, how-ever, we give the Abstract for a paper which usedobservations from the UARS-HRDI satellite systemto demonstrate the very substantial variations in tidalamplitudes and phases with longitude at 96 km. Itwill appear in Annales Geophysicae (2002). This isthe first time such results have been shown:

Global Distributions of Diurnal and Semi-Diurnal Tides:

Observations from HRDI-UARS of the MLT Region

A.H. Manson *(1), Y. Luo, C. Meek (1)

(1) Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan, SK

Abstract

HRDI (High Resolution Doppler Interferometer-UARS) winds data have been analyzed in 4° - latitude

by 10° - longitude cells at 96 km to obtain global contour maps of solar-tidal amplitudes and phases, and

also mean winds. The solstices June-July (1993), December-January (1993 - 1994), and one equinox

(September-October, 1994) are shown.

The 24-h Diurnal tide maximizes near 20-25° latitude, has significant seasonal changes with equinoctial

maxima, and very clear longitudinal variability. Maxima are very clear over the oceans. In contrast the

12-h Semi-diurnal tides maximize near 40-55° latitude, have very strong seasonal changes with winter

maxima, and more modest longitudinal changes. The similarities with MLT (mesosphere-lower

thermosphere) radar observations (90 km) and the GSWM (Global Scale Wave Model) are very satisfactory.

The mean winds are consistent with expectations and show clear poleward flow from summer to winter

hemispheres in the solstices.

We show in Figure 2 the contoured plots of global 24-h tidal amplitudes from HRDI. The variations oftidal amplitudes between the oceans and continents is extraordinary. The modelled values from the 2-dimen-sional GSWM-2000 are also plotted; the agreement with observations is encouraging.

Figure 2. Contoured plots of 24-h tidal amplitudes for December 1993-January 1994 from HRDI. The longitu-dinal averages are to the right (solid line), as are the GSWM-2000 values (dotted).

24

25ISAS 2001

The 16-day planetary waves: multi-MF radar observations from the arctic to

equator and comparisons with the HRDI measurements and the GSWM

modeling results

Y. Luo1, A. H. Manson1, C. E. Meek1, C. K. Meyer2, M. D. Burrage3,*, D. C. Fritts2, C. M. Hall4, W. K.

Hocking5, J. MacDougall5, D. M. Riggin2, R. A. Vincent6

1 Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Canada2 Colorado Research Associates, Boulder, USA3 Space Physics Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA4 Tromsø Geophysical Observatory, University of Tromsø, Norway5 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, Canada6 Department of Physics and Mathematical Physics, University of Adelaide, Australia

* Mark Burrage tragically died October 10, 1999, and we dedicate this paper to his memory.

Abstract. The mesospheric and lower thermospheric (MLT) winds (60-100 km) obtained by multiple

MF radars, located from the arctic to equator at Tromsø (70°N, 19°E), Saskatoon (52°N, 107°W), Lon-

don (43°N, 81°W), Hawaii (21°N, 157°W) and Christmas Is. (2°N, 157°W), respectively, are used to

study the planetary-scale 16-day waves. Based on the simultaneous observations (1993/94), the variabilities

of the wave amplitudes, periods and phases are derived. At mid- and high-latitude locations the 16-day

waves are usually pervasive in the winter-centred seasons (October through March) with the amplitude

gradually decreasing with height. From the subtropical location to the equator the summer wave activi-

ties become strong at some particular altitudes where the inter-hemisphere wave ducts allow leakage of

the wave from the other hemispheric winter. The observational results are in good agreement with the

theoretical conclusion that, for slowly westward-traveling waves like the 16-day wave, vertical propaga-

tion is permitted only in an eastward background flow of moderate speed which is present in the winter

hemisphere. The wave period also varies with height and time in a range of about 12-24 days. The wave

latitudinal differences and the vertical structures are compared with the Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM)

for the winter situation. Although their amplitude variations and profiles have a similar tendency, the

discrepancies are considerable, e.g. the maximum zonal amplitude occurs around 40°N for radar but

30°N for the model. The phase differences between sites due to the latitudinal effect are basically con-

sistent with the model prediction of equatorward phase-propagation. The global 16-day waves at 95 km

from the HRDI wind measurements during 1992 through 1995 are also displayed. Again, the wave is a

winter dominant phenomenon with strong amplitudes around the 40-60° latitude-band in both hemi-

spheres.

3. Planetary Waves PW: 16-d

After the tides, the 16-d PW is the most con-sistently significant dynamical feature in the MLT.These waves also modify the dynamical, thermal andchemical structure of the region.

The Abstract which now follows is from the third sub-stantial paper ( Annales Geophysicae 20, 691-709,2002.) led by Dr. Yi Luo, who completed his Ph.Dearly in 2002:

Figure 3. The filtered winds appropriate to the 16-PWs at five locations during 1993-1994, and at two layers of 70-76and 91-97 km. The filter is an FIR type with the kernal length of 64 days. The solid lines are for the zonal winds, andthe dashed for the the meridional winds. The envelop-like curves are at the 95% confidence levels for the filtered wavein the zonal winds (levels for the meridional ones are not shown).

26

27ISAS 2001

Conclusion

Many projects are now underway as this re-port is being written. Emphasis is upon the CUJO,DATAR and GATDAT projects which were describedin the Introduction, as well as collaborations with theOdin-OSIRIS and TIMED satellite systems.

We show in Figure 3 the 16-d oscillations fromthe equator to the arctic. It is evident that bursts of16-d PW energy occur at different times during thetwo years.

G.J. Sofko, P.I.

Team Members of (Super Dual Auroral Radar Network)

Magnetosphere/Ionosphere

Interactions

28

The magnetospheric physics program iscentered within the SuperDARN group. The year2001 was a transitional year as far as scientificpersonnel were concerned. Research AssociateChao-Song Huang had left for the MIT Millstone HillRadar Lab in October 2000. He was replaced inOctober, 2001, by Dr. Masakazu Watanabe, who hadspent some five years with the SuperDARN group atNIPR (National Institute for Polar Research) in Japan.Another addition to the science team came throughthe award in the spring of 2001 of an NSERCPostdoctoral Fellowship to Dr. Kathryn McWilliams,who had originally obtained her M.Sc. at the U. of S.in 1997 doing field-aligned current studies usingSuperDARN. She completed her Ph.D. at theUniversity of Leicester, and remained there until theend of 2001, beginning her PDF work at Saskatoonin January, 2002. Thus, for the first 10 months of theyear, the scientific team was small, and the scientificoutput was reduced somewhat, but by the end of theyear, two new researchers with considerableSuperDARN experience had been added to thegroup.

In May, 2001, our long-time SuperDARNengineer Mike McKibben, who had been soinstrumental in the construction of the Saskatoon,Kapuskasing and Stokkseyri radars in 1992/93, andof the Prince George and Kodiak radars in 1999/2000,left for a job in industry. Fortunately, South African

Introduction - SuperDARN Personnel and Operations during 2001

engineer Hercules Olivier was available; he had spentsome 16 months running the SHARE radar at SANAEin the difficult Antarctic conditions, and was a welcomeaddition to the Saskatoon team in July, 2001.

In the fall of 2001, a new application to NSERCfor MFA funding for the years 2002/03, 2003/04 and2004/05 was made, and this was successful, with thenew funding begiinning in April, 2002. In addition, anew two-year contract from the CSA (Canadian SpaceAgency) was awarded, beginning in August, 2001. Asa result of these NSERC and CSA awards, theoperational program of the Canadian SuperDARNteam was funded, so that a backlog of systemmaintenance tasks and improvements which hadbeen delayed were initiated. In particular, theSaskatoon radar had been running for 8 years by mid-2001; a full-scale maintenance and upgradingprogram was implemented by Mr. Olivier.

The SuperDARN Data Copy and DistributionCenter at Saskatoon system was converted fromExabyte tape to CD format in late 2000, and the workof automating the new system continued into 2001.After Mr. McKibben left, Dr. Andre assumed theleadership role for this facility and made severalsoftware improvements which allowed the system tobe used with much less human intervention. In 2001,some 11,000 CDs were distributed to the SuperDARNcommunity.

Faculty: Drs. G. Sofko, A.V. Koustov, G. HusseyResearch Associates: Drs. D. André, M. WatanabePost Doctoral Fellow: Dr. K. McWilliamsHead Engineer: H. OlivierTechnician: B. MarshallGraduate Students: J. Liang, L. Xu, D. Danskin

L. Benkevitch, R. Makarevitch

SuperDARN

29ISAS 2001

Scientific Programs

1. Long-Period Oscillations of the

Magnetospheric-ionospheric System during

Northward IMF

In a 2000 paper (Huang, Chao-song, G. J.Sofko, A. V. Kustov, J. W. MacDougall, D. A. Andre,W. J. Hughes, and V. O. Papitashvili, Quasi-periodicionospheric disturbances with a 40-min period duringprolonged northward interplanetary magnetic field,Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1795-1798, 2000), it wasfound that magnetometers at high latitudes or 74 -80° MLAT detected 40-minute oscillations during Bz+IMF conditions, and that these oscillations periodswere also seen by the SuperDARN radars in gravitywaves at lower latitudes. The gravity waves wouldhave resulted from the auroral zone electrojet andaccompanying Joule heating activity (see, forexample, the folowing papers: Chao-song Huang,Dieter A. Andre, and George J. Sofko, Observationsof solar wind directly driven auroral electrojets andgravity waves, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 23,347-23,356,1998; Sofko, G. J. and Chao-song Huang,SuperDARN observations of medium-scale gravitywave pairs generated by Joule heating in the auroralzone. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 485-488, 2000). Nosolar wind periods of comparable value could befound, so that it appeared as if the magnetosphericoscillations were mainly driven by internal processes.

The above studies were extended with the2001 publication: Huang, Chao-song, G. J. Sofko, A.V. Koustov, J. W. MacDougall, R. A. Greenwald, J. MRuohoniemi, J. C. Foster, J. P. Villain, M. Lester, J.Watermann, V. O. Papitashvili, and W. J. Hughes,Long-period magnetospheric-ionospheric perturb-ations during northward interplanetary magnetic field,J. Geophys. Res., 106, 13,091-13,103, 2001. In thispaper, a 29-h interval of Bz+ IMF conditions on Nov.10, 1998, was studied. The SuperDARN convectionpattern in the postmidnight to dawn sector showed aroughly 54-minute periodicity in which acounterclockwise northern hemisphere convectioncell formed near 02 MLT, then the convectionvelocities grew for about 30 minutes, after which thecell moved eastward for about 20 minutes at about1.4 km s-1 until its center was at about 06 MLT. Thena new cell developed at 02 MLT. This convectioncell behaviour was repeated about 7 times. Groundmagnetometer and GOES-8 satellite data

2. NORSTAR-SuperDARN Program for

Joint Optical and Convection Pattern Studies

In 2000, a collaboration between the U of CNORSTAR group and the U of S SuperDARN groupbegan, in which a NORSTAR all-sky imager wasinstalled in the fall at the U of S site that had previouslybeen used for the SAPPHIRE radar transmitter atRankin Inlet. The site is ideal for the Saskatoon-Kapuskasing SuperDARN pair, because theboresights of the radars intersect near Rankin Inlet,and furthermore the CANOPUS north-south Manitobaline of magnetometers passes through the Rankin Inletsite. In a visit to Saskatoon in early November, 2001,Dr. Eric Donovan, the NORSTAR P-I, met with Dr.Sofko and his graduate student Jun Liang to begin astudy of a small substorm event from Oct. 9, 2000,during IMF conditions that were predominantly Bz+(northward) and By+. The combined SuperDARN andoptical observations are very good, as shown in Figure1 below. This event was unusual in that a short growthphase of about 20 minutes was followed by a smallbreakup and dipolarization (GOES-8) in the morningsector. The convection activity was principally a singlecounterclockwise cell in the morning sector, somewhatakin to the morning convection cells seen in the long-period oscillation events referred to above. Theconvection cell moved eastward and then droppeddramatically equatorward just before the expansivephase of the substorm began. The final configurationof the convection and optical intensity patternsrevealed that the field-aligned-current system was that

showed similar oscillations, showing that themagnetospheric and ionospheric variations werecorrelated and had a common source. One possibilesource mechanism is magnetotail reconnection burstswhich drive compressional magnetosonic wavesradially inward, where they are reflected at a “leakyboundary” at about X = - 10 R

E, after which they travel

back to the distant magnetotail. The total journey isabout 51 minutes for an outer boundary of the closedtail at about X = -75 R

E, so a standing wave of that

period could be set up in the tail cavity.

30

of a typical substorm current wedge at the substormonset, with the downward FAC (associated with thecounterclockwise vortex at the center of theconvection cell) located magnetically eastward of theupward FAC in the optically active region to the west.The causes of the eastward and then equatorwardmotion of the convection cell, both of which led to theSCW, are under investigation. At the same time asthe eastward convection cell motion occurred, theoptical activity showed three intensifications that were

closely correlated with three Pi2 bursts detected bythe CANOPUS magnetometers. Two major opticalintensifications occurred, one at the time of the initialexpansive phase breakup, and one about 10 minuteslater, indicating that this might have been a 2-stagebreakup, as had been suggested by Erickson et al.(2000) as the result of CRRES satellite measurementsat NGO (near gesynchronous orbit). The overall eventis being studied in detail by Mr. Jun Liang, as a majorpart of his Ph.D. thesis work.

Figure 1. Plot of joint SuperDARN convection vectors and optical aurora during an initial brightening of the 630.0 nmoptical aurora (in the southwest of the field-of-view) which is related to a substorm event. The dark dots are CANOPUSmangetometers. The dark dot in the optical activation region is the Rabbit Lake magnetometer, and the arrow is theequivalent convection deduced from the magnetometer components.

31

Ionospheric Physics

A.V. Koustov

Formation of Small-Scale Irregularities in the Auroral Ionosphere

Joint HF/VHF radar measurements are usefulfor understanding the physics of irregularity formationin the auroral E region since wave properties areexpected to depend on the irregularity scale (radarfrequency). In this project we used nearlysimultaneous data from the SuperDARN HF radars(~12 MHz) and the Communications ResearchLaboratory VHF radar (50 MHz) at the Syowa Antarcticstation in a wide range of aspect and flow angles.Several features have been identified and exploredin details, for example the relationship between theDoppler velocity (which is related to the ionosphericelectric field) and power of backscattered signal.

Figure 1 shows power-velocity scatter plots forvarious azimuths of observations at 12 (left) and 50MHz (right). For each azimuth we considered nearlysimultaneous data obtained for all slant ranges. Solid(open) circles correspond to those measurements forwhich the 12-MHz velocity magnitude was smaller(larger) than 360 m/s and we called the correspondingechoes the low-velocity (high-velocity) echoes.

For 12-MHz echoes (Figure 1, left) one can seethat low-velocity and high-velocity echoes exhibitdifferent power-velocity relationships. For the low-velocity echoes there is an increase of power withvelocity. This effect is seen more clearly at azimuthsof 98.7°, 163.7°, and 183.7° (azimuth of ~134°corresponds to observations perpendicular to the Lshells). The high-velocity echoes do not show obvioustrends, though one can see that most points at largervelocities have less power, especially for an azimuthof 98.7° data. We can state that there is at least asaturation in the power increase. One can also clearlysee a tendency for the high-velocity echo cloud to be“split’’ from the low-velocity cloud. The difference(horizontal distance) between two clouds appears tobe increasing with azimuth of observation for the first

3 panels (this feature was studied in more detail in aseparate project). Unlike 12-MHz echoes, 50-MHzechoes (Figure 1, right) exhibit a monotonic increaseof power with velocity at all azimuths.

We explain the saturation of the power increasewith velocity at 12 MHz by stronger refraction at HFand radio wave focusing on the upper part of theelectrojet layer where the intensity of irregularities isdecreased because of unfavorable conditions for theinstability development.

2. Theoretical Considerations

(R. A. Makarevitch, Ph.D. Student (Supervisors -

A. V. Koustov and A.I. Smolyakov))

In the past, to understand the final stage of theelectrojet (Farley-Buneman and gradient-drift) plasmainstability various nonlinear effects were considered.In most of these theories the dominating idea wasthat energy is transferred from large- to small-scalestructures (direct cascade). In the paper by Smolyakovet al. (2001), a new theory of the Farley-Bunemaninstability was proposed. It was shown that in a systemof Farley-Buneman modes the energy can flow fromsmall-scale to large-scale structures (inversecascade). This occurs due to a secondary instabilityof the background plasma turbulence. Such instabilitydoes not have a threshold, contrary to the primaryFarley-Buneman instability that requires the electrondrift to exceed the ion-acoustic speed of the medium.Since the secondary instability is easy to excite, theprocesses should be very important in the nonlinearstage. Possibility of inverse energy cascade issupported by some experimental data and bynumerical simulations performed by the CornellUniversity researchers.

1. Experimental Observations

(R. A. Makarevitch, Ph.D. Student (Supervisor - A. V. Koustov))

ISAS 2001

32

Figure 1. Power versus velocity for (left) 12- and (right) 50- MHz echoes at several azimiuths. From Makarevitch etal. (2001)

33

Figure 2. The occurrence rate of HF echoes for a number of the SuperDARN radars, showing in general an anticorrelationbetween the midnight conductivity (solid line) and the echo occurrence rate at midnight (the mean echo occurrence ratebetween 23 and 01 MLT), shown by squares.

Occurrence of F-region Echoes: Effect of Ionospheric Conductance

(L. V. Benkevitch, Ph.D. Student (Supervisor - A. V. Koustov) together with G.J. Sofko, and D. Andre)

Figure 2 shows that there is a significantseasonal effect in echo occurrence and it is verydifferent for various radar locations. The most notableeffect is low echo occurrence during summer monthsat Hankasalmi (Finland) and enhanced echooccurrence at Saskatoon. One of the tested hypoth-

esis is the conductance effect in the area of meas-urements and in the conjugate ionosphere. Figure 2illustrates that generally there is an anticorrelation be-tween the echo occurrence and conductance. Sucha relationship might originate from several processesthat are under further investigation.

ISAS 2001

in both northern and southern hemispheres and atmagnetic latitudes of 70-72o were studied for variousseasons, Figure 2.

The work has been carried out on assessment thereasons for the appearance of F-region echoes in themidnight sector. Echo detection by various radars

34

Figure 3. Echo power versus electron density at the height of 250 km (a) for the daytime observations at 12.4 MHz(316 points) and (b) for the nighttime observations at 10.0 MHz (168 points). Dotted lines roughly encompass themaximum power observed for each electron density at 250 km.

In this project joint observations of the HFCUTLASS SuperDARN Finland radar and incoherentscatter radar EISCAT are used to assess factorscontrolling the onset of F-region echoes over a 4-daylong period. It was illustrated that for the event underconsideration, the D-region absorption was not themajor factor affecting the echo appearance. Theelectron density distribution and the radar frequencyselection were much more significant factors. Theelectron density magnitude affects the echooccurrence in two different ways. For small F-regiondensities, a minimum value of 1·1011 m-3 is required

Occurrence of F-region Echoes: Assessment of Other Factors

(D. W. Danskin, Ph.D. Student (Supervisor - A. V. Koustov))

to have sufficient radio wave refraction so that theorthogonality (with the magnetic field lines) conditionis met. For densities greater than 4·1011 m-3, radiowave strong “over-refraction” leads to the ionosphericecho disappearance. These effects are clearly seenin Figure 3. Relationship between the backscatterpower and the electric field magnitude was alsoinvestigated. No obvious relationship was foundcontrary to the expectation that the gradient-driftplasma instability would lead to stronger irregularityintensity/echo power for larger electric fields.

35

Mid-latitude Research

G.C. Hussey

My investigations of the E-region for 2001 was a balance between mid- and high-latitude studies.

Ionospheric Physics (contd)

ISAS 2001

A comparison of Farley-Buneman plasmawaves observed simultaneously at two radarfrequencies to those predicted by linear kinetic theorywas investigated. The radars were CW (continuouswave) systems observing the same scattering volumeand they operated at 50 and 144 MHz whichcorresponds to coherent scattering from plasmairregularities of 3 and 1 meters, respectively.

Coherent backscatter Doppler measurements,made simultaneously at 144 MHz and 50 MHz froma common volume in the mid-latitude E regionionosphere, were analysed in order to study the phasevelocity ratio of type 1 plasma irregularities at 1 mand 3 m wavelengths. In the analysis, high-resolutionDoppler spectrograms were used to identify the type1 events and then to estimate the mean and spectralpeak velocities from averaged power Doppler spectra.The simultaneous spectrogram signatures of type 1echoes suggested a somewhat higher threshold forinstability excitation at 144 MHz than at 50 MHz.Statistically, the measured 144 MHz to 50 MHz velocityratios attain values above unity, mostly in the rangefrom 1.05 to 1.14 with an overall average of 1.10.This 10% difference in the type 1 velocities at 144MHz and 50 MHz was attributed to kinetic effects atshort plasma wavelengths. For comparison, a linearkinetic model of the Farley-Buneman instability, whichincludes also a destabilising plasma density gradient,was used to provide numerical estimates of type 1phase velocities. It was found that the theoreticalpredictions for gradient-free Farley-Buneman wavesagreed well with the observations, under thesuppositions that the strongest type 1 echoes comefrom E region altitudes where conditions for instabilityare optimal and that type 1 waves have their phasevelocities limited at threshold values equal to theplasma ion acoustic speed. The present study hasconfirmed the accuracy of the kinetic theory of theFarley-Buneman instability, which strengthens itsvalidity and suitability for meter-scale E regionirregularity studies.

This analysis is presented in the publication:C. Haldoupis, K. Schlegel, G. C. Hussey, and J. A.Koehler, Observation of kinetic effects at meter scalesfor Farley-Buneman plasma waves, J. Geophys. Res.,in press, 2002. Below is presented Figure 3 from thepaper, reproduced here as Figure 1.

High-latitude Research

Motivated by the large EISCAT data base,which covers over 15 years of common programmeoperation, and previous statistical work with EISCATdata (e.g., C. Haldoupis, K. Schlegel, and G. Hussey,Auroral E-region electron density gradients measuredwith EISCAT, Ann. Geophysicae, 18,1172—1181,2000), a detailed statistical analysis of electron andion EISCAT temperature measurements is currentlybeing undertaken. This study is specifically concernedwith the statistical dependence of heating events withother ambient parameters such as the electric fieldand electron density. Initial results showed previouslyreported dependences such as the electrontemperature being directly correlated with the ambientelectric field and inversely related to the electrondensity. However, these correlations are found to alsobe dependent upon altitude. Part of the motivationfor this study was a further search for the so called“Schlegel effect” (K. Schlegel, Reduced effectiverecombination coefficient in the disturbed polar E-region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 44, 183—185, 1982);that is, the heated electron gas leads to increases inelectron density through a reduction in therecombination rate, but there appears to be no clearevidence for or against this effect. However, thestatistics have identified some new characteristicsunder quiet conditions, e.g., Te increases with Ne andthis becomes more pronounced with altitude. Thisproject is still in its early stages and further analysisand interpretations of the statistics are currentlyunderway and physical interpretations of the findingsare now being considered.

36

Figure 1. A typical example of a Doppler power spectrum pair of type 1 echoes detected simultaneously at 50 and 144MHz. As seen, at 144 MHz (dash line) the type 1 spectrum is shifted by about 30 m/s (~10%) in relation to that at 50MHz (solid line). At 50 MHz the spectrum is a mixture of type 1 and type 2 echoes but not at 144 MHz.(Figure 3 from Haldoupis et al., 2002).

37

Aeronomy Research

E.J. Llewellyn, D.A. Degenstein

Research Engineer: C. FoleyGraduate Students:

Research Associate:Adjunct Professor: Dr. R.L. Gattinger

Dr. N.D. Lloyd

A. BourassaP. LoewenB. Wilcox

Post-Doctoral Fellow: Dr. S. Petelina

Team Members

of the InfraRed Group (IRG)

Odin Project funded through PWGSC/CSA ContractsOdin project funded through PWGSC/CSA ContractsOdin project funded through NSERC GrantsOdin Project funded through PWGSC/CSA Contracts

This report describes the research progress that has been made by the InfraRed Group (IRG) of theInstitute during the last year.

Summer Students: K. LamontT. Lengyel

T. RoschukC. Roth

ISAS 2001

The major focus of the group continues to bethe Odin/OSIRIS instrument and following thesuccessful launch of the Odin satellite on February20, 2001, from Svobodny in eastern Russia we arenow extensively involved in the data analysis. Theentire Odin spacecraft was shipped to Russia earlyin the new year and the Odin Science and Launchteams, including Dr. Llewellyn, arrived at Svobodnyone week later. For the next six weeks the satellitewas carefully checked and prepared for launch.Finally the satellite was installed on the Start-1 rocketand the team witnessed a picture perfect launch atsunset on February 20. Although the instrumentswere not switched-on immediately it was apparentwithin twenty minutes of the launch that the desiredorbit had in fact been achieved and that the satellitehad stabilized its attitude. This was a major milestoneas it meant that the threat from direct solar illuminationon OSIRIS was minimal. In order to allow thespacecraft to outgas fully the instrument switch-on

was delayed until March 17, thus the OSIRIS teamhad to wait almost one more month before it couldlearn if the instrument had really survived the launchand could indeed make measurements of scatteredsunlight in the limb. This switch-on was supported byDr. Lloyd who was in Esrange, Sweden, to providethe Canadian OSIRIS team with the first images fromorbit. Even without extensive analysis it was apparentthat these images indicated that OSIRIS was meetingits design goals. The measured limb spectrum andthe pre-flight modeled spectra are shown in Figures1a and 1b, it is readily apparent that the flight spectrumis very similar to that expected.

These observations also showed that thewavelength calibration (pixel-to-wavelength map) wasessentially unchanged from the calibration made atCalgary during calibration in January 1998. Thepointing of the entire Odin spacecraft was confirmedwith observations of Jupiter; the quality of the S/W

38

Figure 1b. The first limb radiance spectrum measured with OSIRIS on the Odin satellite.

developed by the Team was demonstrated in that Dr.Lloyd was able to identify the Jupiter spectrum withina few moments of receiving the downlinked data. InMay Drs. Degenstein and Lloyd returned to Esrangefor the commissioning of the Odin Aeronomy missionand obtained the first tomographic images from theinfrared imager (Figure 2). Dr. Degenstein was ableto make a tomographic analysis and this revealed that

the oxygen infrared atmospheric band emission isquite structured in the evening twilight and that theMeinel OH nightglow exhibits brightness variationsthat are associated with atmospheric dynamics. Thetomographic analysis also revealed that the inverted-U structures seen in the limb images (Figure 3) aresignatures of local enhancements in the volumeemission.

Figure 1a. Pre-flight modeled limb radiance spectrum.

39ISAS 2001

These tomographic analyses represent a majoradvance in the study of the terrestrial atmosphere asthey have yielded horizontal and vertical resolutionsthat are much better than are used in present

atmospheric models. It is also worth noting that theanalysis approach is at the forefront of internationalendeavours in this area of study. This work is a majorcomponent of Mr. Adam Bourassa’s thesis research.

Figure 2. A series of limb images of the oxygen infrared atmospheric airglow and the corresponding tomographicinversion.

40

Figure 3. Inverted U structures observed with the OSIRIS imager.

Figure 4. Comparison of the retrieved OSIRIS ozone profile with that measured by an ozone sonde at the samelocation.

41

Figure 5. Ozone profiles retrieved from the OSIRIS optical spectrograph measurements.

ISAS 2001

Following the aeronomy commissioning theOdin satellite was handed over to the astronomersfor astronomy commissioning and so it was notpossible to make further atmospheric measurementsuntil July. At that time the first stratosphericobservations were attempted and compared with theozone profiles obtained from geo-co-located sondes.An example of the first results is shown in Figure 4and a satellite pass from the equator to the pole isshown in Figure 5; the analysis technique used forthese data was developed by Dr. Christian vonSavigny, a member of the Odin/OSIRIS team at YorkUniversity. The quality of the OSIRIS results is obviousalthough they do contain some surprises. Theapparent elevation of the ozone contour at 30 degreesnorth is coincident with the Himalayas and suggeststhat full account of the surface topography must beincluded in the models. Unfortunately at the end ofAugust the satellite lost the ability to point and so nofurther aeronomy results were obtained until Octoberwhen the Antarctic ozone hole was contracting.However, despite this unfavorable situation the ozone

hole was observed and the total column maps fromthe OSIRIS instrument and the TOMS satellite areshown in Figure 6. It is readily apparent that OSIRISis producing the same results as TOMS but also offersa new value added product as it is able to provideozone height profiles throughout the ozone hole region(Figure 7). A second approach to the problem ofozone and aerosol retrieval has been developed byDr. Gattinger who has modeled the limb radiance andwe are planning to use both this analysis approachand the one developed by Dr. von Savigny to producea Level-2 ozone product.

The calibration quartz-halogen lamp spectrathat indicated the presence of obvious structure inthe full slit images, see Figure 8, and the need tomonitor the slit contamination initiated a modificationin the data collection. The gap in the collected spectra(Figure 1) corresponds to the position of the ordersorter and the corresponding data is replaced with 8complete columns of data from arbitrary wavelengthsin the spectrum. These slits images have been

42

monitored on a regular basis since the beginning ofthe mission and presently indicate that the slitcontamination is stable.

Dr. Petelina has taken an active part in the Odineffort and has concentrated on the detection ofaerosols, primarily PMC’s, with OSIRIS. Before thelaunch of Odin we had anticipated that it would bepossible to use the IRI tomographic procedure toidentify regions of enhanced Rayleigh scattering andthen to analyze the optical spectrograph data in orderto determine the properties of the scatterers. Thisproved not to be the case as the clouds werecompletely identifiable with from the mesosphericscattered light spectrum. Our present results suggestthat the particles are in the 70 nm range.

Mr. Brad Wilcox has started to use the OSIRISDM in a ground-based OSIRIS validation programand has already developed a scattering model thatidentifies the various contributors to the observed skyspectrum. The ground based measurement set-uphas required the development of a fibre optic/collimator mirror system that delivers sky-light to theDM version of OSIRIS that is housed in the ISAS cleanroom. As with the flight version of OSIRIS the

instrument is operated remotely over the Universityremote access network. A second validation effort isbeing undertakne by Mr. Paul Loewen who is buildinga new version of the TOI photometer that was usedby Llewellyn and Evans for some of their pioneeringstudies of the oxygen infrared atmospheric bandairglow. It is planned to install this photometer at anarctic station in the first part of 2003 and collect sky-data as the sun rises at the end of the arctic night.

Dr. Nick Lloyd, who has responsibility for theflight software and flight operations, is a very importantmember of the Odin/OSIRIS mission team. Thevarious procedures and display software that he hasdeveloped enable the team to determine the overallstatus of the OSIRIS instrument and review the Level-0 data as soon as it is received. The quality of thiseffort is demonstrated by the fact that the OSIRISobservations of Jupiter were used in almost real timeto inform the Swedish Space Corporation personnelthat successful pointing had been achieved. Othervaluable members of the OSIRIS team are Mr. T.Roschuk, Mr. C. Roth and Mr. T. Lengyel, our summerstudents during 2000, who were major contributorsto the Odin/OSIRIS success in 2001.

UV/VIS DU and TOMS DUNov.06-07/01

Figure 6. A comparison of the TOMS and OSIRIS Total Ozone maps.

43ISAS 2001

Figure 7. The advance offered by OSIRIS as it also obtains the ozone height profile as well as the total ozonecolumn.

Figure 8. The full slit image showing the striations in the observed spectra.

44

45

Publications

Presentations (Talks, Papers, Posters)

Visitors to ISAS

Graduate Student Theses

Attendance at Meetings or Other Visits

Services and Distinctions

Vision Statement

Appendices

ISAS 2001

47

Publications

ISAS 2001

Haldoupis, C., G.C. Hussey, A. Bourdillon, and J. Delloue. Azimuth-Time-Intensity striations of quasiperiodicradar echoes from the midlatitude E region ionosphere, Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 1933-1936, 2001.

Huang, Chao-Song, G. J. Sofko, A. V. Koustov, J. W. MacDougall, R. A. Greenwald, J. M Ruohoniemi, J. C.Foster, J. P. Villain, M. Lester, J. Watermann, V. O. Papitashvili, and W. J. Hughes, Long-period magnetospheric-ionospheric perturbations during northward interplanetary magnetic field, Accepted for publication in J.Geophys. Res., 106, 13,091-13,103, 2001.

Huuskonen, A., T. Nygren, and L. Jalonen, “The effect of electric field-induced vertical convection on theprecipitation E-layer”, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 927—935, 2001.

Jacobi, Ch., M. Lange, D. Kürschner, A.H. Manson, and C.E. Meek, “A Long-Term Comparison of SaskatoonMF Radar and Collm LF D1 Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere Wind Measurements”, Phys. Chem. Earth(C), 26, No. 6, 419-424, 2001.

Khabibrakhmanov, I.K., D.A. Degenstein and E.J. Llewellyn, “Mesospheric Ozone: Determination from orbitwith the OSIRIS instrument on Odin”, Can. J. Phys., In press December 2001.

Koustov, A.V., K. Igarashi, D. Andre, K. Ohtaka, N. Sato, H. Yamagishi, and A. Yukimatu, “Observations of50-MHz and 12-MHz auroral coherent echoes at the Antarctic Syowa station”, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12,875-12,887, 2001.

Llewellyn, E.J., “The Odin Aeronomy Mission – an Editorial”, Can. J. Phys., In press December 2001.

Luo, Y., A.H. Manson, C.E. Meek, K. Igarashi, and Ch. Jacobi, “Extra long period (20-40 day) oscillations inthe mesospheric and lower thermospheric winds: observations in Canada, Europe and Japan, andconsiderations of possible solar influences”, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 63, 835-852, 2001.

MacDougall, J.W., D.A. Andre, G.J. Sofko, C.-S. Huang and A.V. Kustov, “Travelling ionospheric disturbanceproperties deduced from Super Dual Auroral Radar measurements”, Annales Geophysicae, 18, 12, 1550-1559, 2001.

Makarevitch, R.A., T. Ogawa, K. Igarashi, A.V. Koustov, N. Sato, K. Ohtaka, H. Yamagishi, and A. Yukimatu,“On the power-velocity relationship for 12- and 50-MHz auroral coherent echoes”, J. Geophys. Res., 106,15,455-15,469, 2001.

48

McDade, I.C., K. Strong, C.S. Haley, J. Stegman, D.P. Murtagh, and E.J. Llewellyn, “A Method forRecovering Stratospheric Minor Species Densities from the Odin OSIRIS Scattered SunlightMeasurements”, Can. J. Phys., In press December 2001.

McLinden, C.A., J.C. McConnell, K. Strong, I.C. McDade, R.L. Gattinger, R. King, B.H. Solheim, W.F.J.Evans, D.A. Degenstein and E.J. Llewellyn, “The impact of the OSIRIS grating efficiency on radianceand trace-gas retrievals”, Can. J. Phys., In press December 2001.

Meek, C. and A. Manson, “MF radar spaced antenna experiment: wind variance vs. record length”,Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 63, 181-191, 2001.

Merzlyokov, E.G., Yu.I. Portnyagin, C. Jacobi, N.J. Mitchell, H.G. Muller, A.H. Manson, A.N. Fachrutdinova,W. Singer, and P. Hoffmann, “On the longitudinal structure of the transient day-to-day variation of thesemidiurnal tide in the mid-latitude lower thermosphere – I. Winter season”, Annales Geophysicae, 19,545-562, 2001.

Murtagh, D., U. Frisk, F. Merino, M. Ridal, A. Jonsson, J. Stegman, G. Witt, P. Eriksson, C. Jiménez, G.Megie, J. de la Nöe, P. Ricaud, P. Baron, J. R. Pardo, A. Hauchcorne, E.J. Llewellyn, D.A. Degenstein,R.L. Gattinger, N.D. Lloyd, W.F.J. Evans, I.C. McDade, C.S. Haley, C. Sioris, C. von Savigny, B.H.Solheim, J.C. McConnell, K. Strong, E. H. Richardson, G.W. Leppelmeier, E. Kyrölä, H. Auvinen, and L.Oikarinen, “An overview of the Odin Atmospheric Mission”, Can. J. Phys., In press December 2001.

Nishitani, N., T. Ogawa, N. Sato, H. Yamagishi, M. Pinnock, J.-P. Villain, G. Sofko, and O. Troshichev, “Astudy of the afternoon convection cell’s response to an IMF southward turning” J. Geophys. Res., Inpress.

Sioris, C.E., W.F.J. Evans, R.L. Gattinger, I.C. McDade, D.A. Degenstein and E.J. Llewellyn, “Ring effectmeasurements from ground-based viewing geometry with the OSIRIS DM”, Can. J. Phys., In pressDecember 2001.

Smolyakov, A.I., A.V. Koustov, and R.A. Makarevitch, “Secondary instabilities in the dynamics of theFarley-Buneman fluctuations”, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 15,511-15,518, 2001.

Strong, K., B.M. Joseph, R. Dosanjh, I.C. McDade, C.A. McLinden, J.C. McConnell, J. Stegman, D.P.Murtagh and E.J. Llewellyn, “Retrieval of Vertical Concentration Profiles from OSIRIS UV-Visible LimbSpectra”, Can. J. Phys., In press December 2001.

Uspensky, M.V., A.V. Koustov, P. Eglitis, A. Huuskonen, S.E. Milan, T. Pulkkinen, and R. Pirjola, “CUTLASSHF radar observations of high-velocity E-region echoes”, Ann. Geophys., 19, 411-424, 2001.

Xu, L., A.V. Koustov, J. Thayer and M. McCready, “SuperDARN convection and Sondrestrom plasmadrift”, Ann. Geophys., 19, 749-759, 2001.

49

Presentations(Talks, Papers, Posters)

Andre, D., G. J. Sofko, and A. V. Koustov. Aspect Angle Dependence of HF Backscatter From the E-region.Abstracts of DASP Meeting, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Feb 23-24, 2001.

Andre, D., G. J. Sofko, and A. V. Koustov. Aspect Angle Dependence of HF Backscatter From the E-region.Abstracts of SuperDARN Annual Meeting, Venice, Italy, May 21-25, 2001.

Benkevitch, L.V., A.V. Koustov, G. J. Sofko, W.B. Lyatsky, and A.M. Hamza. Preferential Periods for theSubstorm Onsets Inferred From the AE and AO Magnetic Indices. Abstracts of DASP Meeting, Saskatoon,Saskatchewan, Feb 23-24, 2001.

Benkevitch, L.V., A.V. Koustov, W.B. Lyatsky, G.J. Sofko, and A.M. Hamza. Substorm onset indices, SpaceEnvironment Workshop, Banff, Alberta, November 8-10, 2001.

Danskin, D.W., A.V. Koustov, S. Nozawa, T. Ogawa, and N. Nishitani. HF Echo Occurrence and Parametersof F-Region Plasma. Abstracts of DASP Meeting, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Feb 23-24, 2001.

Danskin, D.W., A.V. Koustov, T. Ogawa, S. Nozawa, and N. Nishitani. On the factors controlling the power ofF-region coherent echoes, Abstracts of 10th International EISCAT Workshop, July 23-27, 2001, Tokyo, Japan,p. 17, 2001.

Danskin, D.W., A.V. Koustov, T. Ogawa, S. Nozawa, and N. Nishitani, On the consistency of plasma convec-tion derived from SuperDARN HF observations and EISCAT, Abstracts of 10th International EISCAT Work-shop, July 23-27, 2001, Tokyo, Japan, p. 58, 2001.

Danskin, D.W., A.V. Koustov, T. Ogawa, N. Nishitani, and S. Nozawa, Are SuperDARN convection mapscompatible with EISCAT electric field measurements, Space Environment Workshop, Banff, Alberta, November8-10, 2001.

Davis, G.R., S.B. Calcutt, J.R. Drummond, D.A. Naylor, A.J. Penny and S. Seager. MUSE: Searching forbiomarkers in a life-bearing planet. Annual Meeting of the American Astronomical Society Division of PlanetarySciences, New Orleans, November 2001. Abstract: Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society (In press).

Degenstein, D.A., W.F.J.Evans, R. L. Gattinger, C. Haley, E.J. Llewellyn, N.D. Lloyd, J.C. McConnell,I.C.McDade, D.P. Murtagh, B.H.Solheim, J. Stegman and K. Strong. “An Initial View of the Detection ofAtmospheric Structures with the IR Imager on the Odin Satellite. AGU Spring Meeting, Boston, MA, May,2001.

Degenstein, D.A., E.J. Llewellyn and N.D. Lloyd, “The potential for incorrect interpretation of atmosphericimages as seen with OSIRIS”, 28th European Meeting on Atmospheric Studies by Optical Methods, Oulu,Finland, August, 2001.

Degenstein, D.A., N.D. Lloyd, E.J. Llewellyn, A.E. Bourassa, I.C. McDade, and The Odin Team, OSIRIS onOdin: First Observational Results from the IR Imager System, SA22A-0707 EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un.,San Francisco, CA, December, 2001.

ISAS 2001

50

Drummond, J.R., V.J. Hipkin, B.M. Quine, K.F. Strong, B.T. Tolton, J.J. Caldwell, J.C. McConnell, B.Rivard, B. Jones and G.R. Davis, 2001. A combined atmospheric and geological mission to Mars. AnnualMeeting of the American Astronomical Society Division of Planetary Sciences, New Orleans, November2001. Abstract: Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society (In press).

Evans, W.F.J., L. Chardon and E.J. Llewellyn. Investigations of PMCs with WINDII and OSIRIS Obser-vations, LPMR Meeting, Asilomar, CA, October, 2001.

Evans, W.F.J., C. Sioris, S. Petelina, E.J. Llewellyn, L.R. Chardon, and The Odin Team. The ValidationInter-comparison of Polar Mesospheric Clouds from OSIRIS with WINDII, SA4B-0740 EOS Trans. Amer.Geophys. Un., San Francisco, CA, December, 2001.

Haldoupis, C., G.C. Hussey, A. Bourdillon, and J. Delloue. “More quasi-periodic radar echoes from themid-latitude E-region: Azimuth-Time-Intensity straiations“, 2001 DASP Winter Workshop, Saskatoon,Saskatchewan, February 22-24, 2001.

Haley, C.S., I.C. McDade, G. Infante, C. von Savigny, E. Griffioen, C.A. McLinden, C.E. Sioris, K. Strong,J. Stegman, and E.J. Llewellyn. Application of Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) toUV-Visible Limb Spectra, 8th Scientific Assembly of IAMAS, Innsbruck, July 1-8, 2001.

Haley, C.S., Llewellyn, E.J., Degenstein, D., Evans, W.F.J., Gattinger, R.L., Lloyd, N., McConnell, J.C.,McDade, I.C., Solheim, B., and Strong, K. OSIRIS - The Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed ImagingSystem on Odin, 8th Scientific Assembly of IAMAS, Innsbruck, July, 2001.

Haley, C.S., C.E. Sioris, C. von Savigny, I.C. McDade, E. Griffioen, C.A. McLinden, E.J. Llewellyn, andThe Odin Team. Retrieval of Stratospheric O

3 and NO

2 Density Profiles From a DOAS Analysis of UV-

Visible Limb Scatter Measured by OSIRIS, A42A-0097 EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., San Francisco,CA, December, 2001.

Koustov, A.V., R.A. Makarevitch, D. Andre, T. Ogawa, K. Igarashi, K. Ohtaka, N. Sato, H. Yamagishi, andA. Yukimatu. Refraction Contribution to the Power-Velocity Relationship at 12 MHz. Abstracts of DASPMeeting, Saskatoon, Feb 23-24, 2001.

Koustov, A. V., R. A. Makarevitch, K. Igarashi, K. Ohtaka, T. Ogawa, N. Nishitani, N. Sato, H. Yamagishi,and A. Yukimatu. Recent contributions to E-region irregularity studies from 50- and 12-MHz radarmeasurements at the Antarctic Syowa station. Abstracts of the 25th Symposium on coordinatedobservations of the ionosphere and the magnetosphere in the polar regions, July 30-31, 2001, NationalInstitute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan, p. 15.

Koustov, A.V., Danskin, D., M.V. Uspensky, T. Ogawa, and N. Nishitani, Range profiles of 140-MHz E-region and 12-MHz F-region coherent echoes. Abstracts of the 25th Symposium on coordinatedobservations of the ionosphere and the magnetosphere in the polar regions, July 30-31, 2001, NationalInstitute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan, p. 24.

Koustov, A. V., R. A. Makarevitch, T. Ogawa, N. Nishitani, K. Igarashi, K. Ohtaka, N. Sato, H. Yamagishi,and A. Yukimatu. Characteristics of 12- and 3-m E-region irregularities as observed at Syowa, Antarctica.Abstracts of 2001 Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference, August 1-4, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan, p.349.

51

Kyrölä, E., L. Oikarinen, H. Auvinen, G. W. Leppelmeier, A. Hauchecorne, J. Burrows, D.Murtagh, J. Stegman,G. Witt, E.J. Llewellyn, D.A. Degenstein, R.L. Gattinger I. McDade, B. Solheim, W. Evans, K. Strong, E.Hilsenrath, and R. McPeters. Intercomparison of limb radiance models and satellite measurements, Pre-Launch Workshop on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of Envisat (ACVE), ESTEC, Noordwijk, TheNetherlands May 6-8, 2001.

Llewellyn, E.J., D.A. Degenstein, N.D. Lloyd, R.L. Gattinger, S. Petelina, I.C. McDade, C. Haley, B.H. Solheim,C. von Savigny, C. Sioris, W.F.J. Evans, K. Strong, D.P. Murtagh, and J. Stegman. First Results from theOSIRIS Instrument on-board Odin, Proceedings of the 28AM on Optical Studies of the Upper Atmosphere,Oulu, Finland – August 2001.

Llewellyn, E.J., D.A. Degenstein, W.F.J. Evans, R.L. Gattinger, N.D. Lloyd and I.C. McDade. The Detectionof Atmospheric Structures with the IR Imager on the Odin Satellite, LPMR Meeting, Asilomar, CA, October,2001.

Llewellyn, E.J., D.A. Degenstein, R.L. Gattinger, N.D. Lloyd, W.F.J. Evans, I.C. McDade, C.S. Haley, C.E.Sioris, C. von Savigny and D.P. Murtagh. The measurement of the troposphere and stratosphere from lowearth orbiting satellites, Advances in Environmental Engineering Workshop, Utsonomiya University, Japan,November, 2001.

Llewellyn, E.J., R.L. Gattinger, D.A. Degenstein, N.D. Lloyd, I.C. McDade, J. Stegman, and The Odin Team.OSIRIS on Odin: An Overview of OSIRIS - the Optical Spectrograph and IR Imager System, SA22A-0706EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., San Francisco, CA, December, 2001.

Llewellyn, E.J., D.A. Degenstein, N.D. Lloyd, R.L. Gattinger, S. Petelina, I.C. McDade, C. Haley, B.H. Solheim,C. von Savigny, C. Sioris, W.F.J. Evans, K. Strong, D.P. Murtagh, and J. Stegman, “First Results from theOSIRIS Instrument on-board Odin”, Proceedings of the 28AM on Optical Studies of the Upper Atmosphere,Oulu, Finland, December, 2001.

Makarevitch, R.A., A.V. Koustov, D. Andre, T. Ogawa, K. Igarashi, K. Ohtaka, N. Sato, H. Yamagishi, and A.Yukimatu. E-Region Echo Occurrence at 12 and 50 MHz According to Observations at Syowa Station.Abstracts of DASP Meeting, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Feb 23-24, 2001.

Makarevitch, R.A., T. Ogawa, K. Igarashi, A.V. Koustov, N. Sato, K. Ohtaka, H. Yamagishi, and A. Yukimatu.HF/VHF E-region Echoes: Power and Velocity Aspects. Abstracts of SuperDARN Annual Meeting, Venice,May 21-25, 2001.

Makarevitch, R. A., A. V. Koustov, G. Sofko, D. Andre, and T. Ogawa. Multi-frequency measurements of HFDoppler velocity in the auroral E region, paper presented to Space Environment Workshop, Banff, November8-10, 2001.

Manson, A.H. et al. “Seasonal Variations of the Solar Tides in the MLT: MF Radar Observations and Models(GSWM, CMAM). A Space Science Odyssey 2001 CEDAR Workshop - SCOSTEP - 10th Quadrennial STPSymposium, Longmont, Colorado, USA, June 17-22, 2001.

Marchaudon, A., J.-C. Cerisier, R.A. Greenwald and G.J. Sofko. Convection Flow bursts and associatedcurrents in the vicinity of the dayside cusp. SuperDARN International Workshop, Venice, Italy, May 21 - 25,2001.

ISAS 2001

Murtagh, D.P., E.J. Llewellyn, E. Kyrola, G. Megie, U. Frisk, and The Odin Team. The Odin AtmosphericMission, A42A-005 EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., San Francisco, CA, December, 2001.

Penny, A.J., G.R. Davis, S.B. Calcutt, J.R. Drummond, D.A. Naylor and S. Seager. MUSE: Looking for life onEarth. Proceedings of First European Workshop on Exo/Astrobiology, Frascati, 389–391, May 2001.

Petelina, S.V., E.J. Llewellyn, N.D. Lloyd, C.Sioris, W.F. Evans, and The Odin Team. Polar MesosphericClouds Observed by the Optical Spectrograph on Odin in July-August, 2000, SA4B-0744 EOS Trans. Amer.Geophys. Un., San Francisco, CA, December, 2001.

Rae, L.J., F.R. Fenrich, G.J. Sofko, J.A. Fedder and S.P. Slinker. A Comparison of SuperDARN cuspobservations with a Global MHD mode. SuperDARN International Workshop, Venice, Italy, May 21 - 25,2001.

Savigny, C. von, I.C. McDade, E. Griffioen, C.S. Haley, C.A. McLinden, C.E. Sioris, E.J. Llewellyn, and TheOdin Team. Ozone Profiles Retrieved From Odin/OSIRIS Obervations of Limb-Radiance Spectra, A42A-0085 EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., San Francisco, CA, December, 2001.

Sioris, C.E., C. von Savigny, R.L. Gattinger, J.C. McConnell, I.C. McDade, E. Griffioen, E.J. Llewellyn, andThe Odin Team. Attitude Determination for Limb-scanning Satellites: The “KNEE” at 305 nm, A32B-0056EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., San Francisco, CA, December, 2001.

Sofko, G.J., D. Andre, L. Benkevitch, S. Koustov, and M. Huber. SuperDARN – Status, Convection and EchoStatistics. Abstracts of DASP Meeting, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Feb 23-24, 2001.

Sofko, G.J., A.V. Koustov, D. Andre, L. Benkevitch, and M. Huber. Suppression of HF Radar Aurora byPhotoconductivity. Abstracts of SuperDARN International Workshop, Venice, Italy, May 21-25, 2001.

Xu, L., A.V. Koustov, V.O. Papitashvili, F. J. Rich. Ionospheric Convection Inferred From SuperDARN:Comparison with DMSP. Abstracts of DASP Meeting, Saskatoon, Feb 23-24, 2001.

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Dr. David Naylor University of Lethbridge January 19 - 21Dr. Glenn Orton Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, USA January 19 - 21Dr. Martin Burgdorf European Space Agency, Madrid, Spain January 19 - 21Dr. Sunil Sidher Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Qxon, UK January 19 - 21Dr. Gerry Atkinson University of British Columbia February 26Dr. Young-In Won Polar Sciences Lab. Seoul, Korea June 10 - 13Dr. YoungMin Cho Polar Sciences Lab. Seoul, Korea June 10 - 13Dr. Martin Connors Athabaska University AB June 14 - 15Dr. Namboothiri & Kishore CRL Scientists, Tokyo, Japan June 22 - 27Dr. E.H. Richardson EHR Associates, Victoria, B.C. June 25 - 29Dr. K. Smith Routes AstroEngineering Ltd., Ottawa June 25 - 29Dr. R.L. Gattinger U of S Adjunct, Ottawa June 25 - 29Dr. J. Stegman MISU, Stockholm, Sweden June 25 - 29Dr. I.C. McDade York University, Toronto June 25 - 29Dr. C.S. Haley York University, Toronto June 25 - 29Dr. C. Sioris Harvard Smithsonian Astrophysical Obsrv., Boston June 25 - 29Dr. B.H. Solheim York University, Toronto June 25 - 29Dr. V. Wehrle CSA, Ottawa June 25 - 29Dr. C. von Savigny York University, Toronto June 25 - 29Dr. Lisa Oikarinen FMI, Finland June 25 - 29Dr. H. Auvinen FMI, Finland June 25 - 29Dr. E. Kyrola FMI, Finland June 25 - 29Dr. E. Griffioen York University, Toronto June 25 - 29Dr. W. Evans Trent University, Peterborough June 25 - 29Dr. G. Witt MISU, Stockholm June 25 - 29Dr. F. Merino MISU, Stockholm June 25 - 29Dr. Christos Haldoupis University of Crete, Iraklion, Greece Sept. 5 to Feb. 1

Visitors to ISAS

ISAS 2001

Graduate Student

ThesesYi Luo, Ph.D. Student - Thesis: Influences of Planetary Waves upon the Dynamics of the Mesosphere

and Lower Thermosphere. Graduated May 2002.

Attendance at Meetings

E.J. Llewellyn Sweden and Russia January 5 - Mar. 15G.R. Davis Cambridge, ON re: Com. Development February 15 - 22N. Lloyd Sweden, Odin March 22 - 27E.J. Llewellyn Ottawa, ON and Stockholm, Sweden April 13 - May 6D.A. Degenstein and N. Lloyd Sweden re: Odin/OSIRIS May 7 - 21A.V. Koustov Italy May 20 - 28G.R. Davis Ontario re: Canadian Astronomical Society Annual Conf. May 26 - 29G.J. Sofko and A.H. Manson Ottawa re: CSA Meeting May 31 - June 3A.V. Koustov Sabbatical leave June 4 - November 1G.R. Davis and B.E. Hesman Hawaii, the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope June 14 - 28G.C. Hussey Germany June 15 - 29A.H. Manson and T.Chshyolkova Colorado re: CEDAR/ SCOSTEP Conference June 16 - 24G.R. Davis Cardiff, UK July 2 - 8G.R. Davis Cambridge, ON July 12 - 21G.J. Sofko Calgary, AB July 19 - 20G.J. Sofko Edmonton, AB July 24 - 25E.J. Llewellyn Oulu, Finland re: Optical meeting Odin August 16 - 25E.J. Llewellyn Stockholm, Sweden re: Odin Aeronomy meeting September 1 - 8H. Olivier Prince George September 6 - 7D.A. Degenstein and N. Lloyd Toronto September 26 - 29E.J. Llewellyn Monterey, CA, meeting re: Odin Aeronomy October 9 - 13G.R. Davis Toronto, ON October 11 - 14E.J. Llewellyn Washington re: NASA Instr. Selection Committee mtg October 15 - 19G.R. Davis Royal Obs. Edinburgh November 2 - 9E.J. Llewellyn Ottawa, ON November 4 - 5A.H. Manson Calgary, AB re: CSA SAEAC meeting November 12 - 13E.J. Llewellyn Tokyo, Japan November 17 - 22E.J. Llewellyn San Francisco, CA December 10 - 15D.A. Degenstein Toronto, ON and San Francisco, CA December 5 - 15G.R. Davis Hawaii December 12 - 27

or Other Visits

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G.R. Davis- Co-investigator, ISO Long Wavelength Spectrometerproject; Leader, LWS Solar System Team- Co-investigator, Herschel Spectrometric andPhotometric Imaging Receiver project-Member of FIRST/Planck Steering Committee- PI, Measurements of the Unresolved Spectrum ofthe Earth Concept Study

G.C. Hussey-Member of CANOPUS Team

A.V. Koustov-Member of CANOPUS Team-Member of SuperDARN Team-DASP Chair

D.A. Degenstein- Participant, Optical Aeronomy and AtmosphericScience experiment (OSIRIS) on the Swedish Odinsatellite

Services and Distinctions

A.H. Manson- Member of Steering Committee for Post-STEPInternational Programs; S-RAMP (STEP-Results,Applications, and Modelling Phase) (1997-2002)- Chair of COSPAR Sub-Commission C2, MiddleAtmosphere and Lower Ionosphere (1994-1998,1998-2002)- Member of STRAC (Solar Terrestrial RelationsAdvisory Committee) of the Canadian Space Agency(1992-2001 [Chair; 1994/95] )- Member of LTCS (Lower Thermosphere CouplingStudy), international project of CEDAR-Editorial Advisory Board member, “Journal ofAtmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics” (1994-present)-Chair, Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies,University of Saskatchewan (1991-1997; 1997-2000)

G.J. Sofko- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) Group Achievement Award for ground basedinvestigation by Team/SuperDARN, “in recognition ofthe highly successful exploration of geospace by theGlobal Geospace Science Program”- Member of CANOPUS Team- Member of SuperDARN Executive Committee- Principal Investigator, DSS/CSA contract for SystemManagement at the Saskatoon CANOPUS node- Principal Investigator, NSERC CSP “The Canadiancomponent of SuperDARN, Phase II”

E.J. Llewellyn- Principal Investigator, Optical Aeronomy andAtmospheric Science experiment (OSIRIS) on theSwedish Odin satellite- Principal Investigator, satellite experiment: OGLOWII on STS-52 Mission- Co-investigator, satellite experiments: OGLOW(STS-17/41G); PHOTONS (STS-19); WINDII(UARS); ACE (Canadian SciSat); AEPI (EOM-1/1)renamed ATLAS; WAMDII; VIKING-UV Imager- Co-investigator, rocket experiment: GEMINI- Chairman, Time Allocation Committee for WINDII/UARS- Member of CAP/NSERC Committee for Review ofPhysics in Canada-Chairman, NASA Selection Panel for LCAS

ISAS 2001

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the Atmospheric and Geospace Environments of the Planet Earth: the Dynamicsand Chemistry of the Middle Atmosphere and Troposphere; the Magnetosphere,Thermosphere and Ionosphere with the imbedded Aurora Borealis. Expand thesestudies to the other Planets where possible and relevant.

a comprehensive suite of observational systems including ground-based, rocketand satellite; and support the development of comprehensive Space andAtmospheric Models consistent with observations. Strive to achieve levels ofexcellence in research consistent with the highest international standards in SolarTerrestrial Physics.

the investigations and observations to important societal issues such as theUnderstanding of Atmospheric Processes and Global Climate Change, andGeospace Weather Prediction.

balanced and complementary links with Agencies and Councils involved inAtmospheric and Space Research – CSA, AES, NSERC – and with high-technology industries, especially those in Saskatchewan.

a balanced working and educational ENVIRONMENT for graduate students,scientists and engineers, including involvement with local industries, and withthe wider life of the University of Saskatchewan – teaching and outreach.

collaborations within the Institute to maximize opportunities for comprehensive,complementary studies of the Atmosphere and Geospace.

to the community of Solar Terrestrial Physicists, and to the international communityengaged in Solar Terrestrial Physics.

the Saskatoon and Saskatchewan communities, including especially studentsand the media, with information and opportunities to share in the Solar TerrestrialPhysics activity in the Institute; recognizing that these contribute to the economichealth, quality of life and knowledge-base of the nation.

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