INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY REVIEW 2013/2014 - UK Zoos & Animal ... Annual Review 2013-14.pdf · in wild animal health and wild animal biology with the Royal Veterinary College and an MSc

INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY

ZSL Institute of Zoology Review 2013/2014

SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATIONREVIEW 2013/2014

The Zoological Society of LondonRegistered Charity in England and Wales: no 208728zsl.org

Regent’s ParkLondon NW1 4RY

and at:

ZSL Whipsnade ZooDunstableBedfordshire LU6 2LF

ZSL The Year in Review 2013Our annual overview of the year, featuring our zoos, fieldwork, science, engagement activities and ways to get involved.

ZSL Conservation Review 2013An in-depth look at our field conservation and research, showing how we are achieving our key targets at home and abroad.

For a closer look at ZSL’s work, look out for our other annual publications at zsl.org/about-us/zsl-annual-reports

2 ZSL CONSERVATION REVIEW 2013

OUR AIMTo undertake and promote relevant high-quality zoological and conservation research, to help ZSL achieve its conservation objectives, and to inform and influence conservation policy.

OUR OBJECTIVES1. Encouraging and rewarding

excellence in the performance and communication of science, conservation and animal husbandry

2. Attracting and engaging a diverse range of people and organisations in the science of zoology and conservation – from students to leaders in their field

3. Using our unique convening role as a leading learned society to foster and achieve international excellence in science relevant to our core conservation priorities

4. Managing and developing a relevant and useful body of zoological knowledge

5. Providing policy makers, conservationists and the general public with the information needed to make informed decisions on conservation issues

6. Raising the profile of conservation issues and priorities, and ensuring they are well represented at policy level and in the media

IoZ RESEARCH STRATEGY

OUR ACTIVITIESHEFCE-funded programmeWe undertake research and research training in the following themes:• Behavioural and Population Ecology• Biodiversity and Macroecology• Evolution and Molecular Ecology• People, Wildlife and Ecosystems• Wildlife Epidemiology

We provide education through MSc and PhD programmes.

Science PlanThe major topics:• Biodiversity patterns and processesHow can we explain and model biological diversity at a range of spatial, temporal and biological scales?• People and the environment in a changing worldHow can we manage wild species and habitats sustainably alongside human population growth and development?

With the rest of the Zoological Society of LondonWe respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s Conservation Programmes:• Conservation Breeding and Reintroduction; EDGE; Indicators and Assessments; Marine and Freshwater; Wildlife Health• Africa; South and Central Asia; Southeast Asia; Mongolia; UK and Europe

We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s living animal collection:• Animal health and welfare research• Reproductive monitoring

We run a programme of meetings and publications:• Journal of Zoology and Animal Conservation• Annual programme of evening science and conservation events• Biannual international symposia on topical themes in conservation biology• Technical publications to support best practice in zoos (International Zoo Yearbook) and in field conservation (Conservation Reports)• Conservation Science and Practice book series published with Wiley-Blackwell

With University College LondonWe maintain and develop research links with genetics, evolution and environment, and other relevant departments, notably the Centre for Biodiversity and Environmental Research. We aim to maximise the opportunities for shared graduate training at masters and doctoral level.

We contribute to London-wide activities in ecology and evolution through membership of the Centre for Ecology and Evolution.

With institutions in LondonWe maintain and develop research links with academic bodies, especially the Centre for Ecology and Evolution. We run MSc courses in wild animal health and wild animal biology with the Royal Veterinary College and an MSc in conservation science.

Our research is influenced by London-based conservation issues. Our programme of talks communicate science and conservation.

With other organisationsWe collaborate with most relevant outside bodies for our core research interests. Our programme of talks communicate science and conservation.

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014 3

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / WELCOME

This will be my last foreword for Science for Conservation, the Institute of Zoology Review. After a decade as President of the Zoological Society of London, I am stepping down and passing on the baton to Professor Sir John Beddington. Sir John will no doubt be familiar to everyone through his recent role as the UK Government’s

Chief Scientific Advisor, but he is also a research scientist with a worldwide reputation in the field of applied population biology. He has just the credentials needed for the role of President, and I can step down knowing that I will be leaving the Society in excellent hands.

One of the things I have been most proud of from my tenure as President is helping the Institute of Zoology (IoZ) go from strength to strength. Government assessments of the science that is carried out there have shown it moving up the national rankings in research excellence. In 2010, a panel of independent reviewers described it as a “world-class organisation” and, while I readily admit to being biased, I can only agree with their view. In the pages that follow, you can read about some of the ongoing research projects being carried out by IoZ scientists, illustrating why it has the reputation it does. I can also step down knowing that I will be leaving the Institute in excellent shape.

Looking to the future, I can only see a greater need for an organisation that carries out science for the benefit of the global conservation effort. The challenges of the next decade will not be less than those of the one I have just presided over, but I am sure the Institute and its scientists will continue to rise to meet them. I wish them all the very best in their work to make the world a better place for animals and their habitats, and for people.

I am proud to introduce you to the IoZ annual review. Conservation decisions need to be informed by the best available scientific evidence. ZSL is very fortunate, therefore, to have a team of extremely talented scientists working to help address conservation issues of global importance. The pages that follow illustrate the breadth of their science –

monitoring species under threat, understanding the causes of species declines, investigating wildlife disease, exploring the processes that impede human-wildlife coexistence, and much more besides.

The review not only tells you about the work being done in IoZ, but it also highlights how our research, programme of scientific events and conferences, and publications raise the profile of conservation issues and influence policymakers, conservationists and the public. We are also deeply committed to training and educating the next generation of conservationists. IoZ hosts a growing number of PhD and MSc students, and helps young people gain valuable conservation experience through short-term internships.

Our success and influence would not be possible without the support of many external collaborators, most notably through our partnership with University College London, and the wide range of organisations that generously fund our research. I would like to take this opportunity to thank them all for their continued support.

Finally, Professor Tim Blackburn stepped down as Director of Science in 2014. I’d like to thank him for his leadership of the Institute over the past seven years. I’d also like to welcome his successor, Professor Ken Norris, who joins us as Director of Science after 17 years at the University of Reading. I look forward to IoZ going from strength to strength.

WelcomeThe President and Director General of the Zoological Society of London introduce the Institute of Zoology Review 2013/2014.

Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRSPresident, Zoological Society of London

Ralph ArmondDirector General, Zoological Society of London

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / NEWS

Institute of Zoology newsOver the past year, IoZ’s research has continued to improve our understanding of the natural world and address a wide range of conservation issues.

An Independent Scientific Review Panel, which included IoZ researcher Paul Jepson, published its findings on the mass stranding in 2008 of approximately 100 melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra) in the Loza Lagoon system in Madagascar. The panel concluded that the stranding was triggered by acoustic stimuli; more specifically, a multi-beam echosounder system operated by a survey vessel contracted by ExxonMobil Exploration and Production (Northern Madagascar) Limited. This is the first-known marine mammal mass stranding event of this nature to be closely associated with high-frequency mapping sonar systems, and the findings add to the growing concern about the potential effects of noise disturbance on marine mammals. The report is available on the International Whaling Commission website (iwc.int/2008-mass-stranding-in-madagascar).

IoZ’s Rob Deaville and Matt Perkins helped run an exhibit on cetacean strandings at the Natural History Museum, which was seen by 10,000 people.

Freshwater cetaceans are among the most threatened groups of mammals, and visual surveys, which are the most frequently used method of estimating population size, are known to be limited in accuracy. IoZ researchers used a combined visual and acoustic survey to improve the detectability of Ganges river dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica) in the rivers of southern Bangladesh. The combined survey resulted in consistently higher detectability than a visual-only method, thereby improving researchers’ power to detect trends in population size. This research was published in the journal PLoS One.

From April to June, the UK’s leading female scientists transformed busy city streets into a stage for scientific discovery and debate for the fourth year of Soapbox Science. The initiative, co-founded by IoZ’s Nathalie Pettorelli and Seirian Sumner of the University of Bristol, went nationwide and beyond in 2014, with events in Bristol, London, Swansea and Dublin. Soapbox Science aims to provide role models for the many women who want to pursue a career in science, in recognition of the fact that science is the future of our economy and women are key players in assuring its success.

SOAPBOX SCIENCE

IMPROVED MONITORING OF THE ENDANGERED GANGES RIVER DOLPHIN

CETACEAN STRANDINGS

4 ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013/2014

Ganges river dolphin

Female scientists hit the streets for Soapbox Science

Natural History Museum event

Climate change affects the spatio-temporal distribution of environmental conditions, causing species to shift their range in response. Translocations can be beneficial for species that are not capable of dispersing naturally. However, the use of this extreme conservation action requires robust evidence that translocation is necessary, as well as guidance on where best to translocate individuals. Researchers at IoZ have developed a methodological framework that combines statistical and predictive population modelling to understand the relationship between climate, climate change and population dynamics.

In the first case study where this framework was applied, the New Zealand hihi bird (Notiomystis cincta), the direct impact of climate and future change in climatic conditions on population viability was investigated. The results, published in the Journal of Applied Ecology, show that, despite the current management of the species, climate change remains a major threat to its long-term persistence. This new methodological framework supports the colonisation of hihi into areas outside their historic range that can sustain the birds.

Darwin’s frogs (Rhinoderma darwinii and R. rufum) have experienced marked population declines, and the latter has not been found in the wild since 1980. In collaboration with Universidad Andrés Bello in Chile, IoZ researchers have investigated historical and current evidence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infection in Rhinoderma spp. to determine whether chytridiomycosis is implicated in the declines of these species. Archived and live amphibian specimens at sites where Rhinoderma are either currently present or have recently gone extinct were examined for Bd infection, using real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis. The results, published in PLoS One, revealed that the prevalence of infection was significantly higher in sites where Rhinoderma had become extinct, or where R. darwinii is experiencing severe population declines, than in locations where there has been no apparent decline. Few examples of the ‘extinction by infection’ phenomenon exist and this study supports the possibility of chytridiomycosis being associated with the probable extinction of the northern Darwin’s frog (R. rufum).

We are delighted to welcome Professor Ken Norris as Director of IoZ. Ken was previously

Director of the Centre for Agri-Environmental Research at the University of Reading. His research

focuses on the population biology and management of threatened tropical island species, mainly birds; understanding large-scale migration and dispersal patterns in tropical seabirds; the ecology and management of UK agro-ecosystems; and the interactions between biodiversity, ecosystem services and rural people in African forest-agriculture landscapes.

NEW IOZ DIRECTOR

IS CHYTRID DRIVING DARWIN’S FROGS TO EXTINCTION?

SAVING THE HIHI UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE FOR ASSISTED COLONISATION

CETACEAN STRANDINGS

ZSL Staff Medal Congratulations to IoZ’s Andrew Cunningham, who was awarded the ZSL Staff Medal in recognition of his contributions to wildlife

epidemiology. Andrew’s research has included important and influential work on catastrophic vulture declines in India, zoonotic pathogens in African fruit bats and ground-breaking research on global amphibian population declines.

RSPB Conservation Science Award IoZ researcher Aliénor Chauvenet was awarded the 2013 RSPB Conservation Science Award in recognition of her research on the dynamics

of translocated populations under different environmental and management scenarios.

2013 Conservation Practitioners Award The Hihi Recovery Group, chaired by IoZ researcher John Ewen, was also celebrating in 2013 after being awarded a prestigious Conservation Practitioner Award from the Australasian Wildlife Management Society. See hihiconservation.com for more information.

AWARDS

A pregnant male Darwin’s frog

SUPPORTING CONSERVATION

Our science benefits ZSL’s fieldwork – read more in our annual

conservation report at zsl.org/publications


It is all change at the top of IoZ in 2014. You will have read that this year marks the end of Sir Patrick Bateson’s tenure as President of ZSL. It also marks the end of my tenure as Director of the Institute, after seven years in charge. Being the Director has been a fantastic experience for me. I have learnt huge amounts about conservation science,

as well as about the joys of senior management. This role has been made immeasurably easier because

IoZ is populated by an inspirational and dedicated group of staff and students, who need little other than for their Director to give them the means to get on with their work. It has been a privilege for me to have the opportunity to do so.

My last year in charge had a similar flavour to my first, as both were focused on the Institute’s submission to the UK government’s six-yearly exercise to quantify the quality of the research carried out in academic departments across the country. In 2007, that review was the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE). This year, the exercise had been rebranded as the Research Excellence Framework (REF). The name of the process may have changed, but its importance

Introduction IoZ Director Professor Tim Blackburn reflects on how research carried out at the Institute is advancing conservation.

has not. For most universities, the outcome of the REF determines how much government funding they will get for the next six years, so it is obvious why academic institutions take it so seriously. We are fortunate at IoZ that our government funding does not depend directly on the REF, but we enter the process to benchmark the quality of our science against equivalent university departments.

In 2007, the outcome of our RAE submission was that the Institute shot up the rankings of academic departments, climbing more places in the league table than any other biology department in the country. We

are determined to maintain that level of success, and believe we have every chance given one of the key differences

between the old and new assessment systems. One of the new features of the REF is that 20%

of the score a department gains is determined by its “impact” – the “reach and significance” of its research on the economy, society and/or culture. IoZ has impact in spades.

The results from our high-quality animal conservation research feed into evidence-

based conservation practice and policy advice at all scales, from local to international.

You will see the quality of the research we do in the pages that follow, and I’m sure you will

understand why it has an impact in a world where conservation is increasingly necessary and important.


ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / INTRODUCTION

7 ZSL CONSERVATION REVIEW 2013

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / RESEARCH THEMES

8 BEHAVIOURAL AND POPULATION ECOLOGY10 BIODIVERSITY AND MACROECOLOGY12 EVOLUTION AND MOLECULAR ECOLOGY14 PEOPLE, WILDLIFE AND ECOSYSTEMS16 WILDLIFE EPIDEMIOLOGY

18 INDICATORS AND ASSESSMENTS UNIT20 COMMUNICATING SCIENCE22 ZSL SCIENTIFIC AWARDS23 THE ZSL LIBRARY24 EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Research themesDiscover the latest advances in IoZ’s key research themes, and recent highlights from our other scientific work and activities, in the following pages.



Behavioural and Population EcologyOur research in Behavioural and Population Ecology has two major interlinked aims: to test fundamental hypotheses in behavioural and population ecology, and to use our knowledge of the behavioural and population ecology of wild species, and the human populations that interact with them, to inform conservation policy and management.

PERSONALITY PREDICTS DECISION-MAKING IN A WILD PRIMATE

Personality is increasingly recognised as playing an important role in the behaviour of wild animals. However, in a world where evolution should favour flexible adaptive responses, the phenomenon of personality, which limits behavioural flexibility, appears paradoxical.

One situation in which personalities might arise would be where information about the environment, such as the location of food patches or the presence of predators, is unreliable. Recent theory suggests that natural selection would favour consistent decision-making (personality) under such conditions, although a switch towards more flexible decision-making would be expected as the reliability of information increases. We tested this theory in wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) at the Tsaobis Baboon Project in Namibia. Researchers asked whether an individual’s foraging decisions (whether to find food for itself or to join another’s food discovery) were more likely to be influenced by its personality in an unfamiliar environment.

Using a large-scale feeding experiment to create an unfamiliar environment (in contrast to the familiar natural surroundings) we found that this was indeed the case. The baboons were more likely to show flexible foraging decisions in the presence of reliable information, but their foraging decisions became personality-dependent in its absence.

In a second study on the Tsaobis baboons, we also asked whether personality influenced the propensity for individuals to learn from other group members. We conducted two field experiments in which individuals had the opportunity to learn how to solve a foraging

The Tsaobis Baboon Project (this page and opposite) is giving new insights into social behaviour


Conservation translocations have classically focused on reintroduction, which has a long history and continues to be a highly popular form of conservation management.

However, its success rates remain variable, and there have been repeated calls for better or more strategic monitoring to learn how to improve success and discover how best to manage establishing populations.

The New Zealand hihi (Notiomystis cincta) is a threatened, endemic passerine bird that has been the focus of a long-term, globally significant IoZ project to provide detailed insights into these areas. Our research has included detailed studies of population ecology, behavioural ecology, molecular ecology and parasitology, which together help ensure the long-term viability and management of this population, and also provide important insight on small population biology and management worldwide. Reintroduction, however, is not the only form of conservation translocation. As the extent to which natural environments are altered increases, more novel and controversial

conservation translocation tools are required. Assisted colonisation has been hotly debated as a species conservation tool, and we have also seen some excellent case studies on ecological replacements for extinct species.

And it doesn’t stop there: recently there has been a growing interest in DeExtinction, the possibility of using advances in genetic technology to bring long-dead species back to life, as a conservation tool. We recently provided our expert opinion on DeExtinction by considering the ultimate aim of this capability as being deep ecological enrichment (hence, fundamentally, treating DeExtinction as a form of conservation translocation). We promote the use of the IUCN Guidelines on Reintroduction and Other Conservation Translocations as a valid framework within which to judge the appropriateness of DeExtinction candidates, and applied these guidelines to three case studies, including the thylacine, a recently extinct carnivorous marsupial.

HOW ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING BREEDING AFFECT A MIGRATORY BIRD

In many animals, processes occurring in one season carry over to influence reproductive success and survival in future seasons. For example, in light-bellied Brent geese (Branta bernicla hrota), breeding success in summer depends partially on the size of the fat stores these birds have been able to amass during winter, which can then be used as energy to produce eggs. What is far less clear, however, is how additional processes occurring during breeding can alter the strength of these ‘carry-over effects’.

The idea of such interactions among seasons is not new, but evidence describing the strength and form of these interactions is rare. IoZ researchers have shown that female light-bellied Brent geese with higher body mass prior to spring migration successfully reared more offspring during breeding (a carry-over effect), but only in years where environmental conditions during breeding were favourable. In years of bad weather during breeding, all birds suffered reduced reproductive output, irrespective of pre-migration mass.

These results suggest that the advantage of carrying extra body fat stores to the breeding grounds after winter changes between years, depending on environmental conditions during the breeding season. Therefore, although carry-over effects can explain a large degree of the variation among individuals in their breeding success, our ability to interpret these effects in terms of their implications for population dynamics is dependent on knowledge of additional processes occurring in subsequent seasons.

Carter, AJ, Marshall, HH, Heinsohn, R and Cowlishaw, G (2013)

Personality predicts decision making only when information

is unreliable. Animal Behaviour 86(3): 633-639.

Carter, AJ, Marshall, HH, Heinsohn, R and Cowlishaw, G (2014)

Personality predicts the propensity for social learning in a

wild primate. PeerJ 2: e283.

Armstrong, DP and Ewen, JG (2013) Consistency, continuity and

creativity: long-term studies of population dynamics on Tiritiri

Matangi Island. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 37(3): 288-297.

Seddon, P, Moehrenshlager, A and Ewen, JG (2014) Reintroducing

resurrected species: selecting DeExtinction candidates.

Trends in Ecology & Evolution 29(3): 140-147

Thorogood, R, Armstrong, DP, Low, M, Brekke, P and Ewen, JG (2013)

The value of long-term ecological research: 15 years of integrating

knowledge and conservation of hihi on Tiritiri Matangi Island.

New Zealand Journal of Ecology 37(3): 298-306.

Harrison, XA, Hodgson, DJ, Inger, R, Colhoun, K, Gudmundsson,

GA, McElwaine, G, Tregenza, T and Bearhop, S (2013)

Environmental conditions during breeding modify the

strength of mass-dependent carry-over effects in a

migratory bird. PLoS One 8(10): e77783.

REINTRODUCTION BIOLOGY AND THE VALUE OF LONG-TERM ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH

task from watching others solve it. Two different personality traits, namely boldness and calmness, were tested. Both traits were found to influence an individual’s capacity for social learning. However, there was also evidence that the acquisition of social information was not always correlated with its use. This last finding suggests that animals

may be unexpectedly selective in their exploitation of social information.



This research theme aims to describe patterns of diversity in the biology, ecology and distribution of animal species and their habitats at regional and global scales, and to test hypotheses about the evolutionary and ecological processes that may explain the origin and maintenance of this diversity. We also aim to work with practitioners to apply this knowledge in setting priorities for conservation action.

Biodiversity and Macroecology


QUANTIFYING THE IMPACTS OF ALIEN SPECIES

Alien species (those moved by human activities to areas outside their natural geographic range) have caused deleterious impacts to their recipient environments, such as extinctions of native populations, and disruption of soil nutrient and water cycling and natural disturbance regimes. Preventing and mitigating such impacts is a drain on limited conservation resources, and there is an incentive to understand which species are currently, or are likely to be, the most damaging. A fundamental problem is how to compare the range of impacts attributable to diverse alien taxa, acting on different levels of ecological complexity, and assessed using a range of metrics. Our researchers proposed a solution to this problem based on semi-quantitative scenarios of effect for different predefined mechanisms of impact by an alien species. The scenarios describe increasing levels of impact on native species by each mechanism, and are designed so that successively higher categories reflect an increase in the order of magnitude of the particular impact. Documented impacts for a species can be linked to a given mechanism, and then to a given scenario under that mechanism; this provides a transparent approach for assigning an alien species to one of five sequential categories of impact. A species assigned to a higher impact category is considered to have had a greater deleterious impact on some aspects of an environment in which it is alien than a species in a lower impact category. This classification scheme has several advantages. The impact mechanisms were developed to classify impacts in the IUCN SSC Global Invasive Species Database, and can be used in conjunction with this global database. Alien species can be classified on the basis of incomplete data on their full range of impacts, but can be reclassified as more information becomes available. Data-deficient species can be classified as such, and the approach can therefore highlight knowledge gaps and help to prioritise future research. The scheme is designed to have a similar structure to the IUCN Red List, and so could be integrated with existing Red Listing practices and policies.

Brooke, ZM, Bielby, J, Nambiar, K and Carbone, C (2014) Correlates of research effort in carnivores: body size,

range size and diet matter. PLoS One 9(4): e93195.

Blackburn, TM, Essl, F, Evans, T, Hulme, PE, Jeschke, JM, Kühn, I, Kumschick, S, Marková, Z, Mrugała, A, Nentwig, W, Pergl, J, Pyšek, P, Rabitsch, W, Ricciardi,

A, Richardson, DM, Sendek, A, Vilà, M, Wilson, JRU, Winter, M, Genovesi, P and Bacher, S (2014) A unified classification of alien species based on the

magnitude of their environmental impacts. PLoS Biology 12(5): e1001850.

INVESTIGATING EXTINCTION CHRONOLOGIES FOR CHINESE MEGAFAUNA

Late Quaternary megafaunal extinction chronologies across eastern and Southeast Asia are poorly understood. Previous radiometric studies suggested that a surprising number of now-extinct Late Pleistocene large mammal species survived into northern and southern China, indicating that Chinese megafaunal extinctions may have been staggered across the Late Quaternary. Our study critically re-examined all radiometric evidence suggesting Holocene survival of Chinese Late Quaternary megafauna, and we conducted new dating of mammal material from reportedly Holocene sites containing characteristically Late Pleistocene faunas. Evidence for Holocene survival of any Chinese Late Pleistocene megafaunal species was found to be weak or untenable. No previous radiometric dates used to support Holocene megafaunal survival represent direct bone dates for species of interest, and stratigraphic association between material yielding Holocene dates and megafaunal remains is dubious at most sites. Concerns over accurate identification of faunal material further confuse claims for Holocene survival of many species. Robust radiometric last-occurrence dates for extinct Chinese megafauna are all restricted to the Late Pleistocene, similar to the timing of the many other Late Quaternary megafaunal species extinctions elsewhere in Eurasia and in the Americas. Considerable further research is required to reconstruct robust extinction chronologies for different Chinese megafaunal mammals across the Late Quaternary within well-resolved radiometric frameworks.

Turvey, ST, Tong, H, Stuart, AJ and Lister, AM (2013) Holocene survival

of Late Pleistocene megafauna in China: a critical review of the

evidence. Quaternary Science Reviews 76: 156-166.

Below right: remains of the short-horned water buffalo, one of many extinct megafauna species. Opposite: IoZ research reveals biases in research on carnivores such as the cheetah

WHY SOME CARNIVORES ARE BETTER STUDIED THAN OTHERS

Given the budgetary restrictions on scientific research and the increasing need to better inform conservation actions, we need to evaluate research efforts and their effectiveness. The characteristics of the species themselves influence how much we study them, which creates a strong bias in our understanding. In an effort to better identify patterns and causes of biases in research, we explored how species’ characteristics influenced the degree to which they were studied. We combined bibliometric information from a literature review of almost 16,500 peer-reviewed publications on a well-known group of 286 species, the Order Carnivora, with global data sets on species’ life history and ecological traits. We identified a wide variation in intensity of research effort at both family and species levels, with some of the least studied being those that are predicted to become increasingly threatened. We found that bigger species with larger geographic ranges tended to be more studied than those with greater adaptability and broader diets. The IUCN threat status did not exhibit a strong relationship with research effort, which suggests that the conservation needs of individual species are not major drivers of research interest. Instead, our findings hint at the complex role of human perspectives in setting research agendas, along with the need to manage human-carnivore relationships. Our study is the first to use a combination of bibliometric analysis and biological data to quantify and interpret gaps in knowledge across an entire Order, and should be invaluable in focusing future research efforts.


This research theme aims to deepen our knowledge of the evolutionary processes that shape biodiversity across systems and at all scales. Although the tools of molecular genetics are commonly employed by members of the theme, projects also involve experimental ecology, modelling and long-term population studies, among other methods and approaches, to inform conservation practice and policy, and add to our basic understanding of evolution.

In many species, females engage in copulations with males other than their social mate, but, despite considerable research effort, the mechanisms driving such extra-pair mating (EPM) in wild populations remain poorly understood. Most hypotheses designed to explain EPM behaviour suggest promiscuous females are attempting to trade up by securing the genes from males that are higher in quality than their social mate. We investigated the potential role of EPM in a cooperatively breeding bird, the white-browed sparrow weaver (Plocepasser mahali). As is typical of many cooperative species, sparrow weavers live in social groups containing multiple individuals where only a single dominant pair reproduces and other group members help to raise the offspring. Our study revealed that dominant female sparrow weavers are more likely to engage in EPM when paired with low-quality dominant males (as measured by neutral genetic marker heterozygosity), and typically mate with males that are higher quality than their social mates. Contrary to prediction, some of these EPM

Evolution and Molecular Ecology

Harrison, XA, York, JE, Cram, DL and Young, AJ (2013) Extra-group mating increases inbreeding risk in a

cooperatively breeding bird. Molecular Ecology 22: 5700-5715

THE ROLE OF EXTRA-PAIR MATING IN THE WHITE-BROWED SPARROW WEAVER

events occurred with males to which the female was more closely related than her social (within-group) mate. This finding was unexpected, as animals are typically predicted to avoid such inbreeding due to potential negative effects on offspring. Our study highlights that, in the absence of any direct mechanism to identify related individuals, the extended kin structure common to many cooperative species, and indeed of several non-cooperative species, may expose individuals to a risk of inbreeding when engaging in promiscuous matings within the immediate vicinity of their home territory. This study reinforces the importance of social structure in determining access to mating opportunities in a wild cooperative breeder, where subordinate males are very rarely successful in siring extra-pair offspring with dominant females.



Opposite: the white-browed sparrow weaver. Above: the tip of a sea pen colony with polyps clearly visible. Below right: aquatic predators under the microscope

GENETIC STRUCTURE OF THE TALL SEA PEN IN SCOTTISH SEA LOCHS

The tall sea pen (Funiculina quadrangularis) is a feather-like colonial coral that can grow more than two metres tall. It is found on sheltered, muddy seabeds at depths of 20 to 2,000 metres. Colonies often form dense forests that provide important structural habitat for other marine organisms. Although found globally, it has a patchy distribution in UK waters, limited largely to the sea lochs and open water of north-west Scotland. The tall sea pen is recognised as a Species of Principle Importance and a priority species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, and is also an indicator of the state of health of deep-sea mud habitats. Unlike other UK sea pen species, F. quadrangularis is unable to withdraw into the sediment, so demersal fishing activities, such as trawling, present a great threat. Fishing has resulted in drastic declines in Mediterranean populations, where these sea pen forests constitute essential habitat for commercially important species such as the Norway lobster. Nothing is known about the larval dispersal or gene flow between colonies of the tall sea pen, but this knowledge is critical to understanding its resilience to natural or anthropogenic changes to its environment.

An IoZ study aimed to address this by determining the genetic diversity and connectivity of F. quadrangularis colonies in the sea lochs of Scotland. The four sites studied revealed high genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation between populations. High gene flow between sites indicates the potential to recolonise areas lost to disturbance, provided the disturbance is abated and populations are allowed to recover. However, there was a notable absence of asexual reproduction, which may increase vulnerability. Scottish sea lochs are atypical habitat for this species, which are relatively easy to access in comparison with the open seas, where the majority of sea pen populations are found. The genetic tools developed in this work will provide a foundation for further studies. Currently we are exploring deeper, more exposed population centres, such as those in the southern Norwegian North Sea. This work increases our understanding of this indicator species and, critically, will support our interpretation of disturbance impact.

Wright, EP, Kemp, K, Rogers, AD and Yesson, C (2014) Genetic structure of the tall sea pen Funiculina

quadrangularis in NW Scottish sea lochs. Marine Ecology. doi: 10.1111/maec.12174

MICROSCOPIC AQUATIC PREDATORS LINKED TO A GLOBAL PATHOGEN

Most research investigating pathogen virulence focuses on how hosts prevent infection or limit damage and disease after infection has occurred, but focusing on host barriers to infection overlooks important extrinsic determinants of the host/pathogen dynamic. While it is true that pathogens confront host immune responses, those with free-living stages must also confront environmental barriers before contact with a potential host. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) exhibits strong variation of virulence in single-host species and the infectious stage is zoosporic and environmental before entering the host. We investigated how environmental zoospore survival varies in pond habitats where prevalence of infection of common midwife tadpoles (Alytes obstetricans) varies significantly. While water chemistry did not affect zoospore survival, the density of microscopic organisms did, with the result that fewer zoospores were alive after exposure to pond water collected at locations where prevalence of infection of tadpoles was low. Microscopic examination of micro-organisms exposed to fluorescently labelled zoospores showed that these pond organisms were reducing zoospore density by feeding on them. Aquatic microfauna can rapidly lower the abundance and density of infectious stages by consuming Bd zoospores,

resulting in a significantly reduced probability of infection in

anuran tadpoles. Our findings offer new

perspectives for explaining the

divergent impacts of Bd infection in amphibian assemblages and contribute

to our understanding

of ecosystem resilience

to colonisation by novel pathogens.

Schmeller, DS, Blooi, M, Martel, A, Garner, TWJ, Fisher, MC, Azemar,

F, Clare, FC, Leclerc, C, Jäger, L, Guevara-Nieto, M, Loyau, A and

Pasmans F (2014) Microscopic aquatic predators strongly affect

infection dynamics of a globally emerged pathogen. Current

Biology 24: 176-180.


This research theme aims to understand humans as a component of ecosystems and to use this understanding to develop solutions ensuring sustainable coexistence in the face of environmental change. Research focuses on understanding processes that promote and impede human-wildlife coexistence; evaluating the contribution of ecosystem services to sustainable livelihoods, economies and society; and understanding and predicting the impacts of policy and management interventions on conservation outcomes.

People, Wildlife and Ecosystems

Duncan, C, Kretz, D, Wegmann, M, Rabeil, T and Pettorelli, N (2014) Oil in the Sahara: Mapping anthropogenic threats to Saharan biodiversity from space. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B

369(1643): 20130191. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0191

Durant, SM, Wacher, T, Bashir, S, Woodroffe, R, De Ornellas, P, Ransom, C, Newby, J, Abáigar, T, Abdelgadir, M, El Alqamy, H, Baillie, J, Beddiaf, M, Belbachir, F, Belbachir-Bazi, A, Berbash, AA, Bemadjim, NE, Beudels-Jamar, R, Boitani, L,

Breitenmoser, C, Cano, M, Chardonnet, P, Collen, B, Cornforth, WA, Cuzin, F, Gerngross, P, Haddane, B, Hadjeloum, M, Jacobson, A, Jebali, A, Lamarque, F, Mallon, D, Minkowski, K, Monfort, S, Ndoassal, B, Niagate, B, Purchase, G, Samaïla,

S, Samna, AK, Sillero-Zubiri, C, Soultan, AE, Stanley Price, MR and Pettorelli, N (2014) Fiddling in biodiversity hotspots while deserts burn? Collapse of the Sahara’s megafauna. Diversity and Distributions. DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12157

Deserts are among the most poorly understood biomes in the world, despite covering 17% of global land mass and harbouring high levels of biodiversity. They are rarely viewed as conservation priority areas, yet these sensitive systems are home to unique species, adapted to harsh and highly variable environments. Back in 2010, an international workshop at ZSL to map large vertebrate distribution across the Sahara spearheaded an increased engagement in desert conservation across the Society.

The workshop led to the publication of an article in the journal Diversity and Distributions this year, which demonstrated a catastrophic collapse in Saharan megafauna. Of 14 large vertebrates assessed, four are now extinct

MAPPING HUMAN THREATS TO SAHARAN BIODIVERSITY

in the wild, while the majority have disappeared from more than 90% of their Saharan range. This workshop also spurred satellite-based research to help monitor anthropogenic threats to Saharan biodiversity, focusing on oil exploration and exploitation. Oil exploration and exploitation constitutes an important threat to an already fragmented and vulnerable desert biodiversity, yet little is known about where such developments are taking place and the intensity of their impacts. The study demonstrated how freely available Landsat data can be employed to detect exploration sites in Algeria and Niger. It provides a methodological basis for the mapping of anthropogenic threats associated with oil exploitation that can be conducted across all desert regions.



Above: bushmeat plays a key role in rural households in West Africa. Opposite: an oil lake in Niger’s Tin Toumma Desert; the Sahara’s addax (inset) have been pushed to the brink of extinction. Below: GPS collars are used to track movements of badgers

TO FENCE OR NOT TO FENCE?Large-scale fencing interventions have a long history of wreaking havoc on wildlife. Veterinary cordon fencing across the Kalahari resulted in the collapse of the wildebeest migration, while widespread perimeter fencing of African reserves has also had a dramatic effect on wildlife populations. In recent decades, recognition of the harmful effects of fencing has led to increased calls for its removal. However, the issue of fencing came into the conservation spotlight recently after its use was advocated for the protection of African lions, leading to a response from several scientists, including many at ZSL. This debate prompted an article in Science examining the costs and benefits of large-scale fencing initiatives, and urging caution about the use of these interventions. As climate change increases the importance of wildlife mobility and landscape connectivity, fence removal may become a key form of climate change preparedness, and fencing of wildlife should be considered only as a last resort.

Creel, S, Becker, MS, Durant, SM, M’Soka, J, Matandiko, W, Dickman,

AJ, Christianson, D, Dröge, E, Mweetwa, T, Pettorelli, N, Rosenblatt, E,

Schuette, P, Woodroffe, R, Bashir, S, Beudels-Jamar, RC, Blake, S, Borner,

M, Breitenmoser, C, Broekhuis, F, Cozzi, G, Davenport, TRB, Deutsch, J,

Dollar, L, Dolrenry, S, Douglas-Hamilton, I, Fitzherbert, E, Foley, C, Hazzah,

L, Henschel, P, Hilborn, R, Hopcraft, JGC, Ikanda, D, Jacobson, A, Joubert,

B, Joubert, D, Kelly, MS, Lichtenfeld, L, Mace, GM, Milanzi, J, Mitchell,

N, Msuha, M, Muir, R, Nyahongo, J, Pimm, S, Purchase, G, Schenck, C,

Sillero-Zubiri, C, Sinclair, ARE, Songorwa, AN, Stanley-Price, M, Tehou, CA,

Trout, C, Wall, J, Wittemyer, G and Zimmermann, A (2013). Conserving

large populations of lions – the argument for fences has holes.

Ecology Letters 16: 1413-e3.

Woodroffe, R, Hedges, S and Durant, SM (2014) To fence or not to fence.

Science 344: 46-8.

SMALL-SCALE BADGER CULLING MAY INCREASE RISK OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS TRANSMISSION

UK governments are currently considering a ‘test and vaccinate or remove’ (TVR) approach as a way of minimising the role of badgers in the spread of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). TVR involves trapping badgers and testing them for infection with Mycobacterium bovis, the organism responsible for bTB. Animals that test positive are culled, while individuals that test negative are vaccinated and released. Unfortunately, the available tests are not sensitive, detecting only 50% of infected badgers, making it highly likely that the TVR approach would release infected badgers. Because of the relatively low proportion of badgers that carry infection, TVR would result in the culling of, on average, a small number of badgers per social group. If removal of this scale led to increased badger movement (perturbation), there could be an increased risk of bTB in cattle as a result of increased transmission from released infected badgers. It is therefore essential to know how the removal of a small number of badgers affects social behaviour and movement if we are to assess the risk that new bTB control strategies, such as TVR, pose to bTB incident rates. We analysed historical badger-culling data to see whether there were any associations between the historic intensity of culling that a social group had experienced and four different metrics of badger movement. The results showed that small-scale culls, such as those that would occur if TVR were implemented, could lead to significant increases in badger movement. The data suggest that we cannot rule out the possibility that removing even a single badger could lead to social perturbation and subsequent increased risk of bTB transmission to cattle.

Bushmeat is an important resource in the livelihoods of many rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa, and may be crucial for the most vulnerable, especially during times of economic hardship. Two recent studies aimed to quantify the role of bushmeat in diversified rural household economies in a wildlife-depleted forest-farm landscape in Ghana. Repeat questionnaires among 63 households were used over a one-year period to explore whether: vulnerable households harvested more bushmeat; bushmeat contributed a greater proportion of household production in vulnerable households; bushmeat is more important for cash income than consumption in vulnerable households; and bushmeat sales are more important for vulnerable households. The bushmeat harvest value averaged less than US$1 per day for 89% of households. Bushmeat harvest and sales were highest during the agricultural lean season. Most harvested bushmeat (64%) was consumed, enabling households to spend 30% less on meat or fish purchases. These results suggest that, despite heavily depleted wildlife and diversified livelihoods, bushmeat continues to play a key role in rural households by acting as a safety net during times of economic hardship.

Schulte-Herbrüggen, B, Cowlishaw, G, Homewood, K and Rowcliffe, JM (2013) The importance of bushmeat in

the livelihoods of West African cash-crop farmers living in a faunally-depleted landscape. PLoS One 8(8): e72807.

Schulte-Herbrüggen, B, Rowcliffe, JM, Homewood, K, Kurpiers, LA, Whitham, C and Cowlishaw, G (2013)

Wildlife depletion in a West African farm-forest mosaic and the implications for hunting across the landscape.

Human Ecology. DOI: 10.1007/s.10745-013-9609-5.

THE IMPORTANCE OF BUSHMEAT IN THE LIVELIHOODS OF WEST AFRICAN CASH-CROP FARMERS

Bielby, J, Donnelly, CA, Pope, LC, Burke, T and Woodroffe, R (2014) Badger responses to small-scale culling

may compromise targeted control of bovine tuberculosis. PNAS doi:10.1073/pnas.1401503111

The second study examined whether hunting in farmland might complement offtake from forests and provide a sustainable source of bushmeat. Patterns of hunting and wildlife depletion were investigated in intensively managed farm-forest mosaic landscape. The results indicated a high level of wildlife depletion and local extinction of the largest species, especially in farmland. Most hunting occurred in forests and offtake from farmland was low, yet hunting in farmland was disproportionately common relative to its coverage in the landscape. Most farmland hunting was opportunistic and integrated with agricultural activities. These findings suggest that intensively used farmland provides little opportunity to reduce hunting pressure in forests.


This research theme aims to identify where disease is a threat to wildlife conservation, either as a primary cause of species declines or as a threat to remnant wildlife populations. It also aims to investigate the emergence of disease as a conservation threat and develop an understanding of the consequences of changes in wildlife disease epidemiology, both to wildlife conservation and welfare, and to human health and welfare, particularly where these changes are driven by anthropogenic forces.

GARDEN WILDLIFE HEALTH

Find out more about our collaborative Garden Wildlife Health monitoring project at

gardenwildlifehealth.org

In recent years there has been considerable media attention on diseases of wild birds that have the potential to cause ill health in humans – high-profile examples include the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza and West Nile virus. A recent collaborative study assessed the public health significance of passerine salmonellosis in British garden birds. Passerine salmonellosis is a well-known cause of wild bird mortality, chiefly affecting gregarious and seed-eating species such as finches and sparrows. In Britain, incidents have been diagnosed since the 1950s and are typically observed in the vicinity of garden bird feeding stations during winter. Salmonella Typhimurium phage types 40, 56 variant and 160 account for the vast majority of incidents: these strains are considered host-adapted, and passerines are postulated to be their primary reservoir. While several studies have documented gastroenteritis in humans with these S. Typhimurium phage types, to date there has been no national study to assess the zoonotic risk.

A long-term review between 1993 and 2012 was conducted of passerine and human infection with garden bird-associated strains of these S. Typhimurium phage types in England and Wales and similar temporal and spatial trends of infection were found in both the garden bird and human populations. Further characterisation of the Salmonella bacteria from garden birds and humans, using pulsed field gel electrophoresis, found that the majority of isolates from both groups were the same.

Wildlife Epidemiology

Lawson, B, de Pinna, E, Horton, RA, Macgregor, SK, John, SK, Chantrey, J, Duff, JP, Kirkwood, JK, Simpson, VR,

Robinson, RA, Wain, J and Cunningham, AA (2014) Epidemiological evidence that garden birds are a

source of human Salmonellosis in England and Wales. PLoS One 9(2): e88968.

While our study indicates that garden birds may act as a source of human infection with strains of Salmonella that commonly affect these birds in England and Wales, there are many types of Salmonella bacteria, and these garden bird-associated strains account for only 0.2% of the 147,495 Salmonella infections diagnosed in humans by Public Health England between 2000 and 2010. The Garden Wildlife Health project offers guidance to the public on disease prevention and control, and recommends that sensible hygiene precautions be followed when feeding garden birds, especially when handling sick or dead birds.


ARE GARDEN BIRDS A SOURCE OF HUMAN SALMONELLA?


Opposite: garden birds such as greenfinches are vulnerable to passerine salmonellosis. Above: the straw-coloured fruit bat carries potentially zoonotic viruses

ZOONOTIC VIRAL DYNAMICS IN STRAW-COLOURED FRUIT BATS

Bats host many viruses that are significant for human and domestic animal health, but the dynamics of these infections in their natural reservoir hosts remain poorly understood. The straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) is Africa’s most widely distributed and commonly hunted fruit bat, often living in close proximity to human populations. This species has been identified as a reservoir of potentially zoonotic viruses, but uncertainties remain regarding viral transmission dynamics and mechanisms of persistence. We combined genetic and serological analyses of populations across Africa to determine the extent of epidemiological connectivity among straw-coloured fruit bat populations. Multiple markers reveal panmixia across the continental range at a greater geographical scale than previously recorded for any other mammal. Multiple serological assays reveal antibodies to henipaviruses and Lagos bat virus in all locations, including small isolated island populations, indicating that factors other than population size and connectivity may be responsible for viral persistence.

A second study aimed to explore seasonal life-cycle events that may drive infection dynamics, which can directly impact the risk of exposure to spillover hosts. We followed henipavirus antibody levels of more than 100 individual straw-coloured fruit bats in a closed, captive, breeding population over a 30-month period, using a powerful novel antibody quantitation method. Evidence of population-level persistence of viral infection and periods of increased horizontal virus transmission associated with the pregnancy/lactation period were found. The novel findings of infection persistence and the effect of pregnancy on viral transmission, as well as an accurate quantitation of chiropteran maternal antiviral antibody half-life, provide fundamental baseline data for the continued study of viral infections in these important reservoir hosts. Our findings have potentially important public health implications, and highlight a need to avoid disturbances that may precipitate viral spillover.

Peel, A.J, Sargan, DR, Baker, KS, Hayman, DTS, Barr, JA, Crameri, G, Suu-

Ire, R, Broder, CC, Lembo, T, Wang, L-F, Fooks, AR, Rossiter, SJ, Wood,

JLN and Cunningham, AA (2013) Continent-wide panmixia of an

African fruit bat facilitates transmission of potentially zoonotic

viruses. Nature Communications 4: 2770.

Baker, KS, Suu-Ire, R, Barr, J, Hayman, DTS. Broder, CC, Horton, DL,

Durrant, C, Murcia, PR, Cunningham, AA and Wood, JLN (2013)

Viral antibody dynamics in a chiropteran host. Journal of Animal Ecology 83: 415–428.

CRYPTIC GENOME DIVERSITY IN THE AMPHIBIAN PATHOGEN BD

Many pathogenic fungi are recognised threats to animal species, none more so than the emergent amphibian pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). By sequencing a global panel of Bd isolates we have identified three rapidly evolving features of its genome that we believe hold the key to the worldwide success of this organism.

First, we identified widespread chromosome copy number variation (CCNV) across our lineages, with individual isolates harbouring between two and five copies of each chromosome and rapid rates of CCNV occurring in culture in as few as 40 generations.

Second, we identified uneven rates of recombination across genomes and lineages, revealing hotspots in known classes of virulence factors.

Finally, we identified significant evidence of diversifying selection across the secretome of Bd, and showed that selection also targets putative virulence factors. These findings are further evidence that fungal genomes are highly dynamic and provide indications that virulence of Bd changes and host immune barriers are overcome by exploiting multiple modes of molecular evolution.

Farrer, RA, Henk, DA, Garner, TWJ, Balloux, F, Woodhams, DC and Fisher, MC (2013) Chromosomal copy

number variation, selection and uneven rates of recombination reveal cryptic genome diversity linked

to pathogenicity. PLoS Genetics 9(8): e1003703.


The Indicators and Assessments Unit is a joint IoZ and Conservation Programmes initiative to monitor global biodiversity, and comprises around 20 staff and students.

Indicators and Assessments Unit

Right: IoZ has been assessing dung beetle species. Far right: a tiny Mataki tracking device. Below right: National Red Lists are highlighting the status of rare species such as the okapi

ABOUT THE UNIT

Global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) have set stringent goals for biodiversity conservation. Scientifically robust indicators are required to track progress towards these goals, and to effectively determine the status and trends of biodiversity; the Indicators and Assessments Unit (IAU) was formed in 2006 for this purpose. This year its work has included assessments of wildlife comeback, the creation of national biodiversity indicators and the continued development of national data sets of extinction risk. The unit has also begun to explore new opportunities through technologies such as remote sensing and animal tracking, and through engaging with the technical community. These projects are designed to provide new science to inform global biodiversity policy for the CBD 2020 strategic plan.

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / MONITORING BIODIVERSITY

With biodiversity in continuing decline worldwide, and targets set to reduce biodiversity loss not being met, conservation successes are rare in comparison with the news of declining populations

and extinctions. Wildlife in Europe is showing a variety of responses to human pressure: while certain groups are clearly in decline, other wildlife species are showing resurgence from previously low levels. Understanding the mechanisms facilitating this comeback and applying the principles underlying conservation success to other declining species is crucial to improve conservation of wildlife both in Europe and across the world. In 2013, the Indicators and Assessments Unit launched the ‘Wildlife Comeback’ report, the culmination of a collaborative project between ZSL, BirdLife, the European Bird Census Council (EBCC) and the Rewilding Europe initiative, which examined patterns and processes behind wildlife resurgence in Europe since the mid-20th

century. Analysis of range and abundance-change information for selected mammals and birds revealed divergent trends from 1960 for different species and regions, with population increases ranging from less than 10% for the red kite (Milvus milvus) to more than 3,000% for the European bison (Bison bonasus), Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) and white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala). Mammals showed particularly large recoveries in southern and western Europe, where urbanisation is freeing up landscape for recolonisation, leading to an extension in distributional range of around 30% over the same time frame. Results indicated that this comeback can be attributed predominantly to species protection and active targeted conservation; habitat management and site protection; and legal protection. In terms of species management techniques, translocations and reintroductions were associated with positive change, but reduction in hunting pressure, protection from persecution and the phasing out of certain organochlorides were also important for recovery. While vindicating decades of conservation efforts, these positive developments must be placed in the context of dramatic historical declines and

ASSESSING CANADIAN BIODIVERSITY

Conservation policy is often implemented at a national level, so determining the status and trends of biodiversity within a country, and understanding the drivers of these trends, is critical to putting policies in place. Over the past year, the Indicators and Assessments Unit has initiated an ongoing project, in collaboration with Environment Canada, for the development of a national biodiversity indicator for Canada. Building upon the unit’s existing research and expertise, this indicator will use the growing Living Planet Database to monitor the status and trends of biodiversity in the country.

continuing threats to many European species. The report concludes that conservation in the coming decades must continue to build on recent successes by restoring functional landscapes, as well as mitigating conflict arising from an increasing interaction between animals and people by recognising the wealth of opportunities that wildlife comeback can bring to regions of resurgence.

WILDLIFE COMEBACK IN EUROPE


BIG DATA, ENGAGEMENT AND PARTICIPATIONAs our ability to monitor and assess changes in biodiversity improves, we are faced with increasing challenges in collating and managing such big data. In an effort to tackle this issue, the Indicators and Assessments Unit teamed up with the UCL Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research (CBER) to initiate a series of Conservation Hackathons. These events bring together biodiversity scientists and technical experts to develop novel approaches to data analysis, management and visualisation. The first Conservation Hackathon was held in London in April 2014, generating a great deal of interest in the conservation and technology communities. Three more events are planned for the coming year, and details will be available at conservationhackathon.org

MATAKI TRACKING DEVICES

As habitat loss, climate change and human-wildlife conflict continue to affect species worldwide, accurately monitoring animal movement, behaviour and distribution is increasingly important. However, gathering this information is often a challenge – animal-tracking devices can be costly, complex and difficult to recover. The Mataki tracking device project sets out to address these problems by providing an open-source, low-cost platform for monitoring animal movement and behaviour. We have pioneered the development and application of this system to enable the remote download of data, and are now using the tiny Mataki tracking devices for a range of research, from recording the behaviour of seabirds in high resolution to monitoring the activity patterns of large carnivores. Working with Microsoft Research, ZSL also sent out a call for collaborations, receiving more than 80 applications from all over the world for sets of Mataki tracking devices. Our collaborators are now trialling these devices in a growing number of projects worldwide, including tracking African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) and monitoring avian reintroductions.

NATIONAL RED LISTS

The National Red List website and searchable database of threatened species has recently been comprehensively updated with new content and additional species assessments, with the help of the Indicators and Assessments Unit. In collaboration with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and BirdLife Europe, we have added 18,544 species assessments to the online database.

As a result, the current species coverage of the National Red List species database stands at 95,810 assessments for 69,223 unique species.

It now comprises species assessments from 76 different countries and regions. Plant assessments contribute to the bulk of the database, making up 52% of all assessments (as of August 2014).

MONITORING DUNG BEETLES

A Sampled Red List assessment of 1,500 dung beetle species was carried out in 2013. As a result of this work, the unit has added more than 450 newly listed dung beetle species to the Red List database, dramatically increasing the total number of species to more than 500. We are currently working with experts to finalise an additional 500 species assessments.


SCIENCE AND CONSERVATION EVENTS

An important part of IoZ’s work is facilitating the communication of science among professional zoologists and researchers, and to the public. We achieve this through a varied programme of events, and the publication of scientific journals and books.

UPCOMING EVENTS

Please visit zsl.org/science/whats-on for our current programme of events

Communicating science

Above: One ZSL symposium

considered the use of remote sensing

in conservation. Top right: the symposium’s

organisers, Nathalie Pettorelli, Woody

Turner and Martin Wegmann. Bottom

right: Professor Callum Roberts

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / EVENTS AND PUBLICATIONS

SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION SEMINAR SERIES

The seminar series provides IoZ staff and students with the opportunity to learn more about the work of visiting researchers, collaborators and invited speakers. A wide range of subjects was covered over the year, including ‘Large carnivore conservation in Zambia: an overview of the Zambian carnivore programme’, ‘Island conquerors: the population dynamics and management of invasive rats on islands’, and ‘Sexual conflict and genital evolution’.

ZSL’s popular series of Science and Conservation Events is free and open to the public. Held on the second Tuesday of each month throughout the academic year, every meeting provides an overview of the latest developments in conservation and zoological research. This year’s programme included lectures on ‘The future roles of translocations in species conservation’, ‘Sharp-toothed jaws and toothless laws: are we doing enough to conserve sharks?’, ‘Demand for sustainable palm oil: are we conserving tropical biodiversity?’ and ‘Biodiversity and conservation in the Middle East’. A one-day conference was held in October to consider vaccination in the control of bovine tuberculosis.


SYMPOSIA

ZSL’s symposia bring together teams of international experts to discuss important topics in conservation science, providing an opportunity for leaders to exchange ideas and communicate their research. A symposium on ‘From energetics to macroecology: carnivore responses to environmental change’, held in November, explored the impact of habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation on the availability and distribution of food, which, in turn, affects the energy balance of individuals, ultimately reducing both survival and reproduction. Carnivores are one of the few groups for which we have reliable data on predator and prey abundance across a range of species and ecosystems. Thus researchers are able to identify how and why species differ in their responses to environmental variation, and predict how they might tolerate future environmental change.

In February, ZSL hosted the United for Wildlife symposium ‘International wildlife trafficking: solutions to a global crisis’. The international illegal trafficking in wildlife and wildlife products has reached crisis proportions: it threatens the existence of iconic species, undermines the rule of law, threatens local community development and livelihoods, and compromises local, national and global security. This symposium was a call to action for the global community to identify strategies and approaches that can successfully prevent this illegal trade.

The symposium ‘Remote sensing for conservation: uses, prospects and challenges’, held in May, highlighted the potential for synergies between remote sensing science and ecological research, and described how integrative approaches allow a better ecological understanding of the mechanisms shaping current changes in biodiversity patterns.

STAMFORD RAFFLES LECTURE

The 2014 Stamford Raffles Lecture on ‘The past and future of life in UK seas’ was given by Professor Callum Roberts, University of York. We are fortunate in the UK to be surrounded by some of the most productive seas on the planet. However, in the past two centuries, the expansion and industrialisation of fishing has triggered a transformation of the environment that has accelerated towards the present.

This lecture reviewed the loss of marine biodiversity, including the disappearance of large species such as skates, angel sharks, bluefin tuna and wolfish, and critically examined policies introduced to protect marine species.

Journal of ZoologyPublished monthly, the Journal includes hypothesis-driven studies that advance our knowledge of

animals and their systems. Two new mini-series were published: ‘Social evolution’ and ‘The ecology and evolution of mammalian heterothermy’. A special issue in April was dedicated to ‘Current research and future trends in the study of palaeoethology’ and a virtual issue on ‘Sound production mechanisms in animals’ was also produced. The podcast and series of ‘Hidden Gems’ can be downloaded from the journal homepage.

International Zoo YearbookVolume 48 of the International Zoo Yearbook adds to its reputation as an invaluable resource

for researchers, students and animal managers. The focus of the current volume, ‘Avian challenges’, focuses on the issues faced in the management of avian species in zoos, as well as the potential conservation impact that our collections can have on avian species in the wild, including conservation breeding and population management.

Animal ConservationAnimal Conservation provides a forum for rapid publication of novel research into the conservation of animal

species and their habitats. Feature papers and commentaries, published in each issue, continue to be well received. A new feature, ‘Letter from the Conservation Front Line’, was introduced to explore the priorities of conservation practitioners and highlight areas of research that they need conservation scientists to undertake.

PUBLICATIONS


ZSL Honorary FellowshipAwarded to persons who, by their association with the Society, have promoted the objectives of ZSL. Awarded to: Ken Sims, Director of Thrigby Hall Wildlife Gardens.

ZSL Staff MedalPresented for outstanding service and contributions to ZSL. Awarded to Andrew Cunningham, for outstanding contributions to wildlife epidemiology (see page 5).

Thank youZSL would like to thank the Marsh Christian Trust and Thomson Reuters for their generous support of the awards programme.

for his engaging and important book Feral: searching for enchantment on the frontiers of rewilding.

ZSL Thomas Henry Huxley Prize and Marsh Award Presented for the best zoological doctoral thesis produced in the UK. Awarded to Helen Leggett, University of Oxford, for her thesis ‘Developments in social evolution and virulence in parasites’.

ZSL Charles Darwin Award and Marsh Prize Presented for the best zoological project by an undergraduate student attending a university in the UK. Awarded to Mark Scherz, for his project ‘The paraphyly of ratites just doesn’t fly’.

ZSL Prince Philip Award and Marsh PrizeAwarded to an A-level (or Higher) student for the best zoological project involving some aspect of animal biology. Presented to Carly Brown, Taunton School, for her project ‘Can the common garden snail see in colour?’

ZSL Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Zoo CommunityAwarded to Kristin Vehrs, Executive Director of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).

ZSL Stamford Raffles AwardFor distinguished contributions to zoology, open to amateur zoologists or to professional zoologists in recognition of contributions that are outside the scope of their professional activities and principal specialisation. Awarded to David Mallon, for his significant contributions to antelope conservation.

Marsh Award for Conservation Biology For contributions to fundamental science and its application to the conservation of animal species and habitats. Awarded to Debbie Pain, Director of Conservation at the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, for outstanding contributions to the conservation of birds.

Marsh Award for Marine and Freshwater Conservation For contributions to fundamental science and its application to conservation in marine and/or freshwater ecosystems. Awarded to David Bilton, Plymouth University, for significant research on the ecology and conservation biology of aquatic invertebrates.

Thomson Reuters Zoological Record Award Presented for the public communication of zoology. Awarded to George Monbiot,

ZSL recognises outstanding achievements in conservation and zoological research through its annual presentation of awards and prizes. The following awards were presented at our awards ceremony in June 2014:

ZSL Scientific Awards 2013

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / SCIENTIFIC AWARDS

ZSL Frink Medal Presented to a professional scientist for substantial and original contributions to zoology. Awarded to Michael Akam FRS, Head of the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, for advancing our understanding of evolutionary developmental biology.

ZSL Scientific MedalPresented to research scientists with no more than 15 years’ postdoctoral experience for distinguished work in zoology. Awarded to: Iain Couzin, of Princeton University, for outstanding research on collective behaviour and the structural dynamics of animal groups; David Hosken, University of Exeter, for exceptional contributions to our understanding of sperm competition and evolution; and Judith Mank, University College London, for distinguished research on evolutionary genetics, gene function and gene expression.

ZSL Silver Medal Given to a Fellow of the Society or any other person for contributions to zoology, including such activities as public education in natural history, and wildlife conservation. Awarded to Tim Birkhead FRS, for significant contributions to our understanding and appreciation of bird ecology and sexual selection, and for his outstanding science writing and public engagement.

Above, left to right: Iain Couzin; Judith Mank; George Monbiot; Tim Birkhead; David Hosken; Andrew Cunningham; David Mallon; Sir Patrick Bateson; Brian Marsh; Krisin Vehrs; Helen Leggett; Ken Sims; Carly Brown and James Penny, Taunton School; Debbie Pain; Michael Akam


It was another busy year for the ZSL Library in 2013, with more than 2,100 book titles added to the online catalogue, 2,073 journal issues accessioned and 2,371 loans made to ZSL Fellows and staff.

The ZSL Library

The ZSL Library plays an important role in communicating information about and inspiring an interest in animals, habitats and conservation. A key resource for the learned society, the Library manages and facilitates access to a relevant, useful body of zoological and conservation knowledge. A central part of the Library’s work is developing the ZSL online catalogue, library.zsl.org, which acts as a portal to a range of resources, reaches a wide audience and provides an aid to access and discovery. Available 24/7, the catalogue lists details of more than 39,000 books, serial holdings, ZSL archives and artworks, and was used 12,115 times in 2013. Since October 2013, our book and serial holdings have also been listed in the academic and specialist library catalogue COPAC (copac.ac.uk), which brings together the catalogues of more than 70 major libraries in the UK and Ireland. The Library featured on the blog of SUNCAT, the Serials Union Catalogue (suncat.ac.uk), which aims to improve academics’ access to print and electronic serial publications. We were thanked for our imaginative contribution to their blog. ZSL also contributed details about our copy of the first edition of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species to the Darwin Census, a major project to catalogue extant first-edition copies by California’s Huntington Library.

EXHIBITIONS AND EVENTS

Throughout 2013 we held talks and tours on eminent naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace to commemorate the centenary of his death. Many of Russel Wallace’s publications and letters are part of the ZSL archive.

There continues to be plenty of interest in the manuscripts of naturalist Brian Houghton

Hodgson, concerning the birds and mammals of Nepal. Puneeta Sharma, a student at University of the Arts London, recently carried out conservation work on a painting of a chiru, or Tibetan antelope, as part of her 2014 master’s project. David Lowther, PhD student at Newcastle University, was appointed as the Library’s Visiting Scholar during 2014. David’s research into the development of zoology in Britain from 1820 to 1850 includes an analysis of Hodgson’s ornithology paintings and contributions to the identification and classification of Nepalese birds.

During National Insect Week we exhibited images of butterflies and dragonflies from British entomology: being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland by John Curtis (London: Reeve, 1862). To mark the 160th anniversary of the arrival at ZSL London Zoo of Adhela, the first female hippopotamus seen in Europe since Roman times, we put on a special Hippomania display curated by Goldsmiths College student Jacob Bates-Firth. Subsequently we displayed a selection of Giraffomania items to coincide with July’s event, ‘The giraffe: new perspectives on a “well-known” species’.

A special tour for Fellows was held in March to celebrate the contribution of women to the history of zoology, following a group attending a ‘Wonder Women of Natural History’ event earlier in the year. Other external visitors have included the Bartlett Zoo History Society, staff of the Canadian High Commission, and students from the University of Kent and from Hampshire’s Sparsholt College.

FROM THE ARCHIVES

Items consulted from the archives and special collections included: historic bird books and zoo guides; Minutes of Council; ZSL’s Royal Charter and material on the Cretan ibex, the thylacine, Berthold Lubetkin, ZSL London Zoo in Victorian times, World Wars I and II, and the Children’s Zoo.

Our Artefact of the Month exhibition series included features on ZSL London Zoo during World War II; works by naturalist and scientific illustrator Maria Sibylla Merian for World Book Day, International Women’s Day and Science & Engineering Week; and our watercolour of an Asian lion by artist and poet Edward Lear.

As ever, we are extremely grateful for the continued help of our dedicated team of volunteers, and to the many Fellows and Members of ZSL who continue to support the Library with their time and by donating books, archives and zoo ephemera, as well as funds for the conservation of our collections.

Top left: the ZSL Library is a vital resource for researchers. Top right: bird of paradise artwork was displayed for Alfred Russel Wallace’s centenary

ARTEFACT OF THE MONTH

Discover highlights from our collections at zsl.org/

blogs/artefact-of-the-month

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / THE LIBRARY


Education and training are central to IoZ’s activities and we have a strong commitment to hosting research projects, particularly those leading to a PhD degree.

Education and training

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / EDUCATION AND TRAINING

CONSERVATION SCIENCE MSc COURSE

The MSc course in conservation science, run in partnership with Imperial College, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, is becoming increasingly popular with those focused on starting or enhancing their career in conservation research. It continues to attract good numbers of high-quality applicants from the UK, Europe and further afield. In 2013, 33 students graduated, with 13 distinctions and 15 merits. Leejiah Dorward was awarded the prize for the best overall student, and Rebecca Sennett received the prize for the best coursework performance. Stephanie Britain and Mariel Harrison were jointly awarded the prize for the best project. Stephanie worked with ZSL to carry out a survey of forest elephant distribution outside protected areas in south-east Cameroon, while Mariel worked with the International Institute for Environment and Development to evaluate the links between poverty and conservation around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda.

PhD STUDENTS

Our PhD students are co-registered at a university department, but most spend the majority of their time at IoZ. In the 2013-2014 academic year, PhDs were awarded to Claire Asher (University of Leeds), for research on the dynamics of reproductive dominance in dinosaur ants; Lucie Bland (Imperial College London), for work on resolving the effects of data-deficient species on the estimation of extinction risk; Jessica Bryant (University College London), for research on developing a conservation evidence base for the Critically Endangered Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus); Chris Clements (University of Sheffield), for research on extinction and environmental change, and testing the predictability of species loss; Jennifer Crees (Imperial College London), for studies on the dynamics of large mammal range shifts and extinction using evidence from the Holocene record of Europe; Helen Cross (University College London), for research on the importance of small-scale fishing to rural coastal livelihoods with a comparative case study from the Bijagós Islands, Guinea-Bissau; Tammy Davies (University of St Andrews), for assessing the relationship between poverty and biodiversity, in the context of land-use change in the Solomon Islands; Rhys Farrer (Imperial College London), for work on comparative genomics and epidemiology of the amphibian-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd); James McNamara (Imperial College London), for research on the dynamics of a bushmeat hunting system under social, economic and environmental change; Hannah O’Kelly (Imperial College London), for research monitoring conservation threats, interventions and impacts on wildlife in a Cambodian forest; Stephen Price (University of London, Queen Mary), for work on the emergence of a virulent wildlife disease, using spatial epidemiology and phylogenetic methods to reconstruct the spread of amphibian viruses; Lisa Signorile (Imperial College London), for research on genetic determinants of the expansion of eastern grey squirrel populations across Europe; Freya Smith (Imperial College London), for investigating the epidemiology of the amphibian pathogen Bd in the UK; David Stanton (Cardiff University), for work on the phylogeography, population genetics and conservation of the okapi; and Leila Walker (University of Cambridge), for research on the consequences of early- and adult-life nutrition for the colour and conservation of hihi (Notiomystis cincta).

WILD ANIMAL HEALTH AND WILD ANIMAL BIOLOGY MSc COURSES

In 2013, 25 students graduated from the MSc courses in wild animal health (WAH) and wild animal biology (WAB). Nicola Gunary and Adam Naylor received the awards for the MSc WAB and MSc WAH students with the highest aggregate marks, respectively. The best MSc WAB research project prize was shared between Nicola Gunary and Graham Duggan for their research projects ‘Assessing patterns of Cryptosporidium spp and Giardia spp prevalence as indicators of anthropozoonotic disease risk in the Critically Endangered western lowland gorilla’ and ‘Tongue-tied: an assessment of nocturnal behaviour in captive giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)’. Lydia Franklinos received the award for the best MSc WAH research project for her work on ‘Fluctuating asymmetry in UK raptors and the influence of pollutant exposure’.

A total of 114 scientific papers have been published from our MSc students’ research. Graduates of the two courses, who now number 356 from 54 countries, form a valuable global network of wild animal health professionals, contactable through ZSL and Royal Veterinary College’s alumnus association, Wild Animal Alumni.

Students mastering reptile surgery. Below right: giraffes were the focus of one MSc project

ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / PEOPLE AND PROJECTS

26 FUNDING27 COLLABORATIONS32 STAFF REPRESENTATION

33 PUBLICATIONS38 GOVERNANCE AND STAFF

People and projectsFind details of IoZ’s funding sources, international collaborations and professional affiliations in this section.



In 2013 we received our annual core income from the Higher Education Funding Council for England via University College London, with additional funding from other sources. In total, 46 new grants were received during the year.

Funding

21st Century Tiger

Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency

Arcus Foundation

Badger and Cattle Vaccination Initiative

(Save Me Trust)

Bat Conservation Trust

British Ecological Society

Chester Zoo

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna

Defra

Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust

Environment Canada

Esmée Fairbairn Foundation

Higher Education Funding Council for England

Honolulu Zoo

L’Oréal UK Ocean Park Conservation Foundation

Morris Animal Foundation

National Aquarium Ltd

National Geographic Society

Natural England

New Zealand Department of Conservation

Panthera

Rewilding Europe

Royal Society

Rufford Foundation

St Louis Zoo

Sustainable Fisheries Greenland

Synchronicity Earth

Thriplow Charitable Trust

United Nations Environment Programme World

Conservation Monitoring Centre

Wilderness Wildlife Trust

WWF Netherlands

TACKLING CETACEAN STRANDINGS

ZSL received a grant of £279,167 to fund the Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme until June 2015, as well as supporting the development of improved methods of euthanasia of large, stranded marine mammals. The funding follows the workshop on ‘Euthanasia protocols to optimise welfare concerns for stranded cetaceans’ chaired by IoZ in 2013. This was convened under the auspices of the International Whaling Commission (IWC), with support from the UK and Norwegian governments. Its findings can be found on the IWC website (iwc.int/iwc-report-published-on-stranded-cetaceans-euthana). We hope that the outputs will provide resources for international networks to help tackle strandings and the associated welfare concerns.

UNDERSTANDING PARASITES IN NEWTS

Trent Garner was awarded a grant from the Morris Animal Foundation for the project ‘Is mortality caused by an infectious disease leading to the decline of palmate newts in Scotland?’ Disease-driven declines in amphibians have been attributed primarily to two groups of parasites, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranaviruses (rv). One group of parasites, the Mesomycetozoaea, may prove to be a substantial but currently unrecognised parasitological threat to temperate-zone amphibians. Amphibian infections with Mesomycetozoans have been described on three continents and can affect a wide range of amphibian hosts. Researchers from IoZ and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies investigated the emergence of a parasitic infection on the Isle of Rum, home to a single amphibian species, the palmate newt Lissotriton helveticus, and found diseased newts with numerous epidermal lesions. Post-mortem examinations revealed that the disease is caused by an infection with a Mesomycetozoan parasite. The research, funded by the Morris Animal Foundation and a PhD studentship funded by the NERC quota studentship scheme, will help to determine if the disease affecting palmate newts on Rum could lead to significant declines.

Funding organisations

Palmate newts have experienced disease-driven declines. Left: ZSL-led research is investigating the impact of shrimp trawling on Greenland’s sea floor

MONITORING SUSTAINABLE FISHING

Kirsty Kemp and Chris Yesson were awarded £265,806 from Sustainable Fisheries Greenland (SFG) for the project ‘Community Responses to Trawling Impact’. This ZSL-led initiative, run in collaboration with the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, aims to establish effective monitoring of the impact of commercial shrimp trawling on the sea floor communities of west Greenland. The project incorporates image

analysis, population-level genetic studies, and mapping of observations and environmental

data, to create the first habitat maps of the Greenland shelf. It also constitutes one

component of the independent research that SFG must submit to the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), in order to gain its coveted certification. Being sold under the MSC eco-label will allow SFG’s

shrimp to maintain their position in the UK market, which has seen a supermarket-

driven shift towards responsible consumerism.


Chagos Conservation Trust Effectiveness of marine protected areas for protecting migratory pelagic fish speciesCharles Darwin University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Charles University (Czech Rep) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Chennai Snake Park (India) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Quaternary mammal extinction dynamics in AsiaCircumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Programme Living Planet IndexClemson University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (Kenya) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Colorado State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Columbia University (USA) Anthropogenic drivers of emerging infectious diseases Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexConservation International IUCN Sampled Red List IndexConservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Living Planet Index Consortium for Conservation Medicine (USA) Anthropogenic drivers of emerging infectious diseases Convention on Biological Diversity (Canada) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Living Planet Index Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine Strandings Network Cetacean strandings around the UK coast Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Regional Red List Programme CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory (Australia) Potentially zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Davidson College (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Deakin University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Demetra IUCN Sampled Red List IndexDépartement de l’Etude du Milieu Naturel et Agricole (Belgium)

Avila University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Bangor University IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond; Monitoring Ganges river dolphin in southern BangladeshBat Conservation Trust Conservation status of bats in Europe; Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyondBerks, Bucks & Oxon Wildlife Trust Health of Vipera berus populations in EnglandBermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences IUCN Sampled Red List IndexBigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexBiodiversity Consultancy IUCN Sampled Red List Index Biodiversity Synthesis Center (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index BIOSCAPE IUCN Sampled Red List IndexBirdLife Australia Population recovery of the Australian regent honeyeater BirdLife International IUCN Sampled Red List IndexBishop Museum (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexBohol Island State University (Philippines) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexBournemouth University IUCN Sampled Red List IndexBrigham Young University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexBritish Antarctic Survey IUCN Sampled Red List IndexBritish Divers Marine Life Rescue Cetacean strandings around the UK coastBritish Embassy in Quito (Ecuador) Building capacity and determining disease threats to Galápagos taxa British Hedgehog Preservation Society Garden Wildlife Health British Herpetological Society Assessing the conservation issue of Aesculapian snakes introduced onto Crown landsBritish Trust for Ornithology Garden Wildlife Health Brunel University London Otters as a model species to investigate biomagnification of pharmaceuticalsButterfly Conservation IUCN Sampled Red List Index

IoZ’s work is carried out in conjunction with a host of international collaborators and partners, to whom we extend our thanks.

CABI IUCN Sampled Red List IndexCalifornia Academy of Sciences (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexCalifornia State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Cambridge Infectious Diseases Zoonotic emergence of viral infections in fruit bats in Ghana; Health-seeking behaviours relating to febrile and encephalitic illness in rural Ghana; Risk of zoonotic disease spillover from fruit bats to humans in GhanaCambridge Research Institute Cetacean strandings around the UK coastCardiff University Phylogeography and conservation genetics of okapi; Metapopulation genetics in Mauritius pink pigeons Care Earth Trust (India) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexCarnegie Museum of Natural History (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog Project Central Connecticut State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexCentral Ecology Health of Vipera berus populations in England Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Evolutive (France) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexCentre de Coordination pour la Protection des Amphibiens et Reptiles de Suisse (karch) Spatial epidemiology and molecular evolution of amphibian chytridiomycosis Centre de Recherche sur les Mammifères Marins (France) Cetacean strandings around the UK coastCentre for Ecology & Hydrology Disease risk analysis and health surveillance for the species recovery programmeCentre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science Cetacean strandings around the UK coast; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Centro Internacional de Ecología Tropical (Venezuela) Regional Red List ProgrammeCentro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (Argentina)Regional Red List Programme

Adelphi University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexAdnan Menderes University (Turkey) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexAfrican Technology Policy Studies Network (Kenya) Biodiversity, ecosystem services, social sustainability and tipping points in African drylandsAfrican Wildlife Conservation Fund Range-wide conservation programme for cheetah and wild dogAmerican Museum of Natural History (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexAmerican University of Beirut (Lebanon) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexAmphibian and Reptile Conservation (ARC) Disease risk analysis and health surveillance for the species recovery programme; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Health of Vipera berus populations in England; Epidemiology of dermocystid parasites affecting UK newts; Is anthropogenic movement of an invasive species responsible for distribution of a generalist pathogen? Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Cetacean strandings around the UK coast; Disease risk analysis and health surveillance for the species recovery programme; Zoonotic disease spillover from fruit bats to humans in Ghana; Zoonotic emergence of viral infections in fruit bats in Ghana; Potentially zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvumApplied Biomathematics (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Arafura Timor Research Facility (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexArtDatabanken (Sweden) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Regional Red List ProgrammeAuburn University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Signal content of plumage colour Australian Freshwater Turtle Conservation and Research Association IUCN Sampled Red List IndexAustralian Museum and Department of Environment and Conservation IUCN Sampled Red List IndexAustralian National University IUCN Sampled Red List Index

IUCN Sampled Red List Index Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism (South Africa) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Department of Forests (Cyprus) Regional Red List Programme Desert Research Foundation of Namibia Individual optimisation and social constraints in group-living vertebratesDoğa Derneği (Turkey) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Dokuz Eylül University (Turkey) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Downstream Research Group (USA) Conservation of the Yangtze River dolphinDPPVN – Society of Bird Research and Nature Protection (Slovenia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; Chytridiomycosis epidemiology, emergence and impact in Dominica; West Indian mammal extinctions; Conservation of the mountain chicken frog; Ecology of the solenodon and hutia in agricultural and native forest systems in Dominica; Metapopulation genetics in Mauritius pink pigeons Earlham College (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexEastern Kentucky University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexEden Project IUCN Sampled Red List IndexEdith Cowan University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexEge University (Turkey) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexEl Colegio de la Frontera Sur (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexEnciclopedia de la Flora Chilena (Chile) Regional Red List ProgrammeEnvironment Agency IUCN Sampled Red List IndexEnvironment Canada Development of Canadian Species Index to monitor biodiversity and ecosystem healthEssex Wildlife Trust IUCN Sampled Red List IndexEuropean Bird Census Council Living Planet IndexEuropean Commission Determinants of occurrence, distribution and abundance of African mammals

Collaborations



European Environment Agency IUCN Sampled Red List Index Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (Argentina) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexFarm Africa Tackling tyranny of the average to ensure pro-poor ecosystem interventions are fit for purposeFauna & Flora International Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Building a future for the Hainan gibbon; Enhancing the effectiveness of Protected Areas in TajikistanFederal Office for the Environment (Switzerland) Regional Red List Programme; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Field Museum (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Finnish Environment Institute Regional Red List Programme FishBase IUCN Sampled Red List IndexFondation Bertarelli (Switzerland) Effectiveness of marine protected areas for protecting migratory pelagic fish speciesFood & Environment Research Agency Disease risk analysis and health surveillance for the species recovery programmeForestry & Wildlife Division (Dominica) Amphibian conservation in the Caribbean Frankfurt Zoological Society (Germany) Long-term demography of the Serengeti cheetah population Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (Germany) Potentially zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvumFrogLife Garden Wildlife Health; Are humans spreading wildlife disease between British frog populations? Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza (Bolivia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Fundación Andígena (Venezuela) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexGalapagos Conservation Trust Building capacity and determining disease threats to Galápagos taxa Galápagos National Park Building capacity and determining disease threats to Galápagos taxa Game and Fisheries Research (Finland) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Georgia College & State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexGerman Aerospace Center Determinants of occurrence, distribution and abundance of African mammalsGhent University (Belgium) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Chemical and bacteriological control of Batrachochytrium sp Global Biodiversity Information Facility Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyondGlobal Marine Species Assessment IUCN Sampled Red List Index

Gobabeb Training & Research Centre (Namibia) MHC, parasite loads and mate choice in desert baboons; individual optimisation and social constraints in group-living vertebratesGöteborg Natural History Museum (Sweden) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexGovernment of Azores Habitat suitability of oceanic cetaceans Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica Amphibian conservation in the Caribbean; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammalsGreen Indian States Trust (India) Tackling tyranny of the average to ensure pro-poor ecosystem interventions are fit for purposeGriffith University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Group on Earth Observations Secretariat (Switzerland) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyondGroupe de Recherche sur les Cétacés (France) Habitat suitability of oceanic cetaceans Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexGuiyang University (China) Disease threats and conservation of the Chinese giant salamander Hainan Normal University (China) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Harvard University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Israel) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (Germany) Determinants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian populations; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Herpetological Society of the Philippines IUCN Sampled Red List IndexHokkaido Prefectural Central Fisheries Experimental Station (Japan) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexHumboldt State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Regional Red List Programme Hungarian Natural History Museum IUCN Sampled Red List IndexIcelandic Institute of Natural History Population dynamics of the light-bellied Brent gooseIllinois Natural History Survey (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Illinois Wesleyan University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Indianapolis Zoo (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index INIBIOMA (Argentina) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon (France) Dynamics of species extinctions

Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (Italy) Ecology and evolution of invasive alien speciesInstitute for Nature Conservation of Serbia IUCN Sampled Red List Index Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (Estonia) Regional Red List Programme Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (Vietnam) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Institute of Ecology and Systematics (Cuba) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexInstitute of Hydrobiology (China) Conservation of the Yangtze River dolphin; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammalsInstitute of Zoology (China) Ecology and evolution of invasive alien speciesInstituto Butantan (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Instituto de Biología, UNAM (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Instituto de Ecología (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexInstituto Tecnológico de Chetumal (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexInstituto Tecnológico de Huejutla (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexInstituto y Nucleo Zoológico ARCO (Spain) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexInstytut Ochrony Przyrody PAN (Poland) Regional Red List ProgrammeInternational Association of Astacology IUCN Sampled Red List Index International Livestock Research Institute (Kenya) Biodiversity, ecosystems, sustainability and tipping points in African drylands International Pacific Halibut Commission Conservation genetics of Pacific sleeper sharks Iowa State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexIrish Whale and Dolphin Group Cetacean strandings around the UK coastIsrael Ministry of the Environment Regional Red List ProgrammeIstituto per le Piante da Legno e l’Ambiente (Italy) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexIUCN Species Survival Commission IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Conservation of the Yangtze River dolphin; Protected areas: trends in biodiversityJames Cook University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexJoint Nature Conservation Committee IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Regional Red List ProgrammeKadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden (China) Constraints on recovery of small populations:

the Hainan gibbon as a case study; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals Katarniaghat Foundation (India) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Kenya Wildlife Service Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog Project; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals Kunming Institute of Zoology (China) Disease threats and conservation of the Chinese giant salamanderKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Kumasi (Ghana) Ecosystem services in Ghana: understanding the human componentLa Trobe University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Laurentian University (Canada) Landscape epidemiology of ranavirus in OntarioLiberian Forestry Development Authority Conservation priorities for EDGE mammalsLincoln University (New Zealand) Ecology and evolution of invasive alien speciesLondon School of Economics and Political Science Saving Sumatran swamps: carbon credits and biodiversity conservation in Indonesia Louisiana Fauna Project (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Louisiana State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität- München (Germany) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexLund University (Sweden) Ecology and evolution of introduced avian malaria Macquarie University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Makerere University (Uganda) Living Planet IndexMampam Conservation IUCN Sampled Red List Index Marine Environmental Monitoring Cetacean strandings around the UK coastMarshall University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Massey University (New Zealand) Effects of multiple stressors on reproduction and development in cetaceans; Ecology and conservation of the hihi: a case study for reintroduction biologyMauritian Wildlife Foundation Improving supplementary feeding in species conservationMax-Planck-Gesellschaft (Germany) The role of individual biology in determining population-level processes in vertebrates; Determinants of occurrence, distribution and abundance of African mammalsMerritt College (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Midwest Biodiversity Institute (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, Land, Housing and the Environment (Montserrat)

Conservation of the mountain chicken frogMinistry of Environment and Tourism (Namibia) MHC, parasite loads and mate choice in desert baboons; individual optimisation and social constraints in group-living vertebratesMinistry of the Environment (Czech Rep) Regional Red List Programme Ministry of the Environment (Japan) Regional Red List Programme Ministry of Lands and Resettlement (Namibia) MHC, parasite loads and mate choice in desert baboons; individual optimisation and social constraints in group-living vertebrates Ministry of Nature Protection (Armenia) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexMississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries & Parks (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Missouri Botanical Gardens (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Missouri Department of Conservation (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexMonash University (Australia) Ecology and evolution of introduced avian malaria; Cultural and biological values of highland lakes in Papua, Indonesia; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Population recovery of the Australian regent honeyeater Moredun Research Institute Epidemiology of poxviruses in squirrelsMuseo de Historia Natural (Peru) Regional Red List ProgrammeMuseo de Zoología (Venezuela) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università di Firenze (Italy) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Spain) Mitigating the emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan midwife toad; Determinants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in European amphibian populations; Role of host movement and sexual behaviour in transmission of chytrid fungus in amphibians; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; comparative transcriptomics of midwife toads associated with emergence of ranavirus in Iberia; Effects of extrinsic factors on contact-rates in an amphibian disease reservoir; Emerging diseases and their impacts on European amphibians; Spatial epidemiology and molecular evolution of amphibian chytridiomycosisMuseo Nacional de História (Uruguay) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexMuseo Nacional de Historia Natural (Chile) IUCN Sampled Red List Index


Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali (Italy) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexMuséum d’Histoire Naturelle (Switzerland) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexMuséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (France) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexMuseum für Naturkunde (Germany) IUCN Sampled Red List Index NanJing Normal University (China) Conservation of the Yangtze River dolphin; IUCN Sampled Red List IndexNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA) Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond; Determinants of occurrence, distribution and abundance of African mammals; Role of individual biology in determining population-level processes in vertebratesNational Agricultural Research Foundation (Greece) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexNational Birds of Prey Trust Conservation of Gyps spp vultures in IndiaNational Institute for Medical Research Modelling amphibian response to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (New Zealand) IUCN Sampled Red List Index National Museum (South Africa) IUCN Sampled Red List Index National Museum of Natural History of Spain IUCN Sampled Red List IndexNational Museum of Nature and Science (Japan) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexNational Museum of the Philippines IUCN Sampled Red List IndexNational Museum Wales IUCN Sampled Red List Index National Museums of Kenya Conservation priorities for EDGE mammalsNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index National Science Foundation (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexNational Taiwan Ocean University IUCN Sampled Red List IndexNational University of Ireland, Galway IUCN Sampled Red List IndexNational University of Mongolia Regional Red List ProgrammeNational University of Singapore IUCN Sampled Red List Index Natural England Disease risk analysis and health surveillance for the species recovery programme; Conservation genetics of adders in the UK; Assessing the conservation issue of Aesculapian

snakes introduced onto Crown Lands; Health of Vipera berus populations in England; Methods of disease risk analysis for reintroduction programmes Natural History Museum Cetacean strandings around the UK coast; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Disease risk analysis and health surveillance for the species recovery programme; Deep ocean polychaete dispersal in evolutionary and ecological time; Spatial epidemiology and molecular evolution of amphibian chytridiomycosis Natural History Museum (Denmark) Zoonotic emergence of viral infections in fruit bats in Ghana Natural History Museum of Bern (Switzerland) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Natural History Museum of Crete (Greece) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexNatural History Museum of Zimbabwe IUCN Sampled Red List IndexNaturalis Biodiversity Center (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexNature Conservancy IUCN Sampled Red List Index Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles IUCN Sampled Red List Index NatureServe (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index New York State Diagnostic Laboratory (USA) Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog ProjectNew York State Museum (USA) Camera trapping as a census tool New Zealand Department of Conservation Regional Red List Programme; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Improving supplementary feeding in species conservation; Ecology and conservation of the hihi: a case study for reintroduction biology Newcastle University Epidemiology of poxviruses in squirrels; Cetacean strandings around the UK coastNordens Ark (Sweden) IUCN Sampled Red List Index North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexNorth of England Zoological Society IUCN Sampled Red List IndexNorth-West University (South Africa) Behavioural ecology of Pyxicephalus adspersus; Testing the ‘Out of Africa’ hypothesis for the emergence of lethal amphibian chytridiomycosis; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Spatial epidemiology and molecular evolution of amphibian chytridiomycosis Northern Michigan University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Norwegian Institute for Nature Research The role of individual biology in determining

population-level processes in vertebratesOhio University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexOld Dominion University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Omsk State Pedagogical University (Russia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Open University (Sri Lanka) Conservation priorities for EDGE mammalsOvidius University of Constanta (Romania) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Paignton Zoo Environmental Park Disease risk analysis and health surveillance for the species recovery programme Palacký University, Olomouc (Czech Republic) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexPamukkale University (Turkey) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexPanthera Tiger conservation and dam development in the tribal forests of northeast India Park Zoologico Nacional (Dominica) Conservation priorities for EDGE mammalsParks Canada Protected areas: trends in biodiversity Pennsylvania State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index People’s Trust for Endangered Species Chytridiomycosis in Leptodactylus fallax in Montserrat; Disease risk analysis and health surveillance for the species recovery programmePontificia Universidad Católica de Chile IUCN Sampled Red List Index Plymouth University Cetacean strandings around the UK coast Queen’s University Belfast IUCN Sampled Red List Index Queen’s University Canada IUCN Sampled Red List Index Queensland Museum (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Rajarata University of Sri Lanka IUCN Sampled Red List IndexRAMAS IUCN Sampled Red List Index Razi University (Iran) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Receiver of Wreck, Maritime and Coastguard Agency Cetacean strandings around the UK coast Rewilding Europe Rewilding EuropeRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences IUCN Sampled Red List IndexRoyal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh IUCN Sampled Red List Index Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew IUCN Sampled Red List Index: Living Planet IndexRoyal Danish Academy of Fine Arts IUCN Sampled Red List IndexRoyal Society for the Protection of Birds Conservation of Gyps spp vultures in India; Disease risk analysis and health surveillance for the species recovery programme; Living Planet Index; Garden Wildlife Health; Garden Bird Health Initiative

Royal Veterinary College Wildlife health bridge; Individual optimisation and social constraints in group-living vertebrates; Epidemiology of parapoxvirus in squirrels; Disease risk analysis and health surveillance; Can cognitive challenges enhance the psychological wellbeing of large-brained animals in zoos? Russian Academy of Sciences IUCN Sampled Red List Index Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey (USA) Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species Sahara Conservation Fund Determinants of occurrence, distribution and abundance in African mammalsSaint Petersburg Scientific Center (Russia) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexSalmonella Reference Unit, Public Health England Garden Wildlife Health; Garden Bird Health InitiativeSan Diego Natural History Museum (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexSan Diego Zoo (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index ScarabNet IUCN Sampled Red List IndexScenic Hudson (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexScotland’s Rural College (SRUC) Cetacean strandings around the UK coastSea Fisheries Research Institute (South Africa) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexSea Mammal Research Unit Cetacean strandings around the UK coastSea Watch Foundation Cetacean strandings around the UK coast Senckenberg Naturmuseum Frankfurt (Germany) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexShaanxi Normal University (China) Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; Disease threats and conservation of the Chinese giant salamanderSmithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (USA) Camera trapping as a census tool Sociedad Ornitólogica de la Hispaniola (Dominica) West Indian mammal extinctions; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals Société Audubon Haiti West Indian mammal extinctions; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals Society for Southeast Asian Herpetology (Germany) IUCN Sampled Red List Index South African National Biodiversity Institute IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Regional Red List Programme South Australian Museum IUCN Sampled Red List Index

Southeastern Louisiana University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexSpecies 2000 IUCN Sampled Red List IndexState Institute for Nature Protection (Croatia) Regional Red List ProgrammeState Museum of Natural History (Stuttgart, Germany) Regional Red List Programme; IUCN Sampled Red List IndexState Natural History Museum Braunschweig (Germany) IUCN Sampled Red List Index State University of New York (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis (France) Determinants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian populations; Ecology and evolution of introduced avian malariaStatistics Netherlands IUCN Sampled Red List IndexStellenbosch University (South Africa) Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Stony Brook University (USA) West Indian mammal extinctions Swedish Board of Fisheries IUCN Sampled Red List Index Swedish Species Information Center IUCN Sampled Red List IndexSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research IUCN Sampled Red List Index Tanzania National Parks Long-term demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; Implementation of a national plan for carnivore conservation in TanzaniaTanzania Wildlife Research Institute Long-term demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; Implementation of a national plan for carnivore conservation in Tanzania; Determinants of occurrence, distribution and abundance in African mammals; CUT plan for large carnivore management in TanzaniaTarangire Elephant Project (Tanzania) Implementation of a national plan for carnivore conservation in TanzaniaTechnical University of Denmark IUCN Sampled Red List IndexTeesside University West Indian mammal extinctionsTel Aviv University (Israel) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexTexas A&M University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexTidewater Inc (USA) Regional Red List ProgrammeToledo Zoo (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexTour du Valat (France) Living Planet IndexTruman State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index



Tsaobis Nature Park (Namibia) Individual optimisation and social constraints in group- living vertebratesUNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Living Planet Index Uniformed Services University (USA) Potentially zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvumUnited States Department of Agriculture Forest Service IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Individual differences in taste perception and dietary wariness: behaviours with relevance to pest control; Regional Red List ProgrammeUnited States Geological Survey IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Disease risk analysis for reintroduction programmesUniversidad Andrés Bello (Chile) Saving mouth brooding frogs: the impact of chytridiomycosis on Darwin’s frogsUniversidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain) Ecology and evolution of introduced avian malariaUniversidad de Guayaquil (Ecuador) Building capacity and determining disease threats to Galápagos taxa; Parasites as tools for biogeography and population history of Galápagos giant tortoises Universidad de los Andes (Venezuela) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Universidad de Puerto Rico IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Amphibian conservation in the Caribbean Universidad de Salamanca (Spain) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Universidad del Valle (Colombia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Universidad del Zulia (Venezuela) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México IUCN Sampled Red List Index Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Peru) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversidad San Francisco de Quito (Ecuador) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversidade de Aveiro (Portugal) Mammal diversity and soil functional integrity across habitat gradients in Brazil Universidade de Brasília (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversidade de Lisboa (Portugal) Emerging diseases and their impacts on European amphibiansUniversidade de São Paulo (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List Index

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversidade do Vale do Itajaí (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Universidade Federal da Bahia (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversidade Federal da Paraíba (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversidade Federal do Amazonas (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Università delgi Studi di Firenze (Italy) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Università di Siena (Italy) Ecology and evolution of invasive alien speciesUniversität Salzburg (Austria) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Universität Trier (Germany) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Université Cadi Ayyad (Morocco) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Université de Poitiers (France) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Université de Savoie (France) Determinants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian populationsUniversiti Malaysia Sarawak (Malaysia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Aberdeen Cetacean strandings programme University of Adelaide (Australia) Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species; Ecology and evolution of introduced avian malaria; Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; Extinction, island biogeography and community structure in island birds; Prayer animal releases in Taiwan: analysis of an eastern pathway to biological invasions; Ecology and conservation of the hihi: a case study for reintroduction biology; Global study of the richness, spread and impacts of exotic birdsUniversity of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine (Romania) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversity of Alberta (Canada) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Bath Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology University of Bayreuth (Germany) Determinants of occurrence,

distribution and abundance in African mammalsUniversity of Birmingham Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology University of Bonn (Germany) Predator-prey size relationships and evolution of giganticism in dinosaursUniversity of Braunschweig (Germany) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Bristol Individual optimisation and social constraints in group-living vertebrates; Phenotypic plasticity in tropical paper waspsUniversity of California (USA) Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog Project; IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Cambridge MHC, parasite loads and mate choice in desert baboons; Potentially zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Signal content of plumage colour; Risk of zoonotic disease spillover from fruit bats to humans in Ghana; Epidemiological aspects of amphibian chytridiomycosis; Role of host movement and sexual behaviour in transmission of chytrid fungus in amphibians; Influence of climate change on bat communities and effectiveness of protected areas in Mexico; Adaption to captivity in corncrake; Sexual conflict and social control of female mating strategies in a wild primate; Health-seeking behaviours relating to febrile and encephalitic illness in rural Ghana; Ecology and conservation of the hihi: a case study for reintroduction biology; Zoonotic emergence of viral infections in fruit bats in Ghana University of Canberra (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Extinction, island biogeography and community structure in island birds University of Colombo (Sri Lanka) Conservation priorities for EDGE mammalsUniversity of Copenhagen (Denmark) Individual optimisation and social constraints in group-living vertebratesUniversity of East Anglia Garden Bird Health Initiative; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Evolution and diversification of ants University of Eastern Finland – Kuopio (Finland) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversity of Edinburgh Emerging disease threats to UK newts; Epidemiology of dermocystid parasites affecting UK newts; Is infectious disease leading to decline in palmate newts in Scotland?University of Exeter Genetics of caste determination in polistine wasps; Ecology and evolution of introduced avian malaria; Comparative transcriptomics of midwife toads associated with

emergence of ranavirus in Iberia; Susceptibility of social species to population decline in changing environments; Cetacean strandings around the UK coast; Ecology and evolution of introduced avian malaria; Population dynamics of the light-bellied Brent goose; Immunogenetic variation in white-browed sparrow weaver; Population genetic impacts of an emerging wildlife diseaseUniversity of Florida (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of the Free State (South Africa) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversity of Fribourg (Switzerland) Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species University of Ghana Potentially zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; Zoonotic emergence of viral infections in fruit bats in GhanaUniversity of Glasgow IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Granada (Spain) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Guam IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Hong Kong IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Hyogo (Japan) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Illinois (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Innsbruck (Austria) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Kansas (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Kent Mitigating the emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan midwife toad; Conservation status of European bats; Implications of infectious disease for the global trade and conservation of amphibians; Assessing the conservation issue of Aesculapian snakes introduced onto Crown lands; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Metapopulation genetics in Mauritius pink pigeons; Improving the impact of amphibian conservation programmes; New analytical methods for camera-trap data; Immune and neutral genetic diversity in historical and extant populations threatened by disease; Disease risk analysis for reintroduction programmes; Emergence, epidemiology and impact of chytridiomycosis in the mountain chicken frog; Ecology and conservation of the hihi: a case study for reintroduction biology; Emerging diseases and their impacts on European amphibians; Ranavirus diagnosticsUniversity of Las Palmas (Spain) Cetacean strandings around the UK coast; IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Leeds Determining disease threats to endemic Galápagos taxa; Dynamics of reproductive dominance in dinosaur ants; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Parasites as tools for

biogeography and population history of Galápagos giant tortoises University of Liverpool Cetacean strandings around the UK coast; Garden Bird Health Initiative; Changes in risk of zoonotic disease outbreaks as a result of climate change: insights from a seasonal host-parasite system University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of London, Imperial College Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; Energetic constraints on animal ecology; Mammalian community structure and dynamics across gradients of land-use intensity in Malaysian Borneo; Zoonotic emergence of viral infections in fruit bats in Ghana; Determinants of pathogen distribution and prevalence in a multi-host and island system; Alternative livelihood approach to improving sustainability of bushmeat hunting in West and Central Africa; Mitigating the emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan midwife toad; Determinants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian populations; Population-level cost of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in the Pyrenean midwife toad; Spatial global biodiversity monitoring in the context of data uncertainty; Invasive species as vectors of disease in amphibians; Emerging disease threats to newts in the UK; Epidemiology of amphibian chytridiomycosis; Modelling amphibian response to chytrid infection; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Modelling the dynamics of translocated populations; Ecosystem services in Ghana: understanding the human component; Dynamics of large mammal range collapse and extinction: evidence from the Holocene record; Bovine tuberculosis in cattle and badgers; Determinants of tiger occurrence and population viability in fragmented landscapes; Chemical and bacteriological control of Batrachochytrium sp; Interaction between cattle and badgers; African lion population genetics in a changing landscape; Disease susceptibility in three amphibian species; The role of individual biology in determining population-level processes in vertebrates; Management interventions for large mammal populations in Cambodia; Ecological and genetic determinants of grey squirrel expansion in Italy and Britain; Testing the ‘Out of Africa’ hypothesis for the emergence of lethal amphibian chytridiomycosis; Effects of agricultural intensification on biodiversity in Chaco Argentina;


Adaptation to captivity in corncrake; Epidemiological aspects of amphibian chytridiomycosis; Evolutionary potential of living fossils; Is anthropogenic movement of an invasive species responsible for distribution of a generalist pathogen?; Whole genome analysis of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis University of London, King’s College Environmental change in riparian ecosystems: development of a new policy-planning tool University of London, Queen Mary Sex, flies and fungus; Identifying emerging disease threats to UK newts; Comparative transcriptomics of midwife toads associated with emergence of ranavirus in Iberia; Is anthropogenic movement of an invasive species responsible for distribution of a generalist pathogen? University of London, Royal Holloway West Indian mammal extinctions; Primates of the Caribbean: using historical era introductions of primates to the Lesser Antilles to understand rates of island evolution; Quaternary mammal extinction dynamics in Asia; Disease risk analysis and health surveillance for the species recovery programme University of London, University College London Constraints on recovery of small populations: the Hainan gibbon case study; Biodiversity, ecosystem services, social sustainability and tipping points in African drylands; Large felid ecology and interactions with humans in the Algerian Sahara; Social and ecological dynamics of the bushmeat trade; How many tigers? Investigating validity of population estimates from camera trap data; Ranavirus diagnostics; Spatiotemporal epidemiology of emergent amphibian disease in aquatic habitats; Human-wildlife conflict, wellbeing and economic opportunity: coexisting with carnivores in the Gobi Desert; Climate change, drought impacts and mitigation of human-wildlife conflict in East African rangelands: the case of Amboseli; Effectiveness of marine protected areas for protecting migratory pelagic fish species; Primates of the Caribbean: using historical era introductions of primates to the Lesser Antilles to understand rates of island evolution; Mobile gaming, citizen science and biodiversity; Phenotypic plasticity in tropical paper wasps; Improving the impact of amphibian conservation programmes; Addressing information needs in cheetah; Cultural and biological values of highland lakes in Papua, Indonesia; Prayer animal releases in Taiwan: analysis of an eastern pathway to biological invasions; Comparative transcriptomics of midwife toads

associated with emergence of ranavirus in Iberia; Global study of richness, spread and impacts of exotic birds; Tiger conservation and dam development in the tribal forests of northeast India; Is anthropogenic movement of an invasive species responsible for distribution of a generalist pathogen?; Spatial epidemiology and molecular evolution of amphibian chytridiomycosis; Managing mangroves in the fact of climate change; Disease risk analysis and health surveillance for the species recovery programme; Developing tools to define historical population baselines University of Manchester Chemical and bacteriological control of Batrachochytrium spUniversity of Marburg (Germany) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Minnesota (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Missouri (USA) Building capacity and determining disease threats to Galápagos taxa University of Montpellier (France) Sexual conflict and social control of female mating strategies in a wild primate University of New Mexico (USA) Energetic constraints on animal ecologyUniversity of Niš (Serbia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Oklahoma (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Otago (New Zealand) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversity of Oxford Population genetic units in the Ethiopian wolf; Conservation genetics of adders in the UK; Camera trapping as a census tool; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; West Indian mammal extinctions; Antarctic monitoring; Regional Red List Programme; Role of social information in mediating individual fitness and population dynamics; Quantifying effects of environmental disturbance on community interactions using camera trapsUniversity of the Pacific (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of the Philippines IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Portsmouth Genomic aspects of DNA damage induced by germplasm cryopreservation; Chemical and bacteriological control of genetics variants of Batrachochytrium spUniversity of Presov (Slovakia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Pretoria (South Africa) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversity of Queensland (Australia) Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; IUCN Sampled Red List Index

University of Quintana Roo (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversity of Reading Ecology of the solenodon and hutia in agricultural and native forest systems in DominicaUniversity of Rochester (USA) Modelling the amphibian response to infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis University of Roehampton Individual optimisation and social constraints in group-living vertebrates; Sexual conflict and social control of female mating strategies in a wild primate University of Salford Great crested newts and their use of a farmed landscape in EnglandUniversity of San Carlos (Philippines) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversity of San Diego (USA) Energetic constraints on animal ecology University of Sheffield Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species; Cascading extinctions and the design of ecological risk indicators; Genomic aspects of DNA damage induced by germplasm cryopreservation; Micro-evolutionary response to climate change in wild populationsUniversity of Southampton New approaches to the biology and extinction of the elephant birdsUniversity of St Andrews IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Ecosystem service provision and adaptive management in the Solomon Islands; Monitoring Ganges river dolphin in southern Bangladesh University of Sussex Health-seeking behaviours relating to febrile and encephalitic illness in rural Ghana University of Swansea Effects of extrinsic factors on contact rates in an amphibian disease reservoirUniversity of Sydney (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Improving supplementary feeding in species conservationUniversity of Tasmania (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Tennessee (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Extinction, island biogeography and community structure in island birdsUniversity of Texas (USA) Regional Red List Programme; IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Victoria (Canada) Conservation genetics of the Pacific sleeper shark; Determinants of pathogen distribution and prevalence in a multihost and island systemUniversity of Virginia (USA) Energetic constraints on animal ecology

University of Wageningen (The Netherlands) Camera trapping as a census tool; Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology University of Washington (USA) Long-term demography of the Serengeti cheetah population University of the West Indies (Jamaica) Amphibian conservation in the Caribbean; IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversity of Western Australia IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Effectiveness of marine protected areas for protecting migratory pelagic fish speciesUniversity of Wisconsin (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of the Witwatersrand (South Africa) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexUniversity of Würzburg (Germany) Determinants of occurrence, distribution and abundance of African mammals University of York IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Biology and extinction of the elephant birdsUniversity of Zurich (Switzerland) Determinants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian populations; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Micro-evolutionary response to climate change in wild populations Vaquita.org Foundation Conservation of the Yangtze River dolphinVeterinary Services Division (Dominica) Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica; Implementation of a regional management plan for amphibians in the CaribbeanVeterinary Services Division (Ghana) Zoonotic virus infections in Eidolon helvumVillanova University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexVirginia Tech University (USA) Hunting behaviour in Serengeti cheetah West University of Timisoara (Romania) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Wetlands Institute (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals Whittier College (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Wild Camel Protection Foundation Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Population dynamics of the light-bellied Brent gooseWildlife Conservation Society (USA) Long-term demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; Occurrence, distribution and abundance of African mammals; The role of individual biology in determining population-level processes

in vertebrates; CUT plan for large carnivore management in Tanzania; Implementation of a national plan for carnivore conservation in Tanzania Wildlife Division (Ghana) Potentially zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; Zoonotic emergence of viral infections in fruit bats in GhanaWildlife Institute of India Monitoring tigers, large mammal and human wildlife conflict in IndiaWildlife Trust of India IUCN Sampled Red List Index Wildlife Trusts UK Disease risk analysis and health surveillance for the species recovery programme Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre Garden Bird Health InitiativeWildscreen IUCN Sampled Red List IndexWoods Hole Oceanographic Institute (USA) Cetacean strandings around the UK coast Worcester Polytechnic Institute (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Working Dogs for Conservation (USA) Long-term demography of the Serengeti cheetah population World Wildlife Fund International Living Planet Index; Drivers of extinction: lessons from recent extinctions Worldwide Dragonfly Association IUCN Sampled Red List Index Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Xuzhou Normal University (China) IUCN Sampled Red List IndexYale University (USA) Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species Yibin University (China) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Yüzüncü Yıl Universitesi (Turkey) Signal content of plumage colour ‘Zirichiltaggi’, Sardinian Wildlife Conservation (Italy) Disease threats to endangered Sardinian newts; Using spatial genetics to infer host movement and transmission probabilityZoo Atlanta (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Zoological Museum (Copenhagen) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Zoological Survey of India IUCN Sampled Red List Index Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (Germany) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Zootropic (Guatemala) IUCN Sampled Red List Index




Michael Palmer (Member)Marine Mammal Society Nadia Richman (Member)Nature Conservation Trust, South Africa Sarah Durant (Trustee)New Zealand Department of Conservation John Ewen (Co-chair, Hihi Recovery Group)Office International des Épizooties Andrew Cunningham (Member, Ad hoc Group on Amphibian Diseases)Primate Society of Great Britain Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Juliet Wright (Member)Ramsar Nathalie Pettorelli (Invited Expert, Scientific and Technical Review Panel)Reef Conservation UK David Curnick (Committee Member)Royal Veterinary College Andrew Cunningham (Visiting Professor); Paul Jepson (Honorary Senior Lecturer); Anthony Sainsbury (Honorary Senior Lecturer)Societas Europea Herpetologica Trent Garner (Member)Society for Conservation Biology David Curnick (Member); Tammy Davies (Member); John Ewen (Member); Nathalie Pettorelli (Member, Board of Governance); Nadia Richman (Member)Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Trent Garner (Member)Student Conference on Conservation Science Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Conference Advisory Committee)Surrey Amphibian and Reptile Group Christopher Durrant (Member)Surrey Wildlife Trust Christopher Durrant (Member)UNEP-ASCOBANS Paul Jepson (Member, Advisory Group)Universidad Andrés Bello (Chile) Andrew Cunningham (Visiting Professor)University College London Tim Blackburn (Honorary Professor); Andrew Cunningham (Honorary Professor)University of Adelaide (Australia) Andrew Cunningham (Visiting Professor)University of Birmingham Tim Blackburn (Honorary Professor)University of Cambridge Hannah Rowland (Churchill College Research Fellow)University of Oxford

Research Associate)Charity Archivists and Records Managers Group Michael Palmer (Membership Secretary) Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management Kelly Moyes (Member)Committee on Earth Observation Systems Nathalie Pettorelli (Member, Biodiversity Steering Group)Deep Sea Biology Society Chris Yesson (Secretary)Defenders of Wildlife Rosie Woodroffe (Member, Scientific Advisory Board)Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Andrew Cunningham (Member, GB Wildlife Disease Surveillance Partnership); Trent Garner (Member, Amphibian Health Advisory Committee); Paul Jepson (Member, CSIP Project Steering Group)European College of Zoological Medicine Andrew Cunningham (Diplomat, Chair, Wildlife Population Health); Paul Jepson (Diplomat, Wildlife Population Health); Anthony Sainsbury (Member)European Society for Evolutionary Biology Trent Garner (Member)European Wildlife Disease Association Becki Lawson (Member, Student Activities Council)Fisheries Society of the British Isles David Curnick (Member); Kirsty Kemp (Member)Genetics Society Trent Garner (Member); Hannah Rowland (Member)GEO-BON Monika Böhm (Member, Working Group 2); Louise McRae (Member, Working Group 2); Nathalie Pettorelli (Member)Herpetologists’ League Trent Garner (Member)Hihi Recovery Group Patricia Brekke (Member), John Ewen (Co-chair)International Advisory Group for the Northern Bald Ibis Andrew Cunningham (Committee Member)International Council for Exploration of the Sea Paul Jepson (Member, Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology)International Foundation for Science Marcus Rowcliffe (Member,

IoZ staff play a significant role within a wide range of professional organisations and are involved in some leading science and conservation publications.

Scientific Advisory Committee)International Primatological Society Juliet Wright (Member)IUCN SSC Tim Blackburn (Member, Invasive Species Specialist Group); Monika Böhm (Member, Snake and Reptile Red List Authority; Member, Pangolin Specialist Group; Member, Mollusc Specialist Group; Member, Butterfly Specialist Group); Jessica Bryant (Member, Primate Specialist Group); Andrew Cunningham (Member, Amphibian Survival Alliance; Member, Wildlife Health Specialist Group; Member, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group); David Curnick (Member, Mangrove Specialist Group); Sarah Durant (Member, Cat Specialist Group); John Ewen (Member, Reintroduction Specialist Group); Trent Garner (Member, Amphibian Specialist Group); Dada Gottelli (Member, Canid Specialist Group); Paul Jepson (Member, Wildlife Health Specialist Group; Member, Cetacean Specialist Group); Kate Jones (Member, Chiroptera Specialist Group); Helen Meredith (Program Officer, Amphibian Specialist Group); Nathalie Pettorelli (Member, Mangrove Specialist Group); Anthony Sainsbury (Member, Wildlife Health Specialist Group); Samuel Turvey (Member, Cetacean Specialist Group; Member, Saola Working Group; Conservation Co-ordinator, Small Mammal Specialist Group); Rosie Woodroffe (Core Member; Co-ordinator, African Wild Dog Working Group; Member, Canid Specialist Group; Member, Wildlife Health Specialist Group)Kenya Wildlife Service Rosie Woodroffe (Member, Steering Group on Conservation and Management of Large Carnivores)Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (India) Anthony Sainsbury (Member, Expert Committee)King Saud University (Saudi Arabia) Tim Blackburn (Member, Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Scheme)Laurentian University (Canada) Trent Garner (Adjunct Professor)London Biology Librarians’ Group Ann Sylph (Member)London Invasive Species Initiative Ellie Dyer (Committee Member)London Learned and Professional Societies Librarians’ Group

PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONSAmerican Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Trent Garner (Member)Animal Health Information Specialists (UK and Ireland) Ann Sylph (Member) Ape Alliance Juliet Wright (Chair, Bushmeat Working Group)Applied Vision Association Hannah Rowland (Member)Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Hannah Rowland (Member)Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation Oliver Wearn (Member)Australasian Wildlife Management Society John Ewen (Member)Bat Conservation Trust, UK Kate Jones (Trustee)Biodiversity Indicators Partnership Louise McRae (Partner)British Ecological Society Jon Bielby (Member; Early-Career Stage Committee Member, Parasite and Pathogen Special Interest Group); Monika Böhm (Member); Patricia Brekke (Member); Frances Clare (Member); Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Andrew Cunningham (Member); David Curnick (Member); Tammy Davies (Member); Simon Dures (Member); Ellie Dyer (Member, Macroecology Special Interest Group); Trent Garner (Member); Kirsty Kemp (Member); Kirsten McMillan (Member); Louise McRae (Member); Nathalie Pettorelli (Member); Nadia Richman (Member); Hannah Rowland (Member)British Herpetological Society Frances Clare (Member); Kirsten McMillan (Member)British Phycological Society Chris Yesson (Member)British Veterinary Association Andrew Cunningham (Member)British Veterinary Zoological Society Katie Beckmann (Member); Andrew Cunningham (Member)Bushmeat Working Group Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Marcus Rowcliffe (Member); Juliet Wright (Member)Centre for Ecology and Evolution Kate Jones (Member, Steering Committee)Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, South Africa Tim Blackburn (Honorary

Tim Blackburn (Visiting Professor)Veterinary Research Club Becki Lawson (Council Member)Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust Katie Beckmann (Member)Wildlife Disease Association Becki Lawson (Member, Awards Committee)Working Dogs for Conservation Rosie Woodroffe (Member, Science Advisory Board)World Congress of Herpetology Trent Garner (Member, Executive Committee)Zebra Foundation for Veterinary Zoological Education Becki Lawson (Council Member)Zirrichiltaggi (Sardinia) Jon Bielby (Member); Trent Garner (Member)

EDITORIAL POSITIONSAnimal Conservation Trent Garner (Editor); Nathalie Pettorelli (Editor)Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine Jinliang Wang (Member, Editorial Board)EcoHealth Andrew Cunningham (Member, Editorial Board)Ecological Applications Trent Garner (Member, Editorial Board)Emu: Austral Ornithology John Ewen (Associate Editor)Endangered Species Research Marcus Rowcliffe (Editor)European Journal of Wildlife Research Anthony Sainsbury (Associate Editor)Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution Hannah Rowland (Review Editor)Global Ecology and Biogeography Kate Jones (Editor)International Journal of Parasitology Anthony Sainsbury (Associate Editor)Journal of Applied Ecology Nathalie Pettorelli (Editor)Journal of Evolutionary Biology Jinliang Wang (Member, Board of Reviewing Editors)Journal of Zoology Jon Bielby (Member, Editorial Board); Trent Garner (Member, Editorial Board)NeoBiota Tim Blackburn (Editor)Scientific Reports Andrew Cunningham (Editor)Wildlife Research Andrew Cunningham (Editor)

Staff representation


Forrester, GJ, Ruscoe, WA, Reed, DN, Bukombe, J, Mchetto, J and Sinclair, ARE (2014) Episodic outbreaks of small mammals influence predator community dynamics in an east African savanna ecosystem. Oikos 123: 1014-1024.

Carter, AJ, Marshall, HH, Heinsohn, R and Cowlishaw, G (2013) Personality predicts decision making only when information is unreliable. Animal Behaviour 86: 633-639.

Carter, AJ, Marshall, HH, Heinsohn, R and Cowlishaw, G (2014) Personality predicts the propensity for social learning in a wild primate. PeerJ 2: e283.

Cassey, P, Prowse, TAA and Blackburn, TM (2014) A population model for predicting the successful establishment of introduced bird species. Oecologia 175: 417-428.

Chauvenet, ALM, Ewen, JG, Armstrong, D and Pettorelli, N (2013) Saving the hihi under climate change: a case for assisted colonization. Journal of Applied Ecology 50: 1330-1340.

Chen, S, Yi, Z-F, Campos-Arceiz, A, Chen, M-Y and Webb, EL (2013) Developing a spatially-explicit, sustainable and risk-based insurance scheme to mitigate human-wildlife conflict. Biological Conservation 168: 31-39.

Chi, JF, Lawson, B, Durrant, C, Beckmann, K, John, S, Alrefaei, AF, Kirkbride, K, Bell, DJ, Cunningham, AA and Tyler, KM (2013) The finch epidemic strain of Trichomonas gallinae is predominant in British non-passerines. Parasitology 140: 1234-1245.

Clark, FE, Davies, SL, Madigan, AW, Warner, AJ and Kuczaj, SA (2013) Cognitive enrichment for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): evaluation of a novel underwater maze device. Zoo Biology 32: 608-619.

Clarke, RH and Ewen, JG (2013) Red-capped (Papuan) flowerpecker Dicaeum geelvinkianum calls Australia

North Atlantic. Conservation Genetics 15: 789-802.

Barratclough, A, Jepson, PD, Hamilton, PK, Miller, CA, Wilson, K and Moore, MJ (2014) How much does a swimming, underweight, entangled right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) weigh? Calculating the weight at sea, to facilitate accurate dosing of sedatives to enable disentanglement. Marine Mammal Science. DOI: 10.1111/mms.12132

Bashir, S (2013) Monitoring in UNDP-GEF biodiversity projects: balancing conservation priorities, financial realities, and scientific rigour. Biodiversity monitoring and conservation: bridging the gap between global commitment and local action: 348-401. Collen, B, Pettorelli, N, Baillie, JEM and Durant, SM (Eds). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Beckmann, KM, Borel, N, Pocknell, AM, Dagleish, MP, Sachse, K, John, SK, Pospischil, A, Cunningham, AA and Lawson, B (2014) Chlamydiosis in British garden birds (2005-2011): retrospective diagnosis and Chlamydia psittaci genotype determination. EcoHealth. DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0951-x

Beckmann, KM, O’Donovan, D, McKeown, S, Wernery, U, Basu, P and Bailey, TA (2013) Blood vitamins and trace elements in Northern-East African cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii) in captivity in the Middle East. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 44: 613-626.

Berthouly-Salazar, C, Hui, C, Blackburn, TM, Gaboriaud, C, Van Rensburg, BJ, Jansen Van Vuuren, B and Le Roux, JJ (2013) Long-distance dispersal maximizes evolutionary potential during rapid geographic range expansion. Molecular Ecology 22: 5793-5804.

Bielby, J, Donnelly, CA, Pope, LC, Burke, T and Woodroffe, R (2014) Badger responses to small-scale culling may compromise targeted control of bovine tuberculosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of

IoZ staff and students have contributed to a huge range of publications over the 2013-2014 academic year.

the United States of America 111: 9193-9198.

Bijma, J, Pörtner, H-O, Yesson, C and Rogers, AD (2013) Climate change and the oceans – what does the future hold? Marine Pollution Bulletin 74: 495-505.

Blackburn, TM, Essl, F, Evans, T, Hulme, PE, Jeschke, JM, Kühn, I, Kumschick, S, Marková, Z, Mrugała, A, Nentwig, W, Pergl, J, Pyšek, P, Rabitsch, W, Ricciardi, A, Richardson, DM, Sendek, A, Vilà, M, Wilson, JRU, Winter, M, Genovesi, P and Bacher, S (2014) A unified classification of alien species based on the magnitude of their environmental impacts. PLoS Biology 12(5): e1001850.

Blackburn, TM, Su, S and Cassey, P (2014) A potential metric of the attractiveness of bird song to humans. Ethology 120: 305-312.

Blacklaws, BA, Gajda, AM, Tippelt, S, Jepson, PD, Deaville, R, Van Bressem, M-F and Pearce, GP (2013) Molecular characterization of poxviruses associated with tattoo skin lesions in UK cetaceans. PLoS One 8(8): e71734.

Brace, S, Barnes, I, Kitchener, AC, Serjeantson, D and Turvey, ST (2014) Late Holocene range collapse in a former British seabird species. Journal of Biogeography 41: 1583-1589.

Brodie, J, Williamson, CJ, Smale, DA, Kamenos, NA, Mieszkowska, N, Santos, R, Cunliffe, M, Steinke, M, Yesson, C, Anderson, KM, Asnaghi, V, Brownlee, C, Burdett, HL, Burrows, MT, Collins, S, Donohue, PJC, Harvey, B, Foggo, A, Noisette, F, Nunes, J, Ragazzola, F, Raven, JA, Schmidt, DN, Suggett, D, Teichberg, M and Hall-Spencer, JM (2014) The future of the northeast Atlantic benthic flora in a high CO2 world. Ecology and Evolution 4: 2787-2798.

Brooke, ZM, Bielby, J, Nambiar, K and Carbone, C (2014) Correlates of research effort in carnivores: body size, range size and diet matter. PLoS One 9(4): e93195.

Byrom, AE, Craft, ME, Durant, SM, Nkwabi, AJK, Metzger, K, Hampson, K, Mduma, SAR,

Almond, REA, Butchart, SHM, Oldfield, TEE, McRae, L and de Bie, S (2013) Exploitation indices: developing global and national metrics of wildlife use and trade. Biodiversity monitoring and conservation: bridging the gap between global commitment and local action: 159-188. Collen, B, Pettorelli, N, Baillie, JEM and Durant, SM (Eds). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Angelini, C, Sotgiu, G, Tessa, G, Bielby, J, Doglio, S, Favelli, M, Garner, TWJ, Gazzaniga, E, Giacoma, C and Bovero, S (2014) Environmentally determined juvenile growth rates dictate the degree of sexual size dimorphism in the Sardinian brook newt. Evolutionary Ecology. DOI: 10.1007/s10682-014-9717-8

Armstrong, DP and Ewen, JG (2013) Consistency, continuity and creativity: long-term studies of population dynamics on Tiritiri Matangi Island. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 37(3): 288-297.

Baker, KS, Suu-Ire, R, Barr, J, Hayman, DTS, Broder, CC, Horton, DL, Durrant, C, Murcia, PR, Cunningham, AA and Wood, JLN (2014) Viral antibody dynamics in a chiropteran host. Journal of Animal Ecology 83: 415-428.

Baláz, V, Vörös, J, Civiš, P, Vojar, J, Hettyey, A, Sós, E, Dankovics, R, Jehle, R, Christiansen, DG, Clare, F, Fisher, MC, Garner, TWJ and Bielby, J (2014) Assessing risk and guidance on monitoring of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Europe through identification of taxonomic selectivity of infection. Conservation Biology 28: 213-223.

Ball, SJ, Daszak, P, Sainsbury, AW and Snow, KR (2014) Coccidian parasites of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) and grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in England. Journal of Natural History 48: 1225-1230.

Banguera-Hinestroza, E, Evans, PGH, Mirimin, L, Reid, RJ, Mikkelsen, B, Couperus, AS, Deaville, R, Rogan, E and Hoelzel, AR (2014) Phylogeography and population dynamics of the white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) in the

home. Australian Field Ornithology 30: 57-66.

Clements, CF, Collen, B, Blackburn, TM and Petchey, OL (2014) Effects of directional environmental change on extinction dynamics in experimental microbial communities are predicted by a simple model. Oikos 123: 141-150.

Clements, CF, Collen, B, Blackburn, TM and Petchey, OL (2014) Effects of recent environmental change on accuracy of inferences of extinction status. Conservation Biology 28: 971-981.

Clements, CF, Warren, PH, Collen, B, Blackburn, T, Worsfold, N and Petchey, O (2013) Interactions between assembly order and temperature can alter both short- and long-term community composition. Ecology and Evolution 3: 5201-5208.

Collen, B, Griffiths, J, Friedmann, Y, Rodriguez, JP, Rojas-Suàrez, F and Baillie, JEM (2013) Tracking change in national-level conservation status: National Red Lists. Biodiversity monitoring and conservation: bridging the gap between global commitment and local action: 17-44. Collen, B, Pettorelli, N, Baillie, JEM and Durant, SM (Eds). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Collen, B, McRae, L, Loh, J, Deinet, S, De Palma, A, Manley, R and Baillie, JEM (2013) Tracking change in abundance: the living planet index. Biodiversity monitoring and conservation: bridging the gap between global commitment and local action: 71-94. Collen, B, Pettorelli, N, Baillie, JEM and Durant, SM (Eds). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Connolly, M, Thomas, P, Woodroffe, R and Raphael, BL (2013) Comparison of oral and intramuscular recombinant canine distemper vaccination in african wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 44: 882-888.

Creel, S, Becker, MS, Durant, SM, M’Soka, J, Matandiko, W,

Publications



Dickman, AJ, Christianson, D, Dröge, E, Mweetwa, T, Pettorelli, N, Rosenblatt, E, Schuette, P, Woodroffe, R, Bashir, S, Beudels-Jamar, RC, Blake, S, Borner, M, Breitenmoser, C, Broekhuis, F, Cozzi, G, Davenport, TRB, Deutsch, J, Dollar, L, Dolrenry, S, Douglas-Hamilton, I, Fitzherbert, E, Foley, C, Hazzah, L, Henschel, P, Hilborn, R, Hopcraft, JGC, Ikanda, D, Jacobson, A, Joubert, B, Joubert, D, Kelly, MS, Lichtenfeld, L, Mace, GM, Milanzi, J, Mitchell, N, Msuha, M, Muir, R, Nyahongo, J, Pimm, S, Purchase, G, Schenck, C, Sillero-Zubiri, C, Sinclair, ARE, Songorwa, AN, Stanley-Price, M, Tehou, CA, Trout, C, Wall, J, Wittemyer, G and Zimmermann, A (2013) Conserving large populations of lions – the argument for fences has holes. Ecology Letters 16: 1413-14e3. DOI: 10.1111/ele.12145

Crees, JJ and Turvey, ST (2014) Holocene extinction dynamics of Equus hydruntinus, a late-surviving European megafaunal mammal. Quaternary Science Reviews 91: 16-29.

Cunningham, AA, Lawson, B, Hopkins, T and Toms, M (2014) Monitoring diseases in garden wildlife. Veterinary Record 174(5): 126.

Curnick, DJ and Turner, CS (2014) In the case of the Polillo Islands. Asian Diver 132.

Custance, DM, Mayer, JL, Kumar, E, Hill, E and Heaton, PF (2014) Do children with autism re-enact object movements rather than imitate demonstrator actions? Autism Research 7: 28-39.

Davies, TE, Fazey, IRA, Cresswell, W and Pettorelli, N (2014) Missing the trees for the wood: why we are failing to see success in pro-poor conservation. Animal Conservation 17: 303-312.

Davies, TE, Pettorelli, N, Cresswell, W and Fazey, IRA (2014) Who are the poor? Measuring wealth inequality to aid understanding of socioeconomic contexts for conservation: a case-study from the Solomon Islands. Environmental Conservation. DOI: 10.1017/S0376892914000058

Davison, NJ, Barnett, JEF, Koylass, M, Whatmore, AM, Perkins, MW, Deaville, RC and Jepson, PD (2014) Helicobacter cetorum infection in striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus), and short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphus) from the southwest coast of England.

Journal of Wildlife Diseases 50: 431-437.

Doddington, BJ, Bosch, J, Oliver, JA, Grassly, NC, Garcia, G, Schmidt, BR, Garner, TWJ and Fisher, MC (2013) Context-dependent amphibian host population response to an invading pathogen. Ecology 94: 1795-1804.

Doherty-Bone, T, Ndifon, RK, Nyingchia, ON, Landrie, FE, Yonghabi, FT, Duffus, ALJ, Price, S, Perkins, M, Bielby, J, Kome, NB, LeBreton, M, Gonwouo, LN and Cunningham, AA (2013) Morbidity and mortality of the critically endangered Lake Oku clawed frog Xenopus longipes. Endangered Species Research 21: 115-128.

Dolan, E, Tyler, PA, Yesson, C and Rogers, AD (2013) Phylogeny and systematics of deep-sea sea pens (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69: 610-618.

Dreier, S, Redhead, JW, Warren, IA, Bourke, AFG, Heard, MS, Jordan, WC, Sumner, S, Wang, J and Carvell, C (2014) Fine-scale spatial genetic structure of common and declining bumble bees across an agricultural landscape. Molecular Ecology 23: 3384-3395.

Duffus, ALJ, Nichols, RA and Garner, TWJ (2013) Investigations into the life history stages of the common frog (Rana temporaria) affected by an amphibian ranavirus in the United Kingdom. Herpetological Review 44: 260-263.

Duncan, C, Kretz, D, Wegmann, M, Rabeil, T and Pettorelli, N (2014) Oil in the sahara: mapping anthropogenic threats to saharan biodiversity from space. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 369(1643): 20130191.

Durant, SM (2013) Building sustainable national monitoring networks. Biodiversity monitoring and conservation: bridging the gap between global commitment and local action: 311-334. Collen, B, Pettorelli, N, Baillie, JEM and Durant, SM (Eds). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Durant, SM, Wacher, T, Bashir, S, Woodroffe, R, De Ornellas, P, Ransom, C, Newby, J, Abáigar, T, Abdelgadir, M, El Alqamy, H, Baillie, J, Beddiaf, M, Belbachir, F, Belbachir-Bazi, A, Berbash, AA, Bemadjim, NE, Beudels-Jamar, R, Boitani, L, Breitenmoser, C, Cano, M, Chardonnet, P, Collen, B, Cornforth, WA, Cuzin,

F, Gerngross, P, Haddane, B, Hadjeloum, M, Jacobson, A, Jebali, A, Lamarque, F, Mallon, D, Minkowski, K, Monfort, S, Ndoassal, B, Niagate, B, Purchase, G, Samaïla, S, Samna, AK, Sillero-Zubiri, C, Soultan, AE, Stanley Price, MR and Pettorelli, N (2014) Fiddling in biodiversity hotspots while deserts burn? Collapse of the Sahara’s megafauna. Diversity and Distributions 20: 114-122.

Eastwood, G, Goodman, SJ, Hilgert, N, Cruz, M, Kramer, LD and Cunningham, AA (2014) Using avian surveillance in Ecuador to assess the imminence of West Nile Virus incursion to Galápagos. EcoHealth 11: 53-62.

English, S, Huchard, E, Nielsen, JF and Clutton-Brock, TH (2013) Early growth, dominance acquisition and lifetime reproductive success in male and female cooperative meerkats. Ecology and Evolution 3: 4401-4407.

Escribano-Avila, G, Pettorelli, N, Virgós, E, Lara-Romero, C, Lozano, J, Barja, I, Cuadra, FS and Puerta, M (2013) Testing cort-fitness and cort-adaptation hypotheses in a habitat suitability gradient for roe deer. Acta Oecologica 53: 38-48.

Evans, T, Kumschick, S, Dyer, E and Blackburn, TM (2014) Comparing determinants of alien bird impacts across two continents: implications for risk assessment and management. Ecology and Evolution 4: 2957-2967.

Farrer, RA, Henk, DA, Garner, TWJ, Balloux, F, Woodhams, DC and Fisher, MC (2013) Chromosomal copy number variation, selection and uneven rates of recombination reveal cryptic genome diversity linked to pathogenicity. PLoS Genetics 9(8): e1003703.

Fleming, M and Burn, CC (2014) Behavioural assessment of dental pain in captive Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus). Animal Welfare 23: 131-140.

Fontoura, PM, Dyer, E, Blackburn, TM and Orsi, ML (2013) Non-native bird species in Brazil. Neotropical Biology and Conservation 8: 165-175.

Funk, S, Bogich, TL, Jones, KE, Kilpatrick, AM and Daszak, P (2013) Quantifying trends in disease impact to produce a consistent and reproducible definition of an emerging infectious disease. PLoS One 8(8): e69951.

Ganas, P, Jaskulska, B, Lawson, B, Zadravec, M, Hess, M and Bilic, I (2014) Multi-locus sequence typing confirms the clonality of Trichomonas gallinae isolates circulating in European finches. Parasitology 141: 652-661.

Gilbert, AT, Fooks, AR, Hayman, DTS, Horton, DL, Müller, T, Plowright, R, Peel, AJ, Bowen, R, Wood, JLN, Mills, J, Cunningham, AA and Rupprecht, CE (2013) Deciphering serology to understand the ecology of infectious diseases in wildlife. EcoHealth 10: 298-313.

Glover, AG, Wiklund, H, Taboada, S, Avila, C, Cristobo, J, Smith, CR, Kemp, KM, Jamieson, A and Dahlgren, TG (2013) Bone-eating worms from the Antarctic: the contrasting fate of whale and wood remains on the Southern Ocean seafloor. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B – Biological Sciences 280: 20131390.

Godfray, HCJ, Donnelly, CA, Kao, RR, Macdonald, DW, McDonald, RA, Petrokofsky, G, Wood, JLN, Woodroffe, R, Young, DB and McLean, AR (2013) A restatement of the natural science evidence base relevant to the control of bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B – Biological Sciences 280(1768).

Gordon, IJ, Evans, DM, Garner, TWJ, Katzner, T, Gompper, ME, Altwegg, R, Branch, TA, Johnson, JA and Pettorelli, N (2014) Enhancing communication between conservation biologists and conservation practitioners: letter from the conservation front line. Animal Conservation 17: 1-2.

Grainger, DP, Asher, CL, Jones, JC, Nascimento, FS, Sumner, S and Hughes, WOH (2014) A novel method of assessing dominance hierarchies shows nuance, linearity and stability in the dinosaur ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Ethology. DOI: 10.1111/eth.12280

Harrison, XA, Hodgson, DJ, Inger, R, Colhoun, K, Gudmundsson, GA, McElwaine, G, Tregenza, T and Bearhop, S (2013) Environmental conditions during breeding modify the strength of mass-dependent carry-over effects in a migratory bird. PLoS One 8(10): e77783.

Harrison, XA, York, JE, Cram, DL, Hares, MC and Young, AJ (2013) Complete reproductive skew within white-browed sparrow weaver groups despite outbreeding opportunities for subordinates of both

sexes. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 67: 1915-1929.

Harrison, XA, York, JE, Cram, DL and Young, AJ (2013) Extra-group mating increases inbreeding risk in a cooperatively breeding bird. Molecular Ecology 22: 5700-5715.

Huchard, E, Charmantier, A, English, S, Bateman, A, Nielsen, JF and Clutton-Brock, T (2014) Additive genetic variance and developmental plasticity in growth trajectories in a wild cooperative mammal. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27: 1893-1904.

Imrat, P, Mahasawangkul, S, Thitaram, C, Suthanmapinanth, P, Kornkaewrat, K, Sombutputorn, P, Jansittiwate, S, Thongtip, N, Pinyopummin, A, Colenbrander, B, Holt, WV and Stout, TAE (2014) Effect of alternate day collection on semen quality of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) with poor initial fresh semen quality. Animal Reproduction Science 147: 154-160.

Jeschke, JM, Bacher, S, Blackburn, TM, Dick, JTA, Essl, F, Evans, T, Gaertner, M, Hulme, PE, Kühn, I, Mrugała, A, Pergl, J, Pyšek, P, Rabitsch, W, Ricciardi, A, Richardson, DM, Sendek, A, Vilà, M, Winter, M and Kumschick, S (2014) Defining the impact of non-native species. Conservation Biology. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12299

Jones, KE, Russ, JA, Bashta, A, Bilhari, Z, Catto, C, Csösz, I, Gorbachev, A, Györfi, P, Hughes, A, Ivashkiv, I, Koryagina, N, Kurali, A, Langton, S, Collen, A, Margiean, G, Pandourski, I, Parsons, S, Prokofev, I, Szodoray-Paradi, A, Szodoray-Paradi, F, Tilova, E, Walters, CL, Weatherill, A and Zavarzin, O (2013) Indicator bats program: a system for the global acoustic monitoring of bats. Biodiversity monitoring and conservation: bridging the gap between global commitment and local action: 211-247. Collen, B, Pettorelli, N, Baillie, JEM and Durant, SM (Eds). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Kachelriess, D, Wegmann, M, Gollock, M and Pettorelli, N (2014) The application of remote sensing for marine protected area management. Ecological Indicators 36: 169-177.

Katzner, T, Johnson, JA, Evans, DM, Garner, TWJ, Gompper, ME, Altwegg, R, Branch, TA, Gordon, IJ and Pettorelli, N (2013) Challenges and opportunities for animal conservation from renewable energy development.


Animal Conservation 16(4): 367-369.

Lambert, E, Pierce, GJ, Hall, K, Brereton, T, Dunn, TE, Wall, D, Jepson, PD, Deaville, R and Macleod, CD (2014) Cetacean range and climate in the eastern North Atlantic: future predictions and implications for conservation. Global Change Biology 20: 1782-1793.

Law, RJ, Losada, S, Barber, JL, Bersuder, P, Deaville, R, Brownlow, A, Penrose, R and Jepson, PD (2013) Alternative flame retardants, Dechlorane Plus and BDEs in the blubber of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded or bycaught in the UK during 2008. Environment International 60: 81-88.

Lawson, B, de Pinna, E, Horton, RA, Macgregor, SK, John, SK, Chantrey, J, Duff, JP, Kirkwood, JK, Simpson, VR, Robinson, RA, Wain, J and Cunningham, AA (2014) Epidemiological evidence that garden birds are a source of human salmonellosis in England and Wales. PLoS One 9(2): e88968.

Leadbeater, E and Florent, C (2014) Foraging bumblebees do not rate social information above personal experience. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68: 1145-1150.

Learmonth, JA, Murphy, S, Luque, PL, Reid, RJ, Patterson, IAP, Brownlow, A, Ross, HM, Barley, JP, Begoña Santos, M and Pierce, GJ (2014) Life history of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in Scottish (UK) waters. Marine Mammal Science. DOI: 10.1111/mms.12130

Letessier, TB, Meeuwig, JJ, Gollock, M, Groves, L, Bouchet, PJ, Chapuis, L, Vianna, GMS, Kemp, K and Koldewey, HJ (2014) Assessing pelagic fish populations: the application of demersal video techniques to the mid-water environment. Methods in Oceanography. DOI: 10.1016/j.mio.2013.11.003

Louis, M, Viricel, A, Lucas, T, Peltier, H, Alfonsi, E, Berrow, S, Brownlow, A, Covelo, P, Dabin, W, Deaville, R, de Stephanis, R, Gally, F, Gauffier, P, Penrose, R, Silva, MA, Guinet, C and Simon-Bouhet, B (2014) Habitat-driven population structure of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in the North-East Atlantic. Molecular Ecology 23: 857-874.

MacLeod, KJ, Nielsen, JF and Clutton-Brock, TH (2013) Factors predicting the frequency, likelihood and duration of

allonursing in the cooperatively breeding meerkat. Animal Behaviour 86: 1059-1067.

Mann, RP, Armstrong, C, Meade, J, Freeman, R, Biro, D and Guilford, T (2014) Landscape complexity influences route memory formation in navigating pigeons. Biology Letters 10(1): 20130885.

Martinez-Levasseur, LM, Birch-Machin, MA, Bowman, A, Gendron, D, Weatherhead, E, Knell, RJ and Acevedo-Whitehouse, K (2013) Whales use distinct strategies to counteract solar ultraviolet radiation. Scientific Reports 3: art.no. 2386. DOI: 10.1038/srep02386

McCallum, JW, Rowcliffe, JM and Cuthill, IC (2014) Conservation on international boundaries: the impact of security barriers on selected terrestrial mammals in four protected areas in Arizona, USA. PLoS One 9(4): e93679.

McInerny, GJ, Chen, M, Freeman, R, Gavaghan, D, Meyer, M, Rowland, F, Spiegelhalter, DJ, Stefaner, M, Tessarolo, G and Hortal, J (2014) Information visualisation for science and policy: engaging users and avoiding bias. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 29: 148-157.

Milner-Gulland, EJ, McGregor, JA, Agarwala, M, Atkinson, G, Bevan, P, Clements, T, Daw, T, Homewood, K, Kumpel, N, Lewis, J, Mourato, S, Palmer Fry, B, Redshaw, M, Rowcliffe, JM, Suon, S, Wallace, G, Washington, H and Wilkie, D (2014) Accounting for the impact of conservation on human well-being. Conservation Biology. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12277

Mokhtar-Jamaï, K, Coma, R, Wang, J, Zuberer, F, Féral, J-P and Aurelle, D (2013) Role of evolutionary and ecological factors in the reproductive success and the spatial genetic structure of the temperate gorgonian Paramuricea clavata. Ecology and Evolution 3: 2378-2391.

Murphy, S, Pinn, E and Jepson, PD (2013) A review of the short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) in the north-east Atlantic: distribution, ecology and conservation status. Oceanography and Marine Biology 51: 193-280. Hughes, RN, Hughes, DJ and Smith, IP (Eds). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group LLC.

Naumann, E, Curnick, DJ, Suggett, DJ and Smith, DJ (2014) Mangroves reveal more robust coral species. Divers for the Environment 10: 21.

Orton, F, Baynes, A, Clare, F, Duffus, ALJ, Larroze, S, Scholze, M and Garner, TWJ (2014) Body size, nuptial pad size and hormone levels: potential non-destructive biomarkers of reproductive health in wild toads (Bufo bufo). Ecotoxicology 23: 1359-1365.

O’Shea, TJ, Cryan, PM, Cunningham, AA, Fooks, AR, Hayman, DTS, Luis, AD, Peel, AJ, Plowright, RK and Wood, JLN (2014) Bat flight and zoonotic viruses. Emerging Infectious Diseases 20: 741-745.

Payan, E, Carbone, C, Homewood, K, Paemelaere, E, Quigley, H and Durant, SM (2013) Where will jaguars roam? The importance of survival in unprotected lands. Molecular population genetics, evolutionary biology and biological conservation of Neotropical carnivores: 603-627. Ruiz-Garcia, M and Shostell, JM (Eds). New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers Inc.

Peck, HL, Pringle, HE, Marshall, HH, Owens, IPF and Lord, AM (2014) Experimental evidence of impacts of an invasive parakeet on foraging behavior of native birds. Behavioral Ecology 25: 582-590.

Peel, AJ, McKinley, TJ, Baker, KS, Barr, JA, Crameri, G, Hayman, DTS, Feng, Y-R, Broder, CC, Wang, L-F, Cunningham, AA and Wood, JLN (2013) Use of cross-reactive serological assays for detecting novel pathogens in wildlife: assessing an appropriate cutoff for henipavirus assays in African bats. Journal of Virological Methods 193: 295-303.

Peel, AJ, Pulliam, JRC, Luis, AD, Plowright, RK, O’Shea, TJ, Hayman, DTS, Wood, JLN, Webb, CT and Restif, O (2014) The effect of seasonal birth pulses on pathogen persistence in wild mammal populations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B – Biological Sciences 281: 20132962.

Peel, AJ, Sargan, DR, Baker, KS, Hayman, DTS, Barr, JA, Crameri, G, Suu-Ire, R, Broder, CC, Lembo, T, Wang, L-F, Fooks, AR, Rossiter, SJ, Wood, JLN and Cunningham, AA (2013) Continent-wide panmixia of an African fruit bat facilitates transmission of potentially zoonotic viruses. Nature Communications 4: article no. 2770. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3770

Peltier, H, Jepson, PD, Dabin, W, Deaville, R, Daniel, P, Van Canneyt,

O and Ridoux, V (2014) The contribution of stranding data to monitoring and conservation strategies for cetaceans: developing spatially explicit mortality indicators for common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in the eastern North-Atlantic. Ecological Indicators 39: 203-214.

Pettorelli, N (2013) Satellite data-based indices to monitor land use and habitat changes. Biodiversity monitoring and conservation: bridging the gap between global commitment and local action: 95-119. Collen, B, Pettorelli, N, Baillie, JEM and Durant, SM (Eds). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Pettorelli, N, Safi, K and Turner, W (2014) Satellite remote sensing, biodiversity research and conservation of the future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 369(1643): 20130190.

Pfeifer, M, Lefebvre, V, Gardner, TA, Arroyo-Rodriguez, V, Baeten, L, Banks-Leite, C, Barlow, J, Betts, MG, Brunet, J, Cerezo, A, Cisneros, LM, Collard, S, D’Cruze, N, da Silva Motta, C, Duguay, S, Eggermont, H, Eigenbrod, F, Hadley, AS, Hanson, TR, Hawes, JE, Heartsill Scalley, T, Klingbeil, BT, Kolb, A, Kormann, U, Kumar, S, Lachat, T, Lakeman Fraser, P, Lantschner, V, Laurance, WF, Leal, IR, Lens, L, Marsh, CJ, Medina-Rangel, GF, Melles, S, Mezger, D, Oldekop, JA, Overal, WL, Owen, C, Peres, CA, Phalan, B, Pidgeon, AM, Pilia, O, Possingham, HP, Possingham, ML, Raheem, DC, Ribeiro, DB, Ribeiro Neto, JD, Douglas Robinson, W, Robinson, R, Rytwinski, T, Scherber, C, Slade, EM, Somarriba, E, Stouffer, PC, Struebig, MJ, Tylianakis, JM, Tscharntke, T, Tyre, AJ, Urbina Cardona, JN, Vasconcelos, HL, Wearn, O, Wells, K, Willig, MR, Wood, E, Young, RP, Bradley, AV and Ewers, RM (2014) BIOFRAG – a new database for analyzing BIOdiversity responses to forest FRAGmentation. Ecology and Evolution 4: 1524-1537.

Randau, M, Carbone, C and Turvey, ST (2013) Canine evolution in sabretoothed carnivores: natural selection or sexual selection? PLoS One 8(8): e72868.

Richman, NI, Gibbons, JM, Turvey, ST, Akamatsu, T, Ahmed, B, Mahabub, E, Smith, BD and Jones, JPG (2014) To see or not to see: investigating detectability of Ganges River dolphins using a combined visual-acoustic survey. PLoS One 9(5): e96811.

Rosa, GM, Boistel, R, Campantico, E, Gillet, B, Eusebio Bergò, P and Andreone, F (2014) Case solved: presence of toxin-secreting oral glands in the lamprophiid snake Mimophis mahfalensis (Grandidier, 1867) from Madagascar. Zoomorphology. DOI: 10.1007/s00435-014-0234-7

Rosa, GM and Penado, A (2014) A vida no escuro dos anfíbios da Serra da Estrela [Life in the dark of the amphibians of Serra da Estrela]. Zimbro June: 38-43.

Rosa, GM, Sabino-Pinto, J, Noël, J and Andreone, F (2014) Predation on the treefrog Boophis rufioculus (Anura, Mantellidae) by the freshwater crab Hydrothelphusa sp. (Decapoda, Potamonautidae) in Madagascar. Crustaceana 87: 890-894.

Roy, HE, Peyton, J, Aldridge, DC, Bantock, T, Blackburn, TM, Britton, R, Clark, P, Cook, E, Dehnen-Schmutz, K, Dines, T, Dobson, M, Edwards, F, Harrower, C, Harvey, MC, Minchin, D, Noble, DG, Parrott, D, Pocock, MJO, Preston, CD, Roy, S, Salisbury, A, Schönrogge, K, Sewell, J, Shaw, RH, Stebbing, P, Stewart, AJA and Walker, KJ (2014) Horizon scanning for invasive alien species with the potential to threaten biodiversity in Great Britain. Global Change Biology. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12603

Sa, RCC, Bailey, TA, O’Donovan, D, Wernery, U and Kilgallon, CP (2013) Assessment of seroconversion to a peste des petits ruminants virus live vaccine in Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx). Veterinary Record 173: 609.

Sa, RCC, Cunningham, Dagleish, MP, Wheelhouse, N, Pocknell, A, Borel, N, Peck, HL and Lawson, B (2014) Psittacine beak and feather disease in a free-living ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri) in Great Britain. European Journal of Wildlife Research 60: 395-398.

Saavedra, M, Masdeu, M, Hale, P and Holt, WV (2014) Dietary fatty acid enrichment increases egg size and quality of yellow seahorse Hippocampus kuda. Animal Reproduction Science 145: 54-61.

Schmeller, DS, Blooi, M, Martel, A, Garner, TWJ, Fisher, MC, Azemar, F, Clare, FC, Leclerc, C, Jäger, L, Guevara-Nieto, M, Loyau, A and Pasmans, F (2014) Microscopic aquatic predators strongly affect infection dynamics of a globally emerged pathogen. Current Biology 24: 176-180.



Schulte-Herbrüggen, B, Cowlishaw, G, Homewood, K and Rowcliffe, JM (2013) The importance of bushmeat in the livelihoods of West African cash-crop farmers living in a faunally-depleted landscape. PLoS One 8(8): e72807.

Schulte-Herbrüggen, B, Rowcliffe, JM, Homewood, K, Kurpiers, LA, Whitham, C and Cowlishaw, G (2013) Wildlife depletion in a West African farm-forest mosaic and the implications for hunting across the landscape. Human Ecology 41: 795-806.

Seddon, PJ, Moehrenschlager, A and Ewen, J (2014) Reintroducing resurrected species: selecting DeExtinction candidates. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 29: 140-147.

Shannon, G, Slotow, R, Durant, SM, Sayialel, KN, Poole, J, Moss, C and McComb, K (2013) Effects of social disruption in elephants persist decades after culling. Frontiers in Zoology 10: 62.

Signorile, AL, Paoloni, D and Reuman, DC (2014) Grey squirrels in central Italy: a new threat for endemic red squirrel subspecies. Biological Invasions. DOI: 10.1007/s10530-014-0668-3

Signorile, AL, Wang, J, Lurz, PWW, Bertolino, S, Carbone, C and Reuman, DC (2014) Do founder size, genetic diversity and structure influence rates of expansion of North American grey squirrels in Europe? Diversity and Distributions 20: 918-930.

Smith, O and Wang, J (2014) When can noninvasive samples provide sufficient information in conservation genetics studies? Molecular Ecology Resources 14: 1011-1023.

Soto-Azat, C, Valenzuela-Sanchez, A, Clarke, BT, Busse, K, Ortiz, JC, Barrientos, C and Cunningham, AA (2013) Is chytridiomycosis driving Darwin’s frogs to extinction? PLoS One 8(11): e79862.

Spitzen-Van Der Sluijs, A, Martel, A, Hallmann, CA, Bosman, W, Garner, TWJ, Van Rooij, P, Jooris, R, Haesebrouck, F and Pasmans, F (2014) Environmental determinants of recent endemism of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infections in amphibian assemblages in the absence of disease outbreaks. Conservation Biology. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12281

Stanton, DWG, Hart, J, Galbusera, P, Helsen, P, Shephard, J, Kümpel, NF, Wang, J, Ewen, JG and Bruford, MW (2014) Distinct and diverse: range-wide phylogeography reveals ancient lineages and high genetic variation in the endangered okapi (Okapia johnstoni). PLoS One 9(7): e101081.

Stevens, VM, Whitmee, S, Le Galliard, J-F, Clobert, J, Böhning-Gaese, K, Bonte, D, Brändle, M, Matthias Dehling, D, Hof, C, Trochet, A and Baguette, M (2014) A comparative analysis of dispersal syndromes in terrestrial and semi-terrestrial animals. Ecology Letters 17: 1039-1052.

Stuart, SN and Collen, B (2013) Conserving biodiversity in a target-driven world. Biodiversity monitoring and conservation: bridging the gap between global commitment and local action: 421-438. Collen, B, Pettorelli, N, Baillie, JEM and Durant, SM (Eds). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Su, S, Cassey, P and Blackburn, TM (2014) Patterns of non-randomness in the composition and characteristics of the Taiwanese bird trade. Biological Invasions. DOI: 10.1007/s10530-014-0686-1

Suselbeek, L, Emsens, W-J, Hirsch, BT, Kays, R, Rowcliffe, JM, Zamora-Gutierrez, V and Jansen, PA (2014) Food acquisition and predator avoidance in a Neotropical rodent. Animal Behaviour 88: 41-48.

Swindles, GT, Reczuga, M, Lamentowicz, M, Raby, CL, Turner, TE, Charman, DJ, Gallego-Sala, A, Valderrama, E, Williams, C, Draper, F, Honorio Coronado, EN, Roucoux, KH, Baker, T and Mullan, DJ (2014) Ecology of testate amoebae in an Amazonian peatland and development of a transfer function for palaeohydrological reconstruction. Microbial Ecology 68: 284-298.

Thompson, BS, Clubbe, CP, Primavera, JH, Curnick, DJ and Koldewey, HJ (2014) Locally assessing the economic viability of blue carbon: a case study from Panay Island, the Philippines. Ecosystem Services 8: 128-140.

Thorogood, R, Armstrong, DP, Low, M, Brekke, P and Ewen, JG (2013) The value of long-term ecological research: integrating knowledge for conservation of hihi on Tiritiri Matangi Island. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 37: 298-306.

Tierney, M, Almond, R, Stanwell-Smith, D, McRae, L, Zockler, C, Collen, B, Walpole, M, Hutton, J and de Bie, S (2014) Use it or lose it: measuring trends in wild species subject to substantial use. Oryx 48: 420-429.

Tobler, U, Garner, TWJ and Schmidt, BR (2013) Genetic attributes of midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) populations do not correlate with degree of species decline. Ecology and Evolution 3: 2806-2819.

Turvey, ST, Fernández-Secades, C, Nuñez-Miño, JM, Hart, T, Martinez, P, Brocca, JL and Young, RP (2013) Is local ecological knowledge a useful conservation tool for small mammals in a Caribbean multicultural landscape? Biological Conservation 169: 189-197.

Turvey, ST, Tong, H, Stuart, AJ and Lister, AM (2013) Holocene survival of Late Pleistocene megafauna in China: a critical review of the evidence. Quaternary Science Reviews 76: 156-166.

Vaughan-Higgins, R, Murphy, S, Carter, I, Pocknell, A, Harris, E and Sainsbury, AW (2013) Fatal epicarditis in a hen harrier (Circus cyaneus) a red-listed bird of high conservation concern in Britain associated with Cyathostoma species and Escherichia coli infection. Veterinary Record. DOI: 10.1136/vr.101476

Verissimo, D, MacMillan, DC, Smith, RJ, Crees, J and Davies, ZG (2014) Has climate change taken prominence over biodiversity conservation? BioScience 64: 625-629.

Walker, LK, Ewen, JG and Kilner, RM (2014) Sexually selected dichromatism in the hihi Notiomystis cincta: multiple colours for multiple receivers. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27: 1522-1535.

Walker, LK, Thorogood, R, Karadas, F, Raubenheimer, D, Kilner, RM and Ewen, JG (2014) Foraging for carotenoids: do colorful male hihi target carotenoid-rich foods in the wild? Behavioral Ecology. DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru076

Wang, J (2014) Estimation of migration rates from marker-based parentage analysis. Molecular Ecology 23: 3191-3213.

Wang, J (2014) Marker-based estimates of relatedness and inbreeding coefficients: an assessment of current methods.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27: 518-530.

Wang, J and Scribner, KT (2014) Parentage and sibship inference from markers in polyploids. Molecular Ecology Resources 14: 541-553.

Wearn, OR, Rowcliffe, JM, Carbone, C, Bernard, H and Ewers, RM (2013) Assessing the status of wild felids in a highly-disturbed commercial forest reserve in Borneo and the implications for camera trap survey design. PLoS One 8(11): e77598.

Williams, D, Pettorelli, N, Henschel, J, Cowlishaw, G and Douglas, CMS (2013) Impact of alien trees on mammal distributions along an ephemeral river in the Namib Desert. African Journal of Ecology. DOI: 10.1111/aje.12134

Wilson, JW, Mills, MGL, Wilson, RP, Peters, G, Mills, MEJ, Speakman, JR, Durant, SM, Bennett, NC, Marks, NJ and Scantlebury, M (2013) Cheetahs, Acinonyx jubatus, balance turn capacity with pace when chasing prey. Biology Letters 9: 20130620.

Wilson, SC, Eybatov, TM, Amano, M, Jepson, PD and Goodman, SJ (2014) The role of canine distemper virus and persistent organic pollutants in mortality patterns of Caspian seals (Pusa caspica). PLoS One 9(7): e99265.

Woodroffe, R, Hedges, S and Durant, SM (2014) To fence or not to fence. Science 344(6179): 46-48.

Wright, EP, Kemp, K, Rogers, AD and Yesson, C (2014) Genetic structure of the tall sea pen Funiculina quadrangularis in NW Scottish sea lochs. Marine Ecology. DOI: 10.1111/maec.12174

Zanette, LRS, Miller, SDL, Faria, CMA, Lopez-Vaamonde, C and Bourke, AFG (2014) Bumble bee workers drift to conspecific nests at field scales. Ecological Entomology 39: 347-354.

Zhu, L, Hu, Y, Qi, D, Wu, H, Zhan, X, Zhang, Z, Bruford, MW, Wang, J, Yang, X, Gu, X, Zhang, L, Zhang, B, Zhang, S and Wei, F (2013) Genetic consequences of historical anthropogenic and ecological events on giant pandas. Ecology 94: 2346-2357.

PhD THESESAsher, C (2013) The dynamics of reproductive dominance in dinosaur ants. University of Leeds, UK.

Bland, L (2014) Resolving the effects of data deficient species on the estimation of extinction risk. Imperial College London, UK.

Bryant, J (2014) Developing a conservation evidence-base for the Critically Endangered Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus). University College London, UK.

Clements, C (2014) Extinction and environmental change: testing the predictability of species loss. University of Sheffield, UK.

Crees, J (2013) Dynamics of large mammal range shifts and extinction: evidence from the Holocene record of Europe. Imperial College London, UK.

Cross, H (2014) The importance of small-scale fishing to rural coastal livelihoods: a comparative case-study from the Bijagós Islands, Guinea-Bissau. University College London, UK.

Davies, T (2014) Assessing the relationship between poverty and biodiversity, in the context of land use change in the Solomon Islands.

Farrer, R (2013) Comparative genomics and epidemiology of the amphibian-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Imperial College London, UK.

McNamara, J (2014) The dynamics of a bushmeat hunting system under social, economic and environmental change. Imperial College London, UK.

O’Kelly, H (2014) Monitoring conservation threats, interventions and impacts on wildlife in a Cambodian tropical forest. Imperial College London, UK.

Price, S (2014) Emergence of a virulent wildlife disease: using spatial epidemiology and phylogenetic methods to reconstruct the spread of amphibian viruses. University of London, Queen Mary, UK.

Signorile, L (2014) Genetic determinants of the expansion of eastern grey squirrel populations across Europe. Imperial College London, UK.

Smith, F (2014) The epidemiology of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the UK. Imperial College London, UK.

Stanton, D (2014) Phylogeography, population genetics and conservation


of the okapi. Cardiff University, UK.

Walker, L (2014) The consequences of early- and adult-life nutrition for the colour and conservation of hihi Notiomystis cincta. University of Cambridge, UK.

MSc THESES – CONSERVATION SCIENCEAwarded by Imperial College London, UK

Aberdeen, S (2013) The history and future of island conservation in a snail shell utilising historically formed baselines and extinction risk analysis within island ecosystems to inform risk assessment and future Partula reintroduction planning.

Barnes, P (2013) Battitude: an assessment of human attitude and behaviour towards the Critically Endangered Pteropus rodricensis.

Brittain, S (2013) A rapid assessment of the status and distribution of Loxodonta cyclotis in South East Cameroon.

Bush, ER (2013) What’s the catch? Mosquito net fishing in East Africa.

Fonseca, C (2013) Disentangling porpoise bycatch: interaction between areas of finless porpoise occurrence and spatial distribution of fishing gear.

Chan, CJ (2013) Interactions between invasive mammals and their effects on red-billed tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus) nesting productivity.

Dancer, A (2013) Do community-conserved areas in Tanzania achieve conservation goals? An initiative-wide study using remote imagery and matching methods.

Dorward, L (2013) Local participation where traditional monitoring has failed; assessing the participatory monitoring of saigas (Saiga tatarica) in Kalmykia, Russia.

Eckert, S (2013) The value of the global marine protected area network in the conservation of migratory, endangered sharks.

Evans, T (2013) The magnitude and determinants of alien bird impacts in Australia.

Fairburn, W (2013) An evaluation of capacity development

initiatives within the BirdLife International Partnership.

Gleave, RA (2013) Post-dispersal seed removal rates: the relative roles played by vertebrates and invertebrates along a land-use gradient due to tropical forest degradation in Sabah, Malaysia.

Harrison, M (2013) Penetrating the Impenetrable: establishing profiles and motivations of resource users at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda.

Hazelwood, K (2013) Factors affecting red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) nesting success and chick survival at Langholm Moor.

Jenkins, H (2013) The human dimensions of illegal bird trapping in Cyprus.

Johnson, S (2013) Lapwing conservation and Agri-Environment Scheme fallow plots – population sources or sinks? An assessment of whether AES fallow plots provide suitable habitat for lapwing fledging success.

Jones, S (2013) Examining the behavioural costs of heat in a climatically range-restricted arid zone bird; the case of the Ethiopian Bush-crow Zavattariornis stresemanni.

Kerr, CH (2013) Evaluating the viability of shade-grown tree crop plantations as a conservation strategy in the context of crop-raiding adjacent to Gola Rainforest National Park, Sierra Leone.

Laginha Pinto Correia, D (2013) The role of supplementary feeding in conservation: the example of the hihi (Notiomystis cincta).

Motoki, M (2013) A preliminary triage approach to global assessment of palms extinction risk.

Pollard, CRJ (2013) The right tools for the job: assessment of critical evaluation systems for community-based conservation programmes in Samburu, northern Kenya.

Price, V (2013) Trouble in paradise: mapping human-wildlife conflict in the western Indian Ocean.

Püschel Hoeneisen, N (2013) Evaluating spatial trade-offs of prioritising different objectives

for the Working for Water programme in South Africa.

Selinske, M (2013) Do fulfilled motivations lead to satisfaction? An assessment of stewardship landowners in the Western Cape, South Africa.

Selvey, C (2013) A social evaluation of a community-based monitoring project in Guyana. cMRV: community-measuring, reporting and verification.

Shirkhorshidi, M (2013) Local community perceptions on natural resource governance at protected areas: understanding factors critical to the success of integrated conservation and development.

Shishkova, E (2013) Socio-economic impact assessment of protected areas: a review of methods and their application.

Spooner, F (2013) When the going gets tough, the tough restrict their movement – the effect of fluctuating resources on the daily movements of African elephants.

Ward, C (2013) Social dynamics of a human wildlife conflict: understanding attitudes and behaviours towards yellow-shouldered Amazon parrots on Bonaire.

Wheeler, LJ (2013) Using telemetry data to study behavioural responses of Grevy’s zebra in a pastoral landscape in Samburu, Kenya.

Wilkinson, C (2013) Composition and abundance of freshwater fish communities across a land use gradient in Sabah, Borneo.

MSc THESES – WILD ANIMAL BIOLOGYAwarded by the University of London, UK

Abad, K (2103) Drivers of the global lobsters’ (Homaridae) species richness patterns.

Adams, A (2013) Post mortem prevalence of avian tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium avium) in captive flamingos in the United Kingdom.

Agnew, R (2013) The impact of wind farms on the cortisol level of badgers.

Brandao, J (2013) Do high noise levels and the presence of visitors have a negative impact on the behaviour of polar bears (Ursus maritimus)?

Correia Da Costa, AF (2013) Lead exposure affects bone mechanical properties of free-living red kites (Milvus milvus) in the UK.

Davies, O (2013) Reintroduction or wait and see?

Duggan, G (2013) Tongue tied: an assessment of nocturnal behaviour in captive giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis).

Ferri, C (2013) Haemoparasite infections of British garden birds.

Gunary, N (2013) Assessing patterns of Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. prevalence as indicators of anthropozoonotic disease risk in the Critically Endangered western lowland gorilla.

Holt, S (2013) Exploring the effect of resource predictability on foraging behaviour and success of wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus).

Kirkham, HM (2013) Second generation anticoagulant rodenticides in captive birds at ZSL London Zoo.

Stone, R (2013) Assessing reactivity in individual elephants through keeper assessments of personality and introduction of a novel stimulus.

Takahashi, EA (2013) The role of dogs in the transmission and maintenance of canine distemper in the Serengeti ecosystem – barking up the wrong tree?

Theodorakou, C (2013) Factors affecting the reproductive output and hatching success of the leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea in Tobago, West Indies.

Woodcraft, G (2013) Elucidating the evolutionary history of the toll-like receptor 1, 6 and 10 superfamily in marine mammals.

MSc THESES – WILD ANIMAL HEALTHAwarded by the University of London, UK

Barratclough, A (2013) Calculating the weight of right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) at sea, to faciliatae accurate dosing of sedatives, to enable disentanglement from fishing gear.

Eng, WLJ (2013) Host-parasite ecology of the helminths in a group of working Asian

elephants (Elephas maximus) in Myanmar.

Franklinos, LHV (2013) Fluctuating asymmetry in UK raptors and influence of pollutant exposure.

Hassell, J (2103) Mortality, morbidity and development of infant mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei): a retrospective analysis of 46 years’ worth of necropsy data.

Jayasinghe, MGCM (2013) Causes of deaths in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) in the UK zoological collections, 1971-2012: a retrospective study.

Kulkarni, M (2013) A retospective study of neoplasia in captive wild felids resident at ZSL London Zoo from 1956-2013.

Naylor, A (2013) Validation of faecal progestogen analysis for monitoring the reproductive profiles of female lowland (Tapirus terrestrus) and Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus).

Rodriguez Lopez Del Rio, PA (2013) Assessing mammalian diversity in urban settings through carrion fly-derived DNA analysis.

Shadbolt, T (2013) Characterising Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease.

Simpkins, KS (2013) The effects of noise on faecal cortisol and behaviour in off-show pied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor) at Durrell Wildlife Conservation Park.


ZSL SCIENCE REVIEW / GOVERNANCE

ZSL/UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON JOINT COMMITTEEUniversity College LondonProfessor Frances Brodsky

(Director, Division of Biosciences); Chair

Dr Helen Chatterjee (Senior Lecturer in Biology and Deputy Director of Museums, Collections and Public Engagement)

Professor Andrew Pomiankowski (Head, Genetics, Evolution and Environment; Dean, Faculty of Life Sciences)

ZSLRalph Armond (Director General)Professor Geoff Boxshall FRS

(ZSL Secretary; Natural History Museum)

Sir Cyril Chantler (appointed Chair UCL Partners)

Professor Ian Owens (Natural History Museum)

In attendanceIan Davis (Senior Management

Accountant, School of Life and Medical Sciences, UCL)

Loren Moyse (Faculty Manager, Faculty of Life Sciences, UCL)

Veena Sharma (Finance Director, School of Life and Medical Sciences, UCL)

Fiona Evans (Human Resources Director, ZSL)

Christina Herterich (Administration Manager, Institute of Zoology); Committee Secretary

Professor Ken Norris (Director of Science, Institute of Zoology)

Michael Russell (Finance Director, ZSL)

IoZProfessor Tim Blackburn, Director

of Science (to 31 July 2014)Professor Ken Norris, Director of

Science (from 1 August 2014)Senior Research StaffAndrew Cunningham, Deputy

Director, Institute of Zoology; Theme Leader, Wildlife Epidemiology

Chris Carbone, Theme Leader, Biodiversity and Macroecology

Guy Cowlishaw, Theme Leader, Behavioural and Population Ecology

Sarah Durant, Theme Leader, People, Wildlife and Ecosystems

Trent Garner, Theme Leader, Evolution and Molecular Ecology

Paul JepsonKate Jones, UCL and ZSL Chair of

Ecology and BiodiversityAnthony Sainsbury

Samuel TurveyJinliang WangRosie Woodroffe,

Postgraduate TutorPostdoctoral Research StaffJon BielbyMonika BöhmPatricia BrekkeJohn EwenRobin FreemanXavier HarrisonEdward JohnsKirsty KempBecki Lawson Kelly MoyesSinead MurphyNathalie PettorelliMarcus RowcliffeHannah RowlandChristopher YessonPostgraduate Research StudentsClaudia AmphlettClaire AsherFarid BelbachirEmily BellDominic BennettLucie BlandMariana Bobadilla SuarezSarah BrookeJessica BryantLewis CampbellFrances ClareFay ClarkChris ClementsMurray CollinsJennifer CreesHelen CrossDavid CurnickJeremy CusackDavid DaversaTammy DaviesJulieta DecarreCaitlin DouglasClare DuncanSimon DuresEllie DyerRhys FarrerHenry Ferguson-Gow

Ben GarrodGianfranco GliozzoJames HansfordMichael HudsonEric Isaí Ameca y JuárezAndrew JacobsonNatoya JourdainAlexandra KaminsGita KasthalaRosalind KennerleyEmmelianna KumarAlexander LeeJames McNamaraHelen MeredithElizabeth MoorcroftSean MorrowSahil NijhawanHannah O’KellyHelen O’NeillDavid OrchardLeandro PatinoStephen PriceCassandra RabyNadia RichmanSilke Riesle SbarbaroGoncalo RosaSu ShanLisa SignorileFreya SmithDavid StantonLeila WalkerCharlotte WaltersOliver WearnEmma WombwellCharlotte WoodJuliet WrightVeronica Zamora-

GutiérrezAffiliated Postgraduate Research StudentsAlice BanielAnne-Sophie BertrandAlecia CarterMarc Fernandez MorronAlexander GorbachevAnne HilbornKirsten McMillanKate RichardsonRichard Suu-Ire

Postgraduate Research AssistantsKatie BeckmannRicardo Castro César de SáAliénor ChauvenetAmy CollinsStefanie DeinetLydia FranklinosTim HopkinsSeth JacksonLindsay LeydenLouise McRaeKayna PrescottNaomi StrattonResearch AssistantsDavid JacobyCharlotte OuthwaiteProject AdministratorsBecky Shu ChenMichelle WongTechnical StaffDada Gottelli, Chief TechnicianChristopher Durrant, Senior

Technician and Biosafety OfficerRobert Deaville, Cetacean

Strandings Programme Manager

Lola BrookesJohanna IbbotsonShinto JohnGabriela PenicheMatthew PerkinsJudith ReiseLouise WongAdministrative and Support StaffChristina Herterich, Institute

Administration ManagerAmrit Dehal, Information

Systems AdministratorIdrish Dudhwala,

Finance AdministratorDavid Hitchcock, Buildings and

Capital Projects AdministratorJoanne Keogh, Assistant to

Director and Admin Manager/Student Administrator

Lynne Rushton, Health and Safety Administrator

Honorary Research FellowsDr Andrew Balmford, University

of CambridgeProfessor Tim Coulson, Imperial

College LondonProfessor Christl Donnelly, Imperial

College LondonDr Matthew Fisher, Imperial

College LondonProfessor Tony Fooks, Animal

Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency

Professor John Gittleman, University of Virginia, USA

Professor Katherine Homewood, University College London

Dr E J Milner-Gulland, Imperial College London

Professor Ian Owens, Natural History Museum

Professor Andy Purvis, Imperial College London

Professor James Wood, University of Cambridge

Honorary Research AssociatesKarina Acevedo-WhitehouseSarah WhitmeeScientific Publications and MeetingsLinda DaVolls, Head of Scientific

Publications and MeetingsFiona Fisken, Managing Editor,

International Zoo YearbookElina Rantanen, Journals ManagerMegan Orpwood-Russell,

Scientific Events Co-ordinatorLibraryAnn Sylph MSc MCLIP (Librarian)Michael Palmer MA (Deputy

Librarian/Archivist)Emma Milnes MA

(Assistant Librarian)James Godwin

(Library Assistant)

We thank all others working at IoZ, including volunteers on projects in the field

ZSL would like to thank its students, interns, volunteers and collaborators, as well as its staff.

Governance and staff

Staff at the IoZ



Publication acknowledgementsDesign and editorial coordination: Think Head of Scientific Publications and Meetings: Linda DaVollsEditorial consultant: Claire SargentDesigners: Shelley Varley, Nikki AckermanSenior sub-editor: Gemma Dean© Zoological Society of London and contributors 2014. All rights reserved.This review is printed on 100% recycled paper. We extend our thanks to ZSL staff and other colleagues for the use of photographs, including: Lucy Anderson, George Brown, Alecia Carter/Tsaobis Baboon Project, Samantha Cartwright, Cowlishaw et al, Graham Duggan, Sarah Durant, James Godwin, Kirsty Kemp, Mansur/WCS Bangladesh, Charlotte Medlicott on behalf of Soapbox Science/L’Oréal UK & Ireland, Cian Merne, Kelly Moyes, Jill Pakenham/BTO, Kevin Parker, Thomas Rabeil, Olivier Restif, Claudio Soto-Azat, Sam Turvey, Martin Wegmann, Andy Young, ZSL Cover photo: Glass frog (Rulyrana susatamai) by Ben Tapley

Contact UsIoZ enquiries 020 7449 6610The Zoological Society of LondonRegent’s ParkLondon NW1 4RYzsl.org/scienceRegistered charity in England and Wales: no 208728

PatronHer Majesty The Queen

ZSL Council Members 2014President: Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS*

Professor Sir John Beddington FRS+

Secretary: Professor Geoff Boxshall FRS

Treasurer: Paul Rutteman CBE

Sheila Anderson MBE*

Michael Bird

Dr Brian Bertram*

Martin Cooke

John Edwards*

Ray Heaton

Ken Livingstone

Professor Anna Meredith

Dr Ruth Padel

Elizabeth Passey+

Dr Maggie Redshaw

Sean Rovai

Martin Rowson+

Ken Sims+

Robert Wingate

* to June 2014

+ from June 2014

ZSL DirectorsDirector General: Ralph Armond

Conservation Programmes Director: Professor Jonathan Baillie

Institute of Zoology Director: Professor Ken Norris

Zoological Director: David Field

Human Resources Director: Fiona Evans

Finance Director: Mike Russell

Commercial and Communications Director: Rich Storton

Development Director: James Wren

INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY

ZSL Institute of Zoology Review 2013/2014

SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATIONREVIEW 2013/2014

The Zoological Society of LondonRegistered Charity in England and Wales: no 208728zsl.org

Regent’s ParkLondon NW1 4RY

and at:

ZSL Whipsnade ZooDunstableBedfordshire LU6 2LF

ZSL The Year in Review 2013Our annual overview of the year, featuring our zoos, fieldwork, science, engagement activities and ways to get involved.

ZSL Conservation Review 2013An in-depth look at our field conservation and research, showing how we are achieving our key targets at home and abroad.

For a closer look at ZSL’s work, look out for our other annual publications at zsl.org/about-us/zsl-annual-reports

Documents

INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY REVIEW 2013/2014 - UK Zoos & Animal ... Annual Review 2013-14.pdf · in wild animal health and wild animal biology with the Royal Veterinary College and an MSc