Institutional mapping exercise related to WASH services for rural and peri-urban areas in Ghana WASHCOST PROJECT IRC/KNUST

Institutional mapping exercise related to WASH services for rural

and peri-urban areas in Ghana

WASHCOST PROJECTIRC/KNUST

Outline of presentation

Introduction: study purpose, TOR & Outputs

WASH sector overview• Informal relationships

• Use of ICT in decision-making processes

• Ongoing pro-poor projects

• Issues for WASHCost study

WASHCost Powerpoint Presentation 2

Purpose of WASHCost Project

Background– WASHCost project aims at identifying the real

disaggregated cost of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services in rural and peri-urban areas, and the range of physical, social, economic and political factors that influence those costs


WASHCost Partners

Partners– IRC– KNUST


WASHCost Institutional Mapping

Objective– to carry out an institutional mapping exercise and

initial assessment of the availability and use of unit cost data in the WASH sector serving rural and peri-urban areas in Ghana.

Purpose– to provide an understanding of the WASH sector

with respect to governance, availability and use of cost information, planning and decision making particularly to the poor in the rural and peri-urban areas. The assessment will support the WASHCost project implementation in Ghana.


WASHCost Institutional Mapping - 2

Scope of scanning activities:– Institutional Mapping– Planning and decision making processes and

support system and tools– Unit cost information scan– Training needs assessment of key sector

actors as it relates to collection– Analysis and use of cost data for improving

the performance of the WASH sector


Working definitions in Ghana WASH Context

•Institutional framework– The term ‘institutional’ is used in a contextual

manner to cover: policies based on which sector strategies and programmes in the are implemented; organisations (actors) to implement these policies; and the legal framework needed to support the policies as well as the institutional actions

– Thus ‘institutional framework’ looks beyond organisations and their functions


Working definitions (2)

•Small towns– a community that is not rural but is a small urban

community, with population between 2,000 to 30,000 that has been mandated by the relevant authority (ies) to manage its own water and sanitation systems”. [Ref: NWP]

– This definition should be contrasted with that used by CWSA in its Small Towns Water and Sanitation Policy, which defined small towns as communities with populations between 2,000 – 50,000.



•Peri-urban communities include:– Communities not considered as small towns, are

supposed to be covered by the utility (GWCL) and yet do not receive reliable supply or are not served at all. They tend to have an orphan status as they do not belong to small towns and yet have demographic characteristics similar to them, neither do they have demand characteristics and supply options which the utility typically responds to, or offers.

– Low income communities (formal and informal) in large urban areas and cities



•Rural communities– Community with a population of less than 5,000

people or any other figure which the Minister of Water Resources, Works and Housing, in consultation with appropriate government agencies, may from time to time declare by publication in the Gazzette and the mass media

– Other documents put the population threshold at 2,000 and below



•Definition of urban poor – those without access to the utility’s mains; – who depend on secondary or tertiary

providers for their supply; and – who buy by the bucket

This definition is based on that used by the PURC in defining the poor in its social policy for water sector regulation


Understanding Wash Unit Cost


• Sustainable WASH service delivery

• How much does it cost to deliver sustainable WASH services in Community X ?– We can give you cost for a facility but not a

sustainable service

PlanningDecision makingImplementation

etc

WASH services

Understanding Wash Unit Cost - 2


• Determination of Life cycle cost of sustainable WASH service

• Use of the cost information in decision making

Inve

stm

ent

Serv

ice-

leve

l

Implement

Upgrade Upgrade

Replace

Service delivery approach – constant service through administration and management

interspersed with capital projects

Capital projects

Administration & management

Service level

Relevant WRM Principles for WASHCost

•Principles (as enshrined in NWP):– the principle of fundamental right of all people

without discrimination to safe and adequate water to meet basic human needs;

– the principle of meeting the social needs for water as a priority, while recognising the economic value of water and the goods and services it provides;

– the principle of recognising water as a finite and vulnerable resource, given its multiple uses;


WRM Principles relevant to WASHCost Study - 2

– the principle of improving equity and gender sensitivity [how much does it cost to provide a toilet facility to a disabled person?]

– the principle of subsidiarity in order to ensure participatory decision-making at the lowest appropriate level in society, with users involved in the planning and implementation of projects;


Overview of Ghana WASH Sector – WS Access


House tap

Yard tap

Pub. stand pipe

Borehole

Protected well

Sachet

water

Unprotect

ed well

Tanker

truck

Improved

Natio-nal

10.1

16.838.8

6.5 6.611.3

4.3 2.480.7

Reference: Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006. Note however that this contrasts with the numbers given by GWCL (58%) and CWSA (53%).

Overview - Access to improved WSS (Ref: MICS)

17

Region% of H/H pop using improved drinking water

% of H/H pop using improved sanitary facilities

% of H/H pop using improved drinking water & improved sanitary facilities

Western 83.2 75.9 64.8Central 80.2 62.7 53.7Greater Accra 88.1 85.4 78.4Volta 52.7 38.8 26.7Eastern 66.4 49.6 38.6Ashanti 90.0 87.0 79.7Brong Ahafo 71.7 79.1 60.0Northern 73.0 25.1 20.7Upper East 83.1 17.5 16.5Upper West 94.8 17.2 16.4Area

Urban 90.7 82.6 76.5Rural 69.1 45.3 34.5

NationalWASHCost Powerpoint Presentation

WASH Sector Framework


Govt. of Ghana

MLGRDE MoFEP MWRWH Ministriesve

Donors

Water Directorate

CWSA

GWCL

WRC

LGSC Policy/ Planning

RWST

Rural and Small Town Communities

Basin Offices

PURC

Policy &

Pla

nnin

g

Facilitation

/Regula

tion

Serv

ice D

elivery

MMDAs (Assemblies)

Watsan Water Boards NGOs Private Ops.

WRC

Urban Communities


Institutional framework for WSS in Ghana (2)

19

Policy, Planning, Financing, Monitoring

•Ministry of Water Res W&H

•Ministry of Finance

•Ministry of LGRDE

Facilitation, Regulation

•WRC (water use regulation)

•PURC (economic regulation)

•District Assemblies (rural & small town WSS)

•CWSA

Service Provision

•GWCL/AVRL (urban)•WSDBs/WATSANS•Small independent producers, tankers, vendors•Private sector (local water operators, drillers, contractors, consultants, artisans - pump mechanics etc.)•MMDAs - sewerage

Collaborating Ministries: MOH; MOEYS

Implementation support•Development Partners (financing, capacity building)•NGOs (financing, capacity building)•District Assemblies (legislative)

WSS Asset ownership•GWCL•DAs•Communities•Private sector

Policy, Legal & Regulatory framework

• Relevant Policy, legal and regulation references

• GPRS• National Water Policy• National Environmental Sanitation Policy• Sector Strategies and Guidelines• Sector programmes – e.g. NCWSP• Acts establishing water agencies – WRC, GWCL, CWSA, • Acts establishing regulatory bodies – PURC• Regulations and guidelines – water abstraction, tariff setting, • Strategic Investment Plans (urban, rural/small town water supply)• Project Implementation Manuals


Conceptual Framework for WASH in Ghana


GPRSGPRS

Policies of other Sectors

Policies of other Sectors

National Water Policy

National Water Policy

Env. Sanitation Policy

Env. Sanitation Policy

Urban WSSUrban WSS Rural WSSRural WSSPeri-urban WSSPeri-urban WSS Small Town WSSSmall Town WSS

Utility Mgt: PURC Regulations &

Guidelines


Guidelines

Community Mgt: National CW&S

Prog.


Prog.


Prog.


Prog.


Guidelines


Guidelines

Informal service delivery


GWC

Domestic Vendors

CartOperators

Tankers

Consumer A(very low-income:

has little or no storage & typically buys by

the bucket)

Consumer B(low income: has Storage as supply is up to 250 gals.)

Consumer C(mostly middle income:has storage capacity to take upwards of

1500 gals.)

SMALL SCALE PROVIDERS (SSP) SUPPLY CHAINSMALL SCALE PROVIDERS (SSP) SUPPLY CHAIN

UtilitySSP

Consumer

Pricing based on GWC bulk water tariff and Tanker Association guidelines

Pricing based on composite of GWC tariffs and tanker rates, and vendor markup

Pricing based on composite of tanker and cart operators rates

Pri

cin

g b

ase

d o

n G

WC

bu

lk w

ate

r ta

riff a

nd T

an

ker

Ass

oci

atio

n

guid

elin

es

WASH Cost information

• Sources of information– CWSA: Rural and Small towns [SIP, Implementation

Manuals, Capital and Operating budgets]

– GWCL: Urban Water supply [SIP, Project agreements, Bills of Quantities]

– Development Partners [Project Appraisal Docs, Feasibility Reports,

– Projects and programmes [completion reports]

– NGOs activities

– Local private water operators


WASH Cost information (2)

• Use of WASH Cost information

– Preparation of Strategic Investment Plans

– Preparation of specific projects


WASH Cost information (3)

• Knowledge of Unit Costs• According to CWSA, the concept of unit costs is

quite well known as it is used for planning and executing purposes, e.g. SIP

• However unit costs are known more accurately for the simpler water supply and sanitation technologies such as borehole and hand-dug wells with handpumps, and household latrines.

• For piped systems, as the technologies, complexity and size of systems vary widely, the unit costs lie within a range rather than a specific figure.


WASH Cost information - CWS

• Community water supply 2 major unit cost documents are available to

the CWSA

• Kwame Asante and Associates (1999)

• Morrison and Takyi’s report (2004)

Third unit cost study will be compiled in 2008

Other unit cost information is available from project documents and reports.


WASH Cost information – Peri-urban

• Peri-urban WSS

– At the moment there is no report (published or unpublished) on the unit costs of delivering WASH services to peri-urban/low income communities

– The pro-poor pilot project being promoted by PURC/GWCL/WaterAid has an objective to undertake this and will need support and guidance


WASH Cost information – Sanitation


Some information for deriving unit cost - CWS

• Basis for unit cost information– 20 litres of water per day;– walking distance to a water facility does not

exceed 500 metres– a borehole or pipe system must serve no more

than 300 persons– 150 persons for a hand dug well;– For household latrines an average of 8 persons

using one latrine;– For institutional latrines an average of 50 persons

per squat hole.


Some unit cost information – CWS (2)

• Units costs for CWS– Hardware

• Point sources - $3-6,000 per point source

• Pipe systems- $45 per capita

– Software - xx

The numbers refer to the capital cost of delivering the facility


Some unit cost information – PER


Table 22: Per capita Investment Cost in the rural and semi-urban water supply and sanitation sub-sector (2001-2006)

2001-2006

Actual spending in US$

Population ServedActual spending in

US$ per person served

Ghana 134,900,000 2,600,000 52

Burkina Faso 91,700,000 2,625,000 35

Mali 103,100,000 1,150,000 90

Note: Actual number of people served in Burkina is 75% of actual numbers in order to reflect people served by sector ministry only

WASH Planning & Decision Making

• This differs between sub-sectors• Community water and sanitation delivery has an

elaborated and well disseminated planning and decision-making arrangement, in which beneficiaries play a substantial part in project preparation, site selection, implementation and facilities management

• An attempt is being made through a number of pilot schemes to involve beneficiaries in peri-urban WASH delivery

• In urban WASH delivery consumer involvement is absent and comes in only after service delivery – through complaints. PURC is supposed to facilitate public hearings but these have been missing in recent years


Use of ICT in Decision Making

• Concept of computerisation well grounded within the sector. However:• It is very low at the District level where these are usually

project related and therefore used by a few• CWSA/PURC/Ministry are quite well resourced in

hardware but the software aspect is weak. Computers are used mostly for basic office assignments - Word, Excel, PPT. Accounting software available. New software for capturing M&E data being promoted for the community WASH sub-sector

• Computers often don’t talk to each other and no mechanism exists for sharing information, sometimes even within the same organisation


WASH Projects relevant to study

• New Energy/WaterAid• PURC/GWCL/WaterAid Pilot Schemes• UN Habitat – Water for African Cities• AFD WASH Project for Brong Ahafo• UNICEF – Guinea Worm Eradication Project

[Northern Region]• AVRL/Aqua4All• WASH Projects – WASHCost, SWITCH, TPP


Unit cost from CWSA perspective

Letter from CWSA to regional offices (8/7/08):

“It has become necessary to update our unit cost database to inform planning and preparation of cost estimates for project preparation.

You are therefore to submit to head office the average unit cost of the under listed activities (if applicable) for 2007 undertaken in your region”

Water• Construction of hand dug wells (without hand pump)• Drilling of boreholes (without hand pump)• Drilling of boreholes (for mechanization)• Construction of small town water supply scheme for population size: (2000-5000); (5,000-

10,000); (10,000-15,000); (15,000–20,000); (20,000–25,000); (25,000– 30,000); (> 30000)• Construction of small communities piped water supply scheme for pop: (1000-1500); (1500-

2000)

Sanitation• Construction of Mozambique slab VIP latrine• Construction of rectangular reinforced slab VIP• Construction of 1 seater KVIP (also 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 seater)


Observations and Conclusions

• Use of unit cost information in the sector is quite well understood; however this is limited to capital costs and not the life-cycle costs of WASH services

• Unit cost information is useful for the ff purposes:• Planning and project preparation• Benchmarking• Promotion of technology choices• Value for money audits


Issues in Ghana WASH Cost study

• What are we measuring now and what should we be measuring?

• Is there broad agreement on standards of service, particularly for peri-urban communities?

• How have currently quoted unit costs been determined?

• What is/should be the role of various actors in the compilation of unit costs information?

• What other uses can we put to unit cost information?


THANK YOU


Documents

Institutional mapping exercise related to WASH services for rural and peri-urban areas in Ghana WASHCOST PROJECT IRC/KNUST