Instruction format

And

Addressing modes

Prepared by Madhurima Patra

14401062011

Instruction format

• An instruction format defines the layout of the bits of an instruction, in terms of its constituent parts .

• The bits of the instruction are divided into groups called fields. The most common fields are• An operation code that specifies the operation to be

performed.

• An address field that specifies a memory address or register.

• A mode field that tells us how the operand or the effective address of the operand is to be found out.

Types of instruction formats

Various types of instruction formats

• Three address instructions• Two address instructions• One address instructions• Zero address instructions

Three address instructions

• Computers with three address instructions use three address fields to specify either a processor register or a memory operand.

• For example

ADD R1, A, B R1M[A] + M[B] As shown, it is clear that in the instruction 3 addresses

are specified. In the above instruction one register address and two memory addresses are specified.

Example of computer using this type of instructions

Cyber 170.

Two address instructions

• Computers that use this type of instruction have two addresses specified in their instructions.

• For example

ADD R1, A R1 R1 + M[A] In this instruction one register is specified and one

memory operand is specified.

In this instruction register R1 is both the source and the destination.

Most commercial computers use this type of instructions.

One address instructions

• In this type of instructions an implied accumulator register is used for all data manipulation.

• For example

LOAD A ACM[A] ADD B ACAC + M[B] All operations are done between the AC register and

a memory operand.

Commercially available computers also use this type of instruction format.

Zero address instructions

• A stack organized computer does not require an address field for computational instructions.

• Due to the absence of the address field it is known as zero address instructions .

• For example

PUSH A TOSA PUSH B TOSB ADD TOS(A+B) The ADD instruction does not need any address field.

Example Burroughs large systems

Addressing modes

• What is addressing mode?

• The addressing mode specifies a rule for interpreting or modifying the address field of the instruction before the operand is actually referenced.

• The way the operands are chosen is dependent on the addressing mode.

Addressing Modes

• Implied addressing mode• Immediate addressing mode• Direct addressing mode• Indirect addressing mode• Register addressing mode• Register Indirect addressing mode• Autoincrement or Autodecrement addressing mode• Relative addressing mode• Indexed addressing mode• Base register addressing mode

Implied addressing mode

• In this mode the operands are specified implicitly in the definition of the instruction.

• Example – ‘complement accumulator’ instruction

CMA• Reason – from the definition itself it is obvious that

we have to complement the operand that is placed in the accumulator.

• All register reference instructions that use an accumulator are implied mode instructions.

Implied addressing mode diagram

Opcode

CMA

Instruction

Immediate addressing mode

• Operand is part of instruction• Operand = address field• Example ADD 5

• Add 5 to contents of accumulator• 5 is operand

Advantages and disadvantages• No memory reference to fetch data• Fast• Limited range

Immediate addressing mode diagram

OperandOpcode

Instruction

ADD 5

Direct addressing mode

• Address field contains address of operand• Effective address (EA) = address field (A)• e.g. LDA A

• Look in memory at address A for operand which is to be loaded in the accumulator.

• Load contents of cell A to accumulator

Advantages and disadvantages

• Single memory reference to access data

• No additional calculations to work out effective address

• Limited address space

Direct addressing mode diagram

Address AOpcode

Instruction

Memory

OperandA

Indirect addressing mode

• Memory cell pointed to by address field contains the address of (pointer to) the operand.

• EA = address contained in memory location M• Look in M, find address contained in M and look there

for operand

• For example

ADD @M

• Add contents of memory location pointed to by contents of M to accumulator

Indirect addressing mode diagram

Address MOpcode

Instruction

Memory

Operand

Pointer to operand

Register addressing mode • Operand is held in register named in the address field.• EA = R• Example ADD BAdvantages and disadvantages• No memory access. So very fast execution. • Very small address field needed .

• Shorter instructions• Faster instruction fetch

• Limited number of registers.• Multiple registers helps performance

• Requires good assembly programming or compiler writing

Register addressing mode diagram

Register Address ROpcode

Instruction

Registers

Operand

Register Indirect addressing mode

• In this the instruction specifies a register whose contents give the address of the operand in memory.

• Therefore EA = the address stored in the register R• Operand is in memory cell pointed to by contents of

register R• Example LDAX BAdvantage• Less number of bits are required to specify the

register.• One fewer memory access than indirect addressing.

Register Indirect addressing mode diagram

Register Address ROpcode

Instruction

Memory

OperandPointer to Operand

Registers

Autoincrement or Autodecrement addressing mode

• This mode is similar to register indirect mode except that the register is automatically incremented or decremented after its value is used to access memory.

• This mode is specially useful when we want to access a table of data.

• For example

INR R1 will increment the register R1.

DCR R2 will decrement the register R2.

Autoincrement or Autodecrement addressing mode diagram

Register Address ROpcode

Instruction

Memory

Operandvalue

Registers

value++

Operand

Relative addressing mode

• In this mode the contents of the program counter is added to the address field of the instruction in order to obtain the effective address.

• EA = A + contents of PC• Example : PC contains 825 and address part of

instruction contains 24.

After the instruction is read from location 825, the PC is incremented to 826. So EA=826+24=850. The operand will be found at location 850 i.e. 24 memory locations forward from the address of the next instruction.

Relative addressing mode diagram

Opcode

Instruction

Memory

OperandContents of register

Program counter

Address A

+

Indexed addressing mode• The contents of an index register is added to the

address field of the instruction to get the effective address.

• The address field of the instruction is the beginning address of the data array in the memory.

• Index register contains a index value which can be incremented or decremented as required.

• Therefore EA = A + IR• Example MOV AL , DS: disp [SI]Advantage• Good for accessing arrays.

Indexed addressing mode diagram

I ROpcode

Instruction

Memory

OperandContents of register

Index Register

Address A

+

A

Base Register addressing mode

• In this mode the content of a base register is added to the address part of the instruction to obtain the effective address.

• The base register contains the address of the beginning of the data array.

• Therefore

EA= A + BR• For example:

MOV AL, disp [BX]

Segment registers in 8086

Base Register addressing mode diagram

BROpcode

Instruction

Memory

OperandContents of register

Base Register

Address A

+

Value of BR