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Manuka Honey:
Its Role in Oral Health
Harold A. Henson, R.D.H., M.Ed., Ph.D.
April 12, 2019
Conflict of Interest
Harold A. Henson, R.D.H., M.Ed., Ph.D.
Neither I nor members of my
immediate family have any financial
relationship with commercial entities
that may be relevant to this
presentation.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion the learner will be to:
1. Discuss and describe the role of phytochemicals.
2. Discuss the healing power of honey.
3. Discuss the components of Manuka honey.
4. Discuss its role in medicine and dentistry.
5. Discuss future research within this area.
What are Phytochemicals?
Phytochemicals are non-nutritive plant chemicals that have protective or disease preventive properties.
What are Phytochemicals?
It is well-known that plants produce these chemicals to protect themselves but recent research demonstrates that they can also protect humans against disease.
What are Phytochemicals?
Some of the well-known phytochemicals are lycopene in tomatoes, isoflavones in soy and flavanoids in fruits.
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Streptococcus mutans Raisins
Raisins contain phenolics and other
antioxidants that have anticariogenic
properties.1, 2
Catechins
Catechins are
polyphenolic antioxidant
plant metabolites,
specifically flavonoids.
Catechins have been shown
to have a direct bactericidal
effect and prevent
adherence of bacteria to
teeth.1, 2, 3
Catechins
Catechins also
inhibit two enzymes
glucosyl transferase
and amylase that
could increase dental
caries.1, 2, 3
Porphyromonas gingivalis Oleanolic Acid
Oleanolic acid and its
derivatives inhibit
growth of bacteria
that causes dental
caries and
periodontal disease.1, 2
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Oleanolic acid and its derivatives
These compounds also interfere with adherence of these cariogenic bacteria. 1, 2
Therefore, raisins may not promote dental caries like other sticky foods.1, 2
Conclusions
Several studies show that high intakes of starchy staple foods, such as vegetables and fruits, are associated with low levels of dental caries.4,5
In fact, a large survey of 2 to 5 year old children showed that eating fewer than 5 servings of vegetables and fruits more than tripled the risk of tooth decay.6
Sticky foods have been shown to be more cariogenic than non-sticky foods
because they remain on the tooth surface.7
References
1. Wu CD, Zhu M, Su BN, Workman JT, Kinghorn AD. Phytochemicals in raisins inhibit growth and
adherence of plaque bacteria. Presented to the International Association for Dental Research at
Guthenburg, Sweden, June, 2003.
2. Rivera-Cruz JF, Zhu M, Su B, Kinghorn AD, Wu CD. Antimicrobial phytochemicals in Th ompson
seedless raisins (Vitis vinifera L.) inhibit dental plaque bacteria, Presented to the American Society
of Microbiology, Atlanta, GA, June, 2005.
3. Hamilton-Miller JM. Anti-cariogenic properties of tea (Camellia sinensis). J Med Microbiol. 2001
Apr; 50(4):299-302.
4. Moynihan PJ. Th e role of diet and nutrition in the etiology and prevention of oral diseases. Bull
World Health Organ. 2005 Sep; 83(9):694-9.
5. Dugmore CR, Rock WP. A multifactorial analysis of factors associated with dental erosion. Br Dent
J. 2004 Mar; 196(5):283-6; discussion 273.
6. Dye BA, Shenkin JD, Ogden CL, Marshall TA, Levy SM, Kanellis MJ. Th e relationship between
healthful eating practices and dental caries in children aged 2-5 years in the United States, 1988-
1994. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004 Jan;135(1):55-66.
7. Gustafsson BE, Quensel CE, Lanke LS, Lundquist C, Grahnen H, Bonow EE, et al. Th e Vipeholm
dental caries study. Th e eff ect of diff erent levels of carbohydrate intake on caries activity in 436
individuals observed for 5 years. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 1954;11:232-364.
Honey and Honey Bees
Amazing Facts About Honey Bees
https://youtu.be/uQSiXQcGhD4
10 Interesting & Fun Facts About
Honey and Honey Bees
The fascinating process of making honey begins when the
bees feast on flowers, collecting the flower nectar in their
mouths.
This nectar then mixes with special enzymes in the bees’
saliva, a process that turns it into honey.
The bees carry the honey back to the hive where they
deposit it into the cells of the hive’s walls.
The fluttering of their wings provides the necessary
ventilation to reduce the moisture’s content making it
ready for consumption.
Source: http://positivemed.com/2013/07/31/10-interesting-
fun-facts-about-honey-and-honey-bees/
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10 Interesting & Fun Facts About
Honey and Honey Bees
1. There are three types of bees in the hive: Queen,
Worker and Drone. Honey bees have five eyes, and four
wings that are latched into pairs by hooks.
2. Queen bees will lay as many as 2,000 eggs on a good
day and an average of one every 45 seconds.
3. Honey is a Hebrew word meaning enchant. Initially it
was a culinary sweeter, and now is recognized
worldwide as a healing ingredient in medicinal
treatment.
10 Interesting & Fun Facts About
Honey and Honey Bees
4. Honey is 80% sugars and 20% water. Honey stored in
air tight containers never spoils. Sealed honey vats
found in King Tut’s tomb still contained edible honey,
despite over 2,000 years beneath the desert sands.
5. Honey was so in demand in the eleventh century that it
was a stipulation for German peasants to offer their
feudal lords payment in honey and beeswax.
6. Honey bees from a typical hive visit approximately
225,000 flowers per day. Bees must visit approximately
2 million flowers and fly over 55,000 miles to make 1
pound of honey.
10 Interesting & Fun Facts About
Honey and Honey Bees
7. Honey is the only food that includes all the substances
necessary to sustain life, including enzymes, vitamins,
minerals, and water. It’s also the only food that contains
pinocembrin, an antioxidant associated with improved
brain functioning.
8. Honey bees never sleep, and they communicate with
each other by dancing and by using pheromones.
9. Beeswax production in most hives is only about 1.5% to
2.0% of the honey yield.
10. Two tablespoons of honey would fuel a honey bee flying
once around the world.
Manuka Honey:
Medicinal Purposes
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Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a component of honey. It gives
most honey its antibiotic quality. But some types of honey,
including manuka honey, also have other components with
antibacterial qualities.
Bee species
Manuka
Leptospermum scoparium,
commonly called mānuka,
manuka myrtle, New
Zealand teatree, broom
tea-tree, or just tea tree, is
a species of flowering
plant in the myrtle family
Myrtaceae, native to
southeast Australia and
New Zealand.
Manuka Plant
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Manuka Honey Production
https://youtu.be/HBVCea8Zc_Y
Methylglyoxal (MG or MGO)
Another antibacterial component in manuka honey is
methylglyoxal (MG).
MG is a compound found in most types of honey, but
usually only in small quantities.
Alvarez-Suarez, J.M.; Gasparrini, M.; Forbes-Hernández, T.Y.; Mazzoni, L.; Giampieri, F. (2014).
The Composition and Biological Activity of Honey: A Focus on Manuka Honey. Foods, 3, 420-432.
Components of Manuka Honey
In manuka honey, MG comes from the conversion of
another compound -- dihydroxyacetone -- that is found in
high concentration in the nectar of manuka flowers.
MG is thought to give manuka honey some of its
antibacterial power. The higher the concentration of MG,
the stronger the antibiotic effect. But, there may also be
other compounds involved in the medicinal effect of
manuka honey.
Species of bacteria known to be
inhibited by manuka honey Manuka Honey Distinctive strong taste
but it has been shown to
have extraordinary anti-
bacterial and anti-fungal
properties.
It is often used topically to
help heal boils, burns, cuts
and even acne as well as
soothe sore throats when
taken either by the
spoonful or in freshly
brewed lemon, manuka
honey and ginger tea.
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Unique Manuka Factor
Honey producers have developed a scale for rating the
potency of manuka honey. The rating is called UMF, which
stands for Unique Manuka Factor.
The UMF rating is thought to correspond with the
concentration of MG and other compounds. Not all
honey labeled as manuka honey contains significant levels
of antibacterial factors.
To be considered potent enough to be therapeutic,
manuka honey needs a minimum rating of 10 UMF.
Honey at or above that level is marketed as "UMF
Manuka Honey" or "Active Manuka Honey."
Unique Manuka Factor
If you’re buying manuka honey for its healing properties,
look for a seal certifying the highest “Unique Manuka
Factor” (UMF) you can find, or afford.
UMF is still being studied, but its amazing healing
properties is said to be due to a unique ingredient only
found in New Zealand manuka honey and its health
benefits haven’t been duplicated by any other type of
honey or natural remedy.
Unique Manuka Factor
Wound Healing
The main medical use for manuka honey is on top of a
wound. It is generally used for treating minor wounds and
burns.
Source: http://www.lmpanimalhealth.com/manuka_fill.html
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Other Uses
Preventing and treating cancer
Reducing high cholesterol
Reducing systemic inflammation
Treating diabetes
Treating eye, ear, and sinus infections
Treating gastrointestinal problems
But the evidence is limited on whether or not manuka
honey is effective for these conditions.
Possible Benefits
Another possible benefit of honey is that, unlike
antibiotics, it has not been reported to cause
development of resistant bacteria. These so-called
"superbugs" develop after repeated exposure to common
antibiotics. They require special antibiotics to treat them.
So far, studies have not shown manuka honey to be
effective for treating high cholesterol or balancing the
bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.
Also, no major studies have looked at the effect of
manuka honey on cancer, diabetes, or fungal infections.
Possible Side Effects
Should not be given to a child under one as there is a
small risk that it can contain spores of the Clostridium
botulinum bacterium which could cause infant botulism
Allergic reaction, especially in people who are allergic to
bees
Risk of a rise in blood sugar
Possible interaction with certain chemotherapy drugs
What are Manuka Honey
Benefits and Side Effects?
https://youtu.be/nKmeN1VHGrI
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Manuka Honey and
Oral Health
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Findings
Manuka honey at the concentration of 10% was able to
affect the formation of a biofilm of S. mutans in the
experimental conditions.
Dextran production of S. mutans was inhibited by the
honey.
For manuka honey, non-peroxide activity is largely
assumed because the presence of phytochemicals and
methylglyoxal.
Identification of antibacterial properties of manuka honey
and its anti-adhesive effect on S. mutans has put new light
on the possibility of it being beneficial to oral health.
Further clinical trials are needed.
English, H. K., Pack, A. R., & Molan, P. C. (2004). The effects of
manuka honey on plaque and gingivitis: a pilot study. Journal
of the International Academy of Periodontology, 6(2), 63-67.
A pilot study investigated whether or not manuka honey
with an antibacterial activity rated UMF 15 could be used
to reduce dental plaque and clinical levels of gingivitis.
A chewable "honey leather" was produced for this trial.
Thirty volunteers were randomly allocated to chew or
suck either the manuka honey product, or sugarless
chewing gum, for 10 minutes, three times a day, after each
meal.
English, H. K., Pack, A. R., &
Molan, P. C. (2004).
Plaque and gingival bleeding scores were recorded before
and after the 21-day trial period.
Analysis of the results indicated that there were
statistically highly significant reductions in the mean
plaque scores (0.99 reduced to 0.65; p=0.001), and the
percentage of bleeding sites (48% reduced to 17%;
p=0.001), in the manuka honey group
No significant changes in the control group.
These results suggest that there may be a potential
therapeutic role for manuka honey in the treatment of
gingivitis and periodontal disease.
Propolis
A red or brown resinous substance collected by
honeybees from tree buds, used by them to fill crevices
and to seal and varnish honeycombs
It is usually obtained from beehives and contains bee
products.
Used as an antibacterial agent.
When faced with pathogenic fungi, bees line their hives with more propolis —
the waxy, yellow substance seen here.
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Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)
Is the phenomenon that
occurs when the majority
of worker bees in a colony
disappear and leave behind
a queen, plenty of food
and a few nurse bees to
care for the remaining
immature bees and the
queen.
Possible Causes of CCD
Pesticides
Overcrowded Apiaries
Migratory Stress
Genetically Modified Crops
Israel acute paralysis virus
Varroa destructor (mite)
Future Research
Fjallman AHM. Protection of dental health using honey
with high antibacterial activity. University of Waikato;
2000, MSc, Doctoral thesis.
Most of the studies on manuka honey have been with
small numbers of patients.
More studies are needed to decide if it is safe and
effective for various medical conditions.
