Integrated ApproachesIntegrated Approaches Across Focal Areas Across Focal Areas

Need for GEF to demonstrate sustainable Need for GEF to demonstrate sustainable outcomes in addressing global environmental outcomes in addressing global environmental issues across 6 focal areas.issues across 6 focal areas.

Biosphere—issues are related (at global and Biosphere—issues are related (at global and local levels)local levels)

We need to indentify links between focal area We need to indentify links between focal area programs and capture synergies to make programs and capture synergies to make interventions:interventions:

cost effectivecost effectiveachieve critical massachieve critical massMore sustainableMore sustainable

However…However… There is no systematic approach to There is no systematic approach to

incorporating interlinkages in GEF Project incorporating interlinkages in GEF Project (or Program) design(or Program) design

Current levels of coordination across the Current levels of coordination across the GEF Portfolio within a geographic region GEF Portfolio within a geographic region (both within and between IAs) are weak, (both within and between IAs) are weak, undermining achievement of critical massundermining achievement of critical mass

Thematic silos within GEF and IA Thematic silos within GEF and IA programs/investment portfolios programs/investment portfolios undermines integration into strategic undermines integration into strategic development plans and sustainability of development plans and sustainability of project level interventionsproject level interventions

ActionsActions Develop a design tool to help incorporate linkages Develop a design tool to help incorporate linkages

between focal areasbetween focal areas at program level, to break down silosat program level, to break down silos at project level to hard wire linkages into project at project level to hard wire linkages into project

design (see STAP tool)design (see STAP tool) Improve coordination of GEF projects across focal Improve coordination of GEF projects across focal

areas within a geographic region where potential areas within a geographic region where potential synergies and value added are high synergies and value added are high

Capture these synergies in policy reform and Capture these synergies in policy reform and governance arrangements to solidify links, improve governance arrangements to solidify links, improve outcomes and enhance sustainability. outcomes and enhance sustainability.

STAP Design ToolSTAP Design ToolApply a checklist in early stages of a project development Apply a checklist in early stages of a project development designed to minimise negative effects and maximize designed to minimise negative effects and maximize positive effects of a project in one focal area on anotherpositive effects of a project in one focal area on another

Example: Example:

Ecosystem management in semi-arid landsEcosystem management in semi-arid lands• Positive effects on other focal areas:Positive effects on other focal areas:

CC: Increased carbon storage if project is successfulCC: Increased carbon storage if project is successfulReduced wind erosion can lead to decreased Reduced wind erosion can lead to decreased dust storms if large areas are planteddust storms if large areas are planted

IW: Decreased sediment flowIW: Decreased sediment flow Decreased fluctuations in seasonal flows Decreased fluctuations in seasonal flows

and and water erosionwater erosion Increased productivity of aquatic biota Increased productivity of aquatic biota

Panel DiscussionPanel Discussion IW & B linkages: Conservation and Sustainable IW & B linkages: Conservation and Sustainable

Use of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef SystemUse of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System IW & LD linkages: Reversing Land Degradation IW & LD linkages: Reversing Land Degradation

in the Upper Saban Yegua Projectin the Upper Saban Yegua Project IW and POPs: DDT Alternatives in Central IW and POPs: DDT Alternatives in Central

AmericaAmerica IW & Climate Change: Global Coral Reef IW & Climate Change: Global Coral Reef

Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management ProjectManagement Project

“Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management”

GEF/WB TR Project

in support of Science-based Management and Policy

Working Group on Bleaching and Climate Change

MECHANISMS OF THERMAL STRESS

FUTURE CHANGE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC

IMPLICATIONS

BIOINDICATORS OF CORAL STRESS

ECOLOGICAL MECHANISMS

AND OUTCOMES

How fast and where is change occurring?

What is changing?

Four components

Adaptive responses

Recovery

Recovery

Recovery

Recovery

CalcificationCalcification

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

DNA damage DNA damage susceptibilitysusceptibility

Symbiotic Symbiotic integrationintegration

CellCell

Coral and symbiont Coral and symbiont tissue growthtissue growth

Reproduction Reproduction and recruitmentand recruitment

MortalityMortality

Disease Disease susceptibilitysusceptibility

OrganismOrganism

Acute Loss of Acute Loss of Symbionts Symbionts

(BLEACHING)(BLEACHING)

Dinoflagellate Dinoflagellate Symbiont Symbiont

Genotype changeGenotype change

ThermalThermalstressstress

Host respirationHost respiration

Dinoflagellate Dinoflagellate respirationrespiration

Altered coral and Altered coral and dinoflagellate dinoflagellate

community community compositioncomposition

CommunityCommunity

Resistance to Resistance to other anthropogenic other anthropogenic

disturbancesdisturbances

Phase shift from Phase shift from coral dominationcoral domination

Changed Changed predation risk, predation risk,

competitive abilitycompetitive ability

Nutrient cyclingNutrient cycling(N,P, org/inorg)(N,P, org/inorg)

Changed geographicChanged geographicdistributiondistribution

Reef accretion or Reef accretion or erosion rateerosion rate

DiseaseDiseaseepidemicsepidemics

Colony Colony integrationintegration

Coral netCoral netphotosynthesisphotosynthesis

SkeletonSkeletonGrowthGrowth

Reef metabolismReef metabolism(oxygen, carbon(oxygen, carbon

balance)balance)

Reef morphology Reef morphology (habitat complexity)(habitat complexity)

Modulating Modulating factorsfactorsGenetic factorsGenetic factorsPARPARUVRUVRNutrientsNutrientsCOCO22 and alkalinity and alkalinityFeedingFeedingEnvironmental historyEnvironmental history

FisheriesTourism

Economic/Social

Why are we doing this?

Need to develop understanding of drivers in order to be able to develop more accurate future scenarios

Critical for planning responses and adaptation strategies