1

IntegratedIntegratedGoat Goat

ProductionProductionDR. MA. ASUNCION G. BELTRAN

GOATS ARE COMMONLY KNOWN AS

“POOR MAN’S COW”“LIVING MOWERS”

NOW

“LIVING ASSETS”(GOAT IS GOLD)

GOAT INVENTORY (as of 2006)GOAT INVENTORY (as of 2006)

Total Head Count: By Farm Type:

3050

3100

3150

3200

3250

3300

3350

2000 2001 2002

3,293,7273,293,727

3,214,7643,214,764

3,151,4703,151,470

Pop

ulat

ion

(‘00

0 he

ad)

Year

99.59

0.41

BackyardCommercial

54,127456,791140,671

234,061254,84993,189353,879486,02872,335123,785186,752321,623239,518106,271187,816

3,311,724

52,380442,745130,383

243,382239,69488,662

358,885486,90370,776

143,839186,290333,662228,30899,041

188,9503,293,990

43,431437,145117,710

255,517234,67079,445

357,694492,12370,011

137,098193,088320,368212,46484,812

179,1883,214,784

36,785420,898107,921

257,531221,06174,991359,608465,46273,709149,912196,456327,243204,50580,281186,209

3,181,472

CARIIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIIIIXXXIXII

CARAGAARMM

TOTAL

2003200220012000

YEARREGION

Population of Goat per Region

Source:BAS

2

7.9293,7531,630292,123

Region IV (Southern Tagalog)

9.02335,6483,358332,290Region XI (Davao

Region)

12.67471,5612,337469,224Region VII (Central

Visayas)

13.21491,4351,193490,242Region I (Ilocos

Region)

14.79550,4313,000547,431

Region VI (Western Visayas)

% CONTRIBUTIONTOTALCOMMERCIALBACKYARD REGION

Top Goat Producing Regions*:

*- Regions Producing the top 58% of the total Philippine Goat Population

Why Raise Goats?

Why Raise Goats?Ø Small initial investment;

Ø Can integrate with crop-based farming system;

ØProvides meat, milk and skin for processing into high-value products;

ØShort period of getting the ROI;

ØGoat manure is used as fertilizer;

ØThey thrive in marginal vegetations; fodder in rainy days;

ØWives and children can handle goats; they docile.

Why Raise Goats?cont..ØHave inherent advantages over other ruminants

ØMature earlier; higher fertility (8 months);

ØCapable of multiple births; have shorter gestation period

ØCan be milked for 5 months

ØFirst kid crop-less than a year

ØPopular for kilawen, papaitan, caldereta

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COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

Increasing demand for Increasing demand for goat and sheep meatgoat and sheep meat

Advantages of Goat FarmingAdvantages of Goat Farming

- Requires only a small investment for their upkeep

- Can be easily integrated with crop- based farming system

- Can thrive even only on browse

- Early maturity- High fertility- Capable of multiple births- Shorter gestation periods

Some Advantages of Goats Over Other Ruminants:

Prospects and Opportunities:Prospects and Opportunities:

- Demand for meat, milk and products are increasing but supply is low.

- Price is increasing every year- Chevon has a high water holding capacity

and is therefore very suitable in meat processing.

- Offers a good source of sustained income- Technologies on improved goat production

and processing are now being available

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History of the GoatHistory of the Goat

The modern domesticated goat is believed to be the first livestock domesticated by man about 10,000 years ago.

It descended from the Bezoar goat Capra aegagrus from South West Asia.

The Goat BreedsThe Goat BreedsOver the years, goats were bred according to the type or product they are about to produce:

- Meat (Chevon)- Dairy- Cashmere/ Leather- Miscellaneous Breeds

Some Exotic BreedsSome Exotic Breeds

Angora Goats -bred for their fine cashmere that is processed into various kinds of apparel-can also be made as pets.

Pygmy Goats- miniature goats most suitable as pets- only stands 16-23 inches at the whithers.

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La Mancha- “earless” goat which was developed from several goats from Spain- a dairy goat which can thrive under harsh conditions

What’s Missing? Playing Dead?

Fainting Goats-More or less the size of a native goat.-Meat breed

Goat Breeds Commonly Found Goat Breeds Commonly Found in the Philippinesin the Philippines

Anglo- Nubian

- Dairy Type- Generally large- Produces less milk

compared to other dairy breeds but has the highest fat content

- Well adapted on hot climates

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Boer

Ennobled

- Meat Type, Originated from Southern Africa

- Fast growth rate, good mothering ability, docile.

- Mature bucks weighs about 110-135kg; does 90-110kg.

- Characteristic white body and red head

Saanen

- Regarded as the Queen of the Dairy Goats

- Largest and the highest producer of milk

- Characteristic white to cream color.

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Toggenburg - Oldest known goat dairy breed from Switzerland

- Performs well on cool climates- Smaller built

Goat ProductsGoat Products

Chevon

Cheese

Cashmere

Milk

Soaps

Leather

DISHES OUT OF GOAT’S MEATDISHES OUT OF GOAT’S MEAT

• Tapa• Adobo

• Kilawin• Papait

• Goat steak

• Braised meat chop• Higado

• Sinampalukan

• Barbeque• Caldereta

• Asado• Menudo

• Pochero

• Afritada• Cocido

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MILK AND MILK PRODUCTSMILK AND MILK PRODUCTS

Fresh milk for ulcers, allergies and lactose intolerance

Butter for wounds

Aphrodisiacs

Skin Care (Soap, Lotion)

Possible participation of members of the family

and Easy to integrate with other

farming systems

INTEGRATION PROJECTS

WITH GOATS

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GOATGOAT--MANGO MANGO INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION

GOATGOAT--TAMARIND TAMARIND INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION

SHEEP/GOAT SHEEP/GOAT --FISH FISH INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION

GOATGOAT --RICE INTEGRATIONRICE INTEGRATION

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Goat-Poultry Integration

FARM WASTE FARM WASTE RECYCLINGRECYCLING

Organic Fertilizer -Legumes Pasture areaPasture area

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Rice Rice ProductionProduction

Cut Flower Production

Corn Corn ProductionProduction

NurseryNursery

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STARTING A GOAT ENTERPRISESTARTING A GOAT ENTERPRISE HOUSING SYSTEM HOUSING SYSTEM OF GOATSOF GOATS

MA. ASUNCION G. BELTRAN

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Recommended Floor Space for Goats:

Doe - 1.5 sq. m

Buck - 2 sq. m

Young Stocks - 1 sq. m

Utilize farm wastes and

Survive in marginal environment

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ParagrassParagrass

GrassesGrassesGrassesGuinea grassGuinea grass

StargrassStargrassNapier

LegumesLegumesLegumesDesmanthusDesmanthus CentrosemaCentrosema

FlemingiaFlemingia StyloStylo

ArachisArachis SiratroSiratro CalopogoniumCalopogonium

Natural bushesNatural bushesand treesand trees RensoniiRensonii

AcaciaAcacia KakawateKakawate IndigoIndigo

SesbaniaSesbania KaturayKaturay IpilIpil--ipilipil

LEGUME STRATALEGUME STRATA

Seed Production Integration

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AgroAgro--industrial byindustrial by--productsproducts

MolassesMolasses

Crop residuesCrop residues

Corn stoversCorn stovers

Soybean podsSoybean pods

Rice strawRice strawAcacia podsAcacia pods

Processed FeedsProcessed Feeds

UMMBUMMB

ConcentratesConcentrates

SilageSilageUTRSUTRS

RAPID ROTATIONAL GRAZINGRAPID ROTATIONAL GRAZING

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SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMSPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

• Improvement or enhancement of the performance of the animal to increase productivity

• Meat• Milk• Dual• Breeder• Money

WHY UPGRADE GOAT ?

ANSWER TO LOW

QUALITY BREEDERS

PROBLEM

Purebred buck Native doe

F1F1(50% Purebred:50% Native)(50% Purebred:50% Native)

XX

1

Purebred buck F1

F2F2(75% Purebred:25% Native)(75% Purebred:25% Native)

XX

2

Purebred buck F2

F3F3(87% Purebred:12.5% Native)(87% Purebred:12.5% Native)

XX

3

• Using purebred buckUpgraded buck (40 kg)

(75% AN:25% N)Native doe (20 kg)

(100% N)

F1 (30 kg)F1 (30 kg)

(37.5% AN:62.5% N)(37.5% AN:62.5% N)

XX

1

Purebred buck (50 kg)(100% AN)

F1 (30 kg)(37.5% AN:62.5% N)

F2 (40 kg)F2 (40 kg)(68.75% AN:31.25% N)(68.75% AN:31.25% N)

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2

Purebred buck (50 kg)(100% AN)

F2 (40 kg)(68.75% AN:31.25% N)

F3 (50 kg)F3 (50 kg)(84.37% AN:15.63% N)(84.37% AN:15.63% N)

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3

• Starting with an upgraded buck

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NATIVE 100% 50% N & 50% AN 25% N & 75% AN

Faster production cycle

POPULATION PROJECTION

K2K1

K2B1

K2II

I

K1K21:1

K1B1W1

K1K11:1

II

K1B1

K1I

K31:1

B3W2

K21:1

II

B2W1

K11:1

B1I

DNOSAJJMAMFJ REPRODUCTION RATE

•• DoeDoe--3 kiddings per 2 years 3 kiddings per 2 years = = 6 kids6 kids

•• First Offspring First Offspring –– 2 kiddings 2 kiddings = = 4 kids4 kids

•• Second offspring Second offspring –– 1 kidding 1 kidding = = 2 kids2 kids

TOTALTOTAL = 12 kids= 12 kids

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P4,500.00P2,000.00P700.00Price Difference

P150.00P100.00P70.00Price/kg

302010Weight Difference

Economic Benefit

302010Weight Difference

50 (F3)40 (F2)30 (F1)Offspring

50 (Purebred)50 (Purebred)40 (Upgraded)Buck

40 (F2)30 (F1)20 (Native)Doe

IIIIIIProduction Stage

Mature weight of the animals (kg)Production Benefit

Cost-Benefit Analysis§§ 1. TOTAL INCOME1. TOTAL INCOME§§ A. Sale of StocksA. Sale of Stocks§§ 22 22 hdhd at P 2, 500/hd at P 2, 500/hd §§ (upgraded)(upgraded) P 55, 000P 55, 000§§ B. MilkB. Milk§§ 675 liters at P 40/l675 liters at P 40/l 27, 00027, 000§§ TOTALTOTAL P 82, 000P 82, 000§§ 2. EXPENSES 2. EXPENSES §§ A. Cost of Stocks (5 Does)A. Cost of Stocks (5 Does) P 10, 000P 10, 000§§ B. Depreciation of HousingB. Depreciation of Housing 3, 0003, 000§§ C. Concentrate FeedsC. Concentrate Feeds 5, 3555, 355§§ D. Buck ServiceD. Buck Service 750750§§ E. Vet Drugs and SuppliesE. Vet Drugs and Supplies 1, 0711, 071§§ F. LaborF. Labor 18, 25018, 250§§ G. Contingencies 10 % TEG. Contingencies 10 % TE 3, 8433, 843§§ TOTALTOTAL P 42, 269P 42, 269§§ 3. NET INCOME3. NET INCOME P 39, 731P 39, 731

COST AND BENEFIT ANALYISCOST AND BENEFIT ANALYIS

5 DOE LEVEL (TWO YEAR PERIOD)5 DOE LEVEL (TWO YEAR PERIOD)

COMPARISON OF POTENTIAL INCOME COMPARISON OF POTENTIAL INCOME

232112Period from Gestation to Marketable Age (Months)

8, 0008, 00010, 000Total Income

112Kidding /Calving Rate (2 Years)

8, 0008, 0005, 000Income

112Number of Kids/calf

8, 0008, 0002, 000Price/head

10-129-126-7Marketable Age (Months)

11 (320-330)9 (280-290)5 (150)Gestation/Pregnancy (Months/Days)

10, 00010, 000P 2, 500Cost of Female Breeder

CARABAOCATTLEGOAT

Note: Capital for goats is P2, 000 compared to cattle and carabao w/c is P 8, 000 so the income from goats is 4X greater.

MARAMING MARAMING SALAMAT PO!!!SALAMAT PO!!!

“In GOAT we trust”“In GOAT we trust”

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Goat Production SystemsGoat Production Systems

Tethering- most common practice of backyard raisers- animals are tied on a 6-10m rope, allowed to browse in the morning and brought back to their shelter at night to be given water

Extensive Production- goats are usually kept in small herds and let loose to browse on natural vegetation.- very little management is exercised except letting the animals graze during the day and herding them at night.- sometimes, forages are given during shelter time.

Intensive Production- complete confinement of animals is practiced and thus, cultivation of forages is a must.- cut and carry system of feeding- supplementation of concentrates is dependenton the kind of available forages

Advantages of Intensive Production:

- Efficient conversion of crop residues- Effective Parasite control- Closely monitored animals- Minimal damage to environment

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Semi-intensive Production- combination of intensive and extensive method and is largely dictated by land availability.- limited grazing and stall feeding is practiced.- as in intensive production, concentrate supplementation is necessary if forages are of poor quality.

Crop Integration

- involves raising goats on established plantations like coconut, mango, etc.- may be extensive, intensive or semi-intensive.- success depends on availability and adequacy of herbage.

Benefits of Crop Integration:

- Increased soil fertility- effective control of weeds under the tree.- greater economic return from the land

Choosing Foundation StocksChoosing Foundation Stocks

General Guidelines:- choose breeds adaptable to local conditions- consider physical, productive and reproductive performance- if performance data are available, choose stocks based on the number of offspring weaned per year, mortality, length of production life and incidence of major defects.

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Ideal Breeding Stock- large size- straight and strong legs- bright and clear eyes- dark pink mucous membranes- active

Guidelines in Choosing a Buck:- 2 descended testicles of equal size- firm and slip freely up and down the scrotum- there should be no adhesions or swelling in the scrotal sac- consider blood composition, vigor, breeding quality and dominance

Guidelines in Choosing a Buck:- choose the heaviest in the herd and born from prolific females.- should be active and ready to mount on a female in heat; good libido

Guidelines in Choosing a Doe:- normal genitals- well formed udder- proven reproductive capacity- sound temperament- good motherly instinct

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Breeding and Reproduction- aims to increase the existing farm inventory as well as improve herd performance by optimizing their genetic potential.

Reproductive Data on Goats:- goats in the Philippines can be bred throughout the year- puberty in native goats occurs as early as 5 months and 6-7 months on purebreeds

Signs of Heat- bleating- reddening of vulva- mucous discharge on vulva- restlessness- frequent urination- tail wagging- mounting on others as well as allowing others to mount her.

Breeding Practices for Does- breed for the first time when the doe is about 8 months or at least 15kg for the native and 20kg for the crossbreed.- two services are recommended for maiden does although one mating can make it pregnant.- for best results, breed the doe after its 2nd heat after 8 months.

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- bred does can be returned to the herd after breeding and given no special attention for some weeks- if the doe returns to heat after 21 days, rebreed.* keep records on the breeding dates of

does to determine the approximate date of kidding.

- If the doe returns to heat, assuring that the buck used is proven fertile, check out for the following problems:

- abnormal egg/ ovum- reproductive diseases and infections- hormonal malfunction- obesity- very hot weather- malnutrition- abortion due to injury

Breeding Practices for Bucks- Bucks are ready to serve when they are about 8 months old.- it should not serve more than 20 matingson its 1st year.- after that, you can gradually increase its services to a maximum of 4 times a week.- for unrestricted breeding, ratio of buck to doe is 1:25.

- for junior bucks servicing mature does, standing the doe on a shallow pit may facilitate breeding.- on the other hand, avoid trauma brought about by purebreed bucks servicing native does.- in general, never allow bucks to run with the doe herd unless it is part of the management practice.

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Mating SchemesPure breeding- breeding two animals of

the same breedCross breeding- breeding two animals with

different breedsUpgrading- breeding a native goat to a

pure breed for improved production characteristics

* recommended blood composition of an upgrade is 75% pure breed

Some Technological Advances in Goat Production

Artificial Insemination- is a technology wherein semen collected from bucks are mechanically inseminated to does.Advantages:

- a single ejaculate from a buck can inseminate several females

Advantages:- a single ejaculate from a buck can inseminate several females- prevents injury to does brought about by very large bucks- convenient than out-sourcing bucks - minimizes the need for many bucks

Superovulation and Embryo Transfer- involves superovulation and fertilization of a superior female, harvesting its embryos and transplanting these to surrogate does.- further maximizes the genetic potentials of superior animals.

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Management Practices

Care of the Pregnant DoePrepartum

- separate expectant females 1- 2 weeks before kidding. Deworm to avoid transmission of parasites to the kids.- Observe for the following signs of approaching kidding:

- two months before kidding, udder and teats enlarge

- doe becomes nervous and bleats low- she appears hollow on the right flank and definitely hollow on both rumps

- a clear mucous discharge may appear several days before kidding. As parturition gets nearer, a more opaque, slightly yellow discharge follows.- a doe may show nesting instincts, pawing beddings around her- restlessness, frequent lying down and getting up, straining

If eminent parturition is observed, do the following:- place the doe in a bedded dry stall (1m x 1.5m) which was previously disinfected and leave her undisturbed.- ready an old blanket, string, cloth, sharp knife/ blade, iodine and oil.

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Peripartum- after breaking of the water bag, kids are usually born within an hour.- as much as possible, allow the doe to kid without assistance.- if doe strains for 30 minutes with little succes, elevate its hind part by letting it’s rear leg step on something high like mounted bedding or sack filled with sawdust.

Postpartum- wait for the afterbirth to be expelled. - if afterbirth is not expelled within 6 hours, a vet may need to administer some drugs to help expel it.- after kidding is over and stall cleaned, offer the doe fresh water to replace body fluids.- after a while, offer quality forage and concentrates.

Care of the Newborn Kid- the newborn should suckle colostrumfrom its mother the soonest possible.- assist kid if having difficulty in finding the mother’s teats.- if any case the kid cannot be fed with colostrum, give a teaspoon to a tablespoon of any vegetable oil or milk with egg white. This is for the bowel to start normally.

- Collect and store excess colostrum if possible to be fed to kids in need in the future. Thaw before using again.

- Allow the kids to stay with the does for 3-5 days

- If doe is to be milked, keep the kids in a pen and handfeed.

- Train the kids with patience and gentleness to enable them to respond to friendly handling.

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Some Procedures Done on KidsIdentification- maybe permanent

(tattooing, ear notching, branding, microchip implanting) or temporary (neck chains, ear tags).

Disbudding- removal of horn budsCastration- usually done at 2-4 weeks of

age

Weaning- if milk is not a significant factor in raising your goats, wean kids when they are at least three months old.- separate bucks from the herd to avoid premature breeding.- give some vitamins, fresh forage, concentrates and water at weaning to counteract stress.

Care of the Lactating Doe- Keep milk type goats in a quiet environment before and during milking- clip hairs on the udder regularly- separate the buck from the milking herd to avoid taint in the milk- for best milking results, the following are important: Quickness, Quietness, Gentleness and Regularity in Milking.

Care of the Dry Doe- dry the doe 6-8 weeks before the expected date of next kidding.- gradually increase milking interval starting at omitting the evening milking, then every other day and so on until lactation ceases- give dry does a plenty of room and chance to exercise.

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Care of the Breeding Buck- Bucks need a lot of exercise to be active. Provide with a lot of room for exercise.- Trim hooves if necessary- clip buck’s hair and wash face regularly to reduce odor and discourage lice.- regularly groom the buck and give occasional baths

Record Keeping- is very important since most decisions are based on records.- usually accounts for the failure or success of the farm.- should be simple, complete and accurate

For effective farm management, the type of records to keep are:Production Records

Growth Records- date of birth, birth weight,weight at 3 and 8 months, ADG, mortalityLactation Records- amount of daily, weekly or monthly milk or fat production, number of days on milk, others: permanent ID of doe’s DOB, sire and dam, number and sex of kids, dry dates

Breeding Records- date of kidding, date of service and buck used, pregnancy diagnosis, expected kidding date, estrous pd, birth type, kidding intervals

Herd Health Records- observation on incidence of diseases, date, treatment and frequency of medication, vaccination given.

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Feed Record- amount and kind of grain roughage or forage fed, estimated composition of feeds and relative cost

Miscellaneous Records- herd inventory, daily increase/ decrease in population, pasture production, harvesting or rotation period, personnel services records, expenses

Selection and Culling- important to improve production efficiencyTips on selection:

- select individuals large for their age- select kids from top performing does- highly consider multiple birth as a criterion in selection- select replacement stock on the basis of parental performance.

Housing and Fencing- need not to be expensive as long as it serves its basic purpose.- must be well ventilated, well drained and easy to clean.- should be accessible, protected by windbreaks, easily supplied with potable water.

Flooring and its Area- for backyard raisers, a 2m x 3m shed is sufficient for a pair of goats- floor is preferably slated for ease in cleaning.- ideal slats should be 2.5cm thick and 5cm wide and nailed about 1cm apart.- floor should be elevated at least 1 – 1.5m to facilitate air circulation and manure removal. Concrete ground floor under slatted flooring is recommended.

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Recommended Floor Space for Goats:

Doe - 1.5 sq. m

Buck - 2 sq. m

Young Stocks - 1 sq. m

Pens and Partitions- kidding and rearing pens- buck pen- dry does and doeling pen- grower pen

- kidding and rearing pens should be located at the rear end of the goat house- buck pen should be beside the dry and doeling pen and partitions should have a height of 1.35 to 1.5m- grower pens should accommodate all weaned kids. If buck kids were not castrated, separate them by another partition

-door of each pen should be costructed at its corner and hinged in such a way that it will only open inwards.- design the walls of the goat house in such a way that good ventilation is achieved.

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Roof and its Design- a roof of 2-3m high from roof to floor and sloping to 1.5m behind is recommended- indigenousm aterials may be used such as cogon, anahaw, etc.- if GI sheets are to be used, it must be thatched to provide comfort to the animals- under Philippine conditions, the open roof type (monitor type) is recommended.

Other Facilities Inside the Goat HouseFeeding Through- can be constructed at the alleys and/ or at the side of the house

- provide at least 40cm for each mature animal.- cross sectional dimension is 20 x 15 x 40 cm - should be elevated to discourage kids to jump of to it.

Water Throughs- can be located and attached outside the pen

Movable Kid Boxes- 20 x 30 x 45cm boxes can be placed inside the rearing area.

Isolation/ Quarantine Area- separate with the main goat house 3 sq. m in dimension. Provide foot bath on the location of the entrance of the facility.

Loafing Area- can be optional wherein the type of housing presents a multi level flooring that resembles bleachers in a stadium.

Fencing- can be made from 4ft high hog wire nailed to a wooden post or tied to a GI wire to a concrete post.- post should be buried deep enough and are 5m apart.

- a strand of barbed wire at the bottom and 1ft above the wire is recommended

- plant 3-4 live posts in between concrete or wooden posts

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Feeding and Nutrition

Nutrients Needed by Goats:

Water Fats

Carbohydrates Vitamins

Proteins Minerals

Feeds for GoatsRoughages - cheapest source of nutrients for goats

- includes grasses, legumes, crop by-products, bushes and leaves.

- e.g. ipil ipil, kakawate, katuray, centrosema, banana, mango, etc.

Concentrates- feeds that are low in fiber but high in energy content- e.g. corn, oil meals, brans, copra meal, mollases

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Practical Feeding in Goats- the best and most economical way to feed goats is to provide unlimited access to quality grass and legume.- provide goats with additional source of nutrition when feeding lower quality roughage and when on peak of production. e.g. during lactation, fattening, near parturition, etc.- supplement with concentrates and UMMB at these times

Strategic Concentrate Supplementation- concentrate supplementation is seldom practiced as it entails additional cost to farmers- however feeding with high protein and energy feeds during critical stage of production is found to be profitable.

For Fattening Stocks- supplement with concentrate mixture one month before market.- this improves fleshing and marbling qualities of meat- improves the meat’s eating quality

Breeding Stocks- becomes necessary when production of kids at regular short intervals is desired.- advantages of feeding concentrates to breeding stocks:

- bigger kids with heavier survival rates- more milk from does=heavier weaners- early regular post-lambing estrous- high succeeding pregnancy rate- better body conditions during lactation

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Herd Health Management

Common Diseases of Goats in the Philippines

Infectious:Bacterial: Brucellosis, CaseousLymphadenitis, Enterotoxemia, Foot Rot, Infectious Arthritis, Mastitis, Pneumonia, Pink EyeViral: CAE, FMD, OrfProtozoal: Coccidiosis

Non-Infectious:BloatHypocalcemiaTetanusNeonatal Hypoglycemia

Parasitic:Ectoparasites: Lice, Mange InfestationEndoparasites: Fasciolosis, GI

Nematodiasis

Strategic Worm ControlFor Free Grazing Goats:

Kids- deworm at 2-3 weeks then repeat after 21 days.

Adults- Drench twice a year; 1st a month before the rainy season then during the peak of the rainy months.- deworm again if FEC exceeds 1000 and PCV is less than 22

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Pregnant Does:- drench 2-3 weeks before kidding- to avoid accidents, restrain pregnant does carefully when drenching.

For Confined Animals:All Non Pregnant Animals:

- drench irrespective of age twice a year. Succeeding dewormingmay be based on the assessment of individual animals

Pregnant Does:- Drench 2-3 weeks before kidding

For Transferred and Newly PurchasedStocks:

- deworm animals at source to avoid importing parasites.- If this cannot be done, deworm and isolate the animals for a month.- If records of worm burden cannot be gathered soon, drench with a broad spectrum dewormer.

General Recommendations in Deworming Animals:- withhold feed for 12-24 hours prior to deworming- make sure each animal gets a right amount of drench- place the drench at the base of the tongue- take extra care not to direct it into the lungs and windpipe.