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Integrated Management of Marine Ecosystems and the Role of Marine Protected Areas
Han Lindeboom
The North Seain 1880
Olsen, Piscatorial Atlas (1883)
Oysters
Moorlog
Mud, silt
Sand
Stones
1880 1990
The past = the present=the future
The Common Sole formerlyplentiful now very scarce, requiresimmediate attention for itspreservation or propagation.(Olsen, 1883)
The sole
More protection needed
Criteria for protection:
EU Habitat Directive:Sand banks Reefs, gravel Sub-marine structures, gasseepsSpecies: sea mammals, fish
EU Bird Directive:Species and occurrence of 1% of the population
OSPARThreatened and important species and habitatsEcological importance, High biodiversity,Representatively, vulnerability, naturalness
Sand banksGravel
Data: TNO, RWS
Benthic fauna
Data: Royal. NIOZ
Fish Birds
Annual mean
Proposed areas withspecial ecological values
(Lindeboom et al., 2005)
IntegratedManagement planNorth Sea 2015
4 areas nominated
Existing use will not change
J.Haelters et al.
Belgium
J.Haelters et al.
Westhinder
Use of the North Sea
Gas- and Oil-platforms
53N
Aalscholver
26-1000
11-25
6-10
2-5
0-1
June 2005
June 2007
Great cormorant
New parks ?
Fisheries: bottom trawling
Effects beam trawling
Killing target andnon-target species
Food birds
Changing: species age
habitats
Long term effects ?
Before
After
Callianassa
Upogebia
Quahog
Conclusions:
Significant difference unfished-fished
> shrimps and shelfish
> biodiversity
Beam trawling causes changes in
the fauna, which influences structure,
bioturbation and mineralisation.
This has large consequences for
the functioning of the benthic
ecosystem
7°E
7°E
6°E
6°E
5°E
5°E
4°E
4°E
3°E
3°E
2°E
2°E
55°N
54°N
53°N
52°N
500000 600000 700000 800000
570
000
058
000
00
590
000
060
000
00
610
000
0
Habitattypen diep, fijn en grof zand
diep, slibrijk
grind
middeldiep gemengd zand
ondiep fijn zand
Geploegd
Geharkt
Windmolenpark
platform 500 m buffer
Natuurlijke en door de mensgevormde habitattypen
“Old habitat types”
Sand bank
Gravel
Silt
“New habitat types”
Ploughed habitat
Raked habitat
Platforms
Wind park
Habitat types inthe North Sea
Will protectionbe effective ?
Example: the Quahog
Evaluation and targets for the Quahog populationRob Witbaard, IMARES/Royal NIOZ
The Frisian Front area has a relatively low abundanceof Quahogs (0.06/m2): 20 years ago this was 6 times higher
Beam trawl fisheries cause a large additional mortality upon Quahogs
Model calculations indicate that the Quahog will basically disappear from the Dutch Shelf in 2017 (Bergman & Sandbrink, 2000)
Quahog populations may be genetically different (Holmes, 2003)
Climate changes may lead to a change in Quahog distribution
To save Quahogs on the Dutch Shelf, fisheries intensities inareas with relative high densities should be strongly reduced
What area is most suited to protect Quahogs on the Dutch Shelf ?
C. Röckmann et al. (2007)Nat. Res. Modeling 20 (2):223-262
Fishing as usual
Permanent closure
Temporal closure
Climate change(salinity decrease)
7°E
7°E
6°E
6°E
5°E
5°E
4°E
4°E
3°E
3°E
2°E
2°E
55°N
54°N
53°N
52°N
500000 600000 700000 800000
570
000
058
000
00
590
000
060
000
00
610
000
0
Habitattypen diep, fijn en grof zand
diep, slibrijk
grind
middeldiep gemengd zand
ondiep fijn zand
Geploegd
Geharkt
Windmolenpark
platform 500 m buffer
Natuurlijke en door de mensgevormde habitattypen
Or real closures ??
Conclusions:
An integrated approach of protection, harvestingand building is needed for a sustainable North Sea
Fisheries is at the limit of the carrying capacityof the ecosystem: big changes are needed
The human pressure is rapidly increasing
In 1880, >20% of the Dutch North Sea bottom was ‘hard’, now almost everywhere sand and mud
MPA’s should be created
Thank you.