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8/15/2019 Integrated Weed Management of OP 2008
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INTEGRATED WEEDMANAGEMENT OF OIL
PALM IN MALAYSIA
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INTRODUCTION
• TROPICAL CLIMATE
– HIGH RAINFALL
– HIGH HUMIDITY
– ABUNDANT SUNLIGHT
• FAVOURS OIL PALMS
• ALSO FAVOURS MANY WEEDS
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WEED PROBLEM IN
OIL PALM SMALL PLANTING
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WEED PROBLEM IN
OIL PALM PLANTATIONS
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HOW IS INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT DEFINED ?
• Definition given by PANEL OF Experts onIntegrated Pest Control, Rome (FAO 1968).
• A pest management system that, in the
context of the associated environment andthe population dynamics of the pest species,utilizes all suitable techniques and methodsin as compatible a manner as possible andmaintain the pest population at levels belowthose causing economic injury
• „pest species‟ in the broad sense = animalpests, insect pests, disease causing agentsand weeds
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INTEGRATED WEED
MANAGEMENT
• easy to understand definition “using all theavailable tools to manage weeds in aneconomical and environmentally safe
manner”• “tools” - different categories.
Cultural
MechanicalBiological
Chemical
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CULTURAL CONTROL
- destroying weeds or preventing weeds bycultural practices
- involve using manipulations of how and
where the crop is grown to avoid orreduce weed problems.
i. manual weeding,
ii. planting of LCC,iii. maintenance of ground covers,
iv. EFB mulching,
v. frond placement
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MANUAL WEEDING
• IN NURSERY – hand pulling
• IN IMMATURE PLANTING – manual
decree ping to remove weed
encroachment
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LEGUME COVER CROPS
One sound method of weed management is the planting
of legume cover crops, commonly practiced in the
immature phase of oil palm cultivation.
Conventional LCC mixtures = a mixture of 2 or 3 species
ƒ Pueraria phaseolo ides or P. javanica
ƒ Centrosema pubescens
ƒ Calapogonium mucunoides
ƒ Calopogonium caeruleum
ƒ Mucuna cochinch inensis
Mucuna bracteata - vigo rous
pure legume cover or at least 80 % coverage
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LEGUME COVER CROPS – PREVENT & SUPPRESS WEED GROWTH
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NATURAL GROUND COVERS
LESS COMPETITIVE INDIGENOUSPLANTS
ƒ prevent soil erosion
ƒ conservation of soil humusƒ reduce competition from weed growth
ƒ improve aeration
ƒ improve soil nutrient statusLOW LYING FLOOD PRONE AREAS
CONTRAINTS TO PLANT LCC
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NATURAL COVER CROPSPREVENT & SUPPRESS WEED GROWTH
Paspalum con jugatum
Ottochloa nodosa
Axonopus com pressus
Nephro lepis b iserrata
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MULCHING
• Weed growth can be suppressed by
applying dead mulches, and by covering
the soil with black plastic sheets. Cut
grasses, crop residues and other plantmaterials, manure etc ., can be used as
mulch. In the nursery, weed growth in the
polybag is prevented or suppressed bymulching with a layer of broken shells or
cut lallang.
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EFB MULCHING
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PLACEMENT OF CUT FRONDS -
mulching
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Mechanical control
• The clearing of previous vegetations in
land preparation involves several types of
• mechanical equipment. During the working
of using equipment, weeds are destroyed
or buried by ploughing / rotovation.
• Physical removal by mowing, slashing,
tilling, etc .
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MECHANICAL WEEDING
slashing the path
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MECHANICAL WEEDING
Land preparation
AFTER
TERRACING
BEFORE
TERRACING
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Biological Control
• organized livestock grazing
• the use of insect pests, plantdiseases and other biotic agents tosuppress, control or manage weedproblems.
•
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ANIMAL GRAZINGSheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes are common
domestic animals left to graze in the mature
plantings of oil palm plantations.
Not suitable for immature plantings.
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL of Asystasia
using parasitic plants Cuscu ta sp ; seen
in small oil palm plantings
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
The control of a woody weed, Cordia
curassavica (Jacq.) R&S in Malaysia by a leaf
eating beetle, Schematiza cordiae Barks
(including the larval stage), was reported to be
successful.
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CHEMICAL CONTROL
• the application of chemical substances(fertilizers, weedicides and plant growthregulators PGR) to prevent or suppressweed growth.
• destroying weeds using herbicides thatdo not adversely affect the crop anddesired plant community
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WEED MANAGEMENTWhere legume covers, or natural ground covers are
maintained, four types of weeding operations will benecessary
1. clean weeding of circle to prevent competition from weeds
and to facilitate loose fruit collection
2. strip weeding to provide access for harvesting and other
field operations
3. selective spot weeding to remove noxious weeds from
legume covers or natural covers
4. periodic control of legume covers and ground covers, if
growth is too vigorous
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CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL IN
NURSERY
• SPRAYING AT SMALL WEED STAGE
• CAREFUL SPRAYING USING SPRAY
SHIELD
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CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL – PLANTING OF LEGUME COVER CROPS
• PRE-PLANTING BLANKET
WEED SPRAYING
• POST PLANTING SPOT
SPRAYING
POST PLANTING SPOT WEEDING
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CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL IN
IMMATURE PLANTINGS
• SPRAYING OF PALM CIRCLES
• SPRAYING OF STRIPS ALONG PALM ROWS
• CAREFUL SPRAYING USING SPRAY SHIELD
• SPOT SPRAYING OF NOXIOUS WEEDS
SPRAYING OF STRIPS ALONG
PALM ROWS
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Circle sprayingStrip spraying
CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL IN
IMMATURE PLANTINGS
• SPRAYING OF PALM CIRCLES
• SPRAYING OF STRIPS ALONG PALM ROWS
• SPOT SPRAYING OF NOXIOUS WEEDS
• PALM POISONING
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NEW ISSUES AND
CHALLENGES IN IWM• STATUS OF WEED FLORA
• IWM STRATEGY
• WEED DISPERSAL AND SPREADING
• ERADICATION/MANAGEMENT OF NEW WEEDS• WEED BIOLOGY AND SEED BANK
• EFFICACY OF WEEDICIDES
• HERBICIDE RESISTANCE
• OSH REQUIREMENTS• BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• BENEFICIAL PLANTS
• REHABILITATION OF BARE GROUNDS
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STATUS OF WEED FLORA
Weed survey / census - to
determine and record Weed species
Area infested
Weed density
Topography
Soil types
Information incorporatedinto a map that shows the
location, type, and size ofweed infestations / forevaluating the success ofa weed managementplan.
Criterion 4.6 :NO PROPHYLACTIC
SPRAYING
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WEED WATCHPrevention is still the best solution
Learn to identify noxious weeds & earlyeradication
Mimosa pigra, open & low lying
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IWM STRATEGY
• Prevention
• Detection
• Eradication
• Management
Pennisetum
polys tachyon
Early detection andsystematic eradication of
weed colonization
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WEED DISPERSAL AND SPREADINGDISPERSAL BY SPECIALIZED MECHANISMS FOR
TRANSPORT BY WIND, WATER, ANIMALS AND MAN
(VEHICLES)
Pennisetum & Imperata
flowering & spread by wind
Early detection andsystematic eradication of
weed colonization
Eradication of satellite colonies
before large infestation in
blanket sheet conditions
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ERADICATION / MANAGEMENT OF
NEW WEEDS
• Central to IWM
• Eradicationprogramme
Delimiting theboundaries ofinfestation
Proper controlprocedure
Number & timing offollow up sprayings
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WEED BIOLOGY AND SEED BANK
• MANY SPECIES ANDTYPES OF WEEDS
• MANY MEANS OFREPRODUCTION -rhizomes, runners,bulbs, tubers,stolons, and offsets.
• "SEED BANK"
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WEEDS PRODUCE MANY SEEDS
Failure to control 1 weed plant now will
need to control many plants in the nextgeneration
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“SEED BANK” An important factor determining weed succession
pattern.
More weed seeds will remain on soil surface when
tillage is reduced or no tillage is carried out
Asystasia
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EFFICACY OF WEEDICIDES
(grass killers)
herbicides action rate
glyphosate systemic 1.5 litres
Paraquat 13% contact 5.6 litres
Sodium chlorate contact 5.5 kg
Glufosinate-
ammonium
contact 3.3 litres
RSPO 4.6 : do not permit use of Class 1 pesticides
Rain fastness
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EFFICACY OF WEEDICIDES
(broadleaf killers)
herbicides action rate
2,4-D amine systemic 1.4 litres
dicamba systemic 1.5 litres
trichlopyr systemic 1.5 litres
floroxypyr systemic 1.5 litres
metsulfuron-methyl systemic 75 g
metsulfuron-methyl systemic 150 g
PHYTOTOXIC to immature oil palm
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HERBICIDE RESISTANCE
• Glyphosate inhibits theenzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-sikimate-3-phosphatesynthase (EPSPS)
• Heavy reliance
• Strong selection intensityfavouring weedspossessing gene traitsenabling glyphosatesurvival
Eleus ine indica survived
spraying of glyphosate
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OSH REQUIREMENTS
Criterion 4.6 : Agrochemicals are usedin a way that does not endanger health
or the environment
Criterion 4.7 : An occupational health
and safety plan is documented,
effectively communicated and implemented.
PPE & SPRAY CONTAMINATION STUDIES
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OSH REQUIREMENTS wearing PPE & SPRAY CONTAMINATION STUDIES
Body regions CKS + 5/64 fanjet +
shield for nursery
weed control
CKS + cone nozzles
spraying pest to
seedlings of 50 cm
height
CKS + cone nozzles
spraying pest to
immature palms of >
2 m height
Back shoulder Nil Nil Few
Forehead Nil Nil Many
Chest Nil Nil Many
Waist Nil Few Many
Left hand Nil Few Many
Right hand Nil Many * Many
Thigh Few Many Many
Knee moderate Many Blotches
Foot Blotches Blotches Blotches
(* holding spray lance )
O OG C CO O
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL(oversea examples)
• Phytophagous insects• Fungal diseases
Mycoherbicides
Myco = fungusHerbicides = plant killer
Criterion 4.5 : Pests, diseases, weeds
and invasive introduced species are
effectively managed using appropriate
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques
Emphasis on biological control
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• Phytophagous insects• Ac tinote thal ia pyrrh a originates from the region betweeneastern and western Mexico through to Costa Rica,Venezuela, Brazil and Columbia. This coincides with thesame geographical range of host plants Mikania m icrantha and Chrom olaena odo rata .
• Biology and Life CycleThe life cycle of A. thalia pyrrha is completed in 92-102 days inthe insectary but decreases to 73-84 days with an increase intemperature. Under these warmer conditions, the number oflarval instars decreases from 6 to 5.
http://www.spc.int/lrd/mikania/Actinote_spp.htm
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL• VERY HUNGRY CATERPILLARS !
The rearing of an insect colony
requires the preparation of
hundreds of healthy mikania
plants.
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Steps in developing a mycoherbicide I Look for suitable pathogens (if not already known).
Identify highly pathogenic (disease causing
isolates that produce no or few toxins.
Develop an efficient way of mass-producing the
spores and ensuring their stability and shelf life.Determine the optimum conditions for infection
and disease development.
Check that the pathogen can be used in a manner
that will minimize the risk of serious damage to anysusceptible non-target plants.
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Steps in developing a mycoherbicide II
Develop an appropriate formulation andapplication technology.
Test in the field and improve formulation if
necessary.
Obtain registration for the product.Find commercial backing for producing, marketing
and distributing the product.
http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biocons/weeds/biocontrol
/inundativemycoherbicides.asp
http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biocons/weeds/biocontrolhttp://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biocons/weeds/biocontrol
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MYCOHERBICIDE COLLEGO
Fungus Col letotr ichum gloeospor iodes
aeschynomene .
Control northern jointvetch (Aeschynomene vi rg in ica ),black seeds contaminate harvests of rice and soya
beans.
Dry formulation consisting of 15 per cent viable spores
and 85 per cent inert ingredients,
Can be stored for long periods at room temperatures.
Each package contains 757 billion spores, which will
treat about 2.5 hectares.
Dilute into 250 litres water and sprays the suspension,
of 18 million spores per square metre, to well wateredcrop and relative humidity is likely to be high for the
following 12 hours.
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MYCOHERBICIDES COLLEGO
Within 1 – 2 weeks the vetch plants begin to show
lesions that gradually encircle the stem. Most of theplants die within 5 weeks.
A single application of Collego in the growing season
is needed
A few stunted plants may survive treatment but cannot
keep up in competition with the crop
reduced the input of pesticides by nearly 500 000 litres
since its introduction.
http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717324.600
-weeding-with-fungi-just-as-fungal-diseases-can-
devastate-acrop-so-too-can-they-destroy-weeds-a-
herbicide-made-from-fungi-could-bethe-ideal-means-
of-weed-control-.html
http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717324.600http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717324.600
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BENEFICIAL PLANTS ??
Criterion 5.2
The status of rare, threatened or
endangered species and high
conservation value habitats,
Large Melastom a malabathr icum
Ficus epiphy tes
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BENEFICIAL PLANTS ??
• Large Melastoma
plants provide
nesting sites for
many small birds.• How many / ha ?
• Alternate host plants
of Adoretus beetles,
leaf eating insectpest
Melastoma
malabathr icum
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BENEFICIAL PLANTS ??
• Large Ficus plants
produced many
small fruits and
provide food formany small birds.
• How many / ha ?
• Serious epiphytes on
mature oil palms
Ficus sp
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REHABILITATION OF BARE GROUNDS
Surface water run-off
Top soil erosion
Criterion 4.2 : Practices maintainsoil fertility
Monitoring of soil organic matters…………………………………………….
RSPO Criterion 4.3 : Practices
minimise and control erosion and
degradation of soils.
Bare ground conditions in mature
plantings may render topsoil beingeroded away easily, especially
during high rainfall seasons.
Efforts must be made to retain
soft grasses in the fields.
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SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
• IWM IS A CONTINUOUS IMPROVING STRATEGYAND ADEQUATELY SUPPORTED BY R&D IN WEEDMANAGEMENT
• MUST BE COST-EFFECTIVE
• ENHANCE CROP PRODUCTION AND REDUCE COSTOF WEED CONTROL
• MEETING ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENT ANDEND USER EXPECTATIONS
• TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND IN-SERVICETRAINING TO MANAGEMENT AND SPRAYOPERATORS
• MANAGEMENT MUST BE MORE PERSISTENT THANTHE WEEDS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• ORGANIZING COMMITTEE – THANK YOU FOR INVITATION
• FORMER COLLEAGUES IN EBOR RESEARCH &ESTATES -
GRATEFUL FOR THEIRSUPPORT AND COOPERATION GIVEN
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION