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8/3/2019 Integrating Micro Generation Within the Built Environment
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London, 18th June 2009 SUPERGEN - Highly Distributed Energy Future
Integrating -Generation within the
Built Environment
By Nick Kelly
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Overview
context
detailed modelling of -generation example: -CHP performance analysis
scaling up to network impacts
research outcomes
issues for HiDEF
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Context and Issues
strong Europe-wide legislative drive for energyefficiency and the integration of low or zero carbon
technologies (LZC) into buildings e.g. EPBD (2002),Zero Carbon Homes (2016), etc.
however this is set against relatively little practical
knowledge of how (energy supply) LZCs perform in situ specificallyintegrated with other building systems
how populations of LZCs interact with and affect the wider
power grid both of these issues were investigated within HDPS
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Need for Detailed Modelling
lack of appropriate empirical data on LZCtechnology performance
HDPS adopted a modelling approach to generateperformance data
developed detailed, integrated, models featuring the
LZC device, balance of plant andbuilding enables performance of the LZC devices to be
modelled in context - accounting for the phenomenathat affect device behaviour: micro climate, space heating and hot water demand, user
interaction (occupancy), control scheduling, building fabricinteractions, etc.
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HDPS Detailed Models
models developed for the ESP-r buildingsimulation tool1
generic UK house types: detached, terraced,semi-detached and flat (can be adapted torepresent virtually any dwelling)
hydronic heating and hot water systems models
inc. thermal storage validated models of LZC supply technologies: -
CHP (4 types), and A/GSHP, -wind turbine andPV
all elements can be mixed and matched todevelop model most -generation variants
1 www.esru.strath.ac.uk
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Outputs
simulation produces a huge range of time-seriesdata:
temperature within a room heat/power output of theLZC device
for HDPS issues investigated included:
heat and electrical output (magnitude, temporalcharacteristics, availability for grid interaction)
also comfort, efficiency, cycling, influence of storage
environmental performance (CO2)
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Example: -CHP Analysis
investigation of performance of -CHP devices in different
dwelling types and the effect of storage
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Example: -CHP Analysis
-CHP systems models:
CHP
DHWTANK
RAD NRAD A
T
T
T
T
CHP
DHWTANK
RAD NRAD A
T
T
T
T
CHPBUFFER
TANK
DHWTANK
RAD NRAD A
T
T
T
T
CHPBUFFER
TANK
DHWTANK
RAD NRAD A
T
T
T
T
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Example: -CHP Analysis
raw outputs
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Example: -CHP Analysis
processed output
Overall SE Device Efficiency
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.60.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96
Simulation no.
Efficiency(-)
Overall Device Efficiency Thermal Efficiency
semi terraced flat
summer winter
SE On/off Cycling
10
100
1000
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96
Simulation no.
On/offCycles
Dev ice Th erm al Efficiency v s C ycling (SE)
Thef f = -0.060 7L n(cyc) + 0.9311
R2
= 0.825
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
10 100 1000
On /off cycles
ThermalEfficiency(-)
micro-CHP - well insulated dwelling
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
7080
90
100
Unit eff. Sys eff.
Winter int. occupancy Autumn cont. occupancy Autumn int. occupancyWinter cont. occupancy Winter int. occupancy
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balance of plant, particularly thermal storage had avery significant affect on -CHP performance reduced cycling, increased deviceefficiency, greater flexibility to interact with electrical network but greater standing losses, reduced systemefficiency (even
with well insulated tanks), negligible CO2 savings cycling frequencies and durations varied enormously
depending on storage and load (dwelling characteristics)
improving dwelling energy efficiency resulted in a
deterioration in the performance of engine-based -CHP (increased cycling and standing losses)
Example: -CHP Analysis
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Effect of buffering on power output characteristicsdetached dwelling, Stirling CHP, winter, continuous occupancy, w/ buffer tank
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
time (minutes)
power(W)
buffered Stirling unit
Generated Profiles
1.2 kW -cogenPV
Effect of buffering on power output characteristicsdetached dwelling, Stirling CHP, winter, continuous occupancy, no buffer tank
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
time (minutes)
power(W)
unbuffered Stirling unit
each simulation also produced a powerproduction profile for the technology
being modelled
typically for a characteristic climatic weekat 1 min intervals
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Scaling Up Network Impacts
database of realistic time series generation profiles fordifferent dwelling/technology mixes and climatic
periods (winter, summer, transition) selected profiles were used to populate a modelled
section of grid (mixed industrial/residential) load flow analysis was then be undertaken to
determine the performance of low and mediumsections of grid under different scenarios (differentpenetrations and mixes of -generators)
key outputs included: line loadings, negative power
flows, voltage levels, transformer tap settings, etc.
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Scaling Up Network Impacts
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Analysing Macro Performance
-20
2
4
6
8
10
1214
16
18
20
22
24
Time (transition week)
CurcuitFlow(MVA)
132/33 transformer
Mixed 33kV line
11kV transformer
11kV cable
Residential 33kV line
Remote 11kV cable
100
100.5
101
101.5
102
102.5
103
Time (transition week)
Voltage(%)
33kV supply point
Residential 11kV
supply point
Mixed 11kV supply
point11kV substation
Remote 11kV
substation
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Research Outputs
detailed validated models of a variety of micro-generationtechnologies
integrated within detailed, configurable models ofcharacteristic UK dwellings
can be used from feasibility to detailed design of building-integrated systems
published micro-performance analysis studies database of generation profiles in different operating
conditions
bottom-up tools and method for the analysis of HDPS
published macro-performance analysis studies
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Research Impacts
-CHP device models developed in collaborationwith IEA ECBCS annex 42 activity led by HDPS
implemented in 4 widely-used built environmentsimulation tools: energy plus (US)
TRNSYS (US)
ESP-r (EU)
IDA (EU/Scandinavia)
used by thousands of engineers worldwide
used for numerous published studies into -CHPperformance analysis (UK, Canada, Switzerland,etc.)
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Issues for HiDEF
increasingly energy efficient dwellings andchanging heat/power characteristics (zero-
carbon and higher density housing)
hybrid systems (technology combinations)
non-domestic sector
new technologies e.g. micro-demandmanagement
characterising and assessing interactionswith
cells and macro-level control
THANK YOU