Stage Gate Integrated withProduct/Project Development Models

&The CMMI

March 2016

Product/Project Lifecycle Stages and Project Planning

• Understanding the project lifecycle stages is crucial in determining the scope of the planning effort and the timing of initial planning, as well as the timing and criteria (critical milestones) for re-planning

Product/Project / Systems / Software Development Lifecycle (PDLC/SDLC)

Stage GateDefinition: the Stage-Gate Process is an innovation approach to make the product development process more effective from the initial idea to launching the product.

• Stage-Gate® describes the steps or stages of an optimal new product process

• Each stage consists of a set of certain cross-functional and parallel activities which must be successfully completed prior to obtaining management approval to proceed to the next stage of product development

• The entrance to each stage is called: a gate. These gates, which are normally meetings, control the process and serve as:• Quality control• Go / Kill decision points• Readiness checks • Must-Meet and Should-Meet criteria• Market for action plan for next phase

Stage Gate - 2The traditional phase-gate process has six stages or phases and six gates:

• Idea Generation• Scoping• Build Business Case• Development• Testing and Validation• Launch

• Gates provide various points during the process where an assessment of the quality of an idea is undertaken

Stage Process Model Diagram

GATE 0 GATE 1 GATE 2 GATE 3 GATE 4

STAGE 2 STAGE 3 STAGE 4 STAGE 5

Scoping(Work BreakdownStructure)

BuildBusiness Case

DevelopmentDocumentation

Build Industrial Prototype

Testing andValidation

Launch Preparation

LaunchFollow-Up with Customer

IdeaScreening (Discovery)

ScopeScreening

Go to Development

Go to Testing Launch

Preparation

Technical DocumentationTo Manufacturing

Marketing Plan

GATE 5

IdeaGeneration(Discovery)

Post Launch ReviewProject Closure

Stage Gate Systems Engineering Process

The Systems Approach

Systems

REQUIREMENTS

REQUIREMENTS

REQUIREMENTS

REQUIREMENTS

ALTERNATIVE

ALTERNATIVE

ALTERNATIVE

ALTERNATIVE

ALTERNATIVE

ALTERNATIVE

ALTERNATIVE

ALTERNATIVE

Translation Analysis Trade Off Synthesis

Constraints* Legislative * Financial* Timing * Policy

Selection Criteria* Performance * Cost/Benefit* Response Time * Policy

Stage 0 – Discovery / Idea GenerationThe discovery Stage or “Idea Generation” is the time to decide what projects the company wants and is capable to pursue.

Stage 1 - ScopingThe main goal of this stage is to evaluate the product and its corresponding market

• Is it technically possible to create the product?• What about manufacturing and operations feasibility?• What set and how many spare parts must be stored or does a

supplier have to have on hand to handle predicted maintenance activities

• What are the design criteria?• Is the product design in line with the definition of the scope• What is the estimate for human resource needs and skill levels

Stage 2 – Building the Business Case and PlanThis stage focuses on the building of the business case and plan

• Customer value needs to be understood• Market analysis should be conducted to determine the

market size, segmentation, rate of growth, customer trends and behavior and what means should be used to reach the customers

• A competitive analysis is important to know what the strengths and weaknesses of your competitors are

• A technical feasible product concept must be built including what is required to produce the new product

The business case defines the product and provides the rationale for developing it

• The Project Plan typically contains or references:• Schedules based on technical activities and their

dependencies• Project tasks• Project lifecycle considerations including:

• Coverage of later phases of the product or service life (e.g., transition to manufacturing, training, operations, a service provider)

• Milestones• Data Management• Risk identification and assessment• Stakeholder identification and interaction• Criticality requirements including security

Stage 2 – Developing the Initial Project Plan

Required resources including:• Tools• Facilities• Development, testing and even the operational environment should be defined• Staffing• Knowledge and skills• Infrastructure description• Organizational interface commitments• Measures to be used in monitoring performance• Process descriptions

Stage 2 – Developing the Initial Project Plan - 2

• The most common Work Breakdown Structure is the six-level indented structure shown in the figure below.

Level Description

ManagerialLevels

TechnicalLevels

123

456

Total ProgramProject

Task

SubtaskWork Package

Level of Effort

Stage 2 – Developing the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)• The WBS is a product, work product, or task oriented structure

that provides a scheme for identifying and organizing the logical units of work to be managed, which are called “work packages”

During development, the product’s design and development is carried out, including some early simple tests of the product /product components or even subsystems and some early testing involving the customer whenever possible

Stage 3 – Development

Product or product component designs should provide the appropriate life-cycle content for:• Functionality (Implementation)• Maintenance• Sustainment• Reuse• Installation• Support• Training• Performance• Quality Attributes• Disposal as appropriate

Stage 3 - Development - 2

Stage 4 – Testing – Marketing Plan – Launch Plan

• The purpose of testing is to• Establish confidence that a program or system does what it is

supposed to do.• Make lack of quality visible• Execute a program with the intent of finding errors• Exercise a component to verify that it satisfied a specific requirement• Provide continual assessment of whether the product being produced

will meet the needs of the user • “Expected results” should be part of the test plans• Actual results should be compared to expected results and spot checked by

Quality Assurance

Stage 4 – Testing – Marketing Plan – Launch Plan - 2

• The Marketing Plan that was started in Stage 2 should be improved and approved

• The Marketing Plan should also include training for:• Product, layout and process specialists• Erection and Commissioning Engineers• Sales and support personnel to be familiar with the product so that they

can assist in sales of this product• Procurement Responsibles

Stage 4 – Testing – Marketing Plan – Launch Plan - 3

• The Launch Plan should also be finalized and include:• When the organization wants to launch the product• Which magazines advertisement should be placed in• Presentation material should be developed for conferences• General information on the launch should be made available for the

entire organization to promote awareness and solution selling

Stage 5 – Product Launch• The product launch is the culmination of the product having passed

all previous gates• The marketing strategy should be ready to generate or continue

generating customer demand for the product• A significant part of product launch is on-site technical support with

defined criteria for agreeing the technology transition is or is becoming successful for the customer

• Gathering customer references can provide stronger positioning during sale negotiations

Gate 5 – Product Launch - 2• Following the product launch a post launch review should be

conducted:• Are the sales figures converging in on estimates?• Are the cost levels being contained?• Is the profit at the level expected?• Is the market potential starting to show signs of growth or is it becoming

stagnant or even weakening?• Are suppliers able to keep up with their commitments?

• What is the technical evaluation of the product?

• Is training effective?

• Lessons learned and measurements should be captured during a formal project closure session

Approaches for the Detailed Activities in the Stages

(Product Development Models)

Waterfall Model with Stepwise V&V

Concept Review& Validation

Concept ofOperation

Requirements Review& Early Phase Validation

RequirementsDefinition

Architectural DesignReview & Verification

ArchitecturalDesign

Design Review& Verification

DetailedDesign

Componet ReviewUnit Test

Development (Code)

Component Integration Verification

ComponentIntegration

System TestVerification & Validation

Product Integration

Re-ValidationMaintenance

Transition orDisposalDisposition

Waterfall Process Model High-Level Definition

Waterfall Process Model – The waterfall process model can be seen to be the most appropriate for the development of products in a familiar domain• The risk of building poor products is reduced by an experience base that

may include reusable specifications and designsThis version of the Waterfall Model – Royce – Boehm – Kasse includes a return path from each step in the model to the previous step to account for the necessity to change the product of a previous stepThis approach offers an orderly procedure for making changes as far back as necessary, both to meet the standards of verification and validation and to satisfy the underlying concept definition

V-Model Product Development Lifecycle

PDLCPhase

BaselinedPhase Products

Legend

Code Reading

Review

Test dataTest cases

Buildfiles

IntegrationPlan

Test casesTest data

Test casesTest data

Test casesTest data

Test casesTest data

Test casesTest data

-

Develop-ment

UnitTest

DetailedDesign Integration

ArchitecturalDesign

Integrationtest

Requirementsspecification

AcceptanceTest

FeasibilityStudy

RequirementsDefinition

Operation Productphaseout

ProjectInitiation Operational

testProject

completion

Designspecification

IntegratedComponents

Requirementsspecification

TestedSystem

PlansUpdated

requirementsAcceptedProduct

Statement ofRequirements

OperationalProduct

CodeCompo-nents

ModuledesignsModuledesigns

Componentdesigns

TestedmodulesTested

modulesTested

Components

Review

Walkthrough

V-Model Product Development Lifecycle Model

• Just like the waterfall model, the V-Shaped life cycle is a sequential path of execution of processes

• Test planning and development is emphasized in this model more so than the waterfall model though

• Many testing procedures can be developed early in the life cycle before any development is done, during each of the phases preceding implementation

• “Test then Develop”

Incremental Development Model

Needed Project (MNS) Development Strategy

Milestone 0

High-Level Func. Desc. (User Involved) Concept/Design Systems Engineering Reuse Strategy Identify COIC/CMF

Executing Processes

Detailed Design(User Involved)Detailed Design(User Involved)

DeveloperTesting

User Review

OT&E

Accelerated Development

Block 1

Block 2

Block 3

Block 4

Block 5

Partition Plan and Define

Repetition Sample

Reuse Library(Data, Specs, Designs, Methodologies, Tools)

Business Models and Architecture

Requirements Outside Current Business Area

System Prototype (Risk Analysis)

Evaluate Prototype

User Accepts Prototype

Milestone I

Milestone II

Milestone III

Milestone IV

Incremental Development Process ModelHigh-Level Definition

• Incremental Development Process Model – In an unfamiliar domain, or in large or complex projects, an incremental approach reduces risk, since the cost of each increment in relatively small.

• An increment may even be discarded and redeveloped without catastrophic cost consequences

• Incremental development is a variation of the divide-and-conquer strategy in which the product is built in increments of functional capability

• The first increment is a working system or has usable capability• Each successive increment will add functionality to yield a more

capable working system• This approach includes ease of testing, usefulness of each

increment, and availability during development of user experiences with previous increments

PROTO-TYPE 1

RA

CONCEPT OF OPERATION

RQTS PLANLIFE-CYCLEPLAN

RISK ANALYSIS

PROTOTYPE 2

RQMTS

REQUIREMENTSVALIDATION

DEVELOPMENTPLAN

RISK ANALYSIS

PROTOTYPE 3

PRODUCTOR COMPONENTDESIGNDESIGN VALIDATION

AND VERIFICATIONINTEGRATIONAND TEST

OPERATIONALPROTOTYPE

RISK ANALYSIS

DETAILEDDESIGN

DETERMINEOBJECTIVES,ALTERNATIVES,CONSTRAINTS

CUMULATIVE COST PROGRESS THROUGH STEPS

EVALUATE ALTERNATIVES,IDENTIFY, RESOLVE RISKS

PLANNEXT PHASES

DEVELOP VERIFYNEXT-LEVEL PRODUCT

IMPLEMENT-ATION

ACCEPTANCETEST

INTEGRATIONAND TEST

UNITTEST

DEV

COMMITMENT

PARTITION

Spiral Model

Spiral Process Model High-Level Definition

Spiral Process Model – The great strength of the spiral model is the capability to develop increments, or prototypes, with each full turn of the spiral• The prototype that is specified, planned, built, tested, and evaluated is now

a working core version of the final systemIt should be noted that the spiral is a variation of the waterfall model that adds generality by including repetition as its basic feature

EVOLUTIONARY MODEL 1ST Generation

Planning Risk AnalysisRisk analysis based on initial requirements

Risk analysis basedon customer reaction

GO, NO-GO DECISION

Toward a Completed System

Initial prototype

Engineered system

Next Level prototype

Customer evaluates

Initial requirements gathering and project planning

Customer EngineeringEvaluation

EVOLUTIONARY MODEL 2nd Generation

Concept Feasibility projects

Multi-entry point evolutionary model

Planning Risk Analysis

GO, NO-GO AXIS

Engineering

Task region containing a task set appropriate for a particular project

Customer InstallationEvaluation & Support

Customer Communications

New Applications & Systems

Role-out Projects

Maintenance/Support Projects

III

III

IV

Evolutionary Development Model High-Level Definition

Evolutionary Development Model – The evolutionary development model is an attempt to achieve incremental development of product whose requirements are not known or known very well in advance• This is a process that can be used with iterative rapid

prototyping and user feedback to develop a full-scale prototype• The prototype may be refined and delivered as a production

system or it may serve as a de facto specification for new development

Typical Product Development Models for Smaller or Less Complex

and/or Safety Critical Projects

Agile Software Development Lifecycle

Prototyping Product Development Lifecycle

A Concurrent Engineering Life-Cycle Model

TC>CT

CETEAM

ConceptDevelopment

MarketAnalysis

Set, Cost,Target (CT)

FullProduction

Marketing andDistribution

RequirementsAnalysis

Specifications

Design

Implementation

Testing

Estimation of Total Cost (TC)

RequirementsAnalysis

Specifications

Design

Implementation

Testing

RequirementsAnalysis

Specifications

Design

Implementation

Testing

ManufacturingProcess

Development

ManufacturingSystem

Development

ProductDevelopment

Tim Kasse – Contact Information• Tim Kasse B.S., M.S.• Principal Consultant• 8121 Latigo Trail• McKinney, Texas 75070• 214-325-3122 Cell• 214-548-6048 VOIP• www.whitebox.dk• www.kasseinitiatives.com• kassetc@aol.com