Integration of MetabolismIntegration of Metabolism Insulin regulation Insulin regulationGlucagon regulation Glucagon regulationMetabolic Regulation in the Fed State Metabolic Regulation in the Fed StateInsulin stimulation: Insulin stimulation: Glucose, amino acids (arg), and GI hormones (secretin)Insulin repression: Insulin repression:Epinephrine (stress, i.e., feer or infection) !iological Effects of Insulin and Glucagon !iological Effects of Insulin and GlucagonGlucose upta"e Glucose upta"eGl#cogen s#nthesis Gl#cogen s#nthesis$rotein s#nthesis $rotein s#nthesisFat s#nthesis Fat s#nthesisGluconeogenesis GluconeogenesisGl#cogen mobili%ation Gl#cogen mobili%ation&ipid mobili%ation &ipid mobili%ation$rotein degradation $rotein degradation'ltered gene e(pression 'ltered gene e(pressionGlucose upta"e Glucose upta"eGl#cogen s#nthesis Gl#cogen s#nthesis$rotein s#nthesis $rotein s#nthesisFat s#nthesis Fat s#nthesisGluconeogenesis GluconeogenesisGl#cogen mobili%ation Gl#cogen mobili%ation)etogenesis )etogenesis$rotein degradation $rotein degradation*pta"e of amino acids *pta"e of amino acidsI+S*&I+ I+S*&I+ G&*,'G-+ G&*,'G-+ G&*./ (insulin0responsie glucose transporter) upregulation at the plasma membraneEffect of Insulin on Glucose .ransportEffect of Insulin on Glucose .ransport -nl# ca. 123 of bod# protein is aailable for energ# productionEnerg# Reseres 4uring FastingEnerg# Reseres 4uring Fasting )etone !odies are an 'lternate Energ#)etone !odies are an 'lternate Energ# Source 4uring Fasting Source 4uring FastingShort0term fast:Fatty acids are source of ketone bodies&ong0term fast:Amino acids are source of ketone bodiesFaored during fatt# acid catabolismFaored during fatt# acid catabolism due to high +'456+'4 due to high +'456+'47 7 ratio ratioslo8