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Dr. Aymen Chaouachi, Senior Power System Expert
Integration of Renewable Energy Sources in
Germany
Opportunities and challenges
2
Overview
Introduction of the German Context1
RE integration main challenges2
Paving the way toward system transformation3
3
Introduction of the German Context
4
German RE penetration targets
+20%
energy efficiency in
primary energy
EU targets until 2020
20%
renewable energy
share in gross final
consumption
-20%
Greenhouse gas
emissions
vs. 1990
Flexible targets based on German potentials
55
59
66
24
50
4615
48
42
6
231215
11
6 5
7
0
6
Biomass
Wind offshore
Hydro
Coals
Gas,Oil & other conv.
Wind onshore
Nuclear
PV
GW in 2016 GW in 2030
50% 65%
Targeted share for 2020 already reached today (50% RES delivered 35% in
consumption)
65% of capacity in 2030 was set as new target (will equal to 52% in
consumption)
5
The electricity sector must evolve to fully benefit from RES integration
at an affordable cost
Framework encompassing electricity system paradigm
Energy Policies
Energy Market Reforms
Network Operations
Finance & Business
Models
Market Design &
Flexibility
Grid Access &
Infrastructure
Strategic Targets
Policies ensure that long-term
objectives are met
Structural Reforms
Reforms pave the way for RES
implementation
System Transformation
System evolves with increasing RES
penetration
6
Overview on RE generation integration
challenges
7
Typical RES integration challenges
609 TWh
Nuclear
Fossil:
62%
EE: 20%
636 TWh
Fossil:
54%
EE: 46%
2011 2023
ConsequencesDevelopment of RES Challenges
Share in German electr.mix
Local distribution Restrictions in the grid
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
40
90
0
40
90
0,4
58
33
40
90
0,9
16
67
40
90
1,3
75
40
90
1,8
33
33
40
90
2,2
91
67
40
90
2,7
5
40
90
3,2
08
33
40
90
3,6
66
67
40
90
4,1
25
40
90
4,5
83
33
40
90
5,0
41
67
40
90
5,5
40
90
5,9
58
33
40
90
6,4
16
67
40
90
6,8
75
40
90
7,3
33
33
40
90
7,7
91
67
40
90
8,2
5
40
90
8,7
08
33
40
90
9,1
66
67
40
90
9,6
25
40
91
0,0
83
33
40
91
0,7
08
33
40
91
1,1
66
67
40
91
1,6
25
40
91
2,0
83
33
40
91
2,5
41
67
40
91
3
40
91
3,4
58
33
40
91
3,9
16
67
40
91
4,3
75
40
91
4,8
33
33
40
91
5,2
91
67
40
91
5,7
5
40
91
6,2
08
33
40
91
6,6
66
67
MW
Windeinspeisung bei 50HzT 23.12.2011 - 08.01.2012
Fluctuation and instability
Congestion management
Load frequency control
Voltage stability control
Needs for alternatives
flexibility means
8
Conventional generation
profile
0 % RES
Renewables as a niche
< 10% RES
Renewables as major
player
10-40% RES
Renewables as dominant
player
> 40% RES
Grid code fit for RE generation
Further develop and use forecasts
Develop processes for information
exchange, billing and accounting
for RES
System security is not yet affected
Forecasting instruments
Grid reinforcement
Real time data exchange and controllability of
RES
RES contribution to ancillary services
Full steering of conventional plants and
RES
Substantially develop demand-side
response
Real-time coordination between
transmission and distribution
System operations : “Business as usual”
PLUS be prepared for the future
Enhance generation management
System transformation: Major milestones
9
Paving the way toward system
transformation
10
Harmonized state of the art grid codes
RES enhancing system not a burden
Controllability of active /reactive power to
address congestions and participate in
ancillary services
Integration of new market players and
leveraging flexibility
Demand units as significant Grid User
Network
codes
RfGDCC
HVDC
Grid Connection Related Codes
Level playing field for ancillary services:
Voltage support
Balancing and frequency support
Maintain system robustness: FRT
capabilities, fault-current support
Decentralized emergency and restoration
functions (islanding, black start…)
11
HL Renewable forecasting tools
Weather
SITE
“BLACK BOX”output
Forecast D-1
Localisation
Temperature [°C]
Wind speed [m/s]10m & 100m
Wind direction [°]
Radiation [W/m²]
WindMW + type
PV & CSP MW + type
Location +
Connection substation TSP
Substation D-1
Wind
PV
CSP
Wind
Power curves from manufactures
CSP
Types of installation
PV
Efficiency:different types PV
• Power is aggregated per electrical
node / operating region
• Indication of power decrease and
increase ramping (MW / min) can be
estimated eg for dust & sand storms
• Use different models to estimate power
output:
Have redundancy of forecasts
Overall better performance
Key insights
12
Accuracy of D-1 solar forecast has reached 1-2% Root Mean Square Error
(RMSE), excluding night hours per week
External input of meta-forecast:
Solar power forecast 5 suppliers (EnergyMeteoSystems, Meteocontrol, Enercast, EnergyWeather, Meteologica) (in operation)
Areas: Germany, 50Hertz, DSO regions and substations
Horizon day-ahead <= 96 hours; horizon short term <= 8 hours
3 daily updates; ¼ hour short-term updates
Combined Forecast with weighted experience by 50Hertz
Linear combination of commercially available forecasts and internal data from extrapolation
Wheather observation SMA Database Conversion to power PV feed-in forecast
Forecast of PV generation
13
Exceptional scenarios: Solar eclipse 20 March 2015
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:30 11:00
MW
UTC
Clear sky
Solar eclipse
Difference
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:30 11:00
MW
/1m
in
UTC
Gradient clear sky MW/min
Gradient solar eclipse MW/min
Highest impact at 9:43
• Germany (50%)
• Italy (21%)
• France (6%)
• Spain (4%)
• Belgium (4%)
14
50Hertz mastering operational complexity and coordinationS
elf-h
ea
ling
ne
two
rk
Innovative solutions Coordination
Better Coordination between generation,
regional and National Control Centres Inte
llig
en
t n
etw
ork
15
Innovative approaches towards system and market integration of
renewables
5 batteries in the area of 50Hertz
provide frequency control
E-mobility as peak shaving
solutions possible in the future
Industrial client providing
frequency control
Example flexibility
February 2016: Prequalification of
two wind farms (60 MW) for tertiary
reserve by 50Hertz
RE generation have already good
downward regulation potential
Example negative control
power
Storm „Xaver“2013/12
After a loss of one two system line,
wind park brings voltage back to
the initial level
Special protection schemes
Example voltage control
16
Aggregator
Retailers
Producers
BRP A
Energy market
Bulk
customers
TSO
Prosumers EV
2
3DSO
1
Renewables
Control
Center
Independent Power
producers
Business case: Aggregator
1) Peak shaving of Day Ahead market prices
By shifting the consumption towards hours with
lower prices, customers can reduce their
energy cost. Participation in the capacity market
could also be a source of revenue.
2) Offer balancing services to the TSO
Different kinds of reserves can be sourced from
TSO or DSO connected demand
3) Congestion management and voltage
control for the DSO
By using flexibility, DSOs can avoid grid
reinforcement investments
Business case: RenCC
Services to TSO
Provide aggregated forecasts of RES
production and offer controllability
Services to RES producers
Assist with connection requirements and system
integration
New actors toward system flexibility
DSM
Inertia to act as market player
17
RES and grid development the in Germany
Development of 3 North-South HVDC corridors
Reinforcing backbone transmission network
Reinforcing cross-border interconnections
~ 20 GW
~ 25 GW
Increasing
transmission need
(25 GW)
Till 2025:
2025
Massive DG RES (currently more than 1.6M units)
Reinforcement at distribution level
Bulk transmission level
Cross-border
Decentralized level
18
2030 2040
2050
Pan-European: Network Development Plan
19
Toward full market integration and coordination
CEPS
Swissgrid
Energinet.dk
TenneT
Elia(10/2012)
(10/2011)
(02/2012)
(03/2012)
RTE(4/2016) (06/2012)
Germany(since 2008)
(04/2014)APG
• Module 1: Avoid activation of secondary control power in the
opposite direction
reduction of secondary control energy
• Module 2: Joint dimensioning and mutual support with secondary
control power among participating TSOs
reduction of secondary control power
• Module 3: Joint activation procedures: Activation signal will be
provided by that TSO where the generator is connected
one common market area
• Module 4: Common Merit Order List or common control energy
prices
further cost optimization
Grid control cooperation – functioning in four modules
Participating only
in Module 1
Participating in
all Modules
GCC – full harmonized German market
IGCC – cooperation of TSOs to avoid
activation of aFRR
20
So far RE has been a driver for improvement !
GCC – full harmonized German market
IGCC – cooperation of TSOs
Enhancing system flexibility and grid
development
Enhancing RE generation forecasting
Enhancing system controllability and
observability
An Elia Group company
Elia Grid International
Rue Joseph Stevens 7 Joseph Stevensstraat
1000 Brussels – Belgium
Tel. +32 2 204 38 11
Fax +32 2 204 38 10
www.eliagrid-int.com
Eichenstraße 3A
12435 Berlin – Germany
Tel. +49 30 5150 37 11
Fax +49 30 5150 37 10
Thank you for your attention