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Integument System
Integument system
One of the largest systems.Includes-hair, hooves, horns, claws, and
glandsContiguous with mucous membranesOuter surface is dead!!
KeratinizationThickness depends on species/location
Functions
Prevent desiccationReduces injuryMaintain body temperatureExcrete water and wastesSensorySynthesis of Vitamin D
Layers
Epidermis Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Basement membrane
Dermal papillae-interdigitations epidermis and dermis
Layers
DermisDense fibro elastic connective tissue “Hide” of the animalMeissner’s corpuscles-light touch
receptorsTension lines
Layers
Subcutaneous layer
(hypodermis)Adipose tissue Insulation, shock absorberPacinian corpuscle-deep touch
So where do we give shots??
Injections
It depends! Intradermal injections
Allergy testingHuman rabies vaccine
Subq injectionsMost vaccines
Epidermal cells
Keratinocyte-Cells have lost nucleus, cytosol, and
organelles. New epidermis q7-8 months in humans!
MelanocytesDeep epidermal layersProduces melanin, stored in cellsReleased and absorbed into keratinocytes
Protection from UV
Epidermal cells
Langerhans’ cellMacrophage systemProduced in bone marrow, then migrate to
skinPhagocytosis of invadersStimulate immune response
Merkel cells + sensory nerve endingsAid in sensation
Special features-pigmentation
Presence of melanocytes Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone Granules to arms then
released to keratocytes Darker pigmentation Released by hypophysis Blocks from UV rays
Special features-paw pads
Toughest, thickest skin on animals body Fat and CT foundation, with sweat glands Protect against abrasions and thermal
variations (walking on hot or cold) Conical papillae cover
Carpal pad Metacarpal/metatarsal pad Digital pads
Special features-Planum nasale
Top of the noseMuzzle (planum nasolabiale)-horse and
cowNot an indicator of health status!!!!!!!!Histologically-thinner than expectedNo glands-wet from licking-DogsSheep, pigs and cows-glands
Special features-Ergots and Chestnuts
Thick, horny structuresEquine familyRemnent of carpal and tarsal
pads
Hair=fur
InsulationMaintaining body temperature
CamouflageThickest on most exposed surfaces
DorsumLateral
Hair
Hair FollicleEpidermis
invaginatesHair bulb-
Deepest portionPapilla-base of bulbMatrix-covers papilla-
rapidly growing epithelial cells
Hair
Shaft-exposed portion
Older cells pushed further from papilla
Become keratinized and die
Hair
Layers of the hair Medulla-central core
Soft keratin Flexible
Cortex Hard keratin Thickest layer
Cuticle Single outer layer-”shingles” Hard keratin Wool-raised cell
Growth cycle-hair
Anagen-growth phaseReaches maximum length (genetically
determined)Telogen-resting phase
Follicle shortensWeeks to yearsTelogen effuvium=blowing the coat
Catagen-transition phase
Hair color
Pigment in cortex and medullaMelanin-melanocytes at base of follicleDogs have two types of melaninHorses only oneGrey-melanin production decreasesWhite hair-medulla of hair filled with air,
complete loss of pigment
Types of Hair
Types of hairTactile elevation-raised surface of epidermis
Tylotrich hairs=tactile hairsRoot hair plexus-touch receptorsSinus hair-blood sinus
Primary hairs-”guard hairs”Secondary hairs-”undercoat”
Up to 15 hairs per epidermal orifice or pore
Implantation angle Summer vs. winter coat in horses
Arrector pili muscleSympathetic nervous system “goose bumps”
Glands of the Skin
Sebaceous glandsSweat glandsTail glandsAnal Sacs
Glands of the Skin-sebaceous glands
Sebaceous glands Hair follicle Mucocutaneous junctions Ear canals Releases sebum or lanolin (sheep) Released with arrector pili mm,
hormonal control Antibacterial properties White heads blackheads
(comedones) pimple/pustules
Glands of the Skin-sweat glands
Cover entire body-in all domestic animals
Watery, transparent-evaporative coolingMerocrine glands-no loss of cell to
excrete
Glands of the Skin-tail gland
Dogs and CatsDorsal base of the tailRecognition/identificationSensitive to sex hormones
Glands of the Skin-Anal Glands
Scent glandsNormally expressed with normal BM
The Hoof
Ungulates=hoofed animalsOuter covering-hoof or clawCorium-attached to bone
Hoof and corium interdigitateRich blood supplyWell innervatedGrowth of hoof – coronary coriumHorseshoe helps strengthen hoof
Laminae Interdigitation of
corium and hoof wall
Laminitis Inflammation of
lamina
Hoof anatomy
The Wall Heel Quarter Toe
Sole Palmar/plantar view
White line Jct. of sole and hoof wall
Frog
Horns vs. Antlers
Horn process-frontal boneCovered by coriumEpidermis in originContinuous growing (except
pronghorns!)Dehorning-cauterize the coriumPolled breeds-bred to be horn free
Antlers
Grow and shed annuallyGenerally, maleDermal in origin –bone developmentBlood supply-externally (velvet)Once completely grown-CT band
constricts blood supply to velvet.
Comparative Anatomy
Avian-Integument
Keratin-needed to produce scales, feathers and beaks and claws. Dermis very thin-slow to heal. Best sites of subQ-wing folds and dorsal trunk and neck
“Fluffed birds”-erector muscle of the dermis raise feathers to trap body heat Fluffed and at the bottom of the cage-Not GOOD!!
Glands-no sweat glands Uropygial or preen gland
Dorsal aspect of tail Helps clean and waterproof feathers
Avian-Integument
Beak/Bill-upper and lower mandible; equivalent of mammalian lipsTearing foodCapture foodPreeningPicking up material-nesting
Claws-specialized scalesBeaks and Claws grow continually
Avian Integument
Combs, Wattles and SnoodSpecialized adaptationCan be trimmed off to prevent damage in
commercial operationsChickens below showing signs of Avian
Influenza
Normal Comb-right
Swollen Wattles
Snood
Avian Integument
Cere=fleshy membrane at the base of the beak, location of nares Budgerigars-helps sex mature budgies??
Other Options of Sexing Birds DNA testing Visualization of gonads
Blue-male Brown-female
Male or Female??
Avian-Integument
FeathersFunctions: flight, protection,
thermoregulation, camouflage, behaviors (courtship, defense, recognition)
Avian- Integument
Feather Anatomy Inferior Umbilicus-vesselsSuperior Umbilicus- small
hole-start of the webbed portion
Calamus-quill; between IU and SU
Rachis-main feather shaftVane-weblike, flattened part
of feather
Avian Integument
Vane is made up of barbs, barbules and hooklets (interlock)
Looser feather weaveFeels softerAllows air to pass through-
creating silent flight
Avian Integument
Types of FeathersContour-main feather that covers the birds
body; flight feathers, tail feathers
Avian Integument
Types of FeathersSemiplume- located under contour feathers,
on sides of the abdomen, along neck and back
Lack barbules and hooklets Insulation and Buoyancy
Down-lack a true shaft,
barbules and hooklets Insulation
Semiplume
Down
Avian Integument
Types of feathersFiloplume- bare shaft with no barbs except
at the tipDorsal back/neckSensory role –pressure and vibration sense
Bristle-Sense of touchAround eyes, nostrils, mouth, and toes
Avian Integument
Feather typesPowder Down Feather
Continually growingProduce a waxy powder for
cleaning and waterproofing feathers.
Birds without preen gland - Herons
Avian Integument
Feather DamageChewing, mitesStress bars-stress during growth phase of
feather; weakened vane and barbs lack barbules—Nutritional stress
Avian Integument
Molting=the process of feather replacementSpecies variation Influenced by season, temperature,
nutrition, egg laying, species and sexGenerally symmetrical and gradual
replacement of flight feathersWaterfowl-molt all their flight feathers at
once right after breeding season-Postnuptial
Avian Integument
MoltingRequires good quality nutrition4-12% body weight is feathers!Germinal cells in dermal papilla activated
by: Increasing day length
Stimulates pituitary and thyroid gland to produce hormone
Sex hormones also play a role
Blood feather=growing feather
Feather Development
Avian-wing trim
Blood feathers?“They still fly”
We aren’t preventing flight, but preventing them from reaching great heights!
Glide quite well!!
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